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Syriac · Other · mid-4th century

Nisibis 72

Ephrem the Syrian · syriac

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machine-draft · no human review 4 passages · 924 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

The Nisibis 72 collection comprises 72 madrāšê (teaching hymns) traditionally attributed to Ephrem the Syrian (d. 373). Composed in Syriac, these poems likely originated in mid-4th-century Nisibis, reflecting the city's Christian community under shifting Persian and Roman influence. The madrāšê engage themes of death, baptism, and Christ's victory, employing vivid imagery and typological exegesis. Transmitted in multiple manuscripts, the earliest from the 5th–6th centuries, the collection was used in East Syriac liturgy, especially for the Office of the Dead and Lent. Attribution to Ephrem is traditional but not universally accepted; some pieces may stem from his school or later imitators. The edition lacks a full critical apparatus, and some stanzas show signs of interpolation or reordering.

The Nisibis 72 collection is a key witness to 4th-century Syriac Christian poetry and theology, particularly in its treatment of death, baptism, and Christology. It exemplifies Ephrem's use of typology and poetic imagery to convey doctrinal themes, influencing later Syriac liturgical and poetic traditions. The collection's uncertain attribution and complex transmission highlight the challenges of studying early Christian literature, while its liturgical use underscores its enduring importance in East Syriac worship.

Historical context

The madrāšê are set in mid-4th-century Nisibis, a city on the Roman-Persian frontier that was a center of Syriac Christianity. Ephrem served as a deacon and teacher there until the city's cession to Persia in 363, after which he moved to Edessa. The community was Syriac-speaking, with a strong catechetical and liturgical tradition. The genre of madrāšâ (teaching hymn) was used for doctrinal instruction and communal worship, often employing poetic dialogue and typology. The collection's transmission is complex: the Syriac text survives in multiple manuscripts, with the earliest witnesses from the 5th–6th centuries, indicating ongoing liturgical use. The edition follows a base manuscript from the Deir al-Suryan collection. The madrāšê were incorporated into the East Syriac liturgical tradition, particularly in the Office of the Dead and during Lent, reflecting their catechetical and paraenetic function. The attribution of all 72 pieces to Ephrem is traditional but debated; some may originate from his school or later imitators, and the edition notes possible later interpolations or reordering in footnotes.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

22 commentary units 5 term4 scripture4 structure3 background2 sense2 caution1 reception1 parallel 0 derived notes 7 open questions 4 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • coverageNo English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed.
  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: other in classical Syriac; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 4 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: syriac — CC BY 4.0

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
dsc-326:1 · narrativemedium
Source
ܒ ܡܶܢܶܗ ܒܰܪ ܩܳܠܶܗ ܫܡܰܥܘ̱ ܘܶܐܬܒܰܝܰܐܘ̱ ܡܳܝ̈ܽܘܬܳܐ ܕܰܗܘܳܐ ܢܽܘܢܳܐ ܪܰܒ ܒܰܝܬܳܐ ܢܣܰܒ ܘܰܢܛܰܪ ܘܰܦܢܺܝ ܘܝܰܗ̱ܒ ܗܳܟܰܢ ܝܳܗܶܒ ܚܽܘܫܒܳܢܳܐ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܪܰܒ ܒܰܝܬܳܐ ܕܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܕܟܰܕ ܐܰܚܺܝ ܡܳܪܰܢ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܐܳܦ ܬܶܡܪ̈ܶܐ ܕܥ̈ܰܝܢܶܐ ܬܰܒܥܶܗ ܥܺܘܢܺܝܬܳܐ: ܠܳܟ ܬܶܫܒܽܘܚܬܳܐ ܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܡܫܺܝܚܳܐ ܡܢܳܕ ܕܰܡ̈ܟܶܐ ܒܩܳܠ ܫܽܝܦܽܘܪܶܗ ܐܶܢܗܽܘ ܕܨܳܦܽܘܪܳܐ ܓܶܙܪܰܬ ܒܰܓܙܽܘܪܬܳܐ ܕܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܠܰܒܪܳܗ̇ ܘܰܒܛܶܠ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܒܰܓܙܽܘܪܬܳܐ ܟܡܳܐ ܝܰܬܺܝܪ ܒܛܶܠ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܒܡܰܥܡܽܘܕܺܝܬܳܐ ܕܰܫܪܳܪܳܐ ܕܰܐܝܢܳܐ ܕܰܥܡܰܕ ܒܰܡܫܺܝܚܳܐ ܠܰܒܫܶܗ ܠܚܰܝܳܐ ܡܰܚܶܐ ܟܽܠ ܀܀܀
English
In his haste, his voice resounded. The watery ones heard and were revealed, for he became a great steward of the house. He took, he stored, he opened, and he gave. Now the giver of thoughts is Death, the great steward of Sheol, who, when he touches the sick, makes them dead. Even the dates of the trees follow him. O righteous one! To you is praise, O King Messiah, as long as the meek are roused by the sound of his sweet trumpet. They hastened, for the bird of the island, by the circumcision of the sacrifice, to her son, and death ceased by the circumcision. How much more did death cease by the baptism of truth, for whoever was baptized in Christ put on life that revives all.
dsc-326:2 · narrativehigh
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ܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܛܳܠܶܡ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܠܰܐܒܪܳܗܳܡ ܒܳܬܰܪ ܡܰܘܬܶܗ ܐܰܘ ܚܽܘܒܶܗ ܐܰܘ ܙܶܕܩ̈ܳܬܶܗ ܘܰܐܝܟܰܢ ܛܳܠܶܡ ܠܶܗ ܠܺܐܝܣܚܳܩ ܦܰܟܪ̈ܶܐ ܕܺܐܝܕ̈ܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܘܰܕܪ̈ܶܓܠܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܘܣܰܟܺܝܢܳܐ ܕܰܚܙܳܬ ܥܰܝܢܶܗ ܕܰܥܠܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܡܶܢ ܫܶܠܝ̱ ܐܶܫܬܰܡܛܰܬ ܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܛܳܠܶܡ ܠܰܢܒ̈ܺܝܶܐ ܕܰܐܝܟ ܐܶܡܪ̈ܶܐ ܓܙܳܪ̈ܺܝܢ ܓܙܳܪ̈ܺܝܢ ܐܶܬܚܰܪܰܫܘ̱ ܒܰܛܝܳܪ̈ܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܕܺܐܝܙܒܶܠ ܕܐܒܬܐ ܕܰܢܒ̈ܺܝܶܐ ܚܶܪܫܰܬ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܠܰܢܒ̈ܺܝܶܐ ܘܡܳܐܐ ܢܒܺܝܺܝ̈ܢ ܕܶܐܬܦܰܠܰܛܘ̱ ܒܟܰܦܢܳܐ ܘܨܰܗܝܳܐ ܐܶܫܬܰܢܰܩܘ̱ ܐܳܦ ܠܠܽܘܛ ܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܛܳܠܶܡ ܕܬܰܪ̈ܬܰܝܗܶܝܢ ܒ̈ܢܳܬܶܗ ܝܰܗ̱ܒ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܚܠܳܦ ܩܰܕܺܝ̈ܫܶܐ ܕܥܰܠܘ̱ ܨܶܐܕܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܡܶܢ ܦܽܘܡܳܐ ܕܢܽܘܪܳܐ ܦܰܪܩܶܗ ܘܰܒܦܽܘܡܳܐ ܕܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܫܕܳܝܗ̱ܝ ܘܡܳܢܳܐ ܡܰܘܬܰܪ ܦܽܘܨܳܝܳܐ ܐܶܢ ܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܗܳܐ ܚܙܺܝ ܥܰܘ̈ܳܠܶܐ ܕܰܚܢܺܝܩܺܝܢ ܘܰܢܒܺܝ̈ܶܐ ܬܽܘܒ ܕܰܢܟܺܝܣܺܝܢ ܘܰܒ̈ܢܰܝ ܐܺܝܽܘܒ ܕܰܛܡܺܝܪ̈ܺܝܢ ܘܰܐܚ̈ܶܐ ܫܰܒܥܳܐ ܕܰܢܫܺܝܛܺܝܢ ܥܰܡ ܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܶܐ ܕܰܪܓܺܝܡܺܝܢ ܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܛܠܶܡ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܟܽܠܗܽܘܢ ܢܶܨ̈ܚܳܢܶܐ ܘܰܐܢ̱ܬ ܕܽܘܢ ܒܢܰܦܫܳܟ ܕܰܐܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܡܨܰܠܶܐ ܦܽܘܡܳܟ ܠܰܐܠܳܗܳܐ ܕܦܳܪܽܘܥܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܐܰܘ ܛܳܠܽܘܡܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܐܶܢ ܛܳܠܽܘܡܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܠܳܐ ܬܳܠܐܶܐ ܘܶܐܢ ܦܳܪܽܘܥܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܠܳܐ ܬܶܫܠܶܐ ܐܰܓܪܳܐ ܬܳܒܰܥ ܕܰܐܓܺܝܪܳܐ ܘܛܳܠܶܡ ܐܰܓܪܳܐ ܕܰܨܠܽܘܬܳܐ ܘܶܐܢ ܗܳܪܟܳܐ ܠܚܽܘܕ ܦܳܪܰܥ ܠܳܟ ܚܰܪܬܳܐ ܒܺܝܫܬܳܐ ܛܰܝܶܒ ܠܳܟ ܕܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܥܳܒܶܕ ܠܳܟ ܐܳܦ ܠܳܐ ܗܳܪܟܳܐ ܦܳܪܰܥ ܠܳܟ ܕܟܽܠܶܗ ܥܽܘܡܪܳܟ ܬܽܘܢܳܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܘܠܳܐ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܝܰܬܺܝܪ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܠܰܐܠܳܗܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܚ̈ܰܛܳܝܶܐ ܚܠܺܝܨ ܗ̱ܽܘ ܡܶܢܳܟ ܓܰܝܳܣܳܐ ܘܛܽܘܠܺܝܩ ܡܶܢܳܟ ܓܰܢܳܒܳܐ ܘܰܡܢܳܚ ܡܶܢܳܟ ܙܰܢܳܝܳܐ ܘܰܚܠܺܝܡ ܡܶܢܳܟ ܚܰܛܳܝܳܐ
English
How does God oppress Abraham after his death, either his sin or his righteousness? And how does He oppress Isaac, the limbs of his hands and his feet, and the ladder of the vision of his eye, from which his silence was cut off? How does He oppress the prophets, who like lambs were slaughtered, who were silenced in their caves, that Jezebel, the mother of the prophets, silenced the mouths of the prophets? And a hundred prophets who escaped were strangled by hunger and thirst. Also Lot, how does He oppress, who gave his two daughters in place of the saints who came against him? From the mouth of the rock He saved him, and in the mouth of Sheol He cast him. And what profit is the deliverance, if there is no consolation? Behold, see the injustices that are pressed, and the prophets again who are sad, and the sons of Job who are hidden, and the seven brothers who are slain, along with many who are stoned. How does God oppress all these torments? And you, stand in your own self: how does your mouth pray to God, whether He is a rewarder or an oppressor? If He is an oppressor, do not grow weary; and if He is a rewarder, do not be negligent. The wage of a hireling seeks, and the oppressor is the wage of prayer. And if here alone He repays you, the evil end is prepared for you, so that consolation does not make you, nor does He repay you here, for your whole life is a loan, and you are nothing more than a sinner to God. The strong one is more violent than you, the robber is more thieving than you, the striker is more violent than you, and the sinner is stronger than you.
dsc-326:3 · narrativemedium
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ܘܟܳܗܶܝܢ ܡܶܢܳܟ ܪܰܫܺܝܥܳܐ ܘܶܐܢ ܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܣܪܺܝܩ ܗ̱ܽܘ ܪܶܗܛܳܟ ܚܰܠܳܫܳܐ ܘܶܐܢ ܒܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܚ̈ܰܝܶܐ ܚܬܺܝܪܰܬ ܚܶܘܝܳܐ ܚܰܝܳܐ ܛܳܒ ܡܶܢܳܟ ܘܝܰܬܺܝܪ ܡܶܢܳܟ ܬܰܢܺܝܢܳܐ ܚ̈ܳܠܡܺܝܢ ܡܶܢܳܟ ܚܰܝ̈ܘܳܬܳܐ ܘܢܶܫܪ̈ܶܐ ܡܶܢܳܟ ܩܰܠܺܝܠܺܝܢ ܘܰܐܪ̈ܝܰܘܳܬܳܐ ܥܰܙܺܝܙܺܝܢ ܘܡܳܢܳܐ ܚܬܺܝܪ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܐܰܘ ܣܰܟܠܳܐ ܐܶܫܬܰܥܳܐ ܠܰܢ ܚܰܠܳܫ ܡܳܢܰܘ ܐܰܓܪܳܐ ܕܰܨܠܽܘܬܳܟ ܘܦܽܘܪܥܳܢܶܗ ܕܨܰܘܡܳܟ ܡܰܢܽܘ ܢܶܕܪܰܟ ܬܽܘܟܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܝܰܬܺܝܪܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܩܽܘܪܒܳܢܳܟ ܚܽܘܣܪܳܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܘܶܐܢ ܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܫܰܘܝܰܬ ܗܽܘ ܒܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܥܰܡ ܟܽܠܢܳܫ ܘܶܐܢ ܡܶܢ ܣܰܝܦܳܐ ܕܳܚܶܠ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܕܠܳܐ ܬܶܩܛܽܘܠ ܕܰܠܡܳܐ ܬܺܐܒܰܕ ܘܠܳܐ ܬܶܓܢܽܘܒ ܕܰܠܡܳܐ ܬܺܐܩܰܕ ܘܗܳܐ ܕܰܝܳܢܳܟ ܒܰܪ ܐ̱ܢܳܫܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܘܰܡܨܶܐ ܒܫܽܘܚܕܳܐ ܩܳܛܶܠ ܠܳܟ ܐܰܝܟ ܡܳܐ ܕܰܩܛܰܠ ܙܰܟ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܘܰܗܦܰܟ ܙܰܟܺܝ ܠܚ̈ܰܝܳܒܶܐ ܟܰܕ ܬܽܘܒ ܩܰܝܳܡ ܫܽܘܐܳܠܳܐ ܕܶܐܢ ܡܶܢ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܐܺܝܬܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܢܳܡܽܘܣܳܐ ܘܕܺܝܢܳܐ ܟܺܐܢܳܐ ܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܫܶܦܪܰܬ ܠܰܐܠܳܗܳܐ ܟܺܐܢܽܘܬܳܐ ܕܰܡܠܶܐ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܟܺܐܢܽܘܬܳܐ ܕܰܠܥܳܠܰܡ ܐܶܢ ܗܽܘ ܕܛܳܠܶܡ ܢܽܘܚܳܡܰܢ ܐܶܢ ܓܶܝܪ ܟܺܐܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܛܠܶܡ ܠܰܢ ܒܳܬܰܪ ܡܰܘܬܰܢ ܙܶܕܩ̈ܳܬܰܢ ܘܰܨ̈ܠܰܘܳܬܰܢ ܘܶܐܢ ܟܺܐܢܽܘܬܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܪܳܚܶܡ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܕܚܳܣ ܠܰܢ ܕܰܢܗܰܝܡܶܢ ܐܰܝܟܰܢܳܐ ܘܡܶܢ ܡܰܢ ܫܰܪܺܝܘ ܢܳܡ̈ܽܘܣܶܐ ܟܺܐܢ̈ܶܐ ܒܰܐܪܥܳܐ ܐܶܢ ܢܺܐܡܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܒܰܪ ܐ̱ܢܳܫܳܐ ܘܟܐܺܝܢ ܗܽܘ ܟܰܝ ܡܶܢ ܒܳܪܽܘܝܶܗ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܕܰܚܪܶܡ ܕܰܢܡܰܠܶܠ ܕܗܳܐ ܒܰܪܢܳܫܳܐ ܥܰܘܳܠܳܐ ܒܫܽܘܚܕܳܐ ܫܳܪܶܐ ܢܳܡܽܘ̈ܣܶܐ ܘܶܐܢ ܡܶܢ ܚܰܠܩܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܢܳܡܽܘܣܳܐ ܬܪ̈ܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܫܳܪܶܝܢ ܠܰܚ̈ܕܳܕܶܐ ܀܀܀
English
And how does the wicked one oppress you? If there is no judgment, your swift running is in vain, and if you are stronger than the living serpent, the living serpent is better than you, and more active than you are the beasts, more robust than you are the animals, and swifter than you are the birds, and stronger than you are the lions. And what are you, stronger or foolish? Has your swiftness been told to you? What is the reward of your prayer and the recompense of your fast? Show me, for your gain is excessive, and your offering is a loss. And if there is no judgment, you are equal to the wicked in the underworld. And if you fear the sword, lest it kill you, lest you perish, and you do not wonder, lest you be burned, behold, your judge is a son of man, and he is able to kill you with bribery, as he killed the righteous, and he turned the victor into a guilty one, while again the judgment of the underworld stands. If from God it is, the law and judgment are just. How have you pleased God? The justice that is full of wrath, from the justice of the world, if it is that which oppresses your judgment. For if it is just, how has it oppressed you after your death, your alms and your prayers? And if justice does not love this which has spared you, that you might believe, how and from where have just laws begun in the land? If it is said from a son of man, and he is just like his Creator, this which has cursed that which spoke, for behold, a wicked son of man begins laws with bribery. And if the law is from fate, both of them begin with each other.
dsc-326:4 · narrativehigh
Source
ܟܰܕ ܐܶܢ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܟܺܐܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܠܳܐ ܡܨܶܐ ܕܰܢܩܺܝܡ ܒܶܝܬ ܝܰܠܕܳܐ ܕܡܶܢܶܗ ܗܘܳܝܶܢ ܥܰܘ̈ܳܠܶܐ ܘܡܶܛܽܠ ܕܰܐܠܳܗܳܐ ܛܳܒܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܠܳܐ ܡܨܶܐ ܣܳܢܶܐ ܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܕܒܺܝܫܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܣܰܓܺܝ ܕܢܶܬܛܰܠܡܽܘܢ ܙܰܕܺܝܩ̈ܶܐ ܕܡܺܝܬ ܥܰܠ ܐܰܦܰܘ̈ܗ̱ܝ ܡܶܢ ܟܽܠ ܓܰܒܺܝ̈ܢ ܐܶܬܚܰܒܫܰܬ ܘܳܐܦ ܐܶܬܕܰܪܫܰܬ ܘܶܐܬܚܰܙܝܰܬ ܕܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܠܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܘܡܳܢܳܐ ܬܶܚܣܰܪ ܐܰܘ ܣܰܟܠܳܐ ܐܶܢ ܗܽܘ ܕܗܳܘܶܐ ܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܕܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܕܺܐܝܩܺܐ ܢܳܛܰܪ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܗܰܝܡܶܢ ܕܰܒܗܶܝܢ ܡܰܡܠܳܟ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܕܰܐܝܠܶܝܢ ܕܡܰܓܳܢ ܢܳܛܰܪ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܡܶܛܽܠ ܣܰܝܦܳܐ ܘܰܣܪ̈ܳܩܶܐ ܛܰܪ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܡܶܛܽܠ ܣܰܒܪܳܐ ܘܰܐܝܕܳܐ ܕܡܶܛܽܠ ܩܽܘܠܳܣܳܐ ܬܶܗܘܶܐ ܡܶܛܽܠ ܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܚܠܳܦ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܕܰܦܣܳܩ ܣܰܒܪܳܐ ܡܽܘܬ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܕܰܡܠܶܐ ܣܰܒܪܳܐ ܒܢܽܘܪܳܐ ܐܰܘܩܶܕܘ̱ ܢܰܨ̈ܺܝܚܶܐ ܒܡܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܚܢܰܩܘ̱ ܠܰܬܪ̈ܺܝܨܶܐ ܒܣܰܝ̈ܦܶܐ ܢܰܟܶܣܘ̱ ܠܰܐܒ̈ܺܝܠܶܐ ܘܰܒܟܺܐܦ̈ܶܐ ܪܓܰܡܘ̱ ܠܰܢܒ̈ܺܝܶܐ ܘܒܰܙܩ̈ܺܝܦܶܐ ܬܠܰܘ ܠܰܫ̈ܠܺܝܚܶܐ ܘܰܐܝܟܰܢ ܟܰܝ ܛܳܠܶܡ ܟܺܐܢܳܐ ܪܶܒܽܘ ܪ̈ܶܒܘܳܢ ܓܽܘ̈ܥܠܳܢܺܝܢ ܀܀܀
English
If God is angry, he cannot set up a house of birth, for his wrath would become iniquities. And because God is good, he cannot sustain a judgment that is evil, so that many are condemned. The righteous who died for his sake gathered from all sides, and it was examined and seen that judgment exists for the dead. And how would a fool or a simpleton lack, if he who is judgment exists for these whom you keep in that place? Believe that in them you reign, for those whom you keep in torment, because of the sword and the combs, keep them because of hope. And the hand that is because of praise shall be because of judgment, instead of the death that cuts off hope, die the death that fills hope. With fire they burned the righteous, with water they drowned the upright, with swords they covered the mourners, and with stones they stoned the chaste, and on crosses they hung the apostles. And as you, the angry one, oppresses, the four quarters of the world trembled.
Citation. Tergwame, “Nisibis 72”, dsc-326:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/dsc-326#s1
Colophon. Source: syriac · licence: CC BY 4.0 · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0031 · generated 2026-11-15.