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Syriac · Other · mid-4th century

Nisibis 67

Ephrem the Syrian · syriac

BothSourceEnglish
JSON Dossier
machine-draft · no human review 2 passages · 443 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

Nisibis 67 is a Syriac poem attributed to Ephrem the Syrian (d. 373), associated with the School of Nisibis. The work reflects the Persian-Roman conflict and the cession of Nisibis in 363. It survives in a single manuscript tradition with later East Syriac liturgical use, and variant readings from the 6th–9th centuries. The poem personifies Sheol, contrasts Christ's redemptive death with human sin, and references biblical figures such as Elijah and Elisha. Some stanzas may be later additions, and the critical apparatus is minimal.

Nisibis 67 is significant for its theological contrasts between Christ's singular redemptive death and the many deaths caused by human sin, a common Ephremic device. It also illustrates the use of biblical typology (Elijah, Elisha) and personification of Sheol. The work's transmission history highlights the role of East Syriac liturgy in preserving Ephrem's legacy and its influence on later Syriac exegetes.

Historical context

The work is attributed to Ephrem the Syrian (d. 373) and linked to the School of Nisibis, a major center of Syriac Christianity in the Persian Empire. The dating is based on internal references to the Persian-Roman conflict and the city's cession to the Sasanian Empire in 363, which forced Ephrem to relocate to Edessa. The Syriac text survives in a single manuscript tradition, with later East Syriac liturgical use in the Hudra cycle. Variant readings in the source edition reflect scribal interventions from the 6th–9th centuries. Excerpts were incorporated into East Syriac liturgy and cited by later exegetes such as Narsai and Isaac of Antioch. The source edition does not collate all known manuscripts, and some stanzas may be later additions. The translation occasionally smooths over ambiguous Syriac syntax.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

11 commentary units 2 term2 scripture2 background2 structure2 caution1 sense 0 derived notes 3 open questions 2 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: other in classical Syriac; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 2 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: syriac — CC BY 4.0

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
dsc-321:1 · narrativehigh
Source
ܝܘ ܒܰܪ ܩܳܠܶܗ ܬܰܘ ܢܶܫܡܰܥ ܟܰܕ ܡܰܟܶܣ ܠܶܗ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܠܥܰܡܳܐ ܕܡܶܢ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܩܰܫܝܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܚܰܪܒܶܗ ܕܰܠܘܳܬ ܟܺܐܢ̈ܶܐ ܥܽܘܢܺܝܬܳܐ: ܠܳܟ ܫܽܘܒܚܳܐ ܕܰܒܝܰܕ ܕܶܒܚܶܗ ܦܰܪܥܶܗ ܠܒܶܙܚܰܢ ܘܡܰܘܬܶܗ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܚܠܳܦ ܟܽܠ ܡ̈ܰܘܬܺܝܢ ܕܰܢܢܰܚܶܡ ܟܽܘܠ ܠܰܘ ܠܰܡ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܙܰܩܦܶܗ ܠܝܶܫܽܘܥ ܐܶܠܳܐ ܥܰܡܳܐ ܟܡܳܐ ܗܳܟܺܝܠ ܣܳܢܶܐ ܥܰܡܳܐ ܕܳܐܦ ܡܶܢܝ̱ ܣܳܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܒܓܽܘܒܳܐ ܫܕܰܐܘܗ̱ܝ ܠܶܐܪܰܡܝܳܐ ܗܰܘ ܕܣܰܝܢܳܐ ܐܶܢܳܐ ܕܶܝܢ ܒܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܐܺܝܩܳܪܳܐ ܠܓܰܪ̈ܡܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܦܶܠܓܰܬ ܠܰܢܒܽܘܬ ܒܟܺܐܦ̈ܶܐ ܦܥܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܐܰܝܟ ܕܰܠܟܰܠܒܳܐ ܟܡܳܐ ܛܳܒ ܐܶܢܳܐ ܕܳܐܦ ܠܳܐ ܠܟܰܠܒܳܐ ܦܥܰܬ ܡܬܽܘܡ ܠܰܒ̈ܢܰܝܗܶܝܢ ܒܟܰܦܢܳܐ ܐܶܟܰܠ ܗܘܺܝ ܥܶܒܪ̈ܳܝܳܬܳܐ ܫܝܽܘܠ ܛܳܒܳܐ ܕܦܶܠܛܰܬ ܝܶܗܒܰܬ ܕܠܳܐ ܥܽܘܣܩܳܐ ܠܰܐܪܡܰܠܬܳܐ ܒܪܳܗ̇ ܝܶܗ̇ܒܰܬ ܠܳܗ̇ ܒܝܰܕ ܐܶܠܺܝܳܐ ܠܫܺܝܠܽܘܡܺܝܬܳܐ ܚܰܒܺܝܒܳܗ̇ ܒܝܰܕ ܐܶܠܺܝܫܰܥ ܥܶܒܪ̈ܳܝܳܬܳܐ ܝ̈ܰܥܢܳܬܳܐ ܐܶܟܰܠ ܠܰܒ̈ܢܰܝܗܶܝܢ ܫܝܽܘܠ ܝܶܗܒܰܬ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܘܝܶܠܦܰܬ ܨܰܘܡܳܐ ܢܰܟܦܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܫܝܽܘܠ ܐܺܝܬܶܝܗ̇ ܫܝܽܘܠ ܐܶܠܳܐ ܕܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܐܺܝܙܒܶܠ ܗܳܝ ܫܝܽܘܠ ܕܰܫܪܳܪܳܐ ܕܟܺܐܢ̈ܶܐ ܒܶܠܥܰܬ ܠܰܒ̈ܢܰܝ ܢܒܺܝ̈ܶܐ ܘܰܢܒܺܝ̈ܶܐ ܚܶܪܒܰܬ ܘܰܫܕܳܬ ܠܰܫܡܰܝܳܐ ܥܪܰܩ ܐܶܠܺܝܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܦܰܩܪܽܘܬܶܗ̇ ܟܡܳܐ ܡܰܘ̈ܬܶܝܢ ܚܠܳܦ ܚܰܕ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܐܺܝܬ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܒܥܰܡܳܐ ܘܰܟܡܳܐ ܫܝܽܘܠ ܒܚܶܠܦܳܐ ܕܰܚܕܳܐ ܐܺܝܬ ܗܘܰܝ ܬܰܡܳܢ ܫܳܡܪܺܝܢ ܘܺܐܝܙܪܳܥܶܝܠ ܒܰܪܬܳܗ̇ ܒܶܝܬ ܐܺܝܣܪܳܝܶܠ ܘܨܶܗܝܽܘܢ ܘܐܽܘܪܫܠܶܡ ܚܬܳܗ̇ ܒܶܝܬ ܝܺܗܽܘܕܳܐ ܠܰܢܒܺܝ̈ܶܐ ܘܟܺܐܢ̈ܶܐ ܕܒܺܝܗܽܘܕ ܘܒܶܐܝܣܪܳܝܶܠ ܒܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܬܰܪ̈ܬܶܝܢ ܗ̈ܘܳܬܳܐ ܚܢܰܩܘ̱ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܠܡܳܢܳܐ ܗܳܟܺܝܠ ܣܰܢܝܳܐ ܫܝܽܘܠ ܗܺܝ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕܶܝܗ̇ ܟܰܕ ܐܺܝܬ ܗܽܘ ܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܳܐܬܳܐ ܕܣܳܢܶܝܢ ܡܶܢܳܗ̇
English
O son of his voice, come, hear how death humbled the people. For bitter death is the sword of the wicked against the righteous. To you is praise, that by his sacrifice he repaid the contempt, and his death became the substitute for all the deaths that afflict everyone. Not for nothing did death crucify Jesus, but the people. How many, then, does the people help, even from whom it helped? They cast him into the pit, Jeremiah, that helper. But Sheol divided the honor of his bones in half. For the dogs they cast his limbs like a dog. How good is Sheol, that not even to a dog did it give a tomb. The Hebrew women ate their children in the famine. Good Sheol, which brought forth and gave without difficulty. To the widow she gave her son, through Elijah. To the Shunammite woman her beloved, through Elisha. The Hebrew women, the nursing mothers, ate their children. Sheol gave up the dead and learned fasting and hunger. It was not Sheol that was Sheol, but death. That Sheol of truth swallowed the righteous. It destroyed the prophets and the righteous, and cast them. Elijah fled to heaven from her voracity. How many deaths were there for one death among the people? And how many Sheols were there in exchange for one there? Samaria and Jezreel, her daughter in the house of Israel, and Zion and Jerusalem, her sister in the house of Judah. For the prophets and the righteous in Judah and in Israel, in these two regions they dug pits. For what, then, does Sheol help, she alone, when there are many who help from her?
dsc-321:2 · narrativemedium
Source
ܡ̈ܝܬܝܗܘܢ ܕܺܝܗ̈ܽܘܕܳܝܶܐ ܠܺܝ ܛܳܒ ܣܳܢܶܝܢ ܢܕܺܝ̈ܕܺܝܢ ܠܺܝ ܐܳܦ ܓܰܪ̈ܡܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܒܓܰܘܳܗ̇ ܕܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܐܶܠܽܘ ܟܰܝ ܐܺܝܬ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܦܽܘܪܣܳܐ ܕܰܐܓܺܝܠ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܠܓܰܪ̈ܡܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܡܶܢܳܗ̇ ܕܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܡܰܣܪܶܝܢ ܠܳܗ̇ ܓܶܝܪ ܀܀܀ ܒܪܽܘܚܳܐ ܕܩܽܘܕܫܳܐ ܬܳܡܰܗ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܕܰܟܡܳܐ ܥܶܡܪܰܬ ܒܓܰܘ ܥܰܡܳܐ ܕܰܙܦܰܪ ܪܺܝܚܶܗ ܐܰܝܟ ܕܽܘܒܳܪܶܗ ܒܨ̈ܰܠܶܐ ܘܬܽܘܡܰܐ ܟܳܪ̈ܽܘܙܶܐ ܕܥܰܒ̈ܕܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܐܰܝܟ ܡܶܐܟܽܘܠܬܶܗ ܬܰܪܥܺܝܬܶܗ ܕܥܰܡܳܐ ܨܰܚܢܳܐ ܒܒܳܥܽܘܬܳܐ ܕܟܽܠ ܡܰܢ ܕܰܩܥܶܕ ܘܰܣܓܶܕ ܠܰܐܒܽܘܟ ܐܶܬܪܰܚܰܡ ܥܰܠ ܣܳܓܽܘܕܳܟ ܕܰܛܠܶܡ ܚܽܘܒܳܟ ܡܶܢ ܥܶܒܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܘܳܐܪ̈ܳܡܳܝܶܐ ܐܳܦ ܡܶܢ ܥܺܝܪ̈ܶܐ ܠܳܟ ܫܽܘܒܚܳܐ ܘܒܺܐܝܕܳܟ ܠܰܐܒܽܘܟ ܐܳܦ ܬܶܫܒܽܘܚܬܳܐ ܚܠܳܦ ܕܰܗܘܺܝܬ ܦܽܘܡܳܐ ܠܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܕܰܕܠܳܐ ܦܽܘܡܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܒܪܳܐ ܕܟܽܠܶܗ ܦܽܘܡ̈ܶܐ ܗܽܘ ܢܶܐܚܽܘܕ ܐܰܒܽܘܬܝ̱ ܠܰܐܒܽܘܗ̱ܝ
English
The dead of the Jews are good to me, they help me; and their bones are also good to me, within Sheol. If only there were a distribution of the reward of the wicked, for their bones from within Sheol would hasten to her, for she is the one who scatters them. In the Spirit of Holiness, a wonder I see, how much she dwelt among a people who snort out his scent like his pride. Through prayers and faith, the heralds of their servants, like his food, the thought of the pure people. Through the supplication of all who bowed and prostrated to your father, have mercy on your worshipper who darkened your love. From the Hebrews and the Arameans, and also from the watchers, to you is praise, and in your hand to your father also is glory. Instead of being a mouth for death, which has no mouth, he is the son of all mouths; take, my father, to his father.
Citation. Tergwame, “Nisibis 67”, dsc-321:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/dsc-321#s1
Colophon. Source: syriac · licence: CC BY 4.0 · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0018 · generated 2026-11-15.