The Scriptorium · translations
| Work | Author | Passages | Words | Commentary | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homilies234 works | |||||
101 In ascensionem Sermo 3 is a Greek homily by John Chrysostom for the Feast of the Ascension, likely preached in Antioch between 386 and 397 CE. The sermon survives in a s… | John Chrysostom | 6 | 1,332 | 34 8 kinds | machine-draft |
102 This homily, the fourth in a series on the Ascension attributed to John Chrysostom, survives in a single Greek manuscript tradition and is known only through a 19th-cent… | John Chrysostom | 8 | 2,021 | 48 8 kinds | machine-draft |
103 This homily, the fifth in a series on the Ascension, is attributed to John Chrysostom and was likely delivered in Antioch between 386 and 397 CE. It interprets Christ's… | John Chrysostom | 3 | 588 | 18 7 kinds | machine-draft |
104 This homily by John Chrysostom, addressed to catechumens preparing for baptism, uses athletic imagery to contrast worldly competitions with the spiritual race of Christi… | John Chrysostom | 8 | 2,074 | 47 8 kinds | machine-draft |
105 Severian of Gabala's homily 'In Chananaeam et Pharaonem' contrasts the faith of the Canaanite woman with the ingratitude of Israel, using the Gospel story (Matthew 15:22… | Severian of Gabala | 29 | 8,375 | 169 8 kinds | machine-draft |
106 Severian of Gabala's In cosmogoniam homilia 1 is a Greek homily on the Genesis creation narrative, delivered in Constantinople between 398 and 402 CE. It survives in a s… | Severian of Gabala | 17 | 4,878 | 102 8 kinds | machine-draft |
107 Severian of Gabala's second homily on the cosmogony (In cosmogoniam homilia 2) is a Greek exegetical sermon delivered in Constantinople between 401 and 404 CE. It forms… | Severian of Gabala | 17 | 4,989 | 100 8 kinds | machine-draft |
108 Severian of Gabala's third homily on the six days of creation, delivered in Constantinople ca. 401–404, interprets the Genesis cosmogony through a typological and cosmol… | Severian of Gabala | 20 | 6,083 | 119 9 kinds | machine-draft |
109 Severian of Gabala's fourth homily on the six days of creation (In cosmogoniam homilia 4) is a Greek homily delivered in Constantinople ca. 400–408 CE. It follows the se… | Severian of Gabala | 29 | 8,483 | 173 8 kinds | machine-draft |
110 Severian of Gabala's fifth homily on the six days of creation, delivered in Constantinople ca. 400–407 CE, engages in anti-Origenist polemic and defends the use of natur… | Severian of Gabala | 27 | 7,671 | 161 8 kinds | machine-draft |
111 Severian of Gabala's sixth homily on the cosmogony (In cosmogoniam homilia 6) is a Greek exegetical sermon on the sixth day of creation, the first-created beings, the se… | Severian of Gabala | 32 | 9,435 | 190 8 kinds | machine-draft |
112 This homily by Severian of Gabala, titled 'In dictum apostoli: Non quod volo facio,' survives only in fragments or indirect transmission, with no complete Greek manuscri… | Severian of Gabala | 26 | 7,238 | 153 8 kinds | machine-draft |
113 Severian of Gabala's homily 'In filium prodigum' (CPG 4190) offers an allegorical interpretation of the Parable of the Prodigal Son, linking it to themes of repentance,… | Severian of Gabala | 21 | 5,711 | 125 8 kinds | machine-draft |
114 Severian of Gabala's In Genesim sermo 1 is a continuous exegetical and paraenetic homily on Genesis 1, delivered in a liturgical setting. It reflects Antiochene preachin… | Severian of Gabala | 8 | 2,179 | 48 8 kinds | machine-draft |
115 Severian of Gabala's In Genesim sermo 2 is a homily offering a continuous exposition of Genesis 1–3, blending literal and typological interpretation. Delivered in Consta… | Severian of Gabala | 9 | 2,322 | 53 8 kinds | machine-draft |
116 This homily by Severian of Gabala offers a polemical exegesis of Matthew 3:4, where John the Baptist calls his audience a 'brood of vipers' (Greek: Γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν). S… | Severian of Gabala | 37 | 10,360 | 219 9 kinds | machine-draft |
117 Severian of Gabala's homily 'In illud: in principium erat verbum' is an early 5th-century Greek exegetical sermon on John 1:1, delivered in Constantinople during his act… | Severian of Gabala | 13 | 3,520 | 77 8 kinds | machine-draft |
118 This homily, attributed to Severian of Gabala (active ca. 398–408 CE), is a Greek exegetical sermon on the Gospel passage concerning Jesus' authority (likely John 2:18 o… | Severian of Gabala | 32 | 9,174 | 191 8 kinds | machine-draft |
119 This homily, attributed to Severian of Gabala, survives only in fragments and citations within later Byzantine florilegia. It addresses Jesus' prayer in Gethsemane, focu… | Severian of Gabala | 32 | 8,372 | 188 8 kinds | machine-draft |
120 This homily by Severian of Gabala is a brief, exegetical address on the scriptural phrase 'Pone manum tuam' (Place your hand), likely drawn from Genesis 24:2 (LXX). It r… | Severian of Gabala | 29 | 7,895 | 170 8 kinds | machine-draft |
121 This homily, attributed to Severian of Gabala (fl. c. 400–408), survives in a single 10th-century Greek manuscript. It addresses themes of Christ's kingdom, the Trinity,… | Severian of Gabala | 19 | 5,239 | 111 8 kinds | machine-draft |
122 Severian of Gabala's homily 'In illud: Quomodo scit litteras' is a continuous exegetical commentary on a scriptural lemma (likely Luke 10:16 or similar), delivered in Co… | Severian of Gabala | 24 | 6,942 | 140 8 kinds | machine-draft |
123 Severian of Gabala's homily 'In illud: Secundum imaginem et similitudinem' offers a close exegesis of Genesis 1:26, distinguishing between the divine image (eternal, rat… | Severian of Gabala | 19 | 4,510 | 114 8 kinds | machine-draft |
124 Severian of Gabala's homily 'In incarnationem domini' is a festal oration on the Incarnation, delivered in Constantinople in the early 5th century. It reflects Antiochen… | Severian of Gabala | 40 | 9,776 | 237 8 kinds | machine-draft |
125 Severian of Gabala's homily on Job (In Iob sermo 1) is a late antique Greek sermon likely delivered between 400 and 404 CE. It interprets the figure of Job as a model of… | Severian of Gabala | 11 | 2,776 | 62 8 kinds | machine-draft |
126 Severian of Gabala's second homily on Job (In Iob sermo 2) is a Greek exegetical sermon likely delivered between 401 and 404 CE. It interprets the Septuagint text of Job… | Severian of Gabala | 9 | 2,261 | 51 7 kinds | machine-draft |
127 Severian of Gabala's third homily on Job, likely delivered in Constantinople between 401 and 404 CE, interprets the suffering of Job as a model of spiritual endurance. D… | Severian of Gabala | 17 | 4,797 | 100 8 kinds | machine-draft |
128 Severian of Gabala's fourth homily on Job (In Iob sermo 4) survives in a single Greek manuscript tradition, with no early translations. Dating to Severian's active perio… | Severian of Gabala | 18 | 5,169 | 107 8 kinds | machine-draft |
129 Severian of Gabala's homily 'In Iudaeos et Graecos' is a polemical sermon from the early fifth century, likely delivered in Constantinople between 401 and 404 CE. It att… | Severian of Gabala | 27 | 6,588 | 160 8 kinds | machine-draft |
130 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom, opens with a vivid description of the Sea of Galilee (lacus Genesareth) and the Apostle Peter, establishing a geographical an… | John Chrysostom | 12 | 3,077 | 70 8 kinds | machine-draft |
131 This homily, traditionally attributed to John Chrysostom (c. 349–407), praises John the Evangelist on his feast day. It employs encomiastic rhetoric, comparing the saint… | John Chrysostom | 4 | 823 | 23 8 kinds | machine-draft |
132 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom (c. 349–407), celebrates John the Theologian, the apostle and evangelist. Likely delivered during Chrysostom's Antiochene peri… | John Chrysostom | 4 | 828 | 24 7 kinds | machine-draft |
133 Severian of Gabala's homily 'In meretricem et pharisaeum' (Εἰς τὴν πόρνην καὶ τὸν Φαρισαῖον) is a moral-didactic sermon contrasting the harlot and the Pharisee as types… | Severian of Gabala | 10 | 2,634 | 59 8 kinds | machine-draft |
134 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom, celebrates the Nativity of Christ and honors Mary as Theotokos. It employs paradox and vivid imagery—such as Mary containing… | John Chrysostom | 10 | 2,360 | 59 8 kinds | machine-draft |
135 This homily by Severian of Gabala treats Noah and his sons, the cherubim, and the prophet Hosea, linking these Old Testament figures typologically. The register is exege… | Severian of Gabala | 21 | 5,107 | 124 8 kinds | machine-draft |
136 This homily, transmitted among the spuria of John Chrysostom, addresses the healing of a paralytic and uses the physical condition as a metaphor for spiritual weakness a… | Anonymus (Pseudo-John Chrysostom) | 2 | 486 | 11 6 kinds | machine-draft |
137 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom but now considered pseudonymous, recounts the healing of a paralytic as a demonstration of Christ's unique mercy. The author c… | Anonymus (Pseudo-John Chrysostom) | 4 | 1,032 | 24 8 kinds | machine-draft |
138 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom and titled 'In pentecosten Sermo,' is a Pentecost sermon that celebrates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles. It… | John Chrysostom | 11 | 2,927 | 64 8 kinds | machine-draft |
139 In this Pentecost homily, John Chrysostom celebrates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles, emphasizing the transformation of uneducated Galileans into univer… | John Chrysostom | 6 | 1,479 | 36 8 kinds | machine-draft |
140 In postremum iudicium is a Greek homily attributed to Severian of Gabala, a late fourth- to early fifth-century bishop and preacher. The work offers a rhetorical exposit… | Severian of Gabala | 12 | 3,137 | 71 8 kinds | machine-draft |
141 This festal encomium on the cross, attributed to Severian of Gabala, blends typological exegesis with anti-Jewish polemic in an elevated rhetorical style. The homily int… | Severian of Gabala | 22 | 6,598 | 129 9 kinds | machine-draft |
142 Severian of Gabala's homily 'In proditionem servatoris' (On the Betrayal of the Savior) is a Greek homily delivered in Constantinople during his episcopate (ca. 400–408)… | Severian of Gabala | 13 | 3,744 | 76 8 kinds | machine-draft |
143 John Chrysostom's homily on Psalm 50 (LXX) is a moral-didactic and exegetical work from his Antiochene period (c. 386–397). It interprets the psalm's inscription, David'… | John Chrysostom | 27 | 7,270 | 155 8 kinds | machine-draft |
144 Severian of Gabala's homily on Psalm 95 (LXX) offers a continuous exposition that interprets the psalm as a prophecy of the post-exilic restoration of the Temple and the… | Severian of Gabala | 22 | 6,216 | 128 8 kinds | machine-draft |
145 Severian of Gabala's homily on Psalm 96 (LXX) interprets the psalm as a prophecy of Christ's resurrection and the defeat of idolatry, employing Antiochene typological ex… | Severian of Gabala | 24 | 6,694 | 141 8 kinds | machine-draft |
146 This homily, attributed to Basil of Caesarea (c. 330–379), explores the distinction between Christ's eternal divine generation and his temporal birth. It employs apophat… | Basilius Caesariensis | 15 | 3,808 | 86 8 kinds | machine-draft |
147 The homily 'In sanctam Pelagiam' is traditionally attributed to John Chrysostom but survives only in a single 10th-century Greek manuscript, with no earlier witnesses or… | John Chrysostom | 4 | 890 | 23 8 kinds | machine-draft |
148 Severian of Gabala's homily 'In sanctam pentecosten' is a festal oration for Pentecost, composed in Greek in the early fifth century (ca. 401–404). It employs rhetorical… | Severian of Gabala | 13 | 3,210 | 77 8 kinds | machine-draft |
149 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom, celebrates the feast of the Theophany (6 January) and interprets Christ's baptism as a revelation of the Trinity. Chrysostom… | John Chrysostom | 7 | 1,800 | 41 8 kinds | machine-draft |
150 This homily, attributed to Hesychius of Jerusalem (d. after 450), is a panegyric for martyrs composed in Greek during the late 4th or early 5th century. It survives in a… | Hesychius | 2 | 368 | 12 7 kinds | machine-draft |
151 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom, commemorates the apostles Peter and Elijah, though its focus is on the general commemoration of martyrs. The preacher rebukes… | John Chrysostom | 21 | 6,070 | 124 8 kinds | machine-draft |
152 This homily, attributed to Hesychius of Jerusalem, celebrates the feast of Saints Peter and Paul (29 June). It survives in a single manuscript tradition, likely from a 1… | Hesychius | 7 | 1,782 | 42 8 kinds | machine-draft |
153 This homily, attributed to Hesychius, celebrates the apostle Andrew through a series of exclamations beginning with 'Σαλπίσατε' (Blow the trumpet). It draws on Old Testa… | Hesychius | 13 | 3,527 | 78 8 kinds | machine-draft |
154 This homily in honor of Saint Anthony the Great survives in a single medieval manuscript (Athos, Vatopedi 408, 12th–13th c.) and is traditionally attributed to Hesychius… | Hesychius | 5 | 1,360 | 30 6 kinds | machine-draft |
155 This homily, traditionally attributed to John Chrysostom, commemorates the martyr Barlaam. It opens with a rhetorical inversion, urging emulation over praise, and emphas… | John Chrysostom | 14 | 3,481 | 84 8 kinds | machine-draft |
156 This festal homily for Easter, attributed to Gregory of Nyssa (c. 335–c. 395), celebrates the paschal mystery through typological and liturgical imagery. The text contra… | Gregory of Nyssa | 3 | 764 | 17 6 kinds | machine-draft |
157 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom, praises Eustathius of Antioch, a fourth-century bishop exiled for his opposition to Arianism. The text survives in a single m… | John Chrysostom | 16 | 3,891 | 91 8 kinds | machine-draft |
158 This homily by John Chrysostom, titled 'In sanctum Ignatium martyrem,' is a late 4th-century encomium praising Ignatius of Antioch as a model bishop and martyr. Chrysost… | John Chrysostom | 21 | 5,015 | 119 8 kinds | machine-draft |
159 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom, is a Greek oration in honor of John the Baptist, titled 'In sanctum Joannem praecursorem' (To Saint John the Forerunner). It… | John Chrysostom | 12 | 3,001 | 71 9 kinds | machine-draft |
160 This homily by John Chrysostom is a panegyric for Julian of Tarsus, a fourth-century martyr. Chrysostom employs epideictic rhetoric to praise the martyr's courage, contr… | John Chrysostom | 21 | 4,901 | 119 8 kinds | machine-draft |
161 This homily on Luke the Evangelist, attributed to Hesychius of Jerusalem (d. after 450), survives in a single medieval manuscript tradition with no early papyrus witness… | Hesychius | 7 | 1,621 | 41 9 kinds | machine-draft |
162 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom (c. 349–407), honors the martyr Lucian of Antioch, who was executed in 312 during the Diocletianic persecution. The text survi… | John Chrysostom | 10 | 2,608 | 59 8 kinds | machine-draft |
163 This homily, traditionally attributed to John Chrysostom (c. 347–407), is a Paschal sermon celebrating the resurrection of Christ. It emphasizes the victory over death a… | John Chrysostom | 14 | 3,411 | 79 8 kinds | machine-draft |
164 | Gregory of Nyssa | 28 | 7,043 | 18 7 kinds | machine-draft |
165 This homily, traditionally attributed to John Chrysostom (c. 349–407), is a celebrated Easter sermon known as 'In sanctum pascha sermo.' It is widely used in Eastern Ort… | John Chrysostom | 9 | 2,128 | 53 8 kinds | machine-draft |
166 This homily, traditionally attributed to John Chrysostom (c. 349–407), is a Paschal sermon that argues the Old Testament Passover types find their fulfillment only in Ch… | John Chrysostom | 11 | 2,621 | 65 8 kinds | machine-draft |
167 This homily, traditionally attributed to John Chrysostom and part of his Paschal corpus, explores the spiritual meaning of Easter through typological exegesis. It contra… | John Chrysostom | 6 | 1,495 | 36 7 kinds | machine-draft |
168 This homily, traditionally attributed to John Chrysostom (c. 349–407), is an Easter sermon that develops typological contrasts between Jewish and Christian Passover. Chr… | John Chrysostom | 4 | 903 | 24 6 kinds | machine-draft |
169 This homily, traditionally attributed to John Chrysostom (c. 349–407) and assigned to his Antiochene period (c. 386–397), is a Paschal sermon that contrasts Jewish typol… | John Chrysostom | 10 | 2,533 | 59 8 kinds | machine-draft |
170 This homily, traditionally attributed to John Chrysostom, is a paschal sermon from the late 4th century, though its precise date and occasion remain unknown. The Greek t… | John Chrysostom | 28 | 6,912 | 162 9 kinds | machine-draft |
171 This homily by John Chrysostom, delivered in Antioch or Constantinople between 386 and 404, celebrates the Apostle Paul as a model of humility and divine calling. Chryso… | John Chrysostom | 6 | 1,574 | 35 8 kinds | machine-draft |
172 This homily is a panegyric for the martyr Procopius, likely Procopius of Scythopolis (d. 303), composed in elevated rhetorical Greek typical of late antique encomia. It… | Hesychius | 12 | 3,055 | 70 8 kinds | machine-draft |
173 This homily, traditionally attributed to John Chrysostom, celebrates a Roman martyr or the city of Rome. It survives in Greek manuscripts from the 10th–11th centuries, t… | John Chrysostom | 13 | 3,232 | 75 8 kinds | machine-draft |
174 This homily on St. Stephen by John Chrysostom celebrates the protomartyr as a model of steadfast faith and almsgiving. Chrysostom contrasts Stephen's contest with other… | John Chrysostom | 5 | 1,057 | 30 8 kinds | machine-draft |
175 This homily, traditionally attributed to Hesychius of Jerusalem, celebrates the protomartyr Stephen, emphasizing his Jerusalemite identity and universal significance. It… | Hesychius | 15 | 3,706 | 88 8 kinds | machine-draft |
176 This homily, the first in a series on Saint Stephen by John Chrysostom, celebrates the protomartyr as an imitator of Christ. Chrysostom employs athletic metaphors, such… | John Chrysostom | 6 | 1,342 | 35 8 kinds | machine-draft |
177 This homily by John Chrysostom is a panegyric for the protomartyr Stephen, delivered in a festal setting during Chrysostom's Antiochene period (c. 386–397). It employs r… | John Chrysostom | 2 | 455 | 12 7 kinds | machine-draft |
178 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom, celebrates the protomartyr Stephen as a model of spiritual victory. Delivered likely in Antioch or Constantinople between 386… | John Chrysostom | 2 | 561 | 12 6 kinds | machine-draft |
179 This homily by John Chrysostom honors Stephen, the protomartyr, likely delivered in Antioch during the late 380s or early 390s. Chrysostom uses rhetorical exordium to in… | John Chrysostom | 17 | 4,733 | 101 8 kinds | machine-draft |
180 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom (c. 349–407 CE), is a panegyric on the apostle Thomas, celebrating his role in the early church and his missionary work. The t… | John Chrysostom | 6 | 1,597 | 35 7 kinds | machine-draft |
181 This homily by Severian of Gabala offers a festal exposition on the temptation of Christ (Matthew 4:1–11), blending exegesis with moral exhortation in an elevated yet ac… | Severian of Gabala | 10 | 2,289 | 59 8 kinds | machine-draft |
182 Severian of Gabala's homily 'In theophaniam' is a festal sermon for the feast of Theophany (Epiphany), celebrating Christ's baptism and the manifestation of the Trinity.… | Severian of Gabala | 13 | 3,042 | 75 8 kinds | machine-draft |
183 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom, celebrates the venerable cross, likely for the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross. It opens with rhetorical calls for atten… | John Chrysostom | 11 | 3,046 | 64 8 kinds | machine-draft |
184 The Interpretatio orationis Pater noster is a Greek homily on the Lord's Prayer traditionally attributed to John Chrysostom. It survives in a single manuscript tradition… | John Chrysostom | 3 | 585 | 16 7 kinds | machine-draft |
185 Gregory of Nyssa's Oratio consolatoria in Pulcheriam is a consolatory homily delivered shortly after the death of the empress Pulcheria (d. 453), likely in 453 or early… | Gregory of Nyssa | 13 | 3,503 | 77 8 kinds | machine-draft |
186 The Oratio de epiphania is a homily traditionally attributed to John Chrysostom (c. 349–407), likely composed during his Antiochene period (c. 386–397). It was read in B… | John Chrysostom | 7 | 1,812 | 42 8 kinds | machine-draft |
187 This homily, attributed to Severian of Gabala, is a festal oration for the Exaltation of the Cross, employing epideictic rhetoric and typological exegesis to celebrate t… | Severian of Gabala | 13 | 3,334 | 77 8 kinds | machine-draft |
188 John of Damascus's 'Oratio de his qui in fide dormierunt' is a consolatory homily addressing the fate of the faithful departed. It blends eschatological hope with pastor… | John of Damascus | 26 | 6,444 | 154 8 kinds | machine-draft |
189 This homily on the Hypapante (Presentation of Christ in the Temple) is attributed to John Chrysostom and likely delivered in Antioch during his presbyterate (c. 386–397)… | John Chrysostom | 14 | 3,697 | 83 9 kinds | machine-draft |
190 Gregory of Nyssa's funeral oration for Empress Flacilla (Aelia Flacilla, d. 386) is a late fourth-century Greek homily that commemorates the wife of Emperor Theodosius I… | Gregory of Nyssa | 14 | 3,760 | 84 8 kinds | machine-draft |
191 Gregory of Nyssa's funeral oration for Meletius, bishop of Antioch, is a late fourth-century epitaphios logos that blends consolatory rhetoric, biblical typology, and en… | Gregory of Nyssa | 12 | 3,079 | 70 8 kinds | machine-draft |
192 This homily, attributed to Cyril of Alexandria (c. 376–444), was composed for the feast of the Ascension. It survives in a single Greek manuscript tradition, preserved i… | Cyril of Alexandria | 15 | 4,148 | 88 8 kinds | machine-draft |
193 This homily, attributed to Severian of Gabala (fl. ca. 400–408), celebrates the dedication of a church or shrine of the Holy Cross, likely delivered in Constantinople or… | Severian of Gabala | 14 | 3,888 | 84 8 kinds | machine-draft |
194 This homily by Gregory of Nyssa (c. 335–c. 395) is a festal oration for Christmas, blending theological reflection on the Incarnation with exhortation. Delivered likely… | Gregory of Nyssa | 22 | 6,139 | 131 8 kinds | machine-draft |
195 The Oratio in resurrectionem domini is a Greek homily traditionally attributed to Amphilochius of Iconium (c. 340–after 394), though its dating is uncertain, likely late… | Amphilochius Iconiensis | 7 | 1,799 | 42 8 kinds | machine-draft |
196 This homily, attributed to Basil of Caesarea, urges Christians to pray for both enemies and friends, modeling forgiveness and universal love. It survives in Greek manusc… | Basilius Caesariensis | 2 | 290 | 11 7 kinds | machine-draft |
197 This homily, attributed to John Chrysostom, is a festal oration likely composed for a saint's day during his Antiochene period (c. 386–397). It employs a high rhetorical… | John Chrysostom | 9 | 2,268 | 52 7 kinds | machine-draft |
198 The Orationes sive exorcismi attributed to Basil of Caesarea are a set of Greek prayers and exorcisms used in Byzantine and later Orthodox rites. Their traditional ascri… | Basilius Caesariensis | 7 | 1,592 | 42 7 kinds | machine-draft |
199 This homily, attributed to Severian of Gabala, explores the creation of Adam and the origin of his soul, drawing on the Genesis narrative. It survives in a single Greek… | Severian of Gabala | 13 | 3,447 | 78 8 kinds | machine-draft |
200 Sermo 10 of Basil of Caesarea is a Greek homily of uncertain date, likely from the late fourth century. The text survives in a digital compilation (khazarzar) of unclear… | Basilius Caesariensis | 6 | 1,364 | 34 8 kinds | machine-draft |