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Syriac · Letters · 7th century CE (before 659)

Letter 45: To the clerics and people of Balad

Ishoʿyahb III of Adiabene · syriac

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machine-draft · no human review 3 passages · 983 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

Letter 45 of Ishoʿyahb III, patriarch of the Church of the East (649–659), addresses the clergy and people of Balad (modern Eski Mosul) during a schism, likely following the death of the metropolitan of Nisibis. The letter opens with Ishoʿyahb acknowledging a report from Balad and expressing distress over the conflict. It survives in a single Syriac manuscript tradition and is part of his epistolary corpus, later cited by East Syriac canonists and historians. The English translation may obscure Syriac technical terms for ecclesiastical offices, such as 'qashshīshā' (priest) or 'mšamšānā' (deacon). The source edition lacks a critical apparatus, leaving textual variants unexamined.

This letter is a key source for the ecclesiastical history of the early Islamic period in Mesopotamia, illustrating the Church of the East’s internal conflicts and patriarchal authority. It relates to Ishoʿyahb III’s broader epistolary corpus, which was later cited by East Syriac canonists and historians, and sheds light on the role of metropolitans and patriarchs in resolving schisms.

Historical context

Ishoʿyahb III (c. 580–659) served as patriarch of the Church of the East from 649 to 659, a period of transition under early Islamic rule in Mesopotamia. Balad, a town on the Tigris in the ecclesiastical province of Nisibis, was a center of East Syriac Christianity. This letter, likely dating from his patriarchate (before 659), addresses a schism, probably the one following the death of the metropolitan of Nisibis. The Syriac text survives in a single manuscript tradition, with no evidence of multiple recensions. Ishoʿyahb’s letters were preserved and cited by later East Syriac canonists and historians as authoritative sources for ecclesiastical history. The letter uses Syriac terms like ܡܝܛܪܦܘܠܝܛܝܣ (mīṭrōpōlīṭīs, metropolitan) and ܦܛܪܝܪܟܝܣ (paṭrīrḵīs, patriarch), reflecting Greek loanwords. The opening narrative section sets the stage for Ishoʿyahb’s argument, with an obscure metaphor 'from the shore upon one another' possibly describing the schism’s onset.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

18 commentary units 6 term3 background3 structure2 caution2 reception1 parallel1 scripture 0 derived notes 6 open questions 3 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: letter in classical Syriac; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 3 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: syriac — CC BY 4.0

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
dsc-622:1 · narrativemedium
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ܡܗ܀ ܠܪ̈ܚܡܝ ܐܠܗܐ ܐܚ̈ܝ ܚܒܝ̈ܒܐ ܩܠܝܪ̈ܝܩܐ ܢܟܦ̈ܐ ܘܥܡܐ ܡܗܝܡܢܐ ܕܒܒܠܕ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ. ܝܫܘܥܝܗܒ ܒܡܪܢ ܫܠܡ܀ ܠܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܟܬܒܬܘܢ ܠܝ ܐܘ ܐܚ̈ܝ ܩ̇ܪܝܬ. ܘܥܠ ܚܦܝܛܘܬܟܘܢ ܕܒܕܚܠܬ ܐܠܗܐ ܐܘ̇ܕܝܬ ܠܡܪܢ. ܒܪܡ ܤܓܝ ܐܬܚ̇ܛܦܬ ܡ̣ܢ ܬܘܗܬܐ ܕܦܘܘܫܟܐ: ܟܕ ܦܓܫܬ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܠܝ ܒܚܕܘܬܐ ܕܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܓܕܫ. ܕܠܐ ܤܟ ܗ̣ܘ ܓܝܪ ܐܝܟ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܐ: ܬܪܚܐ ܕܚܘܦܛܟܘܢ ܕܗܫܐ܆ ܠܡܩ̣ܢܐ ܠܟܘܢ ܒܙܒܢܐ ܕܡܗܡܝܢܘܬܗ ܕܥܠܡܐ ܝܨܘܦܐ ܪܘܚܢܝܐ. ܕܠܐ ܤܟ ܗ̣ܝ ܕܝܢ ܐܦ ܦܫܝܛܘܬܐ ܕܤܥܝܐ: ܒܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܡ̣ܢ ܡܢܘܤ̈ܐ ܥܬܝ̈ܩܐ ܛܟܤܐ ܕܝܘܒܠܐ ܐܚܝ̈ܕܢ. ܒܗ̇ܝ ܡ̇ܢ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܦܫܝܛܘܬܐ ܒܥܬܐ. ܒܗܕܐ ܕܝܢ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܦܫܝܛܘܬ ܡܫܬܡܥܢܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܐ ܟܠܗ. ܐܘܟܝܬ ܕܪ̈ܫܝܐ ܕܓܘܐ. ܡܛܠ ܗܢܐ ܐܘ ܚܒܝ̈ܒܝ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܡܦܩܢܐ ܕܗܠܝܢ: ܕܚܕܘܬܐ ܐܟܚܕ ܘܕܩܢܛܐ ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܠܝ ܚܘܦܛܐ ܕܚܘܒܟܘܢ. ܠܐ ܓܝܪ ܝ̇ܕܥ ܐܢܐ ܥܕܟܝܠ: ܐܝܟܢܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܪܫ ܦܘܪ̈ܢܤܐ ܥܕ̈ܬܚܐ ܐܘܟܝܬ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܦܪ̈ܢܤܢܐ ܕܓܘܐ܆ ܡܬܕܝ̈ܢܢ ܒܙܕܩܐ ܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܚܕܬܐܝܬ ܓܕܫ ܗܫܐ ܒܐܝܕܝ̈ܟܘܢ. ܚܕܬܐ ܗ̣ܝ ܓܝܪ ܗܕܐ ܒܫܪܪܐ. ܘܐܝܟܢܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܠܕ̈ܝܐ ܐܫܬܟܚܬ̤. ܐܘ ܡܢ̣ܘ ܕܝܢ ܐܦܝܣ ܕܡܨܝܐ ܗ̣ܝ: ܐܝܕܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܬܢܤܝܬ̤ ܒܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ. ܐܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܝܟܐ ܐܤܬܩܒܠܘ ܒܚܕܕ̈ܐ ܦܓܥܐ ܕܕܐܝܟ ܗܢܐ: ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܤܢܝܩܐ ܥܠ ܐܦܤܩܘܦܐ: ܘܐܦܤܩܘܦܐ ܕܤܢܝܩ ܥܠ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ܆ ܘܥܡܐ ܕܫ̇ܠܡ ܠܦܪܨܘܦܐ܇ ܘܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܡܢ̇ܚ ܒܥܡܐ. ܘܗܢܐ ܟܠܗ܆ ܥܕܡܐ ܕܡ̣ܢ ܚܐܦܐ ܥܠ ܚܕܕ̈ܐ ܢܪܗܛܘܢ. ܒܗܠܝܢ ܓܝܪ ܟܕ ܐܢܫ ܢܬܒܝܢ܇ ܒܦܘܫܟܐ ܕܚܘܫ̈ܒܐ ܡܬܐܫܕ: ܥܕܡܐ ܠܬܚܘܝܬܗܘܢ ܕܤܘܥܪ̈ܢܐ: ܐܘܟܝܬ ܠܡܦܩܢܐ ܡܫܡܠܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܐܡ̇ܪܬ. ܠܙܗܝܪܘܬܐ ܡܕܝܢ ܫ̇ܘܐ ܤܘܥܪܢܐ ܒܟܠܗܝܢ. ܐܝܟܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܥܡܐ ܢܬܬܘܐ ܒܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܤܥ̣ܪ܆ ܘܐܦܠܐ ܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܢܚܫ ܒܡܫܬܡܥܢܘܬܗ.
English
To the God-loving, beloved brothers, the clerics, priests, and the faithful people of the city of Balad. Ishoʿyahb, by the grace of the Lord, sends greetings. I have read what you wrote to me, O brothers, and I have acknowledged to the Lord your zeal in the fear of God. Yet I was greatly disturbed by the confusion of the schism, when I encountered the joy of those things that have happened. For it is not, as it appears, a small matter—the fruit of your present zeal—to bring you to the test of the true faith of the world, a spiritual trial. Nor is it a small matter, indeed, the simplicity of the affair, in those things that, from ancient customs, hold the order of the Jubilee. In that, from that time until the simplicity of the present, and in this, until the simplicity of the obedience of the whole interior—that is, the heads of the interior. For this reason, O my beloved, until the outcome of these things, joy together and a crown are for me the fruit of your love. For I do not yet know how, from the head of the divisions of the churches, or from the dividers of the interior, those things that have newly happened now in your hands are being judged with justice. For this is truly new. And how was it found among the people of Balad? Or what sort of thing is it that is possible: a hand that was not healed by men? Or from where were such encounters as this received together: a city that is distressed over a bishop, and a bishop who is distressed over the city, and a people that is at peace with a person, and a person who is at peace with the people? And all this, until they rush upon one another from the shore. For in these things, when a man is troubled, he is cast into the confusion of thoughts, until the demonstration of their actions, that is, until the perfect outcome, as you said. The actions in all things are worthy of caution. So that the people may not be deceived in those things that are done, and that the person may not suffer in his obedience.
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ܐܦܠܐ ܡܝܛܪܦܘܠܝܛܝܣ ܢܬܬܙܝܥ ܤܘܓܐܐ: ܠܡܕܠܚ ܠܐܢܫ. ܐܘ ܠܡܬܕܠܚܘ ܒܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܓܕܫ. ܐܦܠܐ ܕܝܢ ܨܝܕ ܐܒܘܢ ܡܪܝ ܦܛܪܝܪܟܝܣ ܒܫܘܓܢܝܐ ܕܡܤܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܢܬܝܒܠ ܒܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܫܡܥܐ ܕܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܤܥܪܬܘܢ. ܐܠܐ ܦܪܘܥܘ ܠܟܠܢܫ ܒܚܦܝܛܘ ܡܕܡ ܕܡܬܬܚܝܒ ܠܗ. ܠܡ̇ܢ ܕܐܝܩܪܐ ܐܝܩܪܐ. ܘܠܡ̇ܢ ܕܚܘܒܐ ܚܘܒܐ. ܘܠܡ̇ܢ ܕܡܫܬܡܥܢܘܬܐ ܡܫܬܡܥܢܘܬܐ. ܘܠܡ̇ܢ ܕܦܝܤܐ ܦܝܤܐ. ܘܠܐܒܘܢ ܡܪܝ ܦܛܪܝܪܟܝܣ܆ ܩܕܡ ܟܠ ܡܕܡ ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܗܘ̈ܝ. ܝܕܝܥܝܢ ܐܢܘܢ ܟܠܡܬ ܙܛܐܡܘ̈ܗܝ ܕܤܘܥܪܢܐ ܐܦ ܩܘܠܤܘ̈ܗܝ ܘܐܝܟ ܕܩܠܝܠ ܠܡܐ̣ܡܪ: ܗܠܝܢ ܐܝܬܝܗܘܢ. ܝܐܐ ܐܦܤܩܘܦܐ ܕܓܒܝܬܘܢ. ܝܐܐ ܕܝܢ ܐܦ ܥܡܐ ܕܓܒܝܗܝ. ܝܐܝܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܓܒܝܬܐ ܕܡ̣ܢ ܟܠܗ ܥܡܐ ܐܬܩܲܝܡܬ̤. ܘܥܡ ܥܡܐ ܐܦ ܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܐ. ܝܐܐ ܐܦ ܚܘܦܛܐ ܕܛܚܟܘܢ. ܕܠܐ ܐܒܤܝܬܘܢ ܠܡܡܥܐ ܠܟܘܢ ܩܝܘܡܐ ܪܘܚܝܐ. ܒܙܒܢܐ ܗܢܐ ܕܡ̣ܢ ܤܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܐܬܒܤܝܬ̤ ܘ̇ܠܝܬܐ. ܝܐܐ ܕܝܢ ܐܦ ܥܡ̣ܠܐ ܤܓܝܐܐ ܕܥܡܠܬܘܢ: ܒܦܝ̈ܤܐ ܕܠܘܬ ܡܝܛܪܦܘܠܝܛܝܣ. ܐܘ ܟܝܬ ܒܦܢܤ̈ܐ ܕܠܘܬ ܡܦܝܤܢܘ̈ܗܝ. ܠܐ ܓܝܪ ܝܐܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܤ̇ܒܪ ܐܚܝܐ: ܕܡ̣ܢ ܚܐܦܐ ܕܛܚܐ ܠܘܬ ܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܕܢܦܫܟܘܢ ܬܚܛܦܘܢ ܤܘܥܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܕܐܝܟ ܗܠܝܢ. ܐܦܠܐ ܕܝܢ ܝܐܝܐ ܕܒܦܫܝܛܘܬܐ ܟܐܡܬ ܕܪܚܡܬ̣ ܛܒܬܐ: ܢܒ̣ܤܐ ܐܢܫ ܥܠ ܛܘܟܤܐ ܥܕܬܚܐ ܕܪܕܐ ܩܢܘܢܐܝܬ ܒܝܘܒ̈ܠܐ ܕܡ̣ܢ ܩܕܝܡ. ܘܬ̇ܒܥ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܙܕܩܐ: ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܬܓܡ̈ܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ. ܐܢ ܗܟܝܠ ܦܫܝܩܘ ܠܡܐܤܝܘ ܐܘ ܐܚ̈ܝ: ܟܫܠܐ ܕܡ̣ܢ ܠܐ ܝܐܝܘܬܐ ܕܐܝܟ ܗܕܐ ܓ̣ܕܫ ܐܘܟܝܬ ܓ̇ܕܫ ܠܐܒܗ̈ܐ ܕܓܘܐ܆ ܤܥܘܪ̈ܘ ܒܚܦܝܛܘ ܘܕܠܐ ܡܒܤܝܢܘܬܐ܆ ܟܠ ܡܐ ܕܡܤܬܒ̣ܪ ܠܟܘܢ ܕܦ̇ܩܚ. ܐܚܩܐ ܓܝܪ ܕܐܦ ܩܕܡܬܘܢ ܐܬܚܫܒܬܘܢ ܥܠ ܗܠܝܢ܆ ܡ̣ܢ ܩܕܡ ܕܐܦ ܫ̇ܪܝܬܘܢ ܠܡܤ̇ܥܪ. ܘܗܟܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܐܬܪܥܝܬܘܢ ܐܦ ܫܠܡܘ.
English
Nor should the metropolitan be disturbed. It is not right to be disturbed or to be agitated by things that happen. Nor, on the other hand, concerning our father the patriarch, should you be carried away by the rumor of things that have been done by others, which you have heard. But render to each one with diligence what is owed to him: to the one who deserves honor, honor; to the one who deserves love, love; to the one who deserves obedience, obedience; to the one who deserves peace, peace. And to our father the patriarch, above all, make known the things that have happened. You yourselves know well the faults of the deed, and its praises, and, to speak briefly, these are what they are. It is fitting for the bishop whom you have chosen. It is also fitting for the people who chose him. The peace of the election, which was established with the whole people, is fitting. And with the people, also the foreigners. It is also fitting for the zeal of your diligence, that you have not ceased to provide for yourselves a spiritual foundation, at this time when many have ceased and there is nothing. It is also fitting for the great labor which you have labored: in the peace agreements with the metropolitan, or rather in the reconciliations with his reconcilers. For it is not fitting, as some think, that with the violence of error you should seize for yourselves, by your own authority, deeds such as these. Nor is it fitting that with a simplicity that is called love of goodness, a person should act against the ecclesiastical order that has been handed down canonically from ancient times. And let the peace of righteousness be sought from all the orders of the church. If, therefore, you have resolved to heal, O brothers, the faults that have occurred from such impropriety, or if such things happen to the fathers of the interior, act with diligence and without delay, in whatever seems to you to be fitting. For it is right that even before you, you were considered concerning these things, before you even began to act. And thus, as you have been shepherded, so also peace.
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ܘܡܪܢ ܢ̣ܦܬܚ ܩܕܡܝܟܘܢ ܬܪܥܐ ܕܫܠܡܗ ܒܟܠ ܕܘܟ. ܘܚܝܠܟܘܢ ܠܪܘܚܐ ܕܚܟܡܬܗ܆ ܠܡܐܤܝܘ ܠܐܪ̈ܬܐ ܕܥܠ ܗܕܐ ܤܢܝ̈ܩܢ. ܘܚܝܠܐ ܕܦܝܤܟܘܢ ܚܝܬܐ ܒܥܘܕܪܢܗ ܕܐܠܗܐ܆ ܠܐܘܝܘܬܐ ܘܠܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܘܠܚܘܒܐ ܕܥܡܟܘܢ: ܠܡܛܝܪܦܘܠܝܛܝܣ ܕܝܠܟܘܢ ܘܠܟܠܗܘܢ ܐܒܗ̈ܬܐ ܕܓܘܐ: ܘܢ̣ܬܩ̇ܢ ܟܘܪܤܝܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܟܘܢ ܒܙܕܩܗ. ܘܢܬܒ ܥܠܘܗܝ ܒܩܘܫܬܐ ܒܡܫܟܢܗ ܕܡܪܝܐ܆ ܟܗܢܐ ܚܒܝܒܐ ܕܓܒܝܬܘܢ. ܘܪܘܚܗ ܡܒܤܡܬܐ ܕܡܪܝܐ ܬܕܒܪܝܘܗܝ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܚܝ̈ܐ. ܠܡܥܩܒܘ ܕܝܢܐ. ܘܠܡܤܪܗܒܘ ܙܕܝܩܘܬܐ. ܘܚܝܤܐ ܒܩܕܝܫܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܚܘܒܘ̈ܗܝ ܕܥܡܐ ܢܘܓܪܐ ܕܫܢܝ̈ܐ. ܘܢ̣ܚܕܐ ܡܪܝܐ ܒܥܒܕܘ̈ܗܝ. ܘܬܪܘܙ ܒܗ ܢܦܫܐ ܕܥܡܐ. ܘܢ̣ܐܪܒ ܚܝܠܗ ܒܛܒ̈ܬܐ. ܘܢܬܟܗܢ ܥܡܐ ܒܨܠܘܬܗ. ܘܢܫܬܪܬܚ ܫܠܡܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܟܘܢ܆ ܘܬܤܓܐ ܐܘܝܘܬܐ ܕܚܘܒܐ ܒܟܠܗܘܢ ܬܓܵܡܐ. ܕܥܕܬܟܘܢ. ܘܝܡܝܢܐ ܕܥܘܕܪܢܗ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܬܢܛܪܟܘܢ ܡܢܟܠ ܢܟܝ̈ܢܝܢ ܒܟܠܝܘܡ. ܘܬܬܚܝܠܘܢ ܘܬܬܩܕܫܘܢ ܠܡܛܪ ܦܘܩܕܢܘ̈ܗܝ ܒܟܠܥܕܢ: ܟܠܗܘܢ ܝܘ̈ܡܬܐ ܕܚܝ̈ܟܘܢ ܐܡܝܢ܀ ܫܠܡܬ̤܀
English
and may the door of his peace be opened before you in every place. And may your strength be for the spirit of his wisdom, to heal the anxieties that are upon this distress. And may the power of your good faith, with the help of God, be for unity, peace, and love with you. For your metropolitan and all the fathers of the interior: and may the throne of your city be established in its right. And may he sit upon it in truth, as far as the Lord permits, the beloved priest whom you have chosen. And may the comforting spirit of the Lord guide him in the way of life. To pursue justice, and to hasten righteousness. And may he have compassion in holiness for the duties of the people, the burden of the hours. And may the Lord rejoice in his works, and may the soul of the people be pleased with him. And may his strength increase in good things, and may the people be honored by his prayer. And may the peace of your city be extended, and may the unity of love increase in all the orders of your church. And may the right hand of God’s help surround you from all afflictions daily. And may you be strengthened and sanctified to keep his commandments at all times, all the days of your life. Amen. Completed.
Citation. Tergwame, “Letter 45: To the clerics and people of Balad”, dsc-622:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/dsc-622#s1
Colophon. Source: syriac · licence: CC BY 4.0 · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0027 · generated 2026-11-15.