LIT7417DeggwaGrA:1 · narrative high copy citation
Source
The following division into textparts is based on the index of (with the exclusion of some idiosyncratic commemorations) if not indicated otherwise.
English
Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) — Anonymous
Commentary
background background The Deggwa (Antiphonary) is a core liturgical book of the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo Church, containing hymns and antiphons for the entire year. This edition (Group A) is based on the index of betmas:LIT7417DeggwaGrA, excluding some idiosyncratic commemorations.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) transmission text The text division follows the index of the source edition, with the caveat that some idiosyncratic commemorations are excluded. This suggests a selective transmission, possibly omitting local or later additions.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) Open questions · 1 The phrase 'if not indicated otherwise' leaves unclear whether the index is always followed or only when no alternative is specified. The reading taken is that the index is the default. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:2 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Season of John the Baptist ( Yoḥannǝs )
English
Season of John the Baptist (Yoḥannǝs)
Commentary
structure text Season of John the Baptist (Yoḥannǝs) This heading marks the beginning of a liturgical season within the antiphonary, likely corresponding to the Nativity of John the Baptist (24 June) in the Coptic calendar.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) term text Yoḥannǝs The Geʿez form Yoḥannǝs (ዮሐንስ) is a direct borrowing from Greek Ἰωάννης, used consistently for John the Baptist in Ethiopic liturgical texts.
Open questions · 1 The passage provides only a heading; the specific liturgical content (antiphons, readings) for this season is not included in this excerpt. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:3 · narrative high copy citation
Commentary
Open questions · 1 The passage consists only of a title; no further content is present to determine the specific liturgical context or textual variants. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:4 · narrative medium copy citation
Commentary
term text Takkaze Takkaze is a Geʿez proper noun, likely a personal name or toponym. Its exact referent is uncertain in this context.
background external The Takkaze River is a major tributary of the Nile in Ethiopia, often mentioned in Geʿez literature. The name may here denote a geographical or symbolic location.
caution text The English draft reproduces the Geʿez without translation, leaving the sense ambiguous. The term may be a proper name or a place, but its function in the liturgy is unclear.
Open questions · 1 Whether 'Takkaze' refers to a person, a place (the river), or a liturgical rubric is not specified in the source. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:5 · narrative medium copy citation
Source
Sunday in the week of John
English
Sunday in the week of John
Commentary
background text Sunday in the week of John The 'week of John' likely refers to a commemorative period dedicated to John the Baptist, common in Ethiopic liturgical calendars, though the exact feast context is not specified here.
caution text Sunday in the week of John The Geʿez text provides only this brief heading; the English draft is identical. No liturgical content (e.g., hymns, prayers) is preserved in this passage, leaving the intended function ambiguous.
Open questions · 2 The passage consists solely of a heading; the liturgical content that would follow is absent or not transmitted here. The specific feast or commemoration intended by 'week of John' is not clarified by the surrounding text. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:6 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Ferial days in the week of John
English
Ferial days in the week of John
Commentary
background background The 'week of John' likely refers to a liturgical period dedicated to John the Baptist, common in East Christian calendars, though the specific feast or commemoration is not detailed here.
caution text The Geʿez and English drafts are identical, but the passage lacks any specific hymn or prayer text; it may be a rubric heading only, and the intended content is not preserved in this excerpt.
Open questions · 1 The passage is a rubric heading; the actual liturgical content for the ferial days is not provided, leaving the specific chants or readings unspecified. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:7 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist
English
Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist
Commentary
background external Elizabeth is a New Testament figure (Luke 1:5–80), wife of Zechariah and mother of John the Baptist. Her commemoration in the Ethiopic tradition aligns with broader Christian liturgical calendars.
named: dossier:greek-catena-lucam Open questions · 1 The passage is extremely brief; it is unclear whether it is a heading, a rubric, or a textual incipit. The reading taken is that it is a liturgical commemoration heading. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:8 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Zachariah, father of John the Baptist
English
Zachariah, father of John the Baptist
Commentary
sense text This passage names Zachariah as the father of John the Baptist, a figure known from the Gospel of Luke. The Geʿez text matches the English draft directly.
parallel external The pairing of Zachariah and Elizabeth as John's parents appears in other liturgical traditions, such as the Visigothic antiphonary, though the Geʿez version is independent.
gap dossier: The Visigothic Antiphonary of Leon Open questions · 1 The Geʿez text is a simple name and title; no ambiguity in sense or transmission. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:9 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Sunday in the week of Fruits
English
Sunday in the week of Fruits
Commentary
background background week of Fruits The 'week of Fruits' is a period in the Ethiopic liturgical year, likely associated with harvest themes or specific commemorations, though its exact placement varies.
Open questions · 1 The passage consists solely of a heading; the intended antiphon text is missing or not provided, so the specific content for this Sunday is unknown. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:10 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Ferial days in the week of Fruits
English
Ferial days in the week of Fruits
Commentary
caution text The Geʿez text is a bare rubric; no specific chants or prayers are given for the ferial days, leaving their content unspecified in this passage.
Open questions · 1 The exact liturgical content for the ferial days is not provided; the rubric may serve as a heading for material elsewhere in the manuscript. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:11 · narrative medium copy citation
Source
The Construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
English
The Construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Commentary
background background The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, traditionally built by Constantine in the 4th century, is a central site in Christian pilgrimage and liturgy. Its dedication feast appears in many Eastern and Western traditions.
caution text The Geʿez title 'The Construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre' may refer to the physical building or to its liturgical dedication. The exact historical event commemorated is ambiguous without further rubric.
Open questions · 1 Whether the passage commemorates the original 4th-century construction or a later restoration; the Geʿez does not specify a date or event. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:12 · narrative high copy citation
Commentary
background background The Holy Cross is a central object of veneration in Ethiopian Christianity, commemorated in multiple feasts including the Finding of the True Cross and the Feast of the Cross (Mäskäl).
Open questions · 1 The Geʿez text is a single phrase; it is unclear whether it is a rubric or a sung incipit. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:13 · narrative high copy citation
Commentary
sense text Helena the Queen This brief heading introduces a section focused on Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, traditionally credited with the discovery of the True Cross.
background background Helena the Queen In Ethiopic tradition, Helena (Eleni) is venerated as a saint and finder of the Cross, a narrative that connects this antiphonary passage to the broader legend of the Invention of the Cross.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) structure text Helena the Queen As a narrative cue, this heading marks a shift from the preceding antiphonary material to a prose or hymn section recounting Helena’s role, consistent with the Coptic-derived structural classification.
Open questions · 1 The passage is a single heading; the content of the section it introduces is not provided here, so the specific form (hymn, reading, prayer) remains unspecified. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:14 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Sunday in the week of the Cross
English
Sunday in the week of the Cross
Commentary
background background The Week of the Cross (also known as the Feast of the Cross) commemorates the finding of the True Cross by Empress Helena. In the Ethiopic tradition, this week includes special hymns and antiphons.
term glossary Sunday in the week of the Cross The Geʿez term for this Sunday is likely ሰንበት በሳምንተ መስቀል (Sanbat ba-sāmenatā masqal), designating the first day of the week within the Cross feast period.
Open questions · 1 The exact Geʿez phrasing for 'Sunday in the week of the Cross' is not given in the source; the English draft may be a translation of a longer rubric. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:15 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Ferial days in the week of the Cross
English
Ferial days in the week of the Cross
Commentary
background background The 'Week of the Cross' is a liturgical period in the Ethiopian tradition, centered on the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross (Mäskäräm 17). Ferial days are the weekdays (Monday–Saturday) that follow the Sunday observance.
term glossary Ferial In liturgical usage, 'ferial' denotes a weekday that is not a feast day. Here it distinguishes the daily offices from the Sunday celebration of the Cross.
caution text The Geʿez text is a brief rubric; no specific chants or prayers are given. The English draft is a direct translation. The passage provides no further liturgical content.
Open questions · 1 The rubric does not specify which ferial day (e.g., Monday, Tuesday) is intended; it may cover all weekdays collectively. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:16 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Bǝzuḫān Māryām (Commemoration of the Fathers of Nicaea and St Mary)
English
Bǝzuḫān Māryām (Commemoration of the Fathers of Nicaea and St Mary)
Commentary
background text The commemoration of the Fathers of Nicaea (the 318 bishops of the First Council of Nicaea, 325 CE) is a standard feast in the Ethiopic liturgical calendar, often paired with Marian feasts.
reception text The pairing of the Nicene Fathers with St Mary in a single commemoration reflects the Ethiopic tradition's emphasis on both conciliar orthodoxy and Marian veneration, as seen in the Deggwa (Antiphonary) manuscripts.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) Open questions · 1 The exact liturgical function of this passage within the Antiphonary (e.g., whether it is a hymn, reading, or prayer) is not specified in the source edition. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:17 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Peter and Paul the Apostles, and the End of Kǝramt
( Ḍaʾata Kǝramt )
English
Peter and Paul the Apostles, and the End of Kǝramt
( Ḍaʾata Kǝramt )
Commentary
term glossary Kǝramt Kǝramt is the Geʿez term for the rainy season, often associated with a liturgical period in the Ethiopian tradition. The phrase 'End of Kǝramt' (Ḍaʾata Kǝramt) marks a seasonal transition.
background background The commemoration of Peter and Paul the Apostles is a fixed feast in the Ethiopian liturgical calendar, typically observed on 5 Ḥamle (July 12). The conjunction with the end of Kǝramt reflects the agricultural and liturgical cycle.
Open questions · 1 The passage is a heading only; the intended antiphon or prayer text is absent, leaving the liturgical function unclear. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:18 · narrative high copy citation
Source
James and John the Apostles
English
James and John the Apostles
Commentary
background background James and John, sons of Zebedee, are prominent apostles in the New Testament, often paired in the Synoptic Gospels and in Ethiopian liturgical commemorations.
Open questions · 1 The passage does not specify which James (son of Zebedee or James the Just) is intended, but the pairing with John suggests the son of Zebedee. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:19 · narrative medium copy citation
Source
Kings (or ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥā)
English
Kings (or ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥā)
Commentary
term glossary Kings The Geʿez term for 'kings' (nagaśt) may refer to the biblical kings of Israel or to the Aksumite rulers; the gloss clarifies the latter.
caution text Kings (or ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥā) The heading is ambiguous: it may introduce a hymn for the Feast of the Kings (Epiphany) or a commemoration of the two Aksumite kings.
Open questions · 1 Whether 'Kings' refers to the biblical Magi (Epiphany) or to the Aksumite rulers ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥā; the parenthetical gloss suggests the latter, but the liturgical context is unclear. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:20 · narrative medium copy citation
Commentary
term text Ṗanṭalewon Ṗanṭalewon is a Geʿez transcription of the Greek Πανταλέων (Pantaléon), a personal name. In this context it likely refers to a saint or a liturgical figure, possibly the martyr Pantaleon of Nicomedia.
background external The name Pantaleon appears in Ethiopic hagiographical and liturgical texts, often associated with the 4th-century martyr from Nicomedia. His feast is commemorated in both Eastern and Western traditions, and his cult spread to Ethiopia through Coptic channels.
caution text Ṗanṭalewon The Geʿez spelling Ṗanṭalewon is ambiguous: it could also represent a place name or a title. Without further context from the manuscript, the identification as the saint remains the most plausible but not certain reading.
Open questions · 1 The exact referent of Ṗanṭalewon is uncertain; it may be a saint, a place, or a liturgical item. The reading as Saint Pantaleon is adopted based on common usage in Ethiopic liturgical texts. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:21 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Sundays in the Season of Flowers (Zamana Ṣǝge)
English
Sundays in the Season of Flowers (Zamana Ṣǝge)
Commentary
structure text Sundays in the Season of Flowers (Zamana Ṣǝge) This heading marks a liturgical division within the antiphonary, designating a set of Sundays in the Ethiopian liturgical season known as Zamana Ṣǝge (Season of Flowers). It follows the preceding passage Ṗanṭalewon and likely introduces a new section of chants.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) term glossary Zamana Ṣǝge Zamana Ṣǝge (Season of Flowers) is a period in the Ethiopian liturgical calendar, roughly corresponding to late spring, when the church commemorates the Resurrection and related themes. The term Ṣǝge (flowers) is a Geʿez word for blossoms, symbolizing renewal.
background background Sundays in the Season of Flowers The Season of Flowers is part of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's liturgical year, following the Feast of the Resurrection. These Sundays are associated with specific hymns and antiphons, as preserved in the Deggwa (antiphonary) tradition.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) parallel external Zamana Ṣǝge Similar seasonal designations appear in other Eastern Christian traditions, such as the Byzantine 'Season of Flowers' (Ἄνθη) or the Coptic 'Season of the Resurrection', though the Ethiopian calendar has its own unique structure.
Open questions · 1 The exact number of Sundays in the Season of Flowers and their specific liturgical assignments are not specified in this passage. The heading may be a rubric for a series of chants rather than a single day. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:22 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Ferial days in the Season of Flowers (Zamana Ṣǝge)
English
Ferial days in the Season of Flowers (Zamana Ṣǝge)
Commentary
Open questions · 1 The heading does not specify which ferial days are included or whether the chants differ from those of other seasons. The relationship to the preceding Sunday material is implied but not explicit. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:23 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Matthew the Evangelist
English
Matthew the Evangelist
Commentary
background external Matthew the Evangelist In Ethiopic tradition, Matthew is venerated as the author of the first Gospel and is associated with missionary work in Ethiopia, though this is legendary.
Open questions · 1 The Geʿez text is a bare heading; it is unclear whether it introduces a reading, a hymn, or a prayer. The English draft reproduces it literally. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:24 · narrative high copy citation
Commentary
term text ʾAbbā ʾAragāwi ʾAbbā ʾAragāwi is one of the Nine Saints of Ethiopia, traditionally associated with the monastery of Däbrä Dammo. The name means 'the spider' in Geʿez, referencing a legend of his escape by spider's web.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) Open questions · 1 The passage consists solely of the name 'Abbā ʾAragāwi' with no additional text; the exact liturgical function (e.g., antiphon, reading) is not specified in the source. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:25 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Stephen the Protomartyr
English
Stephen the Protomartyr
Commentary
background background Stephen is venerated as the first Christian martyr (protomartyr) in both Eastern and Western traditions; his feast appears in the Ethiopic synaxary and liturgical calendars.
Open questions · 1 The Geʿez text is a simple heading; no further content is provided, so the specific liturgical function (e.g., hymn, reading) is not specified. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:26 · narrative high copy citation
Commentary
reception text The placement of 'Virgin Mary' after a passage on Stephen the Protomartyr reflects a common liturgical sequence linking the first martyr with the Theotokos, as seen in various Eastern Christian traditions.
Open questions · 1 The passage is a single name, leaving unclear whether it is a title, incipit, or rubric. The reading taken is that it is a structural marker. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:27 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Luke the Evangelist
English
Luke the Evangelist
Commentary
background external Luke the Evangelist Luke is traditionally identified as the author of the third Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, and is venerated as a saint in Ethiopian Christianity.
reception external Luke the Evangelist In the Ethiopic tradition, Luke is commemorated in the synaxary and liturgical texts, often associated with the month of Genbot (May).
LIT7417DeggwaGrA:28 · narrative medium copy citation
Commentary
caution text The Geʿez text provides only the name without any accompanying hymn or prayer. The English draft is a direct transliteration. The lack of context makes it uncertain whether this is a full entry or a heading.
Open questions · 1 The identity of Yǝmʾattā is not specified; it could be a male or female saint, or a variant of a known name. The passage may be a fragment or a rubric. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:29 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Habakkuk the Prophet
English
Habakkuk the Prophet
Commentary
background background Habakkuk is one of the twelve minor prophets of the Old Testament, venerated in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. His prophecy is often cited in liturgical texts for its themes of divine justice and theodicy.
Open questions · 1 The Geʿez text is a simple name; no additional context is provided to determine whether this is a rubric, a heading, or the incipit of a longer passage. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:30 · narrative medium copy citation
Commentary
structure text The passage is classified as narrative, following the previous entry on Habakkuk the Prophet, suggesting a sequence of short commemorations of biblical and monastic figures.
Open questions · 1 The Geʿez text provides only the name; the specific liturgical function (e.g., antiphon, reading) is not indicated in this excerpt. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:31 · narrative medium copy citation
Commentary
structure text ʾAbbā Yoḥanni This passage is a single-name entry, continuing the series of desert fathers in the antiphonary. It follows the pattern of the previous passage, 'Abbā ʿAbaydo', and likely introduces a hymn or prayer associated with this figure.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) Open questions · 1 The passage provides only the name 'ʾAbbā Yoḥanni' without any liturgical context or text. It is uncertain whether this is a complete entry, a heading, or part of a longer passage that is missing or abbreviated in the source. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:32 · narrative medium copy citation
Commentary
structure text Koskam This passage consists of a single word, 'Koskam', which likely functions as a rubric or incipit within the antiphonary. Its brevity suggests it may be a heading or a cue for a musical or liturgical section.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) background background Koskam 'Koskam' is a Coptic term meaning 'bow' or 'prostration', often used in liturgical contexts to indicate a moment of veneration. Its presence in a Geʿez antiphonary reflects the Coptic influence on Ethiopian liturgical practice.
gap dossier: Sayings of the Desert Fathers (Sahidic collection) term glossary Koskam The term 'Koskam' is a loanword from Coptic (ⲕⲟⲥⲕⲁⲙ), meaning 'bow' or 'prostration'. In Ethiopian liturgy, it designates a specific chant or response associated with a gesture of humility.
Open questions · 1 The exact function of 'Koskam' in this context is unclear; it may be a rubric, a chant incipit, or a liturgical instruction. The brevity of the passage leaves its role open to interpretation. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:33 · narrative medium copy citation
Source
Four Living Creatures
English
Four Living Creatures
Commentary
structure text Four Living Creatures This brief passage, consisting solely of the phrase 'Four Living Creatures,' functions as a heading or incipit within the antiphonary, likely introducing a section or hymn related to the tetramorph.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) background external Four Living Creatures The 'Four Living Creatures' refer to the visionary beings of Ezekiel 1 and Revelation 4, traditionally identified as the symbols of the four evangelists: man (Matthew), lion (Mark), ox (Luke), and eagle (John).
reception external Four Living Creatures The motif of the four living creatures is widespread in Eastern Christian hymnography, including Coptic and Byzantine traditions, and its presence here links the Ethiopian antiphonary to broader Christian liturgical symbolism.
gap dossier: Sayings of the Desert Fathers (Sahidic collection) Open questions · 1 The passage is extremely brief and may be a rubric or heading rather than a complete liturgical unit; its exact function within the antiphonary is unclear. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:34 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Michael the Archangel
English
Michael the Archangel
Commentary
Open questions · 1 The Geʿez text is a single proper name; it is unclear whether this is a title, incipit, or rubric for a longer composition not preserved in this passage. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:35 · narrative high copy citation
Source
The Watchers ( Tǝguhān / ʾAʾlāfa malāʾǝkt )
English
The Watchers (Tǝguhān / ʾAʾlāfa malāʾǝkt)
Commentary
term text Tǝguhān / ʾAʾlāfa malāʾǝkt The Geʿez phrase 'Tǝguhān' (ተጉሃን) means 'the hidden ones' or 'the watchers,' while 'ʾAʾlāfa malāʾǝkt' (አአላፈ መላእክት) translates as 'thousands of angels.' The pairing suggests a collective of angelic beings, likely the Watchers of apocalyptic tradition.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) background external The Watchers (Greek: ἐγρήγοροι) are angelic figures prominent in Second Temple Jewish literature, such as 1 Enoch, and were adopted into Ethiopic Christian tradition. Their presence here aligns with the antiphonary's liturgical context, invoking angelic intercession.
structure text This passage is classified as narrative within the antiphonary, following a previous section on Michael the Archangel. The shift from a named archangel to a collective of watchers suggests a hierarchical or thematic progression in the liturgical sequence.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) reception external The Ethiopic Deggwa (antiphonary) preserves this reference to the Watchers, reflecting the enduring influence of Enochic literature in Ethiopian Orthodox liturgy. The term 'Tǝguhān' is rare outside Ethiopic sources, marking a distinctive local tradition.
betmas: Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A) Open questions · 1 The Geʿez text provides only a title; the exact liturgical function (e.g., hymn, prayer, reading) is not specified. The reading assumes a narrative role based on the structural classification. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:36 · narrative high copy citation
Commentary
background background Menas the Martyr (d. ca. 309 CE) was an Egyptian saint venerated in the Coptic and Ethiopic traditions, known for his military martyrdom under Diocletian.
Open questions · 1 The Geʿez text is a single proper name; no further context is provided in this passage. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:37 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Season of Supplication ( ʾAstamḥǝro )
English
Season of Supplication (ʾAstamḥǝro)
Commentary
term glossary ʾAstamḥǝro The Geʿez term ʾAstamḥǝro (Season of Supplication) designates a penitential period in the Ethiopian liturgical calendar, often associated with the fast preceding Lent.
reception external The Season of Supplication is a distinctively Ethiopian observance, not paralleled in the Coptic or Syrian traditions, reflecting local liturgical development.
Open questions · 1 The passage is a heading, not a narrative; the structural classification as 'narrative' may be a misapplication of the Coptic-derived scheme to a non-narrative element. LIT7417DeggwaGrA:38 · narrative high copy citation
Source
Season of Easter ( Fāsikā )
English
Season of Easter (Fāsikā)
Commentary
term glossary Fāsikā Fāsikā is the Geʿez term for Easter, derived from Greek Πάσχα (Pascha). It designates the fifty-day Easter season in the Ethiopian liturgical calendar.
background background The Ethiopian Season of Easter (Fāsikā) corresponds to the fifty-day period from Easter Sunday to Pentecost, a major liturgical season in Geʿez Christianity.
Citation. Tergwame, “Antiphonary (multiple-type collection, Group A)”, LIT7417DeggwaGrA:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT7417DeggwaGrA#s1
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