Liber de situ et nominibus locorum Hebraicorum

THE BOOK OF SAINT EUSEBIUS HIERONYMUS, STRIDONIAN PRESBYTER, ON THE SITE AND NAMES OF HEBREW PLACES

PREFACE.

Eusebius, who received his surname from the blessed martyr Pamphilus, after ten books of Ecclesiastical History; after the Canons of Chronology, which we have published in the Latin tongue; after he set forth the names of the various nations, how they were once called among the Hebrews and how they are called now; after the Chorography of the land of Judaea and the distinct allotments of the tribes, and also a picture of Jerusalem itself and of the temple in it with a very brief exposition; labored at last on this little work, that he might gather for us from holy Scripture the names of almost all cities, mountains, rivers, villages, and various places: which either remain the same, or were changed afterward, or were in some part corrupted. Whence we also, following the zeal of that admirable man, have translated them according to the order of the letters, as they are set down in the Greek, leaving out those things which do not seem worthy of remembrance, and changing very many. For once also in the book of Chronology I stated beforehand that I am either a translator or the founder of a new work: especially since a certain man, scarcely imbued with the first elements of letters, dared to turn this same book into the Latin language, but not in Latin. A prudent reader will at once discover his ignorance by comparison with those things which we have translated. For as I do not claim lofty things for myself, so I believe that I can surpass things that lie close to the ground.

HERE BEGINS THE BOOK.

ON GENESIS.

Ararat, Armenia. 1. Indeed the ark is said to have rested after the flood on the mountains of Ararat, and its traces are said to remain there to this day. Jeremiah also mentions these mountains in his vision against Babylon. Josephus too, in the first book of the Jewish Antiquities, citing the historians of secular literature, says: "Noah, perceiving that the earth had been freed from the flood, allowed seven other days to pass; and releasing all the animals and beasts with their enclosures opened, he himself went out with his offspring, sacrificing victims to God and rejoicing with his children." The Armenians call this place the exit, or the departure. Indeed the inhabitants of those regions testify that the ark first rested there, and that certain remains of its wood survive. All who have written barbarian histories record this ark and the flood, one of whom is Berosus the Chaldean, who, reporting on the flood, said these things: "A certain part of this ship is said to remain in Armenia near the mountain of the Cardueni, and some people pulling bitumen from it carry it about, which those who are purified and make expiation for themselves use most of all." But also Hieronymus the Egyptian, who wrote the antiquities of the Phoenicians in elegant style, and Mnaseas, and many others. Nicolaus of Damascus too, in the ninety-sixth book, reports: "There is in Armenia, above Mynias, a mountain named Beris, to which they say many fled during the flood and were saved there.

But others, floating on the surface of the ark's hull, reached its top, and the timbers of the ark were customarily shown for many ages; these I indeed think to be none other than those whom Moses, the lawgiver of the Jews, set forth in his volumes.

Achad 4, a city of the kingdom of Nimrod in Babylon. (Moreover the Hebrews say that this is a city of Mesopotamia, which today is called Nisibis, once besieged by Lucullus the Roman consul, and captured, and a few years ago handed over to the Persians by the emperor Jovian.)

Aggai lies toward the western region of Bethel, not far distant from it. But Bethel is situated, for those going to Aelia from Neapolis, on the left side of the road at about the twelfth milestone from Aelia; and to this day a small village of Aggai is shown. (But a church has also been built where Jacob slept as he was journeying to Mesopotamia. Whence he imposed on that place the name Bethel, that is, house of God.) But of Aggai scarcely small ruins remain, and only the place is pointed out. And it should be known that in Hebrew it does not have the letter G, but is called ( ), and is written with the element which among them is called ain ( ).

Astaroth Carnaim, a land of giants formerly on the height of Sodom, whom Chodorlagomor killed. There are even today two fortresses in Batanaea with this name, separated from one another by nine miles, between the cities of Adara and Abila.

Arboc (corruptly written Arboc in our manuscripts, when in the Hebrew it is read 'arbee, that is, four: because there three patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, are buried, and Adam the greatest: as is written in the book of Joshua (Joshua 14:15): although some suspect that he was placed in the place of Calvary). But this is the same Chebron, formerly the metropolis of the Philistines, and the dwelling-place of giants, and the kingdom (where the palace was) afterward of David in the tribe of Judah, a priestly city and a city of refuge. It is distant to the southern region from AElia about twenty-two miles: and the oak of Abraham (which is also Mamre, shown until the reign of King Constantius): and his mausoleum is seen at the present time. (And since a church has now been built there by our people), the place of the terebinth is superstitiously cultivated by all the surrounding peoples: because under it Abraham once received angels as guests. This, therefore, first Arbee, afterward received the name Chebron from one of the sons of Chaleb. I read in the Words of the Days (1 Paralipomenon 2:42).

Ailath, at the farthest ends of Palestine, adjoining the southern desert and the Red Sea, from where one sails from Egypt to India and from there to Egypt. A Roman legion surnamed the Tenth is stationed there; and formerly it was called Ailath by the ancients, but now it is called Aila. But it was also once a nation of the Elamites, over whom Chodorlahomor ruled (mention of whom is made also in the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 2:9) and in the books of Kings (1 Kings 10:17); a certain city of Palestine is written as Aelam.

Adama, one of the five cities of Sodom, overthrown with the others.

Asason-Thamar, in which the Amorites once lived, whom Chodorlahomor killed, next to the desert of Kadesh. There is also another fortress, Thamara, separated by a journey of one day from the town of Mampsis (variant: Mamphis), for those going to Aila from Hebron, where a Roman garrison is now stationed.

Allus, a region of the Idumeans, which is now called Gabalene, neighboring the city of Petra.

Aenon 5, for those going to Thamna, now a deserted place and near the large village of Thamna, which is situated between Aelia and Diospolis. There is also a spring in the aforementioned place Aenon, from which it also received the name Aenon, that is, "of the spring"; standing in it is an idol worshipped with the greatest veneration of that region. (Furthermore, the Hebrews affirm that Aenon does not mean a grove, but a crossroads, where by a sure reckoning it is necessary to choose one of the two roads.)

Areaatad 6, a place across the Jordan, where Jacob once lamented, three miles from Jericho 7, two miles from the Jordan, which is now called Bethgla 8; which is interpreted as "the place of the circuit," because there in the manner of mourners they went around (variant: go around) at Jacob's funeral.

CONCERNING THE EXODUS.

Aelim, the camp of the children of Israel, and a place in the desert in which there are twelve springs and seventy palm trees (which Moses found upon coming out from the Red Sea).

(Aelus, in the desert where the children of Israel made camp.)

CONCERNING NUMBERS AND DEUTERONOMY: Aseroth, a part of the wilderness, where Mary and Aaron spoke against Moses. But the Evaei once lived in Aseroth as far as the city of Gaza. (The Hebrews, however, think that these places are called not Aseroth but Aserim.)

Asemona, the camp of the children of Israel in the desert.

Ahetharim: for this Aquila and Symmachus translated "the way of the spies": where in the wilderness battle is fought against the Chananaean who had burst forth from the south against Israel.

Ahie, which is also Achalgai; for this Symmachus translates "in the hills." It lies over against Moab of old, now over against Areopolis, on the eastern side.

Arnon, a certain rock stretched up on high in the borders of the Amorites, between Moab and the Amorites. But Moab is a city of Arabia, which is now called Areopolis. The inhabitants of that region point out a place of a valley sunk down among steep cliffs, horrible and dangerous enough, which is called by most people even now Arnonas; and it extends to the north of Areopolis; in it also garrisons of soldiers distributed on every side bear witness, full of blood and dread, to the entrance. This once belonged to the Moabites, and afterwards Seon king of the Amorites obtained it by the law of war; but the land of the children of Israel beyond the Jordan also extends, beginning from the Arnon, as far as the mountains of Aermon and Lebanon.

Ar, a place or town of the Arnon: which by the Seventy translators, through a long vowel, is called Er.

Aesimon, a place of the wilderness (indeed the very word itself signifies uncultivated and deserted land).

Abelsatim 3, a place in the wilderness to the south of the Moabites.

Asor, or Jazer, the boundary of the city of Ammon, which is now called Philadelphia, dividing it from the region of the Amorites, and it is about the eighth milestone from it toward the west, a village of Jazer remaining to the present day.

Aroer, a town of the Moabites, which is situated on the bank of the torrent Arnon, once possessed by the most ancient people of the Ommim 4, and afterward retained by the sons of Lot, that is, the Moabites, when they had overthrown the former inhabitants. And it is shown to this day on the summit of that mountain: but the torrent also, descending through steep places, flows into the Dead Sea. Aroer moreover fell to the lot of the tribe of Gad, over against Rabba.

Astaroth, the ancient city of Og king of Basan, in which the giants dwelt, which afterward fell to the lot of the tribe of Manasseh, of the region of Batanaea, and is separated by six thousand from Adra, a city of Arabia. Further, Adra is distant from Bostra by twenty-five thousand. We have also spoken above concerning Astaroth Charnaim.

Agri Specula is a mountain of the Moabites, to which Balac son of Sephor brought Balaam the diviner to curse Israel upon its summit, which because of its steep sheer drop is called "the cut-off," and it overhangs the Dead Sea not far from the Arnon.

Araboth Moab, where the people was numbered a second time, which Aquila translates as "the lowly or level places of Moab" (he having this custom, that he translates the wilderness, on account of its flatness—that is, as level and flat). Finally Symmachus rendered Araboth Moab as "the plains of Moab"; and there is to this day a place beside Mount Phoger, for those going from Livias to Esebon of Arabia, opposite Jericho, which is so called.

Araba 6: this, as above, Aquila translated as "level"; Symmachus sometimes "plains," sometimes "uninhabitable"; Theodotion "western."

Atharoth, once a city of the Amorites beyond the Jordan, which afterward fell to the lot of the tribe of Gad; and Atharoth was devoured, and the son of Salma, or Salmon (variant Solamon), as is written in Paralipomenon.

Ataroth Sophan, and this is a city of the tribe of Gad. Arad, a city of the Amorites near the desert of Kadesh, and to this day a villa is shown, four miles from the town of Malathis, twenty from Hebron, in the tribe of Judah.

Asemona, a city in the wilderness, to the south of Judea, dividing Egypt and the lot of the tribe of Judah extending as far as the sea. I have also set down above Asemona, the camp of the children of Israel.

Acrabbi 3, a boundary of the province of Judea facing east, of the tribe of Judah. There is also even now a large village, nine miles from Neapolis, for those going down eastward to the Jordan and Jericho, through the region called Acrabittene; but it is also a border of the Amorites, called Acrabbin; from this place the tribe of Naphtali did not drive out the foreigners, as is written in the book of Judges.

Asadada, a boundary of Judah facing north.

Arad, itself also a boundary of Judah, distant twenty miles south from Hebron; concerning which it has been set down above.

Asarenam, a boundary of Judea to the north.

Arsenai, itself also a boundary of Judea.

Arbela 3, a boundary of Judea, facing the rising of the sun. There is also to this day the village of Arbel beyond the Jordan in the territories of the city of Pella in Palestine, and another with this name in a very large plain, nine miles distant from the town of the Legion.

Aulon (not a Greek word, as some think, but a Hebrew term): for it is the name of a great and level valley extending into immense length, which is surrounded on both sides by mountains succeeding and adjoining one another, which, beginning from Lebanon and beyond, reach all the way to the desert of Pharan. And in this Aulon itself, that is, in the level valley, are noble cities: Scythopolis, Tiberias and the lake beside it; but also Jericho, the Dead Sea, and the regions round about, through which the Jordan flows in the middle, rising from the springs of Paneas and dying in the Dead Sea.

Amalekites, a region in the desert to the south of Judea, beyond the city of Petra, for those going to Aila; Scripture also records it, saying: Amalek dwells in the land to the south (Num. 13:20). But also next to him another Canaanite dwelt, who also fought against the children of Israel in the desert; concerning whom it is written: But Amalek and the Canaanite dwell in the valley (Num. 14:25).

Araba: Aquila renders it "plain," Symmachus "level country," as was said above. Further, there is also another village named Araba, in the territory of Diocaesarea (which was formerly called Saphorine), and another three miles from Scythopolis toward the west.

Amman, which is now Philadelphia, a noble city of Arabia, in which the Raphaim formerly dwelt, an ancient people, whom the sons of Lot killed, dwelling in their place in Amman.

Argob, the region of Og king of Bashan beyond the Jordan, which fell to the lot of the half-tribe of Manasseh; and there is to this day a village near the city of Gerasa in Arabia, fifteen miles distant from it toward the west, which is called Arga; which Symmachus interprets as "measure.

Asedoth, a city of the Amorites, which fell to the lot of the tribe of Reuben; it is called, with an added surname, Asedoth Phasga, which in our language means "cut off."

Abarim, the mountain on which Moses died. It is also said to be Mount Nabau, in the land of Moab opposite Jericho beyond the Jordan on the brow of Phasga. And it is pointed out to those going up from Liviada to Esbum, by a name both ancient and current, next to Mount Phogor, which retains its former name, from which the region around it is to this day called Phasga.

Avothiair, which is interpreted "this is Basan," in which there are sixty villages on Mount Galaad, which fell to the lot of the half-tribe of Manasseh; this place is now called Golam, in the land of Batanaea.

FROM THE BOOK OF JESUS.

Antilibanus: those parts which are above Libanus, facing the eastern region, are called Antilibanus, around the region of the city of Damascus, which fell to the lot of the tribe of Manasseh.

Azeca, a city of the Canaanites in the territory of the tribe of Judah, as far as which Joshua pursued the five kings. But even today it is called the village of Azeca, between Eleutheropolis and Aelia.

Aialon, a valley and a steep place, over which, when Joshua once prayed, the moon stood still, beside the village which to this day is called Ailon, opposite the east of Bethel, distant three miles from it, not far from Gabaa and Rama, the cities of Saul. (Furthermore, the Hebrews affirm that Aialon is a village near Nicopolis at the second milestone, for those traveling to Aelia.)

Achor (in Hebrew it is called emecachor, which is interpreted as the Valley of Tumult, or of Confusion, because there Israel was once in tumult and confusion), in which they once stoned Achan, on account of the theft of the accursed thing. It is to the north of Jericho, and to this day it is so named by the inhabitants of that region. The prophet Hosea mentions it (Hosea 2:15).

Asedoth, another city (not the one above, although it is called by the same name), which Joshua once conquered, after its king had been killed.

Hazor, a city of the kingdom of Jabin, which alone Jesus burned, because it was the metropolis of all the kingdoms of the Philistines. There is also another village called Hazor to this day, in the borders of Ashkelon, opposite its east side; it fell to the lot of the tribe of Judah, and Scripture also mentions it (Joshua 13:15), calling it New Hazor to distinguish it from the old.

Hermon, the region of the Hivites, which Jesus obtained. (But the Hebrew who taught me the Scriptures by reading them aloud affirms that Mount Hermon overhangs Paneas, which the Hivites and Amorites once held; from it summer snows are now brought down to Tyre for its luxuries.)

Ahalae, the mountain which Aquila translates as "dividing mountain," and Symmachus as "smooth mountain," that is, clear or slippery.

Hermon, the mountain of the Amorites, of which we have just spoken; the Phoenicians call it Sanior, and the Amorite called it Sanir; and on its summit is said to be a famous temple, which is held in worship by the pagans, in the region of Paneas and Lebanon; but also the land of the children of Israel beyond the Jordan toward the sunrise extends from the steep bank of the Arnon as far as Mount Hermon.

Anob, a city that Jesus captured, and it is to this day a village near Diospolis, about the fourth milestone to the east, which is called Bethoannaba. (Many, however, affirm that it lies at the eighth milestone from it, and is called Bethannaba.)

Ashdod, in the lot of the tribe of Judah, which is now called Azotus: in it were left behind the giants who were called Anakim, and it is to this day a notable town of Palestine.

Ader, a city that Jesus captured, after its king had been killed.

Aphek, and this too is a city that Jesus captured after its king had been slaughtered.

Acsaph, and it is described that Jesus fought against its king: and today it is called the little village of Chasalus, at the eighth milestone from Diocaesarea, at the foot of Mount Tabor, in the plains.

Ekron, in the tribe of Dan (or, as I myself judge, in Gad; but Atharoth and the son of Salma, or Salmon, was swallowed up, as is written in Paralipomenon.

Ataroth Sophan, and this is a city of the tribe of Gad.

Arad, a city of the Amorites near the desert of Kadesh, and to this day a village is shown, four miles from the town of Malathis and twenty from Hebron, in the tribe of Judah.

Asemona, a city in the desert, to the south of Judea, dividing Egypt and the lot of the tribe of Judah extending to the sea. I have also set down above Asemona, the camp of the children of Israel.

Acrabbi 2, a boundary of the province of Judea facing east, of the tribe of Judah. There is also even now a large village, nine miles from Neapolis, going down eastward to the Jordan and Jericho, through the region called Acrabittene; but it is also a boundary of the Amorites, called Acrabbin; from this place the tribe of Naphtali did not drive out the foreigners, as is written in the book of Judges.

Asadada, a boundary of Judah facing north.

Arad, itself also a boundary of Judah, distant twenty miles from Hebron to the south; concerning which it has been set down above.

Asarenam, a boundary of Judea to the north.

Arsenai, itself also a boundary of Judea.

Arbela 3, a boundary of Judea, facing the rising of the sun. There is also to this day a village, Arbel, across the Jordan in the territory of the city of Pella in Palestine, and it is distant from the town of Legion by nine miles, in a very large plain, along with other places under this name.

Aulon (not a Greek word, as some think, but a Hebrew word): it is the name given to a great and level valley extending into immense length, which is surrounded on each side by mountains succeeding and adjoining one another, which, beginning from Lebanon and beyond, reach all the way to the desert of Pharan. And in this Aulon itself, that is, in the level valley, are famous cities: Scythopolis, Tiberias, and the lake beside it; but also Jericho, the Dead Sea, and the regions round about, through which the Jordan flows in the middle, rising from the springs of Paneas and ending in the Dead Sea.

Amalekites, a region in the desert to the south of Judea beyond the city of Petra, for those going to Aila; of which Scripture also makes record, saying: Amalek dwells in the land to the south (Num. 13:20). But also next to it another Canaanite dwelt, who also fought against the children of Israel in the desert; concerning whom it is written: But Amalek and the Canaanite dwell in the valley (Num. 14:23).

Araba: Aquila renders it "plain," Symmachus "level country," as was said above. Moreover there is also another village by the name of Araba, in the territory of Diocaesarea (which was formerly called Saphorine), and another three miles from Scythopolis toward the west.

Amman, which is now Philadelphia, a noble city of Arabia, in which once dwelt the Raphaim, an ancient people, whom the sons of Lot killed, dwelling in their place in Amman.

Argob, the region of Og king of Bashan beyond the Jordan, which fell to the lot of the half-tribe of Manasseh; and there is to this day a village near the city of Gerasa in Arabia, fifteen miles from it toward the west, which is called Arga; which Symmachus interprets as "measure.

Asedoth, a city of the Amorites, which fell to the lot of the tribe of Reuben; it is called, with an added surname, Asedoth Phasga, which in our language means "cut off."

Abarim, the mountain on which Moses died. It is also said to be Mount Nabau, in the land of Moab opposite Jericho beyond the Jordan on the brow of Phasga. And it is shown to those going up from Liviade to Esbum, by a name both ancient and current, next to Mount Phogur, which retains its former name, from which the region around it is to this day called Phasga.

Avothiair, which is interpreted "this is Basan," in which there are sixty villages on Mount Galaad, which fell to the lot of the half-tribe of Manasseh; which place is now called Golam, in the land of Batanaea.

FROM THE BOOK OF JESUS.

Antilibanus: those parts which are above Libanus, facing toward the eastern region, are called Antilibanus, around the region of the city of Damascus, which fell to the lot of the tribe of Manasseh.

Azeca, a city of the Canaanites in the territory of the tribe of Judah, as far as which Joshua pursued the five kings. But even today it is called the village of Azeca, between Eleutheropolis and Aelia.

Alalon, a valley and a steep place, over which, when Joshua once prayed, the moon stood still, near the village which to this day is called Ailon, opposite the east of Bethel, three miles distant from it, not far from Gabaa and Rama, the cities of Saul. (Furthermore, the Hebrews affirm that Aialon is a village near Nicopolis at the second milestone, for those going to Aelia.)

Achor (in Hebrew it is called emecachor, which is interpreted as the Valley of tumult, or of uproars, because there Israel was thrown into tumult and confusion), in which they once stoned Achan, on account of the theft of the accursed thing. It is moreover to the north of Jericho, and to this day it is so named by the inhabitants of that region. The prophet Hosea mentions it (Hosea 2:15).

Asedoth. This is another city (not the one above, although it is called by the same name) which Joshua once conquered, its king having been killed.

Hazor, a city of the kingdom of Jabin, which alone Joshua burned, because it was the metropolis of all the kingdoms of the Philistines. There is also another village called Hazor to this day, in the territory of Ascalon, opposite its eastern side; it fell to the lot of the tribe of Judah, and Scripture also mentions it (Joshua 13:15), calling it New Hazor to distinguish it from the old.

Aermon, the region of the Hivites, which Joshua obtained. (But the Hebrew who taught me the Scriptures by reading them aloud affirms that Mount Aermon overhangs Pancas, which the Hivites and Amorites once held; from it summer snows are now brought to Tyre for its pleasures.)

Ahalae, the mountain which Aquila translates as "the dividing mountain," and Symmachus as "the left mountain," that is, the bright or slippery one.

Aermon, the mountain of the Amorites, of which it has now been said: the Phoenicians call it Sanior, and the Amorite called it Sanir; and on its summit there is said to be a famous temple, which is held in worship by the pagans, in the region opposite Paneas and Lebanon; but also the land of the children of Israel beyond the Jordan toward the sunrise extends from the precipice of the Arnon as far as Mount Aermon.

Anob, a city that Joshua conquered, and to this day it is a village near Diospolis, about four miles to the east, which is called Bethoannaba. (Many, however, affirm that it lies eight miles from it and is called Bethannaba.)

Ashdod, in the lot of the tribe of Judah, which is now called Azotus; in it were left behind the giants who were called Anakim, and to this day it is a notable town of Palestine.

Ader, a city that Joshua conquered, after its king had been killed.

Aphek, and this too is a city that Joshua conquered after its king had been slaughtered.

Acsaph, and it is described that Joshua fought against its king; and today it is called the little village of Chasalus, at the eighth milestone from Diocaesarea, at the foot of Mount Tabor, in the plains.

Ekron, in the tribe of Dan (or, as I myself think, in the tribe of Judah); to the left of the Canaanites; a city, one of the five satrapies of Palestine of old, and it was indeed assigned to the tribe of Judah, yet it was not held by it, because it could not expel the former inhabitants. But even to this day a large village of Jewish citizens called Ekron is said to be between Azotus and Jamnia, facing east. (Some think that Ekron is the Tower of Strato, later called Caesarea.)

Azotus, which is the same as Ashdod, to this day a not undistinguished city of Palestine, and one of the five cities of the Philistines: it was indeed assigned to the tribe of Judah, but was not retained by it, because it could by no means expel the ancient inhabitants.

Ascalon, a noble city of Palestine: which itself in ancient times was one of the five satrapies of the Philistines: it was indeed set apart by lot for the tribe of Judah, yet was not retained by it, because it could not overcome its inhabitants.

Apheca, a boundary of the Amorites, beyond the Jordan, in the lot of the tribe of Reuben: but even to this day there is a great fortress, by the name of Apheca, near Hippus, a city of Palestine.

Agad, situated at the roots of Mount Hermon.

Aemath, a city that fell to the lot of Reuben: but even now it is called Amathus, a village beyond the Jordan at the twenty-first milestone from Pella to the south. There is also another village in the neighborhood of Gadara by the name of Amatha, where hot waters burst forth. In the books of Kings also it is written, From the entrance of Aemath to the sea of Araba (1 Kings 8:63): that is, of the desert, which is the Dead Sea. (I, however, investigating, have found that the city of Aemath is called [a city] of Coelesyria, which is now called in Greek speech Epiphania.)

Ammon, beyond the Jordan in the tribe of Gad. This is Ammam, of which we spoke above, the illustrious city of Philadelphia in Arabia.

Addara, in the tribe of Judah, near the desert. There is also another village in the territories of Diospolis around the Thamnitic region, which from the village of Thamna is to this day called by this name.

Accarca, a village situated in the desert in the possession of the tribe of Judah; for which Symmachus translates "pavement."

Achor, in the tribe of Judah, of which it was also spoken above.

Adommim, once a small village, now ruins, in the lot of the tribe of Judah, which place to this day is called Maledomim (and in Greek it is called: in Latin, however, it can be called the ascent of the red, or ruddy, ones, on account of the blood which is frequently shed there by robbers. It is moreover the boundary of the tribe of Judah and Benjamin), for those going down from Aelia to Jericho, where a fort of soldiers is also situated (for the aid of travelers. Of this bloody and sanguinary place the Lord also makes mention in the parable of the one going down from Jerusalem to Jericho).

Amam, in the tribe of Judah.

Aser, in the tribe of Judah; it is also called even now a very large village, for those going to Ascalon from Azotus.

Asarsual, in the tribe of Judah.

Ain, in the tribe of Judah, a city set apart for the priests. There is even to this day a village by the name of Bethennim, at the second milestone from the Terebinth (that is, from the tent of Abraham), four miles from Chebron.

Asthaol, in the tribe of Judah; and even to this day a little village with the name Astho remains between Azotus and Ascalon.

Asna, in the tribe of Judah.

Adollam, in the tribe of Judah; and even to this day a village, not a small one, to the east of Eleutheropolis at its tenth milestone is called by this name.

Adithaim, in the lot of the tribe of Judah. There is also said to be a certain little village, Adia, near Gaza, and another, Aditha, around Diospolis, as it were looking toward the eastern region.

Adasa, in the tribe of Judah, even to this day a village near Guphna. (But I wonder how he placed the region of Guphna in the tribe of Judah, when it is clear according to the second book of Joshua that it fell to the lot of the tribe of Ephraim.)

Ather, in the tribe of Judah.

Asan, in the tribe of Judah. To this day there is a village by the name of Bethasan belonging to Aelia, in the fifteenth milestone from it.

Asena, in the tribe of Judah.

Agziph, in the tribe of Judah.

Anab, in the tribe of Judah: even now a village within the territory of Eleutheropolis. There is also another large village of Jews, by the name of Anea, in Daroma, opposite the southern region of Chebron, separated from it by nine miles.

Astemoe, a village in the tribe of Judah, itself also of Jews, in Daroma, to the north of the place Anem.

Anim, in the tribe of Judah. There is a village, Anea, next to the other one of which we spoke above, facing the eastern region, with all its inhabitants Christian.

Apheca, in the tribe of Judah.

Ammata, in the tribe of Judah.

Arebba, in the tribe of Judah.

Atharoth, near Ramma, in the tribe of Joseph.

Atharoth, a city of the tribe of Ephraim: now a village to the north of Sebaste, said to be at the fourth milestone from it.

Adar, a city of the tribe of Ephraim.

Aser, a city of the tribe of Manasseh: it is now shown as a village to those going down from Neapolis to Scythopolis, at the fifteenth milestone beside the public road.

Atharoth, a city of the tribe of Benjamin. But there are two Atharoths not far from Aelia.

Anathoth, a city of the lot of Benjamin set apart for the priests, at the third milestone from Aelia: from which also the prophet Jeremiah came.

Addar, a city of the lot of Benjamin.

Aelmon, a city of the tribe of Benjamin, set apart for the priests.

Amec-Casis (that is, the valley of Casis), in the tribe of Benjamin.

Avim, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Aphra, in the tribe of Benjamin. There is also today the village of Effrem, at the fifth milestone from Bethel, looking toward the east.

Amoeniam, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Aphni, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Arim, in the tribe of Benjamin. There is also a village next to Diospolis (which to this day is called Betariph).

Amsa, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Asar, in the tribe of Simeon.

Asan, in the tribe of Simeon.

Amarchabob, in the tribe of Simeon.

Ain, in the tribe of Judah, or a city of Simeon set apart for the priests.

Asenna, in the tribe of Simeon.

Amathar, in the tribe of Zebulun.

Anua, in the tribe of Zebulun. There is also another village, Anua, for those going from Neapolis to Aelia, at the tenth milestone.

Ananthon, in the tribe of Zebulun.

Aschaseluth, a city of the tribe of Issachar; but a certain village is also called Chasalus, beside Mount Tabor, in the plains, at the eighth milestone from Diocaesarea, facing east (as we said above).

Aphraim, a city of the tribe of Issachar; and today it is a village by the name of Affarea, at the sixth milestone from Legio, toward the north.

Anerith, in the lot of the tribe of Issachar.

AEmes, in the lot of the tribe of Issachar.

Acsaph, in the tribe of Asher.

Alimelech, of the lot of Asher.

Amath, in the tribe of Asher.

Abdon, in the tribe of Asher, a city set apart for the Levites.

Aniel, in the tribe of Asher. There is a certain village by the name of Betoaenea, at the fifteenth milestone from Caesarea, situated on a mountain facing the eastern region, in which baths are also said to be healthful.

Achran, in the tribe of Asher.

Amon, in the tribe of Asher.

Accho, which is now called Ptolemais, of the lot of Asher, from which it could not expel the former inhabitants.

Achzib, in the tribe of Asher, in which foreigners remained. This is Ecdippa, at the ninth milestone from Ptolemais for those going to Tyre.

Amma, of the lot of Asher.

Aphek, of the lot of Asher, in which the former inhabitants remained.

Addemme, in the tribe of Naphtali.

Assemdim, in the tribe of Naphtali.

Amath, in the tribe of Naphtali.

Adami, in the tribe of Naphtali.

Hazor, in the tribe of Naphtali, which the king of the Assyrians is written to have populated.

Azanoth, the boundary of Naphtali. There is also now a village belonging to the region of Diocaesarea in the plains.

Aialon, a city of the lot of Dan, set apart for the Levites, and today it is the village of Alus not far from Nicopolis. And it must be known that for Aialon, the Seventy translators rendered, Where the bears were.

FROM THE BOOK OF JUDGES.

Arad, a city in which the sons of Obab, the father-in-law of Moses, lived in the midst of Israel.

Areth, a spring at which Gideon pitched camp.

Arisoth, a city of Sisera, the prince of Jabis. Now Jabis is beyond the Jordan, a very large estate today, six miles from the city of Pella, for those heading to Gerasa.

Ares, the ascent of Ares: for this Aquila translates as "of the thickets," Symmachus as "of the mountains."

Aruir, where Jephthah fought: it is still today an estate situated on a mountain, twenty miles north of Aelia.

Arima, where Scripture reports that Abimelech sat.

Ajalim, a city in the land of Zebulun: from it was also that Ajalon who judged the people of Israel.

Abel of the vineyards, where Jephthah fought, in the land of the sons of Ammon: for even to the present day, at the seventh mile from Philadelphia, the estate of Abela is seen planted with vineyards: there is also another city by the name of Abela, fruitful in wine, at the twelfth mile from Gadara toward the east: and also a third Abela in Phoenicia, between Damascus and Paneas.

CONCERNING THE BOOKS OF KINGS.

Armathem Sophim, the city of Elkanah and Samuel (in the region of Thamnitis), near Diospolis, whence came Joseph, who in the Gospels is written of as from Arimathea.

Abenezer, which is interpreted as "stone of help" (or "stone of the helper"). Now it is the place from which the Philistines took the ark of the testament, between Aelia and Ashkelon, near the village of Bethsames.

Aphes dommim, where Saul fought (for which Aquila translated) in the borders of Dommim.

Annegeb, for which Aquila translated "of the mighty ones"; Symmachus translated "the south."

Arith, where David sat, is a village by the name of Arath, to the west of Aelia.

Ahialim, for which Aquila translated "of the stags," Theodotion "the stones of the stags."

Aendor, which is in Jezreel, where the sons of Israel, preparing themselves for battle, pitched camp. And even today Aendor is a large village, near Mount Tabor to the south, at the fourth milestone.

Aphek, near Endor of Jezreel, where Saul fought.

Arma, to which place David sent a portion of the spoils.

Athach, to this place also David sent a portion of the plunder.

Amma, on the way into the desert from Gibeon. Aethon Adasai, for which Symmachus put "the lower road."

The threshing floor of Ornan, this is Jerusalem.

Asshur, a city of Judea, which Solomon built.

Abelmeholah, the city of one of Solomon's princes, whence also came Elisha the prophet. It is now a village in Aulon, of which we spoke above, at the tenth milestone from Scythopolis (toward the southern region), by the name Bethaula. But it is also called by the name Abelmea, a small villa between Neapolis and Scythopolis.

Havvoth-Jair, the city of one of Solomon's commanders.

Elath, on the shore of the Red Sea in the land of Edom, of which it was also spoken above.

Aheloth, which Azariah built.

AEnda, whose conqueror and destroyer was Asa the king.

Aziongeber, at this place Jehoshaphat's fleet was shattered by the force of a storm. It is said to be Essia itself, not far from Aila on the Red Sea.

Alleabar Gozan, the names of rivers in the land of the Medes, to whose mountains Israel was led captive.

Abana, the river of Damascus.

Aopsithe, or Aphusoth, which Aquila renders as "into liberty."

Aian, which the king of the Assyrians conquered.

Aia, a place in the region of the Assyrians.

Amech, a region of the Assyrians.

Asyma, a town in the land of Judea, which those who had come to it from Emath built.

Arcem: Josephus reports that this is Petra, a noble city of Palestine.

Adramelech, an idol of the Assyrians, which the Samaritans also venerated.

Aroniim, according to Isaiah (chapter 15), is the name of a road, in the vision against Moab, for which Aquila put Oronaim, and Symmachus Orannim.

Agallim, and Isaiah mentions this one too in the vision against Moab. But now it is Aegalim, a village on the southern side of Areopolis, distant from it eight miles.

AElim, the well of Dimon, and Isaiah records this place also in the same vision.

Ariel, of which Isaiah too makes mention (XXIX, 1), which Aquila and Symmachus translated as "lion of God." Some think this is Areopolis, called so because they worship the idol Ariel there even now, that is, [named] from Mars, whence they also suspect the city was named. (But to me it seems, according to the sequence and text of the prophecy, that Ariel there signifies allegorically Jerusalem, or the temple, that is, the lion of God, because it was perhaps a kingdom and powerful. Concerning this, it has been said more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions.)

Adama, in Isaiah, for which Aquila and Symmachus translate as "ground," Theodotion as "land."

The Fuller's Field, and this too is written in Isaiah. But the place is shown even now in the suburbs of Jerusalem.

Asedech, and Isaiah the prophet foretells this as future in Egypt. But it must be known that in Hebrew, in place of this name, there is written AHARES, which some interpret from dryness as "into the sun," and others render as "into a potsherd," wishing either Heliopolis or Ostracine to be signified. But the discussion of this matter too, because it is longer, you will find in the books of Hebrew Questions.

Arphad, a city of Damascus, which the king of the Assyrians captured, as is written in Isaiah, and Jeremiah, and the books of Kings.

Aneugava, of which Isaiah too makes mention (XXXVII, 13), which Aquila translated as Ane and Gava (that is, he interpreted the syllable u, placed in the middle of the name, as the conjunction "and"): Symmachus, however, [rendered it] "he troubled and humbled." We read of this also in the books of Kings (IV Kings XVIII, 34).

Armenia, in Isaiah, which is Arant.

Asael: the prophet Zechariah makes mention of this one.

Anameel, a tower of Jerusalem: as is written in the book of Zechariah (XIV, 5).

Assameroth, in Jeremiah (XXXI, 10); for which in the Hebrew is written SADEMOTH; which Aquila translates as "suburbs."

Aenioth, in Jeremiah (XXXVII, 15): which Aquila rendered as "into the workshop" or "taverns."

Alaoth, in Jeremiah (XLVIII, 5): for which in the Hebrew is read LUIT.

Aethan, in Jeremiah (XLIX, 19); which Aquila [renders] as "strong"; Symmachus translates as "ancient.

CONCERNING THE GOSPELS.

Acheldama, the field of blood, which is still shown today in Aelia, on the southern side of Mount Sion.

Aenon near Salim, where John was baptizing, as it is written in the Gospel according to John (III, 23): and the place is still shown today at the eighth milestone of Scythopolis, to the south, near Salim and the Jordan.

CONCERNING GENESIS.

Babel, which is also Babylon, is interpreted as confusion. Now it was a city of the kingdom of Nimrod, in which the languages of those who built the tower were divided, whose leader Josephus affirms was Nimrod. He also cites the Greek Sibyl as a witness to this history: "The place," she says, "in which they built the tower is now called Babylon, because of the confusion of their speech, who were building the highest tower with all zeal. For the Hebrews call confusion BABEL." Concerning this tower and the diversity of languages, the Sibyl also writes as follows: "When all mortals used one language, certain of them built a very high tower, desiring to climb to heaven by means of it: but the gods, sending whirlwinds and winds, overthrew the tower, and assigned to each one his own distinct language: whence it also came about that the city was called Babylon.

Bethel, a village twelve miles from Aelia (to the right for those going to Neapolis), which was first called Luza (that is, amygdalon); and it fell to the lot of the tribe of Benjamin, next to Betham and Gai, which Jesus captured after killing its king. (Moreover, certain people, following the error of the Greek volumes, think it was formerly called Ulammaulus 2; they are gravely mistaken. For they have confused the Hebrew word with the name of the little city itself, since ULAM means "prior," that is. But Luza means "Amygdalon," and the sense is: it was formerly called BETHEL, LUZA. And further, as to what they suspect is another town, BETHAUN, the Hebrews think it is the same as BETHEL. But from the time when golden calves were made there by Jeroboam son of Nabath, and worshiped by the ten tribes, it was called Bethaun, that is, "house of the idol," which before was called "house of God." But on this matter too we have spoken more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions.)

Bala, which is Segor, is now called Zoara: the only one of the five cities of Sodom preserved (by Lot's prayers). It overhangs the Dead Sea, and a garrison of soldiers is stationed in it (Roman soldiers: it is also frequented by its own inhabitants); and near it balsam is produced, and fruits of palms, indications of ancient fertility. (But let no one be disturbed that Segor is called the same as Zoara: since it is the same name for the little or lesser one. But SEGOR is called ZOARA in Hebrew, in Syriac. Bala, however, is interpreted as swallowed up: about which we have spoken more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions.)

Balanus (that is, the oak of mourning), under which Rebecca's nurse was buried.

Barad, between Cades and Barad, even today the well of Agar is pointed out.

Bethleem 5, the city of David in the lot of the tribe of Judah (in which our Lord and Savior was born) in the sixth mile from Aelia toward the southern region, next to the road which leads to Chebron, where also the tomb of Jesse and David is shown (and about a thousand paces away the tower Ader, which is interpreted as the tower of the flock, signifying beforehand by a certain prophecy of the Shepherd those privy to the Lord's nativity. But also near the same Bethleem, the tomb of Archelaus, once king of Judaea, is shown: which is the beginning of the path turning aside from the public road to our cells. But Bethleem was also the name of the son of Ephrata (that is, of Maria), as we read more fully in the volume of Paralipomenon (I Paral. II, 19. etc.). Read the history diligently.

CONCERNING EXODUS.

Beelsephon, a camp of the children of Israel in the wilderness, beside the Red Sea as they came out of Egypt.

CONCERNING NUMBERS AND DEUTERONOMY. Banejacan, a camp on the journey of the children of Israel in the wilderness.

Bamoth, a city of the Amorites beyond the Jordan in the Arnon, which the sons of Reuben possessed.

Basan, concerning which it is written: And Og king of Basan (Ps. 134:11). But this Machaathi surnamed Avoth Jair, that is. And it fell to the lot of the half tribe of Manasseh, in the land of Galaad, this is Balanitis, which is now called Batanaea.

Beelphegor, which is interpreted, the idol of shame. Now it is the idol of Moab, surnamed Baal, upon mount Phogor (which the Latins call Priapus. And concerning this it is spoken more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions).

Baean, a city of the Amorites, which also itself was held by the sons of Reuben.

Bethamnaram, beyond the Jordan, which the tribe of Gad built. And today it is the village of Bethnamaris, in the fifth mile from Libias toward the north.

Betharran, 3, across the Jordan, which the tribe of Gad built.

Beelmeon, across the Jordan, which the sons of Reuben built. It is even now a large village next to Baaru (variant: Baara) in Arabia, where the ground spontaneously brings forth warm waters, surnamed Beelmans, nine miles distant from Esbus, whence also the prophet Elisha came.

Baal, across the Jordan, a city of the sons of Reuben. Buthan, a camp of the children of Israel in the wilderness, which is also called Aetham.

Bela, the eastern border of Judea, of which we have also spoken above under the name Arbelae.

Bosor, in the wilderness across the Jordan, which fell to the lot of the tribe of Reuben on the eastern side of Jericho, a city of priests and of fugitives. This is Bostra, the metropolis of Arabia. But another Bosor is also named, the city of Esau in the mountains of Idumaea, of which Isaiah makes mention, saying: Who is this that comes from Edom? his garments are ruddy from Bosor (Isa. 63:1, according to the Septuagint).

Beroth, of the sons of Jachim, a place in the desert where Aaron died; and it is shown to this day at the tenth milestone from the city of Petra, on the summit of the mountain.

CONCERNING JESUS.

Bunos, that is, the hill of the foreskins, a place in Gilgal, where Jesus circumcised the people of Israel at the second milestone from Jericho. And the stones are shown to this day, which, as Scripture (Joshua 4:8) records, were carried there from the Jordan.

Beth-horon, as far as which Jesus pursued the kings, his enemies; it fell to the lot of the sons of Joseph, that is, Ephraim. Now there are two villages at about the twelfth milestone from Aelia Nicopolis, for those traveling thence, of which, on account of its position, one is called Upper Beth-horon, which Solomon built; and the other, Lower Beth-horon, was given to the Levites in possession.

Barne, this is the same as Kadesh-barnea in the desert, which extends as far as the city of Petra.

Baal-gad, a city in the plains of Lebanon, at the foot of Mount Hermon, which Jesus also captured.

Bethfogor, a city of the sons of Reuben beyond the Jordan near Mount Phogor, opposite Jericho, six miles above Libias.

Bethsimuth, that is, the house or place of Isimuth. And there is to this day a village, Isimuth, opposite Jericho, ten miles distant from it in the southern region near the Dead Sea.

Beeroth, under the hill of Gibeon, k. And there is shown to this day a villa on the seventh milestone from Aelia as one goes to Neapolis.

Bothnin, beyond the Jordan, a city of the tribe of Gad, which to this day is likewise called by that name.

Betharam, a city of the tribe of Gad near the Jordan, which is called Bethramta by the Syrians, and was surnamed Libias by Herod in honor of Augustus.

Bethnemra, a city of the tribe of Gad near Libias beyond the Jordan.

Bethagla (of the tribe of Judah). And there is a village on the tenth milestone from Eleutheropolis as one goes to Gaza, which is called Agla. And another maritime villa, Pethlaga, on the eighth milestone from Gaza.

Betharaba, in the tribe of Judah.

Baal, this is Kiriath-jearim, that is, the village of forests, or, as some think, the city of Jarib, in the tribe of Judah. And there is to this day a village, Kiriath-jearim, for those going down from Aelia Diospolis, at the tenth milestone.

Balaa, in the tribe of Judah.

Baloth, in the tribe of Judah.

Bethfali, in the tribe of Judah.

Beersheba, in the tribe of Judah, or of Simeon: there is to this day a large village at the twentieth milestone from Hebron, facing south, in which a garrison of Roman soldiers has also been stationed. From this place the boundaries of the land of Judea began and extended to Dan, which is seen near Paneas. Beersheba is interpreted as the well of the oath, because there Abraham and Isaac made a covenant with Abimelech, swearing. Nor should it disturb anyone if he sometimes finds the same cities of Judah in the tribe of Simeon or Benjamin. For the tribe of Judah, strong in most warlike men and often overcoming its adversaries, held the preeminence among all the tribes; and therefore the allotments of other tribes are sometimes named within its lot. Otherwise, Scripture most clearly teaches that Simeon dwelt in the midst of the tribe of Judah.

Balam, in the tribe of Judah.

Bascath, in the tribe of Judah.

Bethdagon, in the tribe of Judah: but even to this day a great village, Capherdago, is pointed out between Diospolis and Jamnia.

Bethaloth, in the tribe of Judah.

Bethaphu, in the tribe of Judah, a village beyond Raphaim, fourteen miles for those going to Egypt, which is the boundary of Palestine.

Betharaba: for which Symmachus translated "in the places that are next to the uninhabitable," signifying a desert.

Beesthara, in the tribe of Manasseh, set apart for the Levites in the region of Basanitis.

Bethaun, in the tribe of Benjamin, next to Gai and Bethel, opposite Machinas (although most, as was said above, think it is the same as Bethel).

Baliluth, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Bethsu, in the tribe of Judah or Benjamin: and today it is the village of Bethsoron, for those of us going from Aelia to Chebron, at the twentieth milestone, beside which a spring bubbling up at the roots of the mountain (it is swallowed by the same ground in which it is born). And the Acts of the Apostles (13:38) reports that the eunuch of Queen Candace was baptized by Philip in this place. There is also another village, Bethsur, in the tribe of Judah, a thousand paces distant from Eleutheropolis.

Boon 2, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Bethalon, in the tribe of Benjamin, for which Symmachus translates as "in the plains."

Bethala, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Beroth, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Bola, in the tribe of Simeon.

Bathul, in the tribe of Simeon.

Beth, in the tribe of Simeon.

Baaleth, in the tribe of Simeon.

Barammoth, in the tribe of Simeon.

Bethlabooth, in the tribe of Simeon.

Bethlehem, in the tribe of Zebulun; to distinguish it from this, the other Bethlehem is called [Bethlehem] of Judah.

Bethphases 3, in the tribe of Issachar.

Bathne, in the tribe of Asher, and now it is called the village of Bethbeten, at the eighth milestone from Ptolemais, toward the east.

Bethdagon 4, a place where the two tribes of Zebulun and Issachar have their borders.

Bethemec, which Symmachus translates as "the place of the valley"; it is also of the lot of Asher.

Bathana, in the tribe of Naphtali: and it is a country estate by the name of

Batanaea, at the fifteenth milestone from Caesarea, where there are said to be healthful baths; which we also placed above under the name of Anea.

Bane, in the tribe of Dan.

Barac, in the tribe of Dan; to this day, near Azotus, the hamlets are called Barecha.

FROM THE BOOK OF JUDGES.

Bezec, the city of King Adonibezec; and today there are two villages named Bezech, near to each other, at the seventeenth milestone from Neapolis for those going down to Scythopolis.

Bethsan. From this town the tribe of Manasseh could not expel the former inhabitants; and now it is called Scythopolis, a noble city of Palestine, which Scripture sometimes surnames the house of San, which in our language is interpreted as "enemy."

Bethsames, a priestly city in the tribe of Benjamin, which is shown to this day at the tenth milestone from Eleutheropolis for those going to Nicopolis, toward the east.

Bethnath, in the lot of the tribe of Nephthalim. But neither from this place was the tribe of Nephthalim able to expel the former inhabitants.

Bethsames the second, in the tribe of Nephthalim, in which also the former worshippers remained. Baal Hermon, a mountain around Lebanon in the borders of the Allophylists.

Baaleth, in the tribe of Dan.

Bethbera (variant Bethara), which is interpreted as the house of water or of a well, which Gideon seized in a military campaign.

Bethsetta (variant Bethasepta), where Midian turned its back.

Balanus, that is, the oak of Shechem, where Abimelech reigned, which is shown to this day in the suburban countryside of Napoleon near the tomb of Joseph.

Barconai, which Aquila translates as "into thorns," Symmachus translates as "into briers."

Bera, where Jotham lived when he had fled with Abimelech; and the village of Bera is eight miles distant from Eleutheropolis to the north.

Baalthamar, next to Gibeah, where the sons of Israel entered into battle against the tribe of Benjamin, and to this day Bethamari is called a small village in the aforementioned places.

FROM THE BOOKS OF KINGS.

Bethcur, to this place the people of Israel pursued the raging foreigners, calling it the Stone of Help.

Bama, where Saul, about to be anointed king, took food with Samuel. Furthermore, Bama, Aquila always translated as "the High Place.

Boses, the name of a rock (about which we have spoken in the books of Hebrew Questions).

Besor, the torrent to which David came.

Borasan, to which place David sent a portion of the spoil.

Baurim, the place to which Michol, the daughter of Saul, followed her husband weeping.

Baalasor, near Ephraim, where Absalom's flocks were being shorn.

Bethmacha, as far as which Joab pursued the rebel Sabce; and afterwards we read that it was captured by the king of the Assyrians. It is, moreover, for those going up from Eleutheropolis to Aelia, at the eighth milestone, now a village which is called Machamim.

Ballath, the city which Solomon built.

Bethsarisa, from which came the man with gifts to Elisha the prophet. It is, moreover, a village in the territory of Diospolis, distant from it about fifteen miles toward the north in the region of Thamnitis.

Bethagan, the way through which we read that Ochozias was.

Bazechath, an ancient city of Judaea.

Bethacath, a village of Samaria, to which came Jehu king of Israel, which, situated in a very broad plain, is separated by no more than fifteen miles from the town of Legio: for which Aquila translated, the house of those bending down: Symmachus, the house of individuals (because, being narrow and low in its entrance, it would admit only individuals, and not even those standing upright).

Benith, which the Samaritans built, who had crossed over from the region of Babylon.

Byblos, a city of Phoenicia, of which Ezekiel makes mention (27:6); in place of this the Hebrew contains COBEL.

Bubastus, a city of Egypt, according to Ezekiel (30:7).

Boz, in the land of Cedar, as Jeremiah writes (25:23).

Bel, the idol of Babylon.

CONCERNING THE GOSPELS.

Bethsaida, a city in Galilee of Andrew, Peter, and Philip the apostles, near the lake of Gennesaret.

Bethphage, a small village on the Mount of Olives, to which the Lord Jesus came.

Bethany, a village at the second milestone from Aelia, on the slope of the Mount of Olives, where the Savior raised Lazarus, whose tomb also the church now built in that same place shows.

Bethabara, beyond the Jordan, where John was baptizing for repentance, whence even to this day very many of the brethren, that is, of the number of the faithful, desiring to be reborn there, are baptized in the life-giving stream.

Bethesda, a pool in Jerusalem, which was called (and by us can be translated, "of the flock"). This once had five porticoes, and twin basins are shown, one of which is usually filled by winter rains; the other, wondrously red, as if with bloody waters, bears witness to the traces of ancient work within it. For they say that the sacrificial victims were customarily washed in it by the priests, whence it also received its name.

CONCERNING THE PENTATEUCH.

Carnaim Astaroth. Carnaim is now a large village in the corner of Batanaea and is called Carnaea beyond the streams of the Jordan; and they report that the house of Job was there. But we also mentioned above the little village of Carnaea, at the ninth milestone from Aelia.

Cades, where the spring of judgment is: there is also Cadesbarne in the desert, which is joined to the city of Petra in Arabia; there Mary died; and Moses, having struck the rock, gave water to the thirsty people. There the tomb of Mary is shown even to the present day; but also the princes of Amalek were slain there by Chodorlagomer.

Cene, the region of the princes of the Idumaeans.

Cariathaim, the city that the sons of Ruben built. Now, however, it is a village flourishing with all Christians, next to Medaba, a city of Arabia, and it is called Corojatha, at the tenth milestone from the aforementioned city toward the western quarter, neighboring the place that is called Baare.

Cariatharbee (that is, the little village of four), which is also Chebron, about which we have already spoken above.

Canath, a village of Arabia, which is now called Canatha; when Nabau had captured it, he named it Naboth. It was, moreover, in the tribe of Manasse in the region of Trachonitis next to Bostra.

Cata ta chrysea (that is, at the golden [places]). These are mountains fertile in gold in the desert, eleven stations distant from Choreb, beside which Moses is said to have written Deuteronomy. But they also think that the mountains full of veins of gold were once neighboring to the bronze mine of Fano (which in our time has collapsed). Cademoth, a desert, from which place Moses sent envoys to Seon (king of the Amorites).

Cariath, a village that was under Gaba the metropolis.

Cedes, the city that Jesus took, after its king had been killed. It is moreover in the lot of the tribe of Judah.

Cademoth, another city of the sons of Ruben.

Cedson, in the tribe of Ruben, a city set apart for the Levites.

FROM THE BOOK OF JESUS.

Capseel, in the tribe of Judah.

Cina, in the tribe of Judah.

Ceila, in the tribe of Judah, where David once dwelt; and now it is the village Cela to the east of Eleutheropolis for those going to Chebron, at about the eighth milestone, in which the tomb of the prophet Habakkuk is shown.

Cariathbaal, the city of Jarim in the tribe of Judah.

Cana, in the tribe of Ephraim.

Campsaim, in the tribe of Ephraim.

Cane, in the tribe of Manasseh.

Cariathiarim, which is also Cariathbaal, the city of forests, one of the cities of the Gabaonites belonging to the tribe of Judah, for those going from AElia to Diospolis (variant: Heliopolis) at the ninth milestone. From this place was the prophet Urias, whom Joacim killed in Jerusalem, as Jeremiah writes (XXVI, 20). But also in the book of Paralipomenon (I Paral. II, 50), the son of Sobal is called Cariathiarim.

Kishion, in the tribe of Issachar, a city set apart for the Levites.

Karthah, in the tribe of Zebulun, a city set apart for the Levites.

Kottah, in the tribe of Zebulun, a city set apart for the Levites.

Kanah, as far as Greater Sidon (for there is also another, lesser one, in distinction from which this one is called Greater). Now Kanah was in the tribe of Asher, where our Lord and Savior turned water into wine. Hence Nathanael is approved as a true Israelite by the Savior's testimony (and it is today a small town in Galilee of the Gentiles).

Kedesh, of the lot of Naphtali, a priestly city and a city of refuge, in Galilee upon the mountain of Naphtali. But the king of the Assyrians also captured this one, which is now called Cidissus, at the twentieth milestone from Tyre, near Paneas.

Hartham, in the tribe of Naphtali, a city set apart for the Levites.

FROM THE BOOK OF JUDGES.

Khetrhon, in the tribe of Zebulun, in which the former inhabitants remained.

Karkar, where the sons of Zebah and Zalmunna were, whom Gideon killed; and it is to this day a fortress with the name Karkaria, one day's journey distant from the city of Petra.

Camon, the city of Jair, in which he was also buried, after he had first judged the people of Israel. And it is called even today the village of Cimona, in a very broad plain, six miles from Legio for those going north toward Ptolemais.

Cison, a torrent, near Mount Thabor, where the battle was fought against Sisera.

Cadomi, a torrent, beside which Deborah waged war.

Coelas Titanorum (that is, the valley of the Giants), against whom David fought.

Clauthmon, that is, the place of weeping, taking its name from lamentation.

CONCERNING THE BOOKS OF THE KINGDOMS.

Ceni, the region of the Philistines.

Carmelus, where Nabal the Carmelite once was, and now it is a village named Chermela, at the tenth milestone from the town of Chebron, facing toward the eastern region, where a Roman garrison has also been stationed.

Cedron, the torrent or valley Cedron is called, near Jerusalem (on the eastern side, of which also John the Evangelist makes mention).

Cyrene (in the borders of Egypt), to which place the king of the Assyrians deported the Damascenes.

Coa, which is next to Egypt.

Carchedon, that is Carthage, of which Isaiah and Ezekiel make mention in the vision of Tyre; in place of this, THARSIS is written in the Hebrew. But we have also spoken more fully of this in the books of Hebrew Questions.

Coelas, that is, the valley of Josaphat, between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives. (Read the prophet Joel, chapter 3.)

Cedem, in Ezekiel, which Aquila and Symmachus translate as "the east."

Cedar, in Ezekiel, "the princes of Cedar" (27:21). But Isaiah and Jeremiah also make mention of this word in the vision of Arabia. Now it is a region in the desert of the Saracens, so named from Cedar, the son of Ishmael.

Carioth, in the region of the Moabites, as Jeremiah writes.

Capharnaum, beside the lake of Gennesaret; to this day a town situated in Galilee of the Gentiles, within the borders of Zebulun and Naphtali.

Up to this point we must read by the letter C, that is the Greek KAPPA; from here on it must be written and read alike by the element CHI, which contains within itself an aspiration and is not held at all by the Latins.

ON GENESIS.

Chalanne 3, a city of Nimrod's kingdom in Babylon, which Isaiah also mentions, saying: And Chalanne, where the tower was built.

Chalach, a city of the Assyrians, which Assur built when he went forth from the land of Sennaar.

Charran, a city of Mesopotamia (beyond Edessa), which to this day is called Charra (where the Roman army was cut down and the general Crassus captured).

Chebron, which was formerly called Arbe (although Arboc is wrongly found in the Greek manuscripts; it was founded seven years before Tanis, a city of Egypt, was founded. We have spoken of this above as well. It was the metropolis of the Enacim (whom we should understand as giants and mighty men).

Chobaa, on the left side of Damascus. There is also a village of Chobaa in those same regions, having Hebrew inhabitants who, believing in Christ (they keep all the precepts of the law. And from the founder of the heresy) are called Ebionites. (Against this kind of doctrine the apostle Paul writes to the Galatians.)

Chabratha, which is interpreted as Aquila, that is, "by the way" that leads to Ephrata, that is, Bethlehem, where Rachel died when she had given birth to Benjamin. What seems to us on this word, we have said in the books of Hebrew Questions.

Chazbi, where Thamar brought forth the twin sons of Judah. But the deserted place is shown now near Odollam in the territories of Eleutheropolis. Concerning this too it has been discussed more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions.

ON NUMBERS AND DEUTERONOMY.

Choreb, the mountain of God in the region of Madiam, next to Mount Sina, above Arabia in the desert (to which is joined the mountain and desert of the Saracens, which is called Pharan. But to me it seems that by a double name the same mountain is called now Sinai, now Choreb).

Charada, the camp of the children of Israel.

Chennereth, the sea where the boundary of Judaea is, in the tribe of Nephthalim. (But also the town which, in honor of Tiberius Caesar afterwards, Herod king of Judaea rebuilt and called Tiberias, they say was first called by this name.)

FROM THE BOOK OF JESUS.

Chephira, a village belonging to the city of Gibeon in the tribe of Benjamin.

Chasalon, in the tribe of Judah, and in the borders of Aelia a very large estate.

Chisil, in the tribe of Judah.

Chabon, in the tribe of Judah.

Chaphtis, in the tribe of Judah.

Chermel, from which Nabal the Carmelite came, of which we have also spoken above.

Chilon, in the tribe of Judah.

Chephri, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Chasselath Thabor, in the tribe of Zebulun.

FROM THE BOOKS OF KINGS.

Chetthiim, the land of Chetthiim, is called Cyprus, in which he founded the city of Luza. (For even today the city is named Cypricittium.)

Charri, to which place Joab pursued Sheba, who was stirring up new things.

Chomarim, where Josiah burned the idols.

Chalanne, where the tower was built, according to Isaiah (as we said above).

(Charran, a city of the Assyrians in the region of Themath), according to Isaiah.)

Chaselath, near Thabor, the boundary of Zebulun: we have spoken of it also above under the name Chasalus.

Chabol, the border of Asher.

Chalab, from which the ancient inhabitants of Asher were unable to drive out [the inhabitants].

Chorath, the torrent beyond the Jordan (in which Elijah hid, in the region of that same river).

Chotha, the region of the Assyrians.

Chobar, the Babylonian river, as in Ezekiel.

Charchamis, a city beside the river Euphrates.

Chamoam, a small village near Bethlehem.

Chaelon, which is also Ealon, a town of Moab, as is written in Jeremiah.

Chamos, the idol of Moab.

FROM THE GOSPELS.

Chorozain, a town of Galilee, which Christ miserably laments and bewails because of its unbelief. But it is now a desert in the second milestone from Capharnaum.

Chimarrus, that is, the torrent Cedron, of which we have also spoken above, between the Mount of Olives and Jerusalem, where John the evangelist relates that the Lord Savior was handed over.

FROM THE BOOK OF GENESIS.

Dasem, a noble city of the Assyrians, which Assur built, between Nineveh and Chalach.

Drys, that is, the oak of Mamre, near Hebron (which, down to the age of my infancy and the reign of the emperor Constantius, was shown as a very ancient terebinth, indicating its years by its size), under which Abraham dwelt. (It was held by the pagans in wondrous veneration, and consecrated as if by some notable divinity.)

Damascus, a noble city of Phoenicia. But by this same name Masec also, the son of Abraham's maidservant, was called. (Moreover, what Masec means I have discussed more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions; here I have only performed the office of a translator, not that I approve of Abraham's maidservant being named Masec.)

Dan is a small village at the fourth milestone from Paneas for those going to Tyre; it is so called to this day, the border of the province of Judea toward the north, from which also the river Jordan bursts forth. (It took its name from the place: for the Hebrews call Jor, that is, a river or stream.)

Dannaba, a city of Balak, son of Beor, king of Edom, after whom Job reigned (though this seems to me to be far otherwise), and there is to this day a village of Dannaia, at the eighth milestone for those going to the Arnon; and another Dannaba on Mount Phogor at the seventh milestone from Esbus.

Dothaim, where Joseph found his brothers pasturing their flocks, which is also shown to this day at the twelfth milestone from Sebaste, toward the northern quarter.

CONCERNING NUMBERS AND DEUTERONOMY.

Debon, which is also Dibon, the camp of the children of Israel in the wilderness. But there is also another Dibon, a very large village next to the Arnon, which, since it had first belonged to the children of Moab, and afterward Seon king of the Amorites had held it by the law of war, was captured and possessed by the children of Israel, and came into the portion of the tribe of Gad. Jeremiah and Isaiah make mention of this in the vision against Moab.

Debongad, the camp of the children of Israel.

Dysmemoab, that is, toward the west of Moab, next to the Jordan opposite Jericho: where Balak king of Moab and the elders of Midian deceived Israel by ambush, in which place also Moses wrote Deuteronomy.

FROM THE BOOK OF JESUS.

Dabira, a city in the tribe of Dan, whose king Jesus killed. There is also another small village of the Jews on Mount Tabor, in the region belonging to Diocaesarea.

Dornapheth (which Symmachus translated as Dor maritima, "maritime Dor"). This is Dora, at the ninth milestone from Caesarea Palaestinae for those going to Tyre, now deserted; when it fell to the lot of the tribe of Manasseh, they could not possess it, because its former inhabitants remained in it.

Dabir, in the tribe of Judah, which was called the city of letters; Gothoniel, brother of Caleb, took it beforehand after killing the Enakim in it. It too was set apart for the priests. (Moreover, some think Gothoniel was the son of Caleb's brother.)

Dabir, a city of the Amorites beyond the Jordan.

Dimona, in the tribe of Judah.

Dadan, in the tribe of Judah.

Denna, in the tribe of Judah; it is the same as Dabir, the city of letters.

Dahiva, or Dahiud, in the tribe of Judah.

Duma, in the tribe of Judah, a large village in the Daroma, that is, in the southern region at the borders of -, seventeen miles distant from it.

Damna, in the tribe of Zebulun, a city set apart for the Levites.

Dasbath, in the tribe of Zebulun.

Dabrath, in the tribe of Issachar, a city set apart for the Levites.

FROM THE BOOK OF JUDGES.

Drys, that is, oak, in Ephrata, in the tribe of Manasseh, whence came Gideon. And what seemed to us concerning this, we have said in the books of Hebrew Questions. For it is asked how Ephrata is now said to be in the tribe of Manasseh.

FROM THE BOOKS OF KINGS.

Dibon, of which we have spoken above, which Isaiah mentions in the vision against Moab.

Deseth, which Aquila translated as wall: Symmachus, wall.

Dodanim, of which Isaiah writes in the vision of Arabia. It is moreover near Areopolis.

Darom, of this Ezekiel makes mention (XX, 46, in the Septuagint), which Symmachus translated as into Africa.

Diospolis, a city of Egypt, as Ezekiel writes.

Dadan, in the region of Cedar, of which Jeremiah writes.

Deblataim, in the land of Moab, as Jeremiah writes.

Dedan, in the region of Idumaea, about which Jeremiah writes. It is moreover at the fourth milestone from Metallofenum, toward the north.

Decapolis, as we read in the Gospel. It is moreover the region of ten cities beyond the Jordan, around Hippus and Pella and Gadara.

FROM GENESIS.

Eden, the place of the sacred paradise in the east, which is translated as pleasure and delights.

Evila, where the purest gold (which in Hebrew is called zaab) and most precious gems, the carbuncle and the emerald, are found. It is moreover a region verging toward the east, which the Phison, going forth from paradise, encircles: which our people, with the name changed, call the Ganges. But also one of the lesser sons of Noah was called Evila, who, Josephus relates, with his brothers possessed from the river Cephene and the region of India as far as that place which is called Hieria. But also Ishmael is written to have dwelt in the wilderness of Evila: which, holy Scripture says, is in the desert of Sur over against the face of Egypt, and extends as far as the land of the Assyrians.

Euphrates, the river of Mesopotamia, rising in paradise. (Moreover Sallust, a most reliable author, asserts that the sources of both the Tigris and the Euphrates are shown to be in Armenia. From this we observe that paradise and its rivers must be understood otherwise.) Ellasar, the city of King Arioch.

Ephratha, the region of the city of Bethlehem of David, in which Christ was born. It is moreover in the tribe of Judah (although many wrongly reckon it in the tribe of Benjamin), beside the road where Rachel is buried, at the fifth milestone from Jerusalem, in that place which is called by the Seventy the Hippodrome. We read Ephrathan in the book of Paralipomenon (1 Paral. 2:50), as was said above.

CONCERNING NUMBERS AND DEUTERONOMY.

Ebrona, in the wilderness the camp of the children of Israel.

Emath, which the spies who were sent by Joshua passed through.

Erma, where part of the people of Israel was slain by Amalek and the Canaanite, whom Scripture in Deuteronomy calls the Amorite.

Esebon, the city of Seon king of the Amorites in the land of Galaad: since it had formerly belonged to the Moabites, it was possessed by the Amorites by the law of war. Jeremiah mentions it, and Isaiah too in his vision against Moab. Further, it is now called Esbus, a distinguished city of Arabia, in the mountains that are opposite Jericho, twenty miles distant from the Jordan. It was moreover in the tribe of Ruben, set apart for the Levites.

Edrai, where Og king of Basan was killed, a giant and mighty, and all his army was slain. Now however it is Adra, a distinguished city of Arabia, at the twenty-fourth milestone from Bostra.

Eleale, a city of the Amorites in Galaad, which fell to the lot of the tribe of Ruben. Isaiah mentions it too in his vision against Moab, and Jeremiah: but even to this day a large estate is shown at the first milestone from Esbus.

Enna, which is near the desert of Cades.

Ermon, Mount Ermon, which the Phoenicians surname Sanior: already set down above as well.

FROM THE BOOK OF JOSHUA.

Emec Achor, which is interpreted as the valley of Achor (that is, of tumult and confusion), where Achan was crushed with stones, because he had taken certain things from the anathema. This place is near Jericho, not far from Gilgal. (Therefore some wrongly think that the valley of Achor was named from the name of him who was stoned, since he was called Achan, and not Achor or Achar.)

Eglom, which is also Odollam, in the tribe of Judah: whose king, named Dabir, Joshua killed. It is now a very large estate, at the twelfth milestone from Eleutheropolis, toward the east: of which we have also spoken above.

Esrom, which is also Asor, near the desert in the tribe of Judah: of which it has also been said above.

Enacim, and here Joshua killed the Enacim giants from the mountainous region in Chebron. (But it seems to me that Enacim is not the name of a place, but of the inhabitants of Chebron.)

Ephron, in the tribe of Judah. There is also a very large estate named Ephraea toward the north, at the twentieth milestone from AElia.

Edre, in the tribe of Judah.

Ethnam, in the tribe of Judah.

Ebeziuthia, in the tribe of Judah.

Evim, in the tribe of Judah.

Elolath, in the tribe of Judah.

Ereb in the tribe of Judah. There is even today a villa in Daroma, that is, to the south, which is also called Eremiththa.

Esan, in the tribe of Judah.

Elul, in the tribe of Judah. There is even today in the region belonging to Aelia a villa by the name of Alula, next to Chebron.

Elthece (variant: Elthei), in the tribe of Judah: there is even today Thecua, a village at the ninth (read: twelfth) milestone from Aelia toward the southern quarter, from which came the prophet Amos, whose tomb is also shown there.

Engaddi, in the tribe of Judah: where David was hidden in the wilderness, which is in the Aulon of Jericho, that is, in that level region of which we spoke above. But it is called even today Engadda, a very large village of the Jews, next to the Dead Sea, whence also comes the opobalsam (which vineyards Solomon calls the vineyards of Engaddi).

Esthemo, a priestly city, but now a very large village of Jews is shown in Daroma, a place belonging to the region of Eleutheropolis.

Emec Raphaim, that is, the valley of Raphaim, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Edomia, in the tribe of Benjamin: but now the village Eduma is shown in Acrabittene, about twelve miles from Neapolis toward the east.

Erma, and this Jesus captured, its king having been killed: which was in the lot of Simeon or Judah.

Ether, of the lot of Simeon, and now it is a very large village named Jeththira, in the inner Daroma near Malatha.

Eththa, in the tribe of Simeon.

Elcath, in the tribe of Asher. A city set apart for the Levites.

Edrai, in the tribe of Naphtali.

Esthaul, in the tribe of Dan, where Samson died: which is shown to this day at the tenth milestone from Eleutheropolis toward the north for those going to Nicopolis.

Eltheco, in the tribe of Dan, set apart for the Levites.

Elba, from this tribe of Asher he could not drive out the former inhabitants.

Eremmon, a very large village of Jews, in the sixteenth mile from Eleutheropolis toward the south, in Daroma.

Emathdor, in the tribe of Naphtali, set apart for the Levites.

Emath, the boundary of the Philistines in the region of Damascus.

CONCERNING THE BOOKS OF THE KINGDOMS.

Ergab, the place at which Jonathan the son of Saul directed his spear, exercising himself with military javelins. For this Aquila and Symmachus translated as "stone," although in another place Symmachus spoke thus for this.

Echela, where David was hidden: but now the village is called Eccela, in the seventh mile from Eleutheropolis, near which the tomb of the prophet Habakkuk is also shown.

Elmoni, it means some place: for this Aquila and Theodotion translated as "2," which we can say as "this one" or "that one." (Furthermore, let the diligent reader recognize that I also touched upon this in part at the beginning of this book, that I do not approve all the things I translate; but for that reason I leave certain things according to the Greek authority, because I have disputed more fully concerning these in the books of Hebrew Questions.)

Esthama, to which place David sent.

Eloth, which King Azariah built.

Emath, in Isaiah a city of Damascus, which the king of the Assyrians attacked. Zachariah and Ezekiel mention it. In Amos also it is written Emath Rabba (which in our tongue means "Emath the great"). We have spoken of this above as well, that it seemed to us to be Epiphania near Emesa (which to this day is so called in the Syriac tongue).

Eser, the city which Solomon built; Elcese, from which place the prophet Nahum also came, for he is called the Elcesite.

Emacim, which Symmachus and Aquila translated as "of valleys."

CONCERNING THE GOSPELS.

Emmaus, from which place was Cleophas, whom Luke the Evangelist mentions: this is now Nicopolis, a distinguished city of Palestine.

Ephraim, near the desert, to which the Lord Jesus came with his disciples. We have spoken of this above as well under the name Ephon.

Up to this point the beginnings of names have been read through the short letter E. From here let us read through the extended element, which in Greek is called heta.

FROM GENESIS.

Elath, the region of the princes of Edom, and the city of Esau, at the tenth milestone from Petra toward the east.

Eroum (Gesse), a city in Egypt, to which Joseph went out to meet his father Jacob.

Heliopolis, the city of the sun, a city in Egypt, for which in Hebrew is written On, in which Petefres was priest. Ezekiel also mentions this city.

Etham, the camp of the children of Israel in the desert, which is called Ebutham (or Butham).

FROM THE BOOK OF JESUS.

Engannim, in the tribe of Judah, is now a village next to Bethel.

Enaim, in the tribe of Judah, and today it is the estate of Bethenim around the Terebinth.

Endor, in the tribe of Manasseh, where the pythoness is consulted by Saul, king of Judah. We have also spoken above of Endor, which is next to the town of Naim, at whose gates the Savior raised the widow's son. It is moreover around Scythopolis.

Enganni, in the tribe of Issachar, a city set apart for the Levites. But also a certain other city is called Enganna, around Gerasa across the Jordan.

Enadda, in the tribe of Issachar. And there is even to this day a certain villa of Ennadab for those going from Eleutheropolis to Aelia, at about the tenth milestone.

Enasor, in the tribe of Naphtali, is also situated above Asor.

Ereccon, the boundary of the tribe of Dan, next to Joppa.

FROM THE BOOK OF JUDGES.

Etam, where Samson lived, in the cave of Etam, next to the torrent.

FROM THE BOOKS OF KINGS.

Ela, we read of the valley of Ela: which Aquila and Theodotion interpret as the valley of the oak.

Engaddi, a desert in which David was hidden. We have also placed Engaddi above in the tribe of Judah next to the Dead Sea, toward the west.

Emath, the region of the Allophyloi. Further, according to Jeremiah, a city of Damascus.

Enam, the boundary of Damascus, as is read in Ezekiel, facing east from Themam and Palmetis: which the other interpreters rendered as Thamar.

FROM GENESIS.

Fison, which is interpreted as a multitude: the river which our people (the Greeks) call the Ganges, going out from paradise and proceeding to the regions of India, after which it bursts into the sea. But Scripture says that from it the whole region of Evila is encircled, where excellent gold is produced, and the carbuncle stone and the emerald.

Pharan, now a town across Arabia, joined to the Saracens, who wander as nomads in the wilderness. Through this place the children of Israel passed when they had moved camp from Mount Sinai. It is therefore, as we have said, across Arabia toward the southern region, and it lies three days' journey east of Aila. In the desert of Pharan, moreover, Scripture (Gen. 21) records that Ishmael lived. Hence also the Ishmaelites, who are now the Saracens. We read also that Chodorlagomor the king struck down those who were in the desert of Pharan.

Filistiim, which is now called Ascalon, and the region of Palestine around it.

Fanuel, the place where Jacob, wrestling all night, merited the name of Israel, beside the torrent Jaboc (Fanuel, moreover, is interpreted as the face of God, from the fact that Jacob saw God there).

Fogo, the city of King Adad, which is in the region of Gabalitica.

Fenon, the camp of the children of Israel in the desert. It was once, moreover, a city of the princes of Edom, now a small village in the desert, where the metals of bronze are dug out for the punishments of the condemned, between the city of Petra and Zoara (of which we have also spoken above).

CONCERNING EXODUS.

Pithom, a city of Egypt, which the children of Israel built.

CONCERNING NUMBERS AND DEUTERONOMY.

Phin, the camp of the children of Israel in the wilderness.

Phathura, a city beyond Mesopotamia, from which Balaam the soothsayer came; but also near Eleutheropolis a certain village named Phathura is called out to those going to Gaza.

Phogor and Bethphogor, a mountain of the Moabites, to which Balak king brought Balaam the soothsayer, on the brow of Liviada. But also another village, Phogor, is seen not far from Bethlehem (which is now called Phaora).

Phasga, a city of the Amorites. But there is also a mountain opposite the eastern region, Phasga, for which Aquila translates as "cut off." But also the Seventy translators rendered Phasga in a certain place as "cut off."

CONCERNING THE BOOK OF JUDGES.

Phanuel, a city which Jeroboam built.

Phanuel, a tower which Gideon overthrew. But also one of the sons of Hur was called Phanuel (1 Paralipomenon XLIV).

Fraaton, whence came Abdon, judge of the people of Israel, on Mount Amalek.

CONCERNING THE BOOKS OF KINGS.

Felmoni Almoni, which Aquila translates as "that one" or "this one," but Symmachus as "I know not what place"; Theodotion as "that place Elmon" (concerning which it has been more fully discussed in the books of Hebrew Questions).

Fogo, a city of the kingdom of Edom.

Farfar, the river of Damascus.

Fathore, a region of Egypt according to Ezekiel and Jeremiah, in which the Jews lived as fugitives.

CONCERNING GENESIS.

Geon, the river which among the Egyptians is called the Nile, rising in paradise and encircling all Ethiopia.

Gomorrha, one of the five cities of the Sodomites, which together with the rest was overthrown by divine vengeance.

Gerara, from whose name the region beyond Daroma is now called Geraritica, twenty-five thousand paces south from Eleutheropolis. It was formerly the boundary of the Canaanites to the southern quarter, and a metropolis of Palestine. Scripture records that it lay between Kades and Sur, that is, between two wildernesses: of which one borders Egypt, to which the people came across the Red Sea; but the other, Kades, extends as far as the desert of the Saracens.

Gilead, a mountain to which Jacob came as a fugitive on the seventh day of his journey from Harran. It lies behind Phoenicia and Arabia, joined to the hills of Lebanon, and extends through the desert as far as the place where Seon, king of the Amorites, once dwelt across the Jordan. The aforesaid mountain fell to the lot of the sons of Reuben (and Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh; and indeed Jeremiah (42:6) says, "Gilead, you are to me the beginning of Lebanon"), and from this mountain the city founded upon it also took its name; Gilead, son of Machir, son of Manasseh, captured it from the hand of the Amorites.

Gader, a tower, where, while Jacob was dwelling, Reuben defiled his father's bed (which in Hebrew is written Ader without the letter G).

Gethaim, for which AVITH is set down in Hebrew, the city of Hadad, who reigned fourth in the land of Idumea, which is now called Gebalene.

Gesem, a region of Egypt, in which Jacob dwelt with his children.

CONCERNING NUMBERS AND DEUTERONOMY.

Gasiongaber, a camp in the wilderness of the children of Israel, as is written in the book of Numbers. Further, according to Deuteronomy, it is a city of Esau, which they think is now called Esia, beside the Red Sea and Aila.

Gai, a camp of the children of Israel in the wilderness: and to this day Gaia is said to be a city of Palestine, beside the city of Petra.

Gelmon Deblathaim, a camp, that is, a dwelling place of the children of Israel in the desert.

Gadgad, a mountain in the desert, where the children of Israel made camp.

Gaza, a city of the Hivites, in which the Cappadocians dwelt after killing its former inhabitants. Among the ancients it was the boundary of the Canaanites beside Egypt, and it fell to the lot of the tribe of Judah: but it could not hold it, because the Enakim, that is, the giants, the strongest of the Philistines, resisted; and to this day it is a distinguished city of Palestine. (It is asked, however, how it is said in a certain prophet that Gaza will become an everlasting heap: which is resolved thus, that the place of the ancient city scarcely offers traces of its foundations, but this one which is now seen was built in another place in place of that which fell.)

Gargasi, a city beyond the Jordan, adjoining Mount Gilead, which the tribe of Manasseh held. And this is said now to be Gerasa, a distinguished city of Arabia. Some, however, think it is Gadara. But the Gospel also mentions the Gergesenes.

Gaggada, where there are torrents of waters. It is a place in the wilderness.

Gaulon, or Golam, a priestly city of refuge in the tribe of Manasseh, in the region of Basanitis. But even now Gaulon is the name of a very large estate in Batanaea, from whose name the region also received its designation.

Gebal, a mountain in the land of promise, where at the command of Moses an altar was built. Now near Jericho there are two neighboring mountains facing each other, of which one is called Garizim and the other Gebal. Furthermore, the Samaritans believe that these two mountains are near Neapolis; but they are greatly mistaken, for they are very far apart from each other, nor can the voices of those blessing or cursing each other be heard between them (which Scripture records).

Garizin, the mountain on which stood those who uttered the curses, next to the aforementioned mountain Gebal.

Golgol, which is also Galgal, near which the mountains Garizin and Gebal are written to be. Galgal, however, is a place near Jericho. (The Samaritans are therefore mistaken, who wish to point out the mountains Garizin and Gebal near Neapolis, since Scripture testifies that they are near Galgal.)

Gai, in Moab, which is interpreted as the valley of Moab, near Phogor, where Moses was buried.

FROM THE BOOK OF JESUS.

Galgala, this is the one we set down above as Golgol, on the eastern side of ancient Jericho beyond the Jordan, where Jesus circumcised the people a second time, and celebrated the Passover, and when the manna failed, Israel used wheat bread. In that same place they also set up the stones which they had taken from the bed of the Jordan; where the tabernacle of testimony was also pitched for a long time. It fell, moreover, to the lot of the tribe of Judah, and the deserted place is shown to this day at the second milestone from Jericho, held by the inhabitants of that region with wondrous veneration. But some also suspect another Galgala near Bethel.

Gai, next to Bethan and Bethel, which Jesus captured after killing its king, and in which the Amorite once dwelt beyond the Jordan; now only the deserted site is shown.

Gabaon, from which the Gibeonites came as suppliants to Jesus: it was formerly a metropolis and royal city of the Hivites, and it fell to the lot of the tribe of Benjamin. And now a village of the same name is shown at the fourth milestone from Bethel, toward the western region, next to Rama and Remmon, where Solomon, after offering sacrifices, merited a divine oracle. But this city also was set apart for the Levites.

Gabe, of the lot of Benjamin, and this too a city set apart for the Levites.

Gazer, in the lot of the tribe of Ephraim, a city set apart for the Levites, which Jesus also captured after killing its king. But it was built later by Solomon; now it is called the village of Gazara at the fourth milestone from Nicopolis, toward the north. Yet it must be known that Ephraim could not expel the foreigners from it.

Goson, and this too Jesus captured.

Geth, in which the giants who were called Enacim and the sojourners of the Philistines remained. A village is shown at the fifth milestone from Eleutheropolis on the road to Diospolis.

Gesom, a city of foreigners, which is in Gargasi in Basanitis: from it the children of Israel were unable to drive out the Gesuri.

Gader, and Jesus killed its king. We read that Jacob pitched his tent beyond the tower of Gader (Gen. 35:16, in the Septuagint),

Goim in Gelgel: which Aquila and Symmachus translate as "nations in Gelgel."

Gelgel, and Jesus took it: and now a villa is shown by the name Galgulis, at the sixth milestone from Antipatris toward the north.

Golathmaim, a place which is interpreted as "possession of water."

Gadda, in the tribe of Judah. And today there is still a villa at the farthest borders of Daroma toward the east, overlooking the Dead Sea.

Gadera, in the tribe of Judah: now it is called a villa belonging to the region of the city of Aelia, by the name Gadora, around the Terebinth.

Gahedur, in the tribe of Judah: it is still called Gedrus today, a very large village at the tenth milestone from Diospolis on the way to Eleutheropolis.

Gabli, land of the Allophyloi.

Gison, in the tribe of Judah.

Gelon, in the tribe of Judah.

Gaderoth, in the tribe of Judah.

Getremmon, in the tribe of Manasseh, a city set apart for the Levites.

Gai, a valley or a steep place.

Gehennom, which is interpreted as the valley of Ennom, and from this some think Gehenna was named. It fell to the lot of the tribe of Benjamin next to the wall of Jerusalem toward the east (concerning which it is spoken more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions).

Gethepher, in the tribe of Zebulun.

Gefthael, that is, the valley of Efthael, in the tribe of Zebulun.

Gabathon, in the tribe of Dan, a city set apart for the Levites. There is also a town called Gabe, at the sixteenth milestone from Caesarea, and another village, Gabatha, in the territory of Diocaesarea next to the great plain of the Legion; and also Gaba and Gabatha, small villages toward the eastern region of Daroma. But there is also another Gabatha in the tribe of Benjamin, where the house of Saul was; in the books of Kings a certain Gabatha of the foreigners is also written (and near Bethlehem in the tribe of Judah).

Getremmon, another city in the tribe of Dan, set apart for the Levites. It is now a very large village at the twelfth milestone from Diospolis for those going to it from Eleutheropolis.

Galiloth, a place near the Jordan in the tribe of Benjamin, where the sons of Reuben set up an altar to the Lord.

Gaas, a mountain in the tribe of Ephraim, on whose northern side Jesus the son of Nave was buried; and to this day his distinguished tomb is shown near the village of Thamna.

Gabaath, in the tribe of Benjamin, the city of Phinehas the son of Eleazar; there Eleazar was buried. It is now Gabatha, a village at the twelfth milestone from Eleutheropolis, where the tomb of the prophet Ambacuc is also shown.

Gabaam, against which there was war until the tribe of Benjamin was defeated, as is written in the book of Judges (Judg. 20).

CONCERNING THE BOOKS OF THE KINGDOMS.

Geththa, to which place they carried the ark of the covenant from Azotus; it is now a large village called Giththam, between Antipatris and Jamnia. But another village is also called Geththim.

Gallim, from which came Phalti, who after David's flight had taken Michol his wife. Isaiah also mentions this place. It is said, moreover, to be a certain village near Accaron which is called Gallaa.

Gelamsur, a region of the Allophyloi.

Gelboe, mountains of the foreigners, at the sixth milestone from Scythopolis, in which there is also a large village called Gelbus.

Gedud, to which David went down: for this Aquila translated "expeditum" or "accinctum"; Symmachus, "the band of robbers."

Gazera, where David struck down the foreigners. We have also set down Gazer above.

Gesur, a region of the foreigners in Syria.

Gilon, from which came Achitophel.

Gob, where the battle was joined (II Reg. XXI, 18).

Galilaea: there are two Galilees, of which one is called Galilee of the Gentiles, near the borders of the Tyrians, where also Solomon gave twenty cities to Chiram king of Tyre, in the lot of the tribe of Nephthali: the other, however, is called Galilee around Tiberias and the lake of Genezareth, in the tribe of Zabulon.

Gion, where Solomon was anointed king.

Ger, the place where Jehu king of Israel struck down Ahaziah king of Judah, near Jeblaam.

Gettha-Chopher, from which the prophet Jonah came.

Gaddi, which Azael king of Damascus struck. It is also situated above Gadda.

Gemala, a region of the Idumeans, for which Aquila and Symmachus translate "the valley of salt."

Gebin, Isaiah mentions this. And it is the village of Geba, at the fifth milestone from Guphnis on the road to Neapolis.

Gozan, in the region of Emath: Isaiah also mentions this. It is moreover in the territory of Damascus.

Gareb, a hill near Jerusalem, as Jeremiah writes.

Gebarth: for which Aquila translates "in the hedges," but Symmachus "in the settlements." (Read Jeremiah.)

Gepha, the name of a region, as is written in Isaiah.

Gamem, or Gamon, a region of the Moabites, according to Isaiah.

CONCERNING THE GOSPELS.

Gadara, a city across the Jordan, opposite Scythopolis and Tiberias, situated on a mountain toward the eastern side, at whose base hot waters burst forth, with baths built over them.

Gergesa, where the Savior restored to health those who were tormented by demons, and to this day a small village is pointed out on the mountain beside the Sea of Tiberias, into which the pigs were cast down. We have spoken of this above as well.

Gethsemane, the place where the Savior prayed before his passion. It is at the foot of the Mount of Olives, and now a church has been built over it.

Golgotha, the place of the Skull, where the Savior was crucified for the salvation of all, and to this day it is shown in Aelia, on the northern side of Mount Zion.

ON GENESIS

Jabbok, the river, having crossed which Jacob wrestled against him who had appeared to him, and he was called Israel. It flows between Amman, that is, Philadelphia, and Gerasa (at its fourth milestone), and proceeding further, it mingles with the river Jordan.

Idumea, the region of Esau, which took its name from the fact that he was called Edom. It is around the city of Petra, which is now called Gebalene.

Itheth, a region of the princes of Edom, in the same Gebalene of which we spoke above.

FROM EXODUS.

Iroth, a place in the desert, to which the children of Israel came after crossing the Red Sea.

FROM NUMBERS AND DEUTERONOMY.

Jetabatha, a camp in the wilderness of the children of Israel.

Incendium, that is, a place in the desert where flame consumed a certain part of the people.

Inthaath, a camp in the desert of the children of Israel.

Janna, which is in the plain of Moab, below the summit of Phasga, that is, of the cut-off place, which looks toward the desert near the Arnon.

Jassa, where battle is joined against Sehon king of the Amorites. Isaiah mentions this in his vision against Moab, and Jeremiah as well. And to this day it is pointed out between Medaban and Debus.

Jazer, a city of the Amorites, at the tenth milestone from Philadelphia toward the west, beyond the Jordan, which was the boundary of the tribe of Gad, and it extends as far as Aroer, which itself looks toward Rabba. Isaiah mentions the city of Jazer in his vision against Moab, and Jeremiah as well. It was set apart for the Levites, and it is fifteen miles from Esebon; a great river bursts forth from it and is received by the Jordan.

The Jordan, a river dividing Judea, Arabia, and Aulon, of which we spoke above, and flowing as far as the Dead Sea, which after many windings near Jericho, mingled with the Dead Sea, loses its name.

Jotbathah, a place in the desert, where streams of waters are pointed out.

Jericho, the city which, after the Jordan was crossed, Joshua overthrew, its king having been killed; in its place he built another, Oza de Rethel, from the tribe of Ephraim, which our Lord and Savior deigned to illuminate by his presence. But this one too, at the time when Jerusalem was attacked by the Romans because of the treachery of its citizens, was captured and destroyed. In its place a third city was built, which remains to this day, and the traces of both cities are shown even to the present day.

FROM JOSHUA.

Jerusalem, in which Adonibezek reigned, and afterwards the Jebusites held it, from whom it also received its name, whom David, long afterwards, exterminating, made it the metropolis of the whole province of Judea: because he bought there the site of the temple (and left the expenses of its construction to his son Solomon: Josephus reports that this is the city), which is written in Genesis as Salem, under King Melchizedek. It was, moreover, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Jebus, which is the same as Jerusalem.

Jarim, a city of the Gibeonites.

Jarimuth 2, a city that Joshua overthrew, in the tribe of Judah, four miles from Eleutheropolis, next to the village of Esthaol.

Isimoth, where David hid: about which we have also said above what seemed to us, setting down Bethsimuth. But also in the first book of Kings, for Isimuth, Aquila translates it as "scattered"; Symmachus, however, as "deserted."

Jedna, at the sixth mile from Eleutheropolis for those going to Chebron.

Jeconam, a city of Carmel, which Joshua captured, its king having been killed.

Jair, a city of the tribe of Manasseh.

Jamnel, in the tribe of Judah, to this day the town of Palestine Jamnia, between Diospolis and Azotus.

Jabir, a city of scribes in the tribe of Judah.

Jathur, in the tribe of Judah.

Jermus, in the tribe of Judah. But there is to this day the village of Jermucha, at the tenth mile from Eleutheropolis for those going up to Aelia.

Jectael, in the tribe of Judah.

Joktan, in the tribe of Judah.

Jether, in the tribe of Judah, a priestly city. And now it is a very large village by the name of Jethira, at the twentieth milestone from Eleutheropolis; its inhabitants also are all Christians. It is situated, moreover, in the inner Daroma, next to Malatha. We have spoken of this above as well.

Janum, in the tribe of Judah: it is the village of Janua, at the third milestone from Legio, toward the south. But it does not seem to be the one that is written of.

Jetan, in the tribe of Judah, a priestly city, is even today a very large village of Jews at the eighteenth milestone from Eleutheropolis toward the south, in the Daroma.

Jesrael 3, in the tribe of Judah: but it is not the one mentioned above.

Jezrael, in the tribe of Manasseh: even today a very large village is shown in the Great Plain between Scythopolis and Legio. It was, moreover, the boundary of Issachar. But also one of the descendants of Ephrathah, as we read in Paralipomenon (1 Chronicles 5:3), was called Jezrael.

Jecdaan, in the tribe of Judah.

Jephlethi, in the tribe of Joseph.

Jano, in the tribe of Ephraim. This city also the king of the Assyrians captured; and to this day a village is shown called Jano, in the region of Acrabittene, at the twelfth milestone from Neapolis, toward the east.

Jamin: for which Aquila and Symmachus translate as "the right hand."

Jaseb (variant: Jasen): for which the Hebrews read "inhabitants."

Inemec: for which Aquila and Symmachus translated "into the valley."

Jeblaam, in the tribe of Manasseh, from which it could not drive out the foreigners.

Jerphel, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Jecnal, in the tribe of Zebulun, a city set apart for the Levites.

Jasthie, in the tribe of Zebulun: to this day it is called Joppe, the ascent of Japho. But also the town by the name of Sycaminum, for those going from Caesarea to Ptolemais along the sea, is called Epha because of Mount Carmel.

Jephthael, in the tribe of Zebulun.

Jadela, in the tribe of Zebulun.

Jermoth, in the tribe of Issachar, a city set apart for the priests. We have also placed above Jerimuth, of which the prophet Hosea makes mention.

Icoc, of the lot of Naphtali, on the border of three tribes: that is, in the tribe of Zebulun on the southern side, in the tribe of Asher on the west, and further in the tribe of Judah on the east.

Jabnel, in the tribe of Naphtali.

Jeron, in the tribe of Naphtali.

Jethlam, in the tribe of Dan.

Jelon, in the tribe of Dan.

Jud, in the tribe of Dan.

Jerachon, waters, in the tribe of Dan.

Inlechi: for which Aquila translates, in the jaw.

Jabis Galaad, and this the children of Israel attacked. Now, however, it is a village across the Jordan at the sixth milestone from the city of Pella, on the mountain for those going to Gerasa.

CONCERNING THE BOOKS OF KINGS.

Joar, a grove, in which was a swarm of bees.

Jerameli, the region of the Philistines.

Jether, to which David sent: now it is a village in Daroma, by the name of Jetthira, of which we have spoken above.

Jecmaam, a city of Solomon's princes.

Itabyrium: for which Aquila and Symmachus, in the prophet Hosea, translated, Thabor. Now Mount Thabor is in the great plain to the eastern side of Legion.

Jecthoel, the name of a rock in the books of Kings.

Jethaba, an ancient city of Judaea.

Inaczeb: for which Symmachus translated, in the valley of Zeb.

Inachim, or Inbachim: for which Aquila and Symmachus translated, in weeping. The prophet Micah also mentions this.

Joppe, a maritime town of Palestine in the tribe of Dan.

Inaraba: for which Aquila translated, in a low or level place; moreover Symmachus, in a plain.

Ituraea and Trachonitis, a region whose tetrarch was Philip, as we read in the Gospels. Trachonitis, however, is the land next to the desert of Arabia, which is joined to Bostra.

FROM GENESIS.

Lasa, the boundary of the Canaanites around Sidon.

Luza, in the tribe of Benjamin, which Jacob afterwards named Bethel. There is even to this day a village on the left side of the road for those going from Neapolis to Aelia.

Luza, this is the second one, which fell to the lot of the sons of Joseph, near Sichem at the third milestone.

Lotan, a city of the chiefs of Edom.

ON NUMBERS AND DEUTERONOMY.

Lebona in the wilderness, the camp of the children of Israel.

Lobon, a place of solitude beyond the Jordan, where Moses read Deuteronomy.

ON THE BOOK OF JESUS.

Lochis, in the tribe of Judah: but Jesus also captured this one, after its king had been killed. Isaiah and Jeremiah mention it: and now it is a villa at the seventh milestone from Eleutheropolis, for those going toward Daroma.

Lebna, in the tribe of Judah, a priestly city, which Jesus held, after its king had been killed: now it is a villa in the region of Eleutheropolis, which is called Lobna. Isaiah also writes of this.

Lasaron, and Jesus also captured this one, after its king had been killed.

Lapis Boen, of the sons of Reuben: it is also the boundary of the tribe of Judah.

Laboth, in the tribe of Judah.

Lamas, in the tribe of Judah.

Labaoth, in the tribe of Simeon.

Labanath, in the tribe of Asher.

Lacum, the boundary of Naphtali.

ON THE BOOK OF JUDGES.

Laboemath: for which Aquila translates, the entrance of Emath.

Lesem: this city, captured by the sons of Dan, they renamed Dan.

Luz, a second one, near Bethel, in the land of the Hittites, which the man who had departed from Bethel founded, as the history recounts.

Lehi: for which Aquila and Theodotion translate "jawbone" (of which we have already spoken above as well).

Laish: this city, captured by force by the sons of Dan, they took possession of, since it was far from Sidon, and they called it Dan. It was moreover the boundary of the land of Judea, toward the north, extending from Dan to Beersheba. Isaiah also mentions this. It is situated moreover near Paneas, from which the river Jordan bursts forth.

ON THE BOOKS OF KINGS.

Lamatthara, to which place Jonathan was directing his arrows, for which Aquila translates "to the sign"; Symmachus, "to the appointed place."

Ladabar, where Mephibosheth was.

Lodabar, from which Machir came.

Lebanon, the highest mountain of Phoenicia.

Luith, Isaiah mentions this; and there is to this day a village between Areopolis and Zoara by the name of Luitha.

FROM GENESIS.

Messe, a region of India, in which dwelt the sons of Joktan, the sons of Eber.

Mamre, this is Hebron, near which Abraham was buried with Isaac and Jacob; of which we have also spoken above. Moreover, one of Abraham's friends was called Mamre.

Midian, a city so named from one of the sons of Abraham by Keturah. It is, however, across Arabia to the south in the desert of the Saracens, toward the east of the Red Sea; whence they are called Midianites, and the region Midianaea. We read also of the daughters of Jobab, the father-in-law of Moses, as daughters of Midian. But this is another city of his, near the Arnon and Areopolis, of which now only ruins are pointed out.

Moab, from one of the sons of Lot, who was called Moab, a city of Arabia, which is now called Areopolis, was so named; of which we have also made mention above. But Moab is the name both of the city and of the region. Furthermore, the city itself possesses it as its own proper name. Rabbath Moab (that is, great Moab).

Masseca, a city of the kingdom of Edom, around Gebalene.

Mabsar, to the present day a large village in the region of Gebalene, called Mabsara, belonging to the city of Petra.

Magediel, and this too was once held in the region of Gebalene by the dukes of Edom.

FROM EXODUS.

Magdolus, to which the children of Israel came when they had gone out of Egypt, before they crossed the Red Sea. We read also in Ezekiel concerning Magdolus as far as Syene. Furthermore Jeremiah reports that the Jews who had fled with him, avoiding the attack of the Babylonians, dwelt in this city of Egypt.

Merra, which is interpreted as bitterness. It is the place where Moses, by throwing in wood, turned the bitter waters into a sweet taste.

FROM NUMBERS AND DEUTERONOMY.

Memoriae, that is, the graves of lust, the camp of the children of Israel in the desert, where after the eating of flesh the wrath of God rose up against them.

Maceloth 3, the camp of the children of Israel in the wilderness.

Masuruth, the camp of the children of Israel in the desert.

Matthane, which is now called Masechana. It is situated on the Arnon, twelve miles distant toward the east from Medaba.

Misor, the city of Og king of Bashan. (Misor means level and flat places.)

Machanarath, the boundary of the city of Amman, which is also called Philadelphia.

Madobares, which we call the wilderness; the Hebrews call it Madrarim.

Misaida, of the sons of Jacim, a place in the wilderness, in which Aaron died.

FROM THE BOOK OF JESUS.

Maceda, in this place Jesus shut up five kings in a cave, whom he killed together with the king of Maceda, which was in the tribe of Judah; and now it is at the eighth mile from Eleutheropolis toward the sunrise.

Madon, the city in which was king Jobab, against whom Jesus waged war.

Massepha, in the tribe of Judah, near which Jephthah lived, next to Kiriath-jearim, where the ark of the covenant once was, and Samuel judged the people. Jeremiah also mentions this place.