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Syriac · Other · mid-4th century

Nisibis 73

Ephrem the Syrian · syriac

BothSourceEnglish
JSON Dossier
machine-draft · no human review 2 passages · 526 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

Nisibis 73 is a memrā by Ephrem the Syrian, composed in heptasyllabic couplets, a form typical of his didactic and liturgical poetry. The work is set in mid-4th-century Nisibis, referencing the city's sieges around the 350s CE. It survives in a single medieval Syriac manuscript with lacunae and scribal corrections. The poem alternates between eschatological description and parable, contrasting the buried dead with the righteous in heaven. It alludes to biblical figures like Abel and Pharaoh, and mentions non-Christian burial practices, reflecting Ephrem's awareness of diverse traditions. Though not part of the standard liturgical lectionary, it is quoted in later East Syriac hymnaries as a model of poetic theology.

This memrā exemplifies Ephrem's poetic theology, blending eschatological reflection with typological exegesis. Its survival in a single manuscript highlights the fragility of Syriac literary transmission. The work's later use in East Syriac hymnaries underscores its enduring influence as a model of theological poetry, bridging early Christian apologetics and liturgical tradition.

Historical context

Ephrem the Syrian (c. 306–373 CE) composed this memrā in Nisibis, a city on the Roman-Persian frontier, during a period of repeated sieges by the Sasanian Empire (c. 350s CE). The work reflects the community's experience of war, death, and eschatological hope. Written in Syriac, the language of the early Syriac Christian tradition, it belongs to the genre of didactic and liturgical poetry. The text survives in a single medieval manuscript, with lacunae and scribal corrections noted in the apparatus. It was later quoted in East Syriac hymnaries like the Hudra, indicating its influence in liturgical contexts, though it was not part of the standard lectionary. The poem's references to non-Christian practices (e.g., Hindus and Assyrians) and biblical typology (e.g., Abel, Pharaoh) situate it within Ephrem's broader theological and apologetic concerns.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

12 commentary units 2 structure2 term2 scripture2 background2 parallel2 caution 1 derived notes 4 open questions 2 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: other in classical Syriac; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 2 narrative.
  • caution1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note.
  • sourceSource edition: syriac — CC BY 4.0

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
dsc-327:1 · narrativehigh
Source
ܓ ܡܶܢܶܗ ܒܰܪ ܩܳܠܶܗ ܗܳܐ ܬܚܶܝܬ ܐܰܪܥܳܐ ܚܰܒ̈ܺܝܒܰܝ ܫ̈ܠܰܕܶܐ ܘܦܰܓܪ̈ܶܐ ܕܰܩܒܺܝܪ̈ܶܐ ܘܗܳܐ ܒܰܫܡܰܝܳܐ ܙܰܕܺܝܩ̈ܶܐ ܗܳܐ ܛܥܺܝܢܳܢ ܓܶܝܪ ܬܰܪ̈ܬܰܝܗܶܝܢ ܓܽܘ̈ܥܠܳܢܶܐ ܕܰܒ̈ܢܰܝ ܐ̱ܢܳܫܳܐ ܐܰܪܥܳܐ ܘܰܫܡܰܝܳܐ ܓܳܥܶܝܢ ܐܶܢ ܡܶܬܛܰܠܡܺܝܢ ܙܰܕܺܝܩ̈ܶܐ ܥܽܘܢܺܝܬܳܐ: ܫܽܘܒܚܳܐ ܠܰܒܪܳܐ ܕܰܒܩܳܠ ܩܰܪܢܶܗ ܡܰܨܪܳܐ ܩܰܒܪ̈ܶܐ ܘܰܡܩܺܝܡ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܘܶܐܢܗܽܘ ܕܬܰܓܳܪܳܐ ܟܺܐܢܳܐ ܒܶܫܛܳܪܳܐ ܝܺܙܶܦ ܟܶܣܦܳܐ ܒܫܶܠܝܳܐ ܪܰܚܫܳܐ ܪܰܒܰܝܬܶܗ ܘܶܐܢ ܡܺܝܬ ܡܳܪܶܗ ܕܰܫܛܳܪܳܐ ܚܰܝܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܒܳܬܪܶܗ ܪܰܒܰܝܬܳܐ ܡܰܢܽܘ ܢܣܰܝܶܟ ܪܰܒܰܝܬܶܗ ܕܩܽܘܪܒܳܢܳܐ ܕܩܰܪܶܒ ܗܳܒܶܝܠ ܡܰܢ ܠܳܐ ܢܰܘܙܶܦ ܠܰܐܠܳܗܳܐ ܕܚܰܝܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܒܳܬܰܪ ܥܽܘܢܕܳܢܶܗ ܪܰܒܰܝܬܳܐ ܕܰܨ̈ܠܰܘܳܬܶܗ ܫܛܳܪܳܐ ܡܰܘܠܶܕ ܪܰܒܰܝܬܳܐ ܘܰܐܪܥܳܐ ܟܬܳܐ ܘܰܟܬܟܬܐ ܘܓܰܙܶܗ ܕܰܐܠܳܗܳܐ ܡܰܘܪܶܒ ܙܶܕܩ̈ܳܬܰܢ ܘܰܨ̈ܠܰܘܳܬܰܢ ܚܕܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܐܽܘܪܚܳܐ ܠܟܽܠܰܢ ܐܰܚ̈ܰܝ ܡܶܢ ܝܰܠܕܳܐ ܘܰܠܘܳܬ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܘܡܶܢ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܨܶܝܕ ܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܘܡܶܢ ܬܰܡܳܢ ܬܰܪ̈ܬܶܝܢ ܐܽܘܪ̈ܚܳܢ ܚܕܳܐ ܠܢܽܘܪܳܐ ܘܰܚܕܳܐ ܠܰܥܕܶܢ ܢܨܰܠܶܐ ܟܽܠ ܐ̱ܢܳܫ ܥܰܠ ܡܺܝܬܶܗ ܕܠܽܐܘܪܚܳܐ ܕܰܥܕܶܢ ܢܰܫܘܶܐ ܠܗܶܢܕ̈ܘܳܝܶܐ ܘܠܰܐܬܽܘܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܫ̈ܠܰܕܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܒܕܰܒܪܳܐ ܐܰܪܡܺܝ ܘܰܐܚܺܝ ܓܰܪ̈ܡܶܐ ܒܰܦܩܰܥܬܳܐ ܠܰܘ ܡܶܢ ܚܰܝܶܠ ܐ̱ܚܪܺܝܢ ܐܰܚ̈ܰܝ ܒܰܩܛܺܝܪܳܐ ܡܶܬܕܰܒܪܺܝܢ ܚܢܰܢ ܨܶܒܝܳܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܕܥܰܠ ܟܽܠ ܫܰܠܺܝܛ ܡܰܘܠܶܕ ܘܰܡܡܺܝܬ ܘܰܡܢܰܚܶܡ ܣܒܰܪܬܳܐ ܛܳܒܬܳܐ ܠܰܛ̈ܠܳܝܶܐ ܕܦܶܪܥܽܘܢ ܚܰܢܶܩ ܝ̈ܰܠܽܘܕܶܐ ܦܽܘܪܩܳܢܶܗ ܕܥܰܡܳܐ ܚܰܢܩܶܗ ܗܳܟܰܢܳܐ ܡܳܐܶܬ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܒܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܕܰܠܟܽܠ ܡܚܰܕܶܐ ܘܰܒܛܶܠ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܫܰܒܪ̈ܶܐ ܐܰܝܟ ܦܶܪܥܽܘܢ ܡܶܢ ܝ̈ܰܠܽܘܕܶܐ ܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܛܳܠܶܡ ܝܰܠܽܘ̈ܕܶܐ
English
He bowed his head, his voice resounded. Behold, beneath the earth, my beloved, the corpses and bodies of the buried, and behold, in heaven, the righteous. Behold, both are confused, the two worlds of the sons of man. Earth and heaven groan, if the righteous are compared. A response: Glory to the Son, who at the sound of his call empties graves and raises the dead. And like a sorrowful merchant who on a bond lends money, and through a loan increases his wealth, and if the owner of the bond dies, the wealth lives on after him. How great is the wealth of the offering that Abel brought! Why did he not lend to God, so that his wealth would live after his death, the wealth of his prayers? A bond produces wealth, and earth is a writing and a tablet, and the treasure of God increases our alms and our prayers. One is the path for all men, my brothers, from birth to death, and from death to resurrection, and from there, two paths: one to the fire and one to Eden. Every man prays for his own death, that it may lead him to the path of Eden. To the Hindus and the Assyrians, they cast their corpses in the desert, and they buried bones in a cave. Not by the power of others, my brothers, are they governed by a short cord. It is the will that rules over all, giving life and death and comforting. Good news for the children that Pharaoh strangled the newborn. The salvation of the people is his strangling. Thus death dies in the resurrection that gladdens all, and death ceases from children, as Pharaoh ceased from the newborn, as the oppressor of the newborn.
dsc-327:2 · narrativehigh
Source
ܕܰܐܝܟ ܩܽܘܦܳܝܳܐ ܕܩܰܡܨܳܐ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܥ̈ܰܘܳܠܶܐ ܒܢܰܗܪܳܐ ܩܳܦܶܝܢ ܗ̱ܘܰܘ ܘܰܐܒ̈ܳܗܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܟܰܕ ܚܳܙܶܝܢ ܒܳܟܶܝܢ ܘܓܳܥܶܝܢ ܠܰܫܡܰܝܳܐ ܒܪܺܝܟ ܗ̱ܽܘ ܕܚܰܘܺܝ ܠܗܽܘܢ ܒܰܕܡܳܐ ܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܕܝܰܠܽܘ̈ܕܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܚܰܕ ܡܶܢ ܥܺܝܪ̈ܶܐ ܐܶܬܦܰܩܰܕ ܘܰܪܫܶܡ ܪܽܘܫܡܳܐ ܕܦܽܘܪܩܳܢܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܒܶܝܬ ܥܰܝ̈ܢܶܐ ܕܙܰܕܺܝ̈ܩܶܐ ܓܙܽܘܪܬܳܐ ܒܶܗܬܰܬ ܕܰܚܙܳܬܶܗ ܠܰܚܬܳܡܳܐ ܟܰܣܝܳܐ ܕܢܰܨܰܚ ܪܫܽܘܡܘ̱ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܰܝܟܽܘܢ ܒܰܨܠܺܝܒܳܐ ܕܢܶܙܟܽܘܢ ܠܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܬܰܢܺܝܢܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܒܒܺܝܫܘ̱ ܐܶܬܚܰܫܰܚ ܗܰܘ ܥܳܒܽܘܕܳܐ ܚܰܟܺܝܡܳܐ ܘܺܐܝܩܺܐ ܬܩܶܢ ܐܳܦ ܚܒܳܠ ܐܶܢ ܐܽܘܡܳܢܳܐ ܡܳܝܽܘܬܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܒܽܘܝܳܢܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܥܒܰܕ ܚܳܣ ܕܢܺܐܡܰܪ ܕܰܐܠܳܗܳܐ ܪܰܟܶܒ ܘܰܫܪܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܦܽܘܪܫܳܢ ܘܶܐܢ ܒܰܪܢܳܫܳܐ ܡܰܠܳܠܳܐ ܪܰܒ ܠܶܗ ܕܰܗܒܳܐ ܫܰܬܺܝܩܳܐ ܘܰܙܗܺܝܪ ܒܶܗ ܕܰܠܡܳܐ ܢܺܐܒܰܕ ܘܰܨܝܳܪܳܐ ܕܨܺܝܪ ܨܰܠܡܳܐ ܢܛܰܪ ܠܶܗ ܕܠܳܐ ܢܶܬܚܰܒܰܠ ܟܡܳܐ ܗܳܟܺܝܠ ܢܳܛܰܪ ܛܳܒܳܐ ܠܨܰܠܡܳܐ ܕܰܐܩܺܝܡ ܠܺܐܝܩܳܪܶܗ ܐܶܢ ܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܐܰܟܶܬ ܚܰܝܽܘܬܳܐ ܠܙܰܕܺܝܩܳܐ ܥܒܰܪ ܒܳܗ̇ ܘܰܗܘܳܐ ܣܽܘܠܳܐܢܳܐ ܢܦܰܠ ܒܰܐܪܥܶܗ ܘܶܐܚܰܕ ܣܳܟܶܗ ܫܠܶܡ ܫܰܪܒܶܗ ܘܰܐܘܦܺܝ ܟܽܠܶܗ ܚܳܣ ܠܶܗ ܠܦܳܪܽܘܥܳܐ ܟܺܐܢܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܓܶܝܪ ܛܳܠܶܡ ܙܰܕܺܝ̈ܩܰܘܗ̱ܝ [ܫܠܶܡ]
English
Like a cup of vinegar, the dead, the wicked, were leaping in the light. And their fathers, when they saw, were weeping and crying out to heaven. Blessed is he who showed them the blood, the seal of their children. One of the watchers was commanded, and he marked the sign of salvation upon the house of the eyes of the righteous. The circumcision was ashamed at his sight, at the hidden seal that shone. Your dead are marked with the cross, that they might conquer death, the deceiver. It was not in evil that the wise craftsman was found wanting. And where would destruction set in, if the mortal covenant, without covenant, did nothing? He refrained, for he said that God rides and dismounts without separation. And if the speaking man is great, silent gold is greater, and he is careful lest it be lost. And the potter who made the image guards it lest it be damaged. How much more, then, does the good one guard the image that he set up for his honor? If the seal were not, life would be given to the righteous; he would pass through it and become a vagabond, fall into his own land and seize his garment. He completed his course and fulfilled his all. He refrained for the sake of the bitter avenger, for he does not wrong his righteous ones.
Citation. Tergwame, “Nisibis 73”, dsc-327:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/dsc-327#s1
Colophon. Source: syriac · licence: CC BY 4.0 · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0020 · generated 2026-11-15.