The Scriptorium · translations
| Work | Author | Passages | Words | Commentary | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other339 works | |||||
201 Nisibis 59 is a madrāšā (teaching hymn) by Ephrem the Syrian, composed in Syriac in the mid-4th century, likely after the Persian cession of Nisibis in 363. The poem ref… | Ephrem the Syrian | 2 | 415 | 12 7 kinds | machine-draft |
202 Nisibis 6 is a memrā in isosyllabic couplets attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, likely composed in the 350s during the Persian sieges of Nisibis. The work survives in a si… | Ephrem the Syrian | 4 | 1,100 | 24 8 kinds | machine-draft |
203 The collection of madrāšê (teaching hymns) attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, traditionally associated with his final decade in Nisibis (c. 350–363), survives in a single… | Ephrem the Syrian | 3 | 739 | 18 8 kinds | machine-draft |
204 This madrāšâ (teaching hymn) attributed to Ephrem the Syrian was composed in Nisibis during the mid-4th century, likely between 350 and 363. It survives in a single sixt… | Ephrem the Syrian | 3 | 598 | 17 7 kinds | machine-draft |
205 Nisibis 62 is a memra (verse homily) from the Nisibene cycle traditionally attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, composed in Syriac during the mid-4th century, likely before… | Ephrem the Syrian | 4 | 674 | 24 8 kinds | machine-draft |
206 Nisibis 63 is a memrā (metrical homily) attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, likely composed in Nisibis before its cession to Persia in 363 CE. The Syriac text, edited by Do… | Ephrem the Syrian | 2 | 516 | 11 6 kinds | machine-draft |
207 Nisibis 64 is a cycle of madrashe (teaching hymns) traditionally attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, composed in Syriac during his final decade in Nisibis (c. 350–363). The… | Ephrem the Syrian | 2 | 357 | 10 6 kinds | machine-draft |
208 Nisibis 65 is a memra (verse homily) traditionally attributed to Ephrem the Syrian (d. 373) and associated with his Nisibene period. The Syriac text survives in a single… | Ephrem the Syrian | 2 | 511 | 12 6 kinds | machine-draft |
209 Nisibis 66 is a madrāšâ (teaching hymn) traditionally attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, composed during his final decade in Nisibis (c. 350–363). The work stages a dialog… | Ephrem the Syrian | 2 | 490 | 11 7 kinds | machine-draft |
210 Nisibis 67 is a Syriac poem attributed to Ephrem the Syrian (d. 373), associated with the School of Nisibis. The work reflects the Persian-Roman conflict and the cession… | Ephrem the Syrian | 2 | 443 | 11 6 kinds | machine-draft |
211 Nisibis 68 is a madrasha (teaching poem) by Ephrem the Syrian from his Nisibene cycle, composed in strophic isosyllabic verse with a refrain. It dates to the mid-4th cen… | Ephrem the Syrian | 3 | 747 | 17 8 kinds | machine-draft |
212 Nisibis 69 is a madrasha (teaching hymn) attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, likely composed in the mid-4th century during the siege of Nisibis (c. 350 CE). The poem altern… | Ephrem the Syrian | 3 | 701 | 16 8 kinds | machine-draft |
213 The seven memre on the Nicene faith, traditionally attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, are poetic discourses defending Nicene orthodoxy. Composed in Syriac, they likely dat… | Ephrem the Syrian | 2 | 426 | 10 5 kinds | machine-draft |
214 Nisibis 70 is a collection of verse homilies (memre) attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, likely composed during his time in Nisibis before its cession to Persia in 363. The… | Ephrem the Syrian | 2 | 577 | 12 8 kinds | machine-draft |
215 Nisibis 71 is a Syriac madrasha (teaching hymn) by Ephrem the Syrian, likely composed in the 350s CE during the Persian siege of Nisibis. The poem personifies the Spirit… | Ephrem the Syrian | 4 | 905 | 23 7 kinds | machine-draft |
216 The Nisibis 72 collection comprises 72 madrāšê (teaching hymns) traditionally attributed to Ephrem the Syrian (d. 373). Composed in Syriac, these poems likely originated… | Ephrem the Syrian | 4 | 924 | 22 8 kinds | machine-draft |
217 Nisibis 73 is a memrā by Ephrem the Syrian, composed in heptasyllabic couplets, a form typical of his didactic and liturgical poetry. The work is set in mid-4th-century… | Ephrem the Syrian | 2 | 526 | 12 6 kinds | machine-draft |
218 Nisibis 74 is a memrā (metrical homily) attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, likely composed in the late 4th century during his time in Nisibis. The work reflects the liturg… | Ephrem the Syrian | 3 | 653 | 16 7 kinds | machine-draft |
219 Nisibis 75 is a collection of verse homilies (memre) attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, composed in classical Syriac. The work employs rhythmic couplets and biblical image… | Ephrem the Syrian | 3 | 656 | 17 8 kinds | machine-draft |
220 Nisibis 76 is a memrā (metrical homily) attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, part of the Nisibene cycle. It reflects the liturgical and theological concerns of the 4th-centu… | Ephrem the Syrian | 3 | 715 | 17 7 kinds | machine-draft |
221 Nisibis 77 is a memrā (metrical homily) attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, composed in isosyllabic couplets typical of the Nisibene corpus. The work is traditionally dated… | Ephrem the Syrian | 3 | 538 | 17 8 kinds | machine-draft |
222 Nisibis 9 is a collection of Syriac memre (verse homilies) attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, likely composed in the mid-4th century for a liturgical or catechetical setti… | Ephrem the Syrian | 2 | 453 | 12 6 kinds | machine-draft |
223 Timothy II's On Betrothal and Marriage Rites is a liturgical manual prescribing Syriac betrothal and marriage rites for the Church of the East. Composed during his patri… | Timothy II | 15 | 4,498 | 87 10 kinds | machine-draft |
224 This metrical homily (memra) attributed to Balai of Balsh addresses Bishop Acacius of Beroea, likely composed in the early 5th century CE. The work survives in a single… | Balai of Balsh | 9 | 3,219 | 50 8 kinds | machine-draft |
225 On Creation I is a memrā (verse homily) in isosyllabic couplets attributed to Narsai (d. ca. 500), a major poet-theologian of the Church of the East. Composed in Syriac,… | Narsai | 21 | 5,695 | 118 8 kinds | machine-draft |
226 On Creation II is a verse homily (memrā) by Narsai (d. ca. 503 CE), a leading theologian of the East Syriac tradition. Composed in Syriac narrative poetry, it blends hex… | Narsai | 18 | 4,779 | 102 8 kinds | machine-draft |
227 On Creation III is a memra (verse homily) by Narsai (d. ca. 503), part of a hexaemeral series on the six days of creation. Composed in Syriac within the East-Syrian trad… | Narsai | 19 | 5,085 | 111 8 kinds | machine-draft |
228 Narsai's memrā On Creation of Adam and Eve is a fifth-century Syriac metrical homily that dramatizes the Genesis creation narrative. Blending exegesis with liturgical po… | Narsai | 22 | 5,739 | 125 9 kinds | machine-draft |
229 Narsai's memra 'On Creation V' is a late fifth-century Syriac hexaemeral poem that expounds the biblical creation narrative, emphasizing creatio ex nihilo and the creati… | Narsai | 23 | 6,121 | 130 8 kinds | machine-draft |
230 On Creation VI is a memrā in isosyllabic couplets attributed to Narsai (d. ca. 503), a prominent poet-theologian of the East Syriac tradition. The work belongs to the he… | Narsai | 23 | 6,213 | 129 8 kinds | machine-draft |
231 This memra (verse homily) by Narsai retells the biblical story of David and Saul, blending paraphrase with didactic commentary. It survives in a single Syriac manuscript… | Narsai | 21 | 6,919 | 120 8 kinds | machine-draft |
232 This memrā (metrical homily) attributed to Narsai explores the figures of Enoch and Elijah as typological precursors to Christ's transfiguration. The poem, composed in S… | Narsai | 21 | 6,579 | 119 8 kinds | machine-draft |
233 Narsai's memrā for Epiphany, composed in the late fifth century CE, is a Syriac liturgical poem that celebrates Christ's baptism in the Jordan. It draws on typological e… | Narsai | 22 | 6,672 | 127 8 kinds | machine-draft |
234 Timothy II, Syriac Orthodox patriarch from 1318 to 1332, composed this treatise on funeral rites during a period of church consolidation under Mamluk rule. The work alte… | Timothy II | 12 | 3,344 | 66 8 kinds | machine-draft |
235 Jacob of Serugh's metrical homily (mēmrā) on consecrated virginity exhorts an ascetic audience through typological exegesis linking virginity to the purity of Christ and… | Jacob of Serugh | 17 | 4,519 | 94 7 kinds | machine-draft |
236 This work is a cycle of memre (metrical homilies) on Holy Week attributed to Narsai (d. ca. 503), a prominent theologian and poet of the Church of the East. The Syriac t… | Narsai | 21 | 5,460 | 122 8 kinds | machine-draft |
237 On Human Nature is a didactic prose treatise by the East Syriac theologian Narsai, composed in the late fifth to early sixth century CE. Written in Syriac, it systematic… | Narsai | 18 | 5,217 | 106 8 kinds | machine-draft |
238 Narsai's metrical homily (mēmrā) on humility exhorts ascetic lowliness (makkīkūtā) as central to Christian spiritual life. Composed in Syriac during the late fifth centu… | Narsai | 17 | 4,989 | 97 8 kinds | machine-draft |
239 Narsai's metrical homily on Isaiah's vision (Isaiah 6) is a fifth-century East Syriac memra that transforms the prophet's theophany into a theological meditation on divi… | Narsai | 20 | 5,473 | 113 8 kinds | machine-draft |
240 Narsai's metrical homily (memra) on Job is a verse exegesis from the late fifth-century East Syriac tradition. Composed in Syriac, it interprets Job's sufferings as a co… | Narsai | 16 | 4,636 | 91 8 kinds | machine-draft |
241 Narsai's memrā on John 1:14 interprets the Baptist's testimony as a narrative hinge in salvation history, reading the Jordan as a type of baptismal purification. Compose… | Narsai | 13 | 3,750 | 74 8 kinds | machine-draft |
242 Narsai's memrā on John the Baptist is a metrical homily in Syriac, composed in isosyllabic couplets typical of his liturgical poetry. It presents John as the forerunner… | Narsai | 25 | 7,061 | 143 8 kinds | machine-draft |
243 This work is a metrical homily (memrā) on the biblical book of Jonah, attributed to Narsai (d. ca. 503), a key figure of the East Syriac tradition. It belongs to the gen… | Narsai | 22 | 6,367 | 129 8 kinds | machine-draft |
244 Narsai's memrā on Joseph is a metrical homily blending biblical paraphrase with typological exegesis, presenting the patriarch as a type of Christ. Composed in the chara… | Narsai | 36 | 9,750 | 207 8 kinds | machine-draft |
245 On Lent I is a Syriac metrical homily attributed to Narsai (d. ca. 503), a leading theologian of the Church of the East. The work belongs to the East Syriac liturgical t… | Narsai | 20 | 5,431 | 116 8 kinds | machine-draft |
246 On Lent III is a metrical homily (memra) attributed to Narsai (d. ca. 500), a prominent theologian and poet of the East Syriac tradition. Composed in isosyllabic couplet… | Narsai | 20 | 5,560 | 113 8 kinds | machine-draft |
247 This metrical homily (memrā) for the fourth Sunday of Lent is traditionally attributed to Narsai (d. ca. 503), a prominent theologian and poet of the Church of the East.… | Narsai | 21 | 5,827 | 122 8 kinds | machine-draft |
248 This homily, traditionally attributed to Narsai (d. ca. 503), is a memrā for the fifth Sunday of Lent in the East Syriac liturgical cycle. The sole surviving Syriac manu… | Narsai | 29 | 8,037 | 161 8 kinds | machine-draft |
249 Jacob of Serugh's metrical homily 'On Our Lord's Question and on the Revelation That Simon Received from the Father' explores the confession of Peter (Matthew 16:13–20)… | Jacob of Serugh | 19 | 5,026 | 111 8 kinds | machine-draft |
250 Narsai's memra on Palm Sunday, composed in the late fifth century CE, is a liturgical homily in Syriac isosyllabic meter. It opens with the Feast of Hosannas (ʿīdā d-ʾōš… | Narsai | 12 | 3,207 | 69 9 kinds | machine-draft |
251 Narsai's memrā for Palm Sunday is a metrical homily composed in Syriac for the liturgy of the East Syriac Church, likely at the School of Nisibis in the late fifth centu… | Narsai | 13 | 3,668 | 72 8 kinds | machine-draft |
252 On Pentecost is a memrā (metrical homily) attributed to Narsai (d. ca. 503), a key theologian of the East Syrian Church. Composed in isosyllabic couplets, the poem celeb… | Narsai | 18 | 5,020 | 105 8 kinds | machine-draft |
253 Narsai's memrā on Peter and Paul is a verse homily composed in the late fifth century for the East Syriac Feast of Saints Peter and Paul. It celebrates the two apostles… | Narsai | 31 | 8,550 | 177 8 kinds | machine-draft |
254 Joseph Hazzaya's treatise On Prayer is a didactic and exhortatory work on the stages of contemplative prayer, addressed to a monastic audience. It employs technical voca… | Joseph Hazzaya | 92 | 21,410 | 523 8 kinds | machine-draft |
255 This homily, attributed to Jacob of Serugh (c. 451–521), is a Syriac metrical discourse on repentance and moral admonition. It survives in multiple manuscripts, though t… | Jacob of Serugh | 15 | 3,792 | 86 8 kinds | machine-draft |
256 Narsai's 'On Reproof' is a verse homily (memrā) in Syriac, composed in the late fifth century CE, likely during his tenure at the School of Nisibis. The work belongs to… | Narsai | 20 | 5,584 | 114 8 kinds | machine-draft |
257 On Reproof (memrā d-mardutā) is a verse homily attributed to Narsai (ca. 437–502 CE), a leading theologian of the Church of the East. The work belongs to the didactic ge… | Narsai | 20 | 5,372 | 110 8 kinds | machine-draft |
258 On Reproof is a verse homily (memrā) attributed to Narsai, a prominent East Syriac theologian and poet of the late fifth century. The work belongs to the genre of reproo… | Narsai | 26 | 7,168 | 149 8 kinds | machine-draft |
259 On Reproof of the Clergy is a verse homily (memrā) by the East Syriac theologian and poet Narsai (d. ca. 503 CE). Composed in Syriac during the late fifth century, the w… | Narsai | 18 | 4,725 | 102 8 kinds | machine-draft |
260 Narsai's memrā on Samson is a metrical homily composed in isosyllabic couplets, typical of his liturgical poetry. The work survives in multiple East Syriac manuscripts,… | Narsai | 18 | 4,873 | 100 8 kinds | machine-draft |
261 Jacob of Serugh's metrical homily on the episode where Jesus says to Simon Peter 'Get thee behind me, Satan' (Matthew 16:23; Mark 8:33) is a Syriac memra from the late 5… | Jacob of Serugh | 21 | 5,547 | 125 8 kinds | machine-draft |
262 This metrical homily (memra) attributed to Narsai treats Solomon typologically as a prefiguration of Christ and the Church, rather than as a historical figure. Delivered… | Narsai | 14 | 4,750 | 79 8 kinds | machine-draft |
263 Narsai's memrā on Stephen the protomartyr is a metrical homily composed in isosyllabic couplets, blending encomium and threnody. It reimagines Stephen's stoning as a mil… | Narsai | 14 | 3,536 | 81 8 kinds | machine-draft |
264 On Supplication is a metrical homily (memra) by Narsai, a leading theologian of the Church of the East in the late fifth century. The work explores the theme of supplica… | Narsai | 24 | 6,727 | 135 7 kinds | machine-draft |
265 On the Reproof of Women is a verse homily (mēmrā) attributed to the East Syriac theologian Narsai (d. ca. 503), though the attribution is unverified. The work belongs to… | Narsai | 20 | 5,476 | 113 8 kinds | machine-draft |
266 Jacob of Serugh's metrical homily 'On That Star Which the Magi Saw' interprets the star of Bethlehem as a divine messenger to the Magi, blending astrological and theolog… | Jacob of Serugh | 64 | 16,970 | 378 8 kinds | machine-draft |
267 This metrical homily by Jacob of Serugh (c. 451–521) explores the Gospel question of how to inherit eternal life, focusing on a young man's inquiry to Christ. The work i… | Jacob of Serugh | 17 | 4,502 | 101 8 kinds | machine-draft |
268 Narsai's metrical homily (memrā) on the Antichrist, composed in the late fifth century CE, is a liturgical poem from the East Syrian tradition. It survives in a single m… | Narsai | 29 | 8,162 | 168 9 kinds | machine-draft |
269 Narsai's memrā on the Ascension is a metrical homily composed for the feast of the Ascension, likely during his activity at the School of Nisibis in the late fifth centu… | Narsai | 16 | 4,969 | 94 8 kinds | machine-draft |
270 Narsai's memrā on the Nativity is a Syriac liturgical poem celebrating the birth of Christ. It employs dense theological language to affirm the incarnation as a remedy f… | Narsai | 22 | 6,180 | 130 8 kinds | machine-draft |
271 On the Birth of the Lord Jesus Christ is a Syriac treatise attributed to Thomas of Edessa, surviving in a single manuscript (DSC 514) with signs of scribal emendation an… | Thomas of Edessa | 46 | 16,193 | 267 9 kinds | machine-draft |
272 On the Blessing of Noah is a Syriac memrā (metrical homily) attributed to Narsai, a prominent theologian of the Church of the East in the late fifth century. The work in… | Narsai | 17 | 5,458 | 98 9 kinds | machine-draft |
273 This metrical homily (memrā) by Jacob of Serugh (c. 451–521) interprets the brazen serpent of Numbers 21:4–9 as a typological prefiguration of the cross. Jacob presents… | Jacob of Serugh | 18 | 4,807 | 100 9 kinds | machine-draft |
274 Narsai's homily on the Canaanite woman (Matt 15:21–28) is a late fifth-century Syriac memra from the Church of the East, likely composed during his tenure at the School… | Narsai | 16 | 5,287 | 95 8 kinds | machine-draft |
275 This metrical homily, attributed to Jacob of Serugh (c. 451–521), retells the Gospel story of the Canaanite (Syro-Phoenician) woman from Matthew 15:21–28. It celebrates… | Jacob of Serugh | 18 | 4,826 | 106 8 kinds | machine-draft |
276 Narsai's metrical homily (memra) on the Church and the priesthood, composed in classical Syriac during the late fifth century, blends exegesis with liturgical exhortatio… | Narsai | 18 | 4,828 | 102 8 kinds | machine-draft |
277 On the Confessors is a metrical homily (memra) by Narsai, a prominent theologian of the Church of the East, composed in the late fifth or early sixth century CE. The wor… | Narsai | 26 | 7,098 | 150 8 kinds | machine-draft |
278 On the Consecration of the Church is a Syriac liturgical work attributed to Timothy II, patriarch of the Church of the East (1318–1332). It describes the rite for consec… | Timothy II | 18 | 5,323 | 102 9 kinds | machine-draft |
279 This metrical homily by Jacob of Serugh (c. 451–521) combines a church consecration sermon with a typological exposition of Moses, linking architectural sanctification t… | Jacob of Serugh | 10 | 2,620 | 57 8 kinds | machine-draft |
280 Narsai's metrical homily (memrā) on the dedication of a church celebrates the consecration of a church building, likely composed in the late fifth century CE within the… | Narsai | 17 | 4,478 | 100 8 kinds | machine-draft |
281 This metrical homily (memra) by Balai of Balsh celebrates the consecration of a church at Qenneshrin (Chalcis ad Belum) in northern Syria. The work is encomiastic and de… | Balai of Balsh | 6 | 2,240 | 35 7 kinds | machine-draft |
282 This mimro (verse homily) by Jacob of Serugh dramatizes the dialogue between Peter and Christ following Peter's denial of Jesus before the crucifixion. Written in elevat… | Jacob of Serugh | 25 | 6,537 | 144 8 kinds | machine-draft |
283 On the Departed and the Resurrection is a memrā (metrical homily) by Narsai, composed in classical Syriac isosyllabic couplets. The work offers a didactic and homiletic… | Narsai | 22 | 6,041 | 127 8 kinds | machine-draft |
284 Jacob of Serugh's memrā 'On the Descent of the Highest upon Mount Sinai' is a late 5th/early 6th century Syriac liturgical poem that interprets the Sinai theophany (Exod… | Jacob of Serugh | 31 | 8,159 | 179 8 kinds | machine-draft |
285 On the Divine Revelations to Abraham is a homiletic retelling of the Abraham cycle by Narsai, a leading theologian of the Church of the East (d. ca. 503). Composed in Sy… | Narsai | 39 | 10,617 | 221 8 kinds | machine-draft |
286 This work is a series of homiletic expositions on biblical patriarchs and prophets, blending typological exegesis with liturgical exhortation. Attributed to Narsai (d. c… | Narsai | 39 | 10,775 | 225 8 kinds | machine-draft |
287 On the Eucharist by Timothy II, patriarch of the Church of the East (1318–1332), is a Syriac theological treatise composed under Mongol rule. It engages earlier Syriac e… | Timothy II | 51 | 15,985 | 294 8 kinds | machine-draft |
288 This homily on the Finding of the Holy Cross, attributed to the East Syriac poet Narsai (d. ca. 503), celebrates the Invention of the Cross by Helena, mother of Constant… | Narsai | 26 | 6,793 | 153 9 kinds | machine-draft |
289 Narsai's memrā on the Flood is a late fifth-century Syriac verse homily that blends biblical paraphrase with typological and moral interpretation. It belongs to a cycle… | Narsai | 22 | 6,290 | 123 9 kinds | machine-draft |
290 Narsai's memrā on the four evangelists is a Syriac poetic homily from the late fifth or early sixth century, attributed to the East Syriac theologian Narsai (d. ca. 503)… | Narsai | 18 | 5,050 | 104 8 kinds | machine-draft |
291 Narsai's memrā 'On the Incarnation of Christ' is a metrical homily composed in Syriac during the late fifth century, likely at the School of Edessa or Nisibis. It presen… | Narsai | 16 | 4,856 | 92 8 kinds | machine-draft |
292 On the Iniquity of the World is a verse homily (memra) by Narsai, a prominent theologian of the Church of the East, composed in classical Syriac during the late fifth ce… | Narsai | 26 | 7,141 | 148 8 kinds | machine-draft |
293 Jacob of Serugh's metrical homily 'On the Lenten Fast I' is a poetic exhortation for the pre-Lenten fast, composed in Syriac during the late 5th to early 6th century. It… | Jacob of Serugh | 18 | 4,638 | 103 8 kinds | machine-draft |
294 On the Lenten Fast II is a metrical homily (memrā) by Jacob of Serugh (c. 451–521 CE), a prominent Syriac poet-theologian. The work exhorts ascetic practice and spiritua… | Jacob of Serugh | 15 | 4,045 | 86 8 kinds | machine-draft |
295 Jacob of Serugh's metrical homily 'On the Lenten Fast III' is a Syriac liturgical poem composed for the pre-Paschal fast, likely in the late 5th to early 6th century. It… | Jacob of Serugh | 16 | 4,067 | 94 8 kinds | machine-draft |
296 Jacob of Serugh's metrical homilies On the Love of God and On Perfect Reconciliation explore divine love as the foundation of Christian teaching and the means of spiritu… | Jacob of Serugh | 18 | 4,920 | 106 8 kinds | machine-draft |
297 Narsai's 'On the Martyrs' is a verse homily (memrā) from the late fifth or early sixth century CE, composed in Syriac for liturgical commemoration of Persian martyrs. It… | Narsai | 8 | 1,983 | 46 8 kinds | machine-draft |
298 Narsai's 'On the Martyrs' is a Syriac memrā (verse homily) composed in the late fifth century CE, during the Sasanian persecution of Christians under King Kawad I. The w… | Narsai | 14 | 3,790 | 81 8 kinds | machine-draft |
299 This work by Jacob of Serugh addresses the commemoration of the departed and the nature of the Eucharistic bread, blending liturgical instruction with theological reflec… | Jacob of Serugh | 13 | 3,377 | 71 8 kinds | machine-draft |
300 On the Miracles of Moses is a metrical homily (memra) attributed to Narsai, a prominent East Syriac theologian and poet of the late fifth century. The work retells and i… | Narsai | 22 | 6,080 | 126 8 kinds | machine-draft |