Chronicon

Chronicle of Maximus, Bishop of Caesaraugusta, from the Year 430. Era of Caesar. Year of Christ. Augustine dies in Africa. Spain is in turmoil. The harshness of the cold was also fatal to the health of very many. From the consulship of Aetius, having denounced Boniface, who had been summoned from Africa by the Queen, he [Aetius] made for more fortified positions, avoiding him. Boniface, after an engagement against Aetius, was struck; though victorious, he departed to die. When Aetius, after the battle, had betaken himself to the people of the Huns, over whom Rugila then ruled, having obtained aid, he returned to Roman soil. The Goths were summoned to bring aid to the Romans. Germanus, bishop of Antissiodorum, became renowned for his virtues and the strictness of his life. Aetius was received back into favor. Rugila, king of the Huns, with whom peace was confirmed, dies; Bleda succeeds him. Further Gaul, having followed the chieftain Tibato in rebellion, withdrew from Roman alliance; from this beginning, nearly all the servile populations of the Gauls conspired in the Bagaudae. Isidore, bishop of Corduba, dies.

A memorable war blazed up against the Burgundian people. In it, nearly the entire people, along with their king Peresius, was destroyed. With Tibato captured, and the other leaders of the sedition partly defeated, partly killed, the commotion of the Bagaudae subsides. Athaulf is succeeded by Sigeric, Sigeric by Wallia, Wallia by Theoderic, as kings of the Goths. Meanwhile, Carthage is destroyed by the Vandals. Era of Caesar. Year of Christ. Castinus becomes bishop of Toledo after Martinus. The Theodosian Code, a collection of all the laws of legitimate emperors gathered into one, was published in this year. Lampio is succeeded by Bangius as bishop of Barcinona. Silvius, of a rather disturbed mind, after completing his terms of service in the palace, writes something concerning religion. With the disturbances in Gaul pacified, Aetius returns to Italy. The deserted lands of Valencia [in Spain] are handed over to be divided among the Alans, whom Sambida led. Sabinus, bishop of Hispalis, is expelled, and Epiphanius is intruded. Britain, up to this time torn by disasters and events, is brought under the dominion of the Saxons.

Leo XLV receives the principate of the Roman Church. The Alans, to whom the lands of farther Gaul had been handed over by the patrician Aetius to be divided with the inhabitants, subdue those resisting by arms, and, with the masters expelled, obtain possession of the lands in the sixth year. Sapaudia is given to the remnants of the Burgundians to be divided with the natives. In the year of Christ 455. Carthage is captured by the Vandals, and together with it all Africa, with a lamentable disaster and loss to the Roman Empire, casts down its power; from this time, indeed, it is possessed by the Vandals. Thrace is shaken by an incursion of the Huns. Bleda, king of the Huns, is struck down by the treachery of his brother Attila, whom he himself succeeds. The later Synod of Arausio. Again a new ruin arises in the East, by which no fewer than seventy cities are laid waste by the plundering of the Huns, while no aid is brought from the Westerners. Morobaeus reigns in Francia. Leo writes to the bishops of Spain, and especially to Turibius, bishop of Asturica.

At the waters of Celenae, a town in Gallaecia in Spain, numerous bishops assemble, but especially Turibius of Astorga, Hydatius of Lamego, Ascanius of Tarragona, Campeius of Toledo, Epiphanius of Seville, Valconius of Braga, Nundinarius of Barcelona, Silvianus of Calahorra, against the not yet suppressed errors of Priscillian. Eucherius, bishop of Lyon, and Hilarius, bishop of Arles, end their distinguished life by death. A nefarious heresy is stirred up by a certain archimandrite, Eutyches; Theodosius, who lent favor to it, dies after completing twenty-seven years in the empire. Valentinian and Marcian. In this time, the state of the republic appears very wretched, since not even one province is without a barbarian cultivator, and the unspeakable heresy of the Arians, which has mingled with the barbarian nations, presumes upon the name of the Catholic faith spread throughout the whole world. Attila, having entered the Gauls, demands a wife as if owed by right, where, after a severe disaster inflicted and received, he withdraws to his own territory.

Many signs appeared in this year. Era of Caesar. Year of the Lord. Having suffered an unexpected disaster in Gaul, the enraged Attila made for Italy, which the inhabitants, terrified by sudden fear, stripped of its defenses. The Synod of Chalcedon, where Eutyches and Dioscorus were condemned, received all who had withdrawn from them back into communion, and the faith concerning the Incarnation of the Word, as preached by the holy Pope Leo, was universally confirmed. Attila dies in his own dwellings. Galla Placidia Augusta, after an irreproachable life, ends her days. To Peter of Caesaraugusta, who had succeeded Valerian, Simplicius (the First) is substituted. The death of Aetius was followed by the death of Valentinian. Genseric came from Africa to Rome and occupied it. Majorian is created emperor, Sabinus having been killed, and reigns for four years. Claudianus, bishop of Vienne, flourishes. Sabinus, bishop of Hispalis, returning victorious from Gaul with great rejoicing, regains his see. Theuderic, under the command of Hunneric, invades Baetica.

Masdra, king of the Suevi, dies. Sunericus returns to Gaul. Hilarius succeeds Saint Leo. When Majorian Augustus is killed at Dertona in Italy, Severus succeeds him. When Campio dies, Santicius succeeds him at Toledo, and Trontius succeeds Sabinus at Seville. In the council of Bracara, a portent of two natures is seen, likewise in the region of Legio. Ajax, a Gaul infected with the Arian plague, pours his venom upon the Suevi. When Severus dies, there is an interregnum of one year and about nine months. Ascanius, bishop of Tarraco, flourishes. Hilarius convenes a synod at Rome. Curic, king of the Visigoths, miserably afflicts Gaul, and Saint Volusianus, bishop of Tours, is exiled to Spain. Remimund, king of the Suevi, occupies Conimbriga and, with the prudent Lusidius, Ulyssipo, principal cities of Lusitania. Paul Orosius, now over ninety, still survives at Tarraco.

When Sinticio died, Praumatus ruled the see of Toledo. Hunneric, king of the Vandals in Africa, harasses the Catholics in extraordinary ways. By order of Hunneric, Abbot Liberatus, Deacon Bonifacius, Subdeacon Rusticus, Rogatus, Septimius, and Maximus, monks, become martyrs for the faith. Hildefredus, after besieging Tarraco, takes possession of the maritime cities. Hunneric rages still more cruelly against the Catholics. Hunneric, swarming with worms, dies a death worthy of his life. Sidonius Apollinaris, a celebrated poet and bishop of the Arverni, shines with learning and sanctity. Patrus Mongus, thrust out from the Church of Alexandria, stirs up the Eutychian heresy. When Hunneric died, Gundemund restored peace to the Churches. Euric, king of the Visigoths, sees at Arles the palace hangings dyed with various colors. Euric dies at Arles, and his son Alaric succeeds him. Pope Felix makes Zeno, bishop of Hispalis, his legate in Spain on behalf of Simplicius. John succeeds Simplicius of Caesaraugusta.

A Roman synod was held in the Vatican. Augustulus, the last emperor of the West. Peter succeeds Praumatus in the see of Toledo. A Roman synod. Epiphanius, bishop of Ticinum, is renowned for the sanctity of his life. Trasamund, a most cruel heretic, succeeds Gundemund, the Catholic king of the Vandals. Fulgentius, bishop of Ruspe, suffers much for the Catholic faith at the hands of the Arians. Clovis, the king, wages war against the Thuringians. Theodoric enters into a treaty with Idoare concerning the division of the kingdom. The Synod of Epaon. A Roman synod. Celsius succeeds Peter of Toledo. The era of Caesar. The year of Christ. Pope Gelasius died, and Anastasius the Younger succeeds him. Celsius flourishes in word and example. Olympius, having raged against the Holy Trinity, perishes, pierced by three fiery darts. Flavianus governs the Church of Antioch. Roman synods under Pope Symmachus. Symmachus three times convokes the bishops at Rome for a council.

Mundabundus disputes with Avitus, bishop of Vienne. Peter, the tyrant in Spain, is captured and killed. Alaric ravages Gaul. Vincentius succeeds John of Caesaraugusta. Justus, bishop of Auca, flourishes. Alaric violates his treaty with Clovis. Clovis pierces Alaric with a spear. Gesalric, king of the Visigoths, flees from Spain. Theoderic, king of the Ostrogoths, comes into Spain; Safictina, a most noble virgin of Toledo, marries him. Three other synods under Symmachus at Rome. Pope Symmachus died. Galasius dies in Gaul. Hormisdas succeeds Symmachus. Hormisdas, by sending letters, honors John, bishop of Tarragona. John, metropolitan of Tarragona, presides over a synod assembled at Tarragona, and among others, Hector, metropolitan of Carthage, is present. Severianus is born to Theoderic the king from Sanctina. A synod is held in Baetica and Lusitania.

Hormisdas delegates his authority in Baetica and Lusitania to Sallustius, bishop of Hispalis. To Canidius, bishop of Vici, succeeds the holy Justus. To Vincentius of Caesaraugusta succeeds John as bishop. Dacius governs the Church of Milan. Gilimer casts Ildericus from the kingdom of the Vandals. The emperor Justinus decrees that the churches of the Arians be entrusted to the Catholics. Belisarius returns to Africa, Gilimer being led to Constantinople. Agnellus, bishop of Ravenna, is distinguished. A synod is held at Valencia under Celsius, bishop of Toledo. Amalaric, king of the Visigoths, has Clotild, his Catholic wife, afflicted. To Celsius succeeds Montanus in the see of Toledo. To John, bishop of Caesaraugusta, succeeds Eleutherius. Aprungius, bishop of Pacensis, flourishes. A synod is held at Toledo under Montanus, bishop of Toledo. Amalaric, the king, dies; Theudius succeeds him.

Agapetus is succeeded by Silverius. Saint Caudiosus, bishop of Tirasona, flourishes. The second Synod of Aurelianum. Silverius is sent into exile. Julianus succeeds the holy pontiff Montanus in the see of Toletum; Celsus, renowned for his reputation of sanctity, departs to heaven on the day before the Nones of April. Theudibaldus, king of the Goths, rules in Italy. Leander, son of Severianus, is born in Murcia in Spain, from his mother Theodosia. Laureanus comes from Pannonia to Mediolanum, and thence to Hispalis. Theodora, later wife of King Leovigildus, is born to Severianus in Murcia. Pope Vigilius writes to Eleutherius of Caesaraugusta. Sanctina, mother of Severianus, having built a monastery for the monks whom Benedict first sent into Spain, at Saint Peter of Radinensis, dies at Toletum and is buried in that same monastery. Magnus, bishop of Mediolanum, after the expulsion of Dacius, is created by the Goths. Theudis, king of the Visigoths, is killed shamefully. Theudiselus is substituted for him.

Bacauda rules the see of Toletum for sixteen years after Julianus. Agila commands the Visigoths; Vincentius succeeds Eleutherius, bishop of Caesaraugusta. The synod of Toletum under Bacauda. The universal synod of Constantinople. Near the town of Osset in Lusitania, in the diocese of Pax Iulia, springs flow forth by divine power under Ildericus. Pope Vigilius writes back to Profuturus, bishop of Bracara. Crispinus, bishop of Hispalis, flourishes. Athanagildus rebels against Agila. Severianus, after Carthago Nova is again destroyed and its territory laid waste, is sent into exile at Hispalis in the era of Caesar, year of Christ, before the birth of Florentina. Fulgentius is born at Hispalis. Saturius, a holy hermit, dies in Cantabria. King Athanagildus builds a monastery in the plain of the suburb of Toletum (of the order of Saint Benedict) in honor of Saint Julianus, who suffered at Arverni, called Agaliense (near the little estate Agalia, which is less than one hundred fifty paces from the praetorian church of Saints Peter and Paul, situated between west and north), and there he appoints as first abbot the holy man Euphemius, who afterwards was called to the first see of Toletum.

Saint Aemilianus, monk and presbyter, dies in Cantabria. The monastery of Cislae at Toletum, of the Order of Saint Augustine, is built by Athanagildus. Hermenegildus is born to Theodora and Leovigildus; Isidorus of Hispalis is born. Euphemius succeeds Selva as bishop of Tarraco. In Gallia Gothica, a mountain bellows for many days. Theodemirus, king of the Suevi, is created in Gallia. Petrus, successor to Bacauda, presides over the church of Toletum for twelve years. Reccaredus is born at Hispalis. Leander becomes a monk. Severianus dies at Hispalis. John, a monk from the monastery of Agali, departs for Constantinople for the sake of study. The synod of Bracara is held in the year of King Theodemirus, with the metropolitan Lucretius, Ildericus of Pax, Andrew of Iria, Suuncius of Lamego, Martin of Dumium, Timothy of Astorga, Chotus of Empurium, and Maliolus of Tui, bishops, present. Theodora, surnamed Cervilia, the most noble wife of Severianus, dies at Hispalis. The Lombards, under King Alboin, burst into Italy. Dracontius, a poet of Complutum, flourishes.

Leovigildus, duke of King Athanagildus, lays waste to the regions of Vate- stante and Malaca. David Stephanus succeeds as bishop of Hispalis. Alboinus, king of the Langobards, is killed at Berona. Era of Caesar. Year of Christ. Dracontius, poet, dies at Caesaraugusta. Leovigildus, who later was king of the Goths, fights brilliantly against the Constutoneni. Fidelis succeeds Paulus as bishop of Emerita. Theodora, wife of Leovigildus, dies at Toletum, and is buried in the church of Saint Leocadia. An image of the Crucified, struck by a certain Jew at Toletum, divinely exudes blood, the entire royal city marveling at the wondrous novelty, with Petrus, bishop of Toletum, standing amazed. Leovigildus takes Gosuintha, widow of Athanagildus, as his wife. Leander, abbot, is made presbyter by bishop David. Martinus, already bishop of Bracara from Duma, presides at the council of Lucus. The see of Lucus becomes metropolitan. Saint Massona, bishop of Emerita, succeeds Fidelis.

Petro, bishop of Toletum, is succeeded by Euphemius, formerly abbot of Agaliensis, to whom Exsuperius succeeds in the governance of the monastery. At Caesaraugusta, the holy temple of the Mother of God, built by the divine Jacobus, which is called “ad Columnam,” is held in renown. The synod of Bracara is held under Martinus the metropolitan. Leovigildus sends Agila, count of the patrimonies, as an envoy to Queen Brachilis, so that she may give her daughter Ingundis as a wife to Hermenegildus. The matter being delayed until the seventh day, because she was not yet mature for a husband, he returns to Hispania. After Didymus, Sanctinus follows in the see of Tyrasona, and after him, the holy Prudentius. Leovigildus makes Hermenegildus and Reccaredus his sons and successors to the kingdom. Severus, bishop of Malaca, vigorously contends against Vincentius, bishop of Caesaraugusta, a heretic, with published books. The holy Donatus, who first introduced the rule (of the hermits) of Saint Augustine (more fully) into Hispania, and was ennobled in the field of Servitanum by miracles both living and dead, departed to heaven on the fourth day before the Ides of October.

David of Hispalis, Pope Benedict writes to him. Upon the death of the same David, Leander, a monk (Benedictine), son of Severianus the duke, governs the Church of Hispalis. An error having arisen that there were no spirits, Era of Caesar. Year of Christ. Epiphanius of the Church of Toletum writes to Licinianus and Severus, bishops, who reply to him. John, abbot, who later was of Biclarensis, a year after he returned from Constantinople, is exiled to Barcilona for the sake of the faith. Leovigildus builds the city of Ricopolis, which was formerly called Haurris, at the confluence of the Tagus and Gudiela rivers, on the border of Celtiberia. Euphemius, an orator of Toletum, is sent into Gaul with many palatine men accompanying him. Massona, by the admonition of Saint Eulalia, returns from exile. Ingundis, daughter of Sigibertus and Brunchildis, kings of Francia, a most beautiful virgin, sixteen years old, is brought from Francia into Hispania, accompanied by Euphemius the metropolitan bishop, and many palatine men of Hispania and Francia, and bishops, namely Fortunatus of Pictavium, Salvinus of Albiga, Frontinianus of Aquae, Beltramus of Burdegala, and Gregorius of Turones (bishop), who in the presence of these marries Hermenegildus in the church of Saint Mary at Toletum at the very beginning of the year.

Leovigild besieges his son Hermenegild in Hispalis. By the treachery of the Arians, he is handed over to his father; through the intervention of certain palatines, after a harsh imprisonment, he is first subdued in Hispalis and bound in chains, and is released upon the giving of hostages. Yet before this, Hispalis, Corduba, Astigis, Carthago Nova, Murcia, and those cities—Illigartum, Illud (which is Oriola), Toletum, Complutum, Delvora, and Aqua-Carpetana, and other cities—had rebelled against Leovigild; these later submitted to the king. Leovigild besieges Hermenegild at the town of Osset in Lusitania, and, having captured him, leads him to Toletum and commits him to prison there. There a synod is held, over which Paschasius, bishop of the holy church of Eulalia at Toletum, presides. There assembled Vincentius of Caesaraugusta, Enepotius of Emerita (bishop), Ugnus of Barchinona, Murila of Valentia, and Valentinus of Wigiciseus... Argiduntus of Portugal, and Gardingus of Tude, and others. Catholic bishops are sent into exile. Leander of Hispalis and Licinianus of Carthago, metropolitans, seek Constantinople; Massona of Emerita seeks Complutum; Euphemius of Toletum and John, abbot of Biclaro, seek Barcilona; Monitus of Complutum seeks Caesaraugusta; and others go elsewhere.

Leovigild takes Ibeda, a most noble woman of the Gothic people, the wife of Fonsa, count of the patrimonies, for Reccared. From her he begets Svinthila. Fructuosus, bishop of Oxoma, flourishes. Again Leovigild besieges his son in Hispalis. A son is born to Reccared in Toletum from Florisinda, a Spanish woman of obscure condition, named Siwia, whom bishop Massona baptizes. A plague rages in Spain. Leovigild gathers an army against his son. He summons Miro, king of the Suevi, to his exile. Arthuagus, a Goth from the order of Saint Augustine, flourishes. To Vincentius of Caesaraugusta, a heretic, succeeds Simplicius, a Catholic bishop. Saint Martin, metropolitan of Bracara, full of days and good works, renowned for miracles, departs to the Lord. Hermenegild slips away from Hispalis, and is captured at Corduba, exiled to Valentia, his father following him with an army. Not long after he is sent to Tarracona, where he is subjected to the harshest prison custody, and, visited by Euphemius, metropolitan of Tarracona, because on the very vigil of Easter he refused to accept communion from the hand of Paschasius, heretical bishop of Toletum, he is killed by order of his heretical father at the hands of Sibertus the protospatharius, and is ennobled as a martyr by miracles. This Euphemius of Tarracona and grieving Catholics, having removed him by night, buried him weeping in his church.

His wife Ingundis, after her husband was killed, was first brought to Africa, then to Sicily; her son Theoderic was taken from her and brought to Constantinople, and she dies at Panormus. Massona, in exile, greatly grieves over the untimely death of the martyr Hermenegild. Leander, at Constantinople, having seen the infant Theoderic, grieves vehemently. King Leovigild, returning from the war against the Suevi, falls gravely ill at Toledo. The people of Toledo gladly receive Reccared, returning victorious from Francia. As Leovigild’s illness worsens, he repents of his sins, embraces the Catholic religion, and rests in peace; he is buried in the church of Saint Mary in Toledo. Near his death—in the Era of Caesar, Year of Christ—he commends himself, Reccared, and the kingdom in his will to the most holy bishops Massona and Leander. I was present at his death, being then an archdeacon, with my lord Bishop Simplicius. He died on the first of April.

The boy Theoderic, son of Hermenegildus, dies at Constantinople. Sisbertus, the slayer of the martyr Hermenegildus, on account of the grave crime he had committed, by order of King Reccaredus, who was by then already adorned with the insignia of rule, was condemned to public execution at Toledo and paid the penalty for parricide and his other crimes by a most shameful death. Leander, Massona, Euphemius, and others are recalled from exile on the eighth day before the Ides of September. At Constantinople, Licinianus the metropolitan dies by poison; Dominicus, a very old man from the presbytery of Hispalis, renowned for his merits and sanctity, is appointed to succeed him. He subscribed to the Council of Toledo, where the Arian heresy was condemned. At the beginning of the year, after communion had been made with the bishops and the Arian palatines, so that they might return to the Catholic faith, the church of Saint Mary at Toledo was restored and consecrated, with the metropolitan bishops present. And there King Reccaredus is consecrated and anointed by Massona, and is crowned by Euphemius and Leander, the metropolitans of Toledo and Hispalis.

Severus, bishop of Málaga, a pious and learned man, dies at the beginning of the year. Queen Goswintha is apprehended, and convicted of treason, is strangled at Toledo on the twenty-fourth of November. Euphemius, bishop of Tarragona, flourishes in the reputation of sanctity and learning. On the eighth day before the Ides of May, a great synod of twenty-seven bishops of Spain, Gaul, and Gallaecia is convened at Toledo in the church of Saint Mary. Among these were eight metropolitans: Masona of Mérida, Euphemius of Carpetania, Leander of Seville, Nigetius of Narbonne, Nitigesius of Lugo through his proxy Pantardus, Pantardus of Braga, Euphemius of Tarragona, Dominicus of Carthago Spartaria, with Leander delivering the address, and he together with Abbot Eutropius of Servitanum having charge of the matters pertaining to the council. Also present were King Reccaredus and Queen Badda, and the abbots Eutropius of Servitanum, Exsuperantius of Agali, Aurantius of Saints Cosmas and Damian (who later were bishops of Toledo), Maximus, abbot of Caesaraugusta of the Holy Martyrs, Emila of Saint Eulalia of Barcelona (who in the Era of Caesar, Year of Christ...).

Afterwards, he was bishop of the same city. Elias, abbot of Saint Leocadia in Toledo (afterwards bishop of Salamanca), Terechristus, abbot of Saint Eulalia in Toledo (all these were of the Order of Saint Benedict); likewise Fulgentius, priest; Maximus, archdeacon of Caesaraugusta; Eugenius, deacon of Toledo; Isidore, deacon of Hispalis; John, monk, abbot of Agali, afterwards of Biclaro. From the palatines, however: Helladius, most illustrious count of the royal court and count of public affairs; Fonsa, count of the patrimonies and father-in-law of the king; Afrila, count of the sword and nobleman (who afterwards also was king); Claudius, count of the frontier and duke; Witeric, count of the stable (and he also was king); Argimund, count of the bedchamber; Gusinus Flavius, Avila, Ataulphus, Liuva, Odoacer, Gudita, count of Toledo; Ophilo, count of Hispalis; Athaulf, count of Corduba; among whom many were Catholics. The Synod was held on the third day of the week, in the month of May, on the very day of Saint Michael the Archangel, which in subsequent years was kept most solemnly by the Goths. Leander, however, celebrated the solemnities of the Mass. And there, after the Gospel, the Arian heresy, which the Goths had privately abjured, was publicly abjured with the consent of the king, the queen, the clergy, the procurators, and the people. Now the king and queen sat on a high throne; on the right of the bishop, in their order, after the bishops, the presbyters; the deacons, however, stood. On the left, all the palatines in the aforementioned order.

The Christian faith and religion flourish in Spain. Dominicus, bishop of Carthaginiensis in Spain, sought assistance by letter from King Reccared, and received Fulgentius, a presbyter of Hispalis. Fulgentius, brother of Leander, bishop of Hispalis, succeeds the holy Dominicus as bishop of Carthago Spartaria. John, formerly abbot of Biclaro, succeeds Alitius in the see of Gerunda. Badda, a Catholic queen, wife of the Catholic king Reccared, dies at Toledo. She is buried in the church of Saint Mary. Euphemius, bishop of Toledo, is succeeded by Exsuperius, formerly abbot of Agalia, and in the governance of the monastery, Aurasius. Upon the death of Exsuperius, Aurasius, abbot of Agalia, succeeds him (or Adelphius succeeds), and to the same monastery, Adelphius (or abbot Aurasius). Era of Caesar. Year of Christ. Maximus succeeded Simplicius of Caesaraugusta, who also wrote this chronicle. Helladius, director of public affairs, becomes a monk of Agalia.

King Reccared marries Gossintha, of the blood of the kings of Gaul, whom Bishop Adelphius and others accompany. Reccared governs the republic prosperously; he sends gifts to Rome through Adelphius and Tonitius, abbots of Agalien, and of the saints Cosmas and Damian. At the urging of Bishop Adelphius, Reccared restores at royal expense the monastery of Saints Cosmas and Damian (situated to the north, two thousand paces from Toledo), which had nearly collapsed from flooding streams. Conantius succeeds Adelphius in the see of Toledo. Leander, famous for miracles, departs from life, his brother Isidore succeeding him; Aurasius succeeds Conantius in the see of Toledo. King Reccared, a Catholic, having received penance, dies at Toledo. He is buried in the church of Saint Mary. Giruva, in the flower of his age, is crowned and anointed there by Aurasius of Toledo, who administered the sacraments to Reccared. Fulgentius, from Carthaginiensis, becomes bishop of Astigi, so that the uprising that had arisen might be quelled.

On the fourteenth of April, King Liuva was treacherously killed by Witeric, and was buried with tears in the church of Saint Mary, whom he had put to flight at Complutum. Witeric is anointed and crowned by Aurasius, bishop of Toledo. Flavius Sisebut becomes count of public affairs. Vincentius succeeds Fulgentius in the church of Carthage (who held that see sometimes at Carthage, sometimes at Murcia, that is, Vigastrum). Witeric attempts to stir up heresy. Saint Massona, bishop of Mérida, dies at Mérida in November, and is buried in the church of the holy see. Helladius, a monk of Agalia, is created after the death of Reguilanus, the first abbot of Agalia. Catholics fight Witeric; at the prayers of certain persons, he builds a monastery (of the order of Saint Benedict) placed on the Tagus in a high place, in honor of the holy martyrs Peter and Felix, and of the Holy Cross. Egila is set over it as first abbot.