Ethiopic · Hagiography ·

Synaxarion

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Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

The Geʿez Synaxarion is a liturgical hagiographical compilation of saints' lives arranged by day of the year, used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. It was translated and adapted from earlier Copto-Arabic sources, with the Geʿez version reaching its present form between the 14th and 16th centuries. The text names Coptic bishops Abba Michael of Atrib and Malig and Abba John of Burulus as compilers, and its underlying Arabic Vorlage dates to the 13th century or earlier. The edition is based on British Library manuscript Or. 660, without critical apparatus or systematic variant notes.

The Geʿez Synaxarion is a key witness to the transmission of hagiographical traditions from Coptic to Ethiopian Christianity, reflecting liturgical and theological continuity. It remains a standard reference in Ethiopian Orthodox practice and provides insight into the adaptation of earlier Arabic and Copto-Arabic sources within a new linguistic and cultural context.

Historical context

The Geʿez Synaxarion (sənkəsar, from Arabic sinkisār, Greek synaxarion) is a translation and adaptation of the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, which was redacted around 1246/1247 CE (year 963 of the Era of the Martyrs). The Coptic bishops named as compilers—Michael of Atrib and Malig, and John of Burulus—indicate its origin in the Coptic Orthodox tradition of the Nile Delta. The Geʿez version likely took shape between the 14th and 16th centuries in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, where it became a central liturgical book read during saint commemorations. The text follows the Ethiopian calendar, beginning with the month Maskaram (September–October). The edition used is based on British Library Or. 660, catalogued in the Bet Mas archive, but lacks a critical apparatus or systematic variant collation.

Timeline

13th c. or earlier · Arabic Vorlage of the Synaxarion composed in Coptic circles
1246/1247 CE · Redaction of the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (year 963 of the Era of the Martyrs)
14th–16th c. · Geʿez translation and adaptation reaches its present form
Undated · Manuscript British Library Or. 660 copied
Modern · Edition based on Or. 660 published in Bet Mas archive

Related works

Copto-Arabic Synaxarion — source text for the Geʿez translation and adaptation
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church liturgy — liturgical use of the Synaxarion in saint commemorations
British Library Or. 660 — base manuscript for the edition

External

Bet Mas entry for the Geʿez Synaxarion primary source for the edition used
Edition record for the Geʿez Synaxarion details of the published edition
Harvard Hollis record for related manuscript additional manuscript context
Wikipedia article on Synaxarium general background on the genre

Cautions

The exact date of the Geʿez translation is uncertain; the 14th–16th century range is a scholarly estimate.
The edition lacks a critical apparatus and does not systematically note manuscript variants.
The attribution to bishops Michael and John reflects the Copto-Arabic tradition, but their role in the Geʿez version is indirect.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

419 commentary units 93 term90 background80 structure72 caution66 reception9 dating5 parallel2 transmission2 scripture 1 derived notes 146 open questions 80 narrative

What the kinds mean

term — a Coptic word and the rendering chosen for it
background — historical or institutional context the text presupposes
dating — dating, attribution, or sequence of events
structure — the passage's function in the work
reception — later use — liturgy, canon law, daughter versions
caution — uncertainty or a contested reading
transmission — manuscript, edition, lacuna, translation history
scripture — a biblical quotation or allusion
parallel — a parallel in another text or tradition

Pipeline notes

coverageNo English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed.
limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
registerRegister: hagiography in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
structurePassages: 80 narrative.
caution1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note.
sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

Coptic	Rendering	Count	First
no glossary terms recorded

LIT4035SenkessarDL:1 · narrativehigh

Source

The following division into textparts is taken from when not indicated otherwise. First half of the year First quarter of the year Introduction for the first half of the year በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ንወጥን፡ በረድኤተ፡ እግዚኣብሔር፡ ወሠናይ፡ ሀብቱ፡ በጽሒፈ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ስንክሳር፡ ዘበትርጓሜሁ፡ ጉባኤ፡ ዘቀድኅዎ፡ አበዊነ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ መምህራነ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። አብ፡ ክቡር፡ አባ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘሀገረ፡ አትሪብ፡ ወመሊግ። ወአብ፡ ክቡር፡ አባ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘሀገረ፡ ቡርልስ። ወካልኣን፡ አበው፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ወክቡራን፡ እለ፡ አስተጋብእዎ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ እምኵሎሙ፡ ገድላት፡ ዘመላእክት፡ ወሐዋርያት፡ ወነቢያት፡ ወሰማዕታት፡ ወሊቃነ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ወጻድቃን፡ ወገዳማዊያን፡ ወመነኮሳት። ከመ፡ ይግበሩ፡ ተዝካሮሙ፡ ወያንብቡ፡ ገድሎሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ አሚረ፡ እም፩ ለመስከረም፡ እስከ፡ ተፍጻሜተ፡ ዓመት። ወኮነ፡ አስተጋብኦቱ፡ በ፱፻፷ወ፫ዓመት፡ ለሰማዕታት፡ ንጹሓን። ጸሎቶሙ፡ ወበረከቶሙ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ አሜን።

English

In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. We begin with the help of the Lord and his good gift, the writing of the book of the Synaxarion, whose interpretation is "Collection," which our holy fathers, the teachers of the Church, compiled: the honorable father Abba Michael, bishop of the city of Atrib and Malig; and the honorable father Abba John, bishop of the city of Burulus; and the other holy and honorable fathers who assembled this book from all the acts of the angels, apostles, prophets, martyrs, patriarchs, righteous ones, anchorites, and monks, so that their commemorations may be celebrated and their acts read throughout the entire year, from the first of Meskerem until the end of the year. And its compilation was in the year 963 of the pure martyrs. May their prayers and blessings be with us. Amen.

Commentary

termtextስንክሳር

The Geʿez term 'sənkəsar' is a loan from Arabic 'sinkisār', itself from Greek 'synaxarion', meaning 'collection' (of saints' lives). The gloss 'gubāʿe' (ጉባኤ) in the text explicitly interprets it as 'collection'.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtext

The text names two bishops as compilers: Abba Michael of Atrib and Malig, and Abba John of Burulus. These are Coptic bishops of the Nile Delta, indicating the Synaxarion's origin in the Coptic Orthodox tradition before its Ethiopic reception.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

datingtextበ9፻፷ወ3ዓመት ለሰማዕታት ንጹሓን

The compilation date is given as 'year 963 of the pure martyrs', i.e., the Diocletian (Era of the Martyrs) calendar. This corresponds to 1246/1247 CE, a plausible date for the redaction of the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion that underlies the Geʿez version.

betmas: Synaxarion

structuretext

This passage is the introduction to the first half of the year, itself part of the first quarter. It establishes the liturgical framework: readings from Meskerem (September) through the end of the year, following the Ethiopian calendar.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontext

The Geʿez Synaxarion is a translation and adaptation of the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, as indicated by the mention of Coptic bishops and the Era of the Martyrs. It became a central liturgical book in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.

betmas: Synaxarion Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

Open questions · 1

The phrase 'በ9፻፷ወ3ዓመት' could be read as 963 or 963; the reading '963' is standard. The names 'Atrib and Malig' and 'Burulus' are Coptic toponyms whose exact identification in modern Egypt is debated.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:2 · narrativemedium

Source

Maskaram 1st Maskaram Beginning of the year 's washing in the river Death of Death of Death of Commemoration of and Described in , but not in . Feast of Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary Salām-hymn to Melyos Salām-hymn to John the Baptist Salām-hymn to Bartalomewos Salām-hymn to Job Salām-hymn to Henok Salām-hymn to Melki Decapitation of Commemoration of Commemoration of Didǝmos Salām-hymn to John Salām-hymn to John the Baptist Salām-hymn to Dāsyā Commemoration of the council of Alexandria under Commemoration of an earthquake in Egypt

English

Maskaram 1st Maskaram Beginning of the year 's washing in the river Death of Death of Death of Commemoration of and Described in , but not in . Feast of Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary Salām-hymn to Melyos Salām-hymn to John the Baptist Salām-hymn to Bartalomewos Salām-hymn to Job Salām-hymn to Henok Salām-hymn to Melki Decapitation of Commemoration of Commemoration of Didǝmos Salām-hymn to John Salām-hymn to John the Baptist Salām-hymn to Dāsyā Commemoration of the council of Alexandria under Commemoration of an earthquake in Egypt

Commentary

structuretextMaskaram

The heading 'Maskaram' marks the first month of the Ethiopian year, corresponding to September–October. This passage is the opening of the Synaxarion proper, following the introductory invocation.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopian tradition, often used for commemorations. The term derives from Geʿez salām 'peace' and indicates a hymn of praise.

backgroundbackgroundCommemoration of the council of Alexandria under

The council of Alexandria under a named patriarch (name missing in this passage) refers to a synod in the Coptic tradition, likely the Council of Alexandria in 362 or 633, but the lacuna prevents precise identification.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontextDescribed in , but not in .

The phrase 'Described in , but not in .' contains lacunae where source texts should be named. This likely refers to variant hagiographic accounts, but the missing names obscure the intended comparison.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionbackgroundCommemoration of an earthquake in Egypt

The commemoration of an earthquake in Egypt reflects the Synaxarion's inclusion of natural disasters as liturgical events, a practice found in Coptic and Ethiopian calendars to mark divine intervention.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

Open questions · 2

The names of saints and the source texts in the lacunae are missing, making identification uncertain.
The specific council of Alexandria and the patriarch under whom it was held are not named.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:3 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of Diyosqoros and Diyonāsyos Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAnbasā Commemoration of ʾabbā Muse Salām-hymn to the saints of the council Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAnbasā Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Muse Commemoration of Commemoration of Sǝmʿon and other saints Salām-hymn to Maqārǝs Salām-hymn to ቴዎጎሎስ፡ ደንጐላ፡ Commemoration of , different version in the second recension. Commemoration of Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Sofyā Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to the parents of Commemoration of Includes Commemoration of Commemoration of Yāʿqob and other saints

English

Commemoration of Dioscorus and Dionysius Commemoration of Abba Anbasā Commemoration of Abba Muse Salām-hymn to the saints of the council Salām-hymn to Abba Anbasā Salām-hymn to Abba Muse Commemoration of Commemoration of Sǝmʿon and other saints Salām-hymn to Maqārǝs Salām-hymn to Theogolos, Dengola Commemoration of, different version in the second recension. Commemoration of Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Sophia Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to the parents of Commemoration of Includes Commemoration of Commemoration of Yāʿqob and other saints

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints, typical of the synaxarion's daily entries. The sequence includes Dioscorus, Dionysius, Abba Anbasā, Abba Muse, and others, with some entries left incomplete.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical hymn in the Ethiopian tradition, often used to honor saints. The term appears multiple times here, indicating a structured liturgical component.

backgroundbackground

Dioscorus and Dionysius are early Christian figures; Dioscorus was a patriarch of Alexandria associated with miaphysite Christology, while Dionysius likely refers to a saint or bishop. Their commemoration reflects the synaxarion's miaphysite orientation.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontext

Several entries in this passage are incomplete, such as 'Commemoration of' with no name, and 'Salām-hymn to' with missing subjects. This suggests textual lacunae or scribal omissions in the source manuscript.

betmas: Synaxarion

transmissiontext

The note 'different version in the second recension' indicates that the synaxarion exists in multiple recensions, with this passage reflecting a variant textual tradition. This is important for understanding the work's textual history.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The identity of 'Theogolos, Dengola' is unclear; it may be a corruption or variant of a known saint's name. The incomplete entries for commemorations and hymns leave the intended saints uncertain.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:4 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Bāsǝlǝntyā Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾAgātu, Ṗeṭros, Yoḥannǝs, ʾAmon, ʾAmonā, Rafiqā Commemoration of the companions of Fāsiladas, other saints and the birth of Ḥannā Salām-hymn to Sāwiryānos Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Rāfiqā and her five children Salām-hymn to Diyosqoros Salām-hymn to ʾElsābeṭ, Sofyā and Māryām Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob ʿĀrke-hymn mentioning Fāsiladas Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Lukyos and other saints Salām-hymn to Zakāryās

English

Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Bāsǝlǝntyā Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾAgātu, Ṗeṭros, Yoḥannǝs, ʾAmon, ʾAmonā, Rafiqā Commemoration of the companions of Fāsiladas, other saints and the birth of Ḥannā Salām-hymn to Sāwiryānos Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Rāfiqā and her five children Salām-hymn to Diyosqoros Salām-hymn to ʾElsābeṭ, Sofyā and Māryām Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob ʿĀrke-hymn mentioning Fāsiladas Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Lukyos and other saints Salām-hymn to Zakāryās

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a list of liturgical entries (salām-hymns, commemorations, and one ʿārke-hymn) typical of the Synaxarion's arrangement for a single day. The repeated blank entries suggest lacunae or incomplete headings in the manuscript.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often praising a saint or feast. The term derives from the Arabic salām, meaning 'peace' or 'greeting'.

termglossaryʿĀrke-hymn

An ʿārke-hymn is a specific type of Geʿez hymn, often associated with the Ark of the Covenant or with royal figures. Here it mentions Fāsiladas, likely Emperor Fasilides (r. 1632–1667).

backgroundbackgroundFāsiladas

Fāsiladas (Fasilides) was a 17th-century Ethiopian emperor who founded Gondar and is venerated in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. His inclusion here reflects the Synaxarion's integration of later royal commemorations.

receptionexternal

The commemoration of 'the companions of Fāsiladas, other saints and the birth of Ḥannā' shows a blending of royal and biblical figures, typical of later Ethiopic hagiographic expansions. This reflects the Synaxarion's ongoing adaptation.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontext

Several entries are incomplete (e.g., 'Salām-hymn to' with no name, 'Commemoration of' with no subject). This may indicate manuscript damage or a scribal omission. The English draft reproduces these lacunae faithfully.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The identity of several saints listed only by name (e.g., ʾAgātu, Rafiqā) is uncertain without further context. The blank entries may represent lost text or intentional gaps.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:5 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to Muse Salām-hymn to Zakāryās Salām-hymn to Dǝmādyos Commemoration of Commemoration of the 14 730 men and 7 women with . Commemoration of a miracle of the Archangel Michael in Rome. Commemoration of Yāsāy Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn commemorating the miracle of Michael in Fǝrugyā Salām-hymn to Yāsāy Commemoration of the miracle of Mary in Ṣedenyā Commemoration of Judith Commemoration of the birth of Mary Commemoration of Maṭronyā Commemoration of ʾAṭnāsyā and her three daughters Salām-hymn to Judith Salām-hymn to the icon of Mary in Ṣedenyā

English

Salām-hymn to Muse Salām-hymn to Zakāryās Salām-hymn to Dǝmādyos Commemoration of Commemoration of the 14 730 men and 7 women with . Commemoration of a miracle of the Archangel Michael in Rome. Commemoration of Yāsāy Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn commemorating the miracle of Michael in Fǝrugyā Salām-hymn to Yāsāy Commemoration of the miracle of Mary in Ṣedenyā Commemoration of Judith Commemoration of the birth of Mary Commemoration of Maṭronyā Commemoration of ʾAṭnāsyā and her three daughters Salām-hymn to Judith Salām-hymn to the icon of Mary in Ṣedenyā

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a sequence of commemorations and salām-hymns typical of the Synaxarion's concluding sections, listing multiple saints and events without narrative development.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext14 730 men and 7 women with .

The phrase '14 730 men and 7 women with .' is incomplete in both Geʿez and English, likely due to a lacuna or scribal omission; the intended referent is unclear.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextFǝrugyā

Fǝrugyā is a toponym associated with a miracle of the Archangel Michael, possibly a location in Egypt or Ethiopia, but its identification remains uncertain in available sources.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextṢedenyā

Ṣedenyā is a place name linked to a miracle of Mary and an icon; it may refer to a church or monastery, but specific details are not provided in the passage.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontext

The inclusion of multiple salām-hymns and commemorations reflects the liturgical use of the Synaxarion in Ethiopian Orthodox worship, where such hymns are recited on saints' feast days.

betmas: Synaxarion gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

Open questions · 2

The phrase '14 730 men and 7 women with .' is corrupt; the intended subject or context is missing.
The toponyms Fǝrugyā and Ṣedenyā are not clearly identified in the available sources.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:6 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary Salām-hymn to the cross Salām-hymn to Maṭronyā Salām-hymn to ʾAṭnāsyā Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Surǝs, ʾAnṭikiyos and Masḫādare Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Bāsǝlyos and other saints Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to the companions of Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to the companions of Salām-hymn to Surǝs, ʾAnṭikiyos and Masḫādare Salām-hymn to Commemoration of Commemoration of the council of Ephesus Commemoration of the translation of and his companions

English

Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary Salām-hymn to the cross Salām-hymn to Maṭronyā Salām-hymn to ʾAṭnāsyā Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Surǝs, ʾAnṭikiyos and Masḫādare Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Bāsǝlyos and other saints Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to the companions of Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to the companions of Salām-hymn to Surǝs, ʾAnṭikiyos and Masḫādare Salām-hymn to Commemoration of Commemoration of the council of Ephesus Commemoration of the translation of and his companions

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a list of commemorations and salām-hymns, typical of the synaxarion's daily entry. The repeated incomplete lines suggest textual lacunae or a scribal abbreviation.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundexternal

The council of Ephesus (431 CE) is a major Christological council, recognized in the Ethiopian tradition for its condemnation of Nestorius and affirmation of Mary as Theotokos.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise. The term 'salām' means 'peace' but here functions as a doxological formula.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

Several lines in this passage are incomplete (e.g., 'Commemoration of' with no name, 'Salām-hymn to' with no object). This likely reflects manuscript damage or a scribal placeholder.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundexternal

Surǝs, ʾAnṭikiyos and Masḫādare are likely martyr saints, though their specific identities are obscure. The name 'Masḫādare' may be a variant of a known Ethiopian saint.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

Open questions · 2

The incomplete lines (e.g., 'Commemoration of' with no name) leave the intended subjects uncertain; they may be lacunae or intentional abbreviations.
The identity of 'Maṭronyā' and 'ʾAṭnāsyā' is unclear; they may be local saints or variant spellings of known figures.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:7 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of Luyārǝs and other saints Salām-hymn to Michael Salām-hymn to the members of the council of Ephesus Salām-hymn to Commemoration of a miracle of . Commemoration of . ʿĀrke-hymn commemorating the miracle of Salām-hymn to Commemoration of . Commemoration of Maqāri and other saints. Commemoration of Degenā. Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Degenā Commemoration of the translatio of . Commemoration of . Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Commemoration of the consecration of the temple in Jerusalem. Commemoration of Ṭobit.

English

Commemoration of Luyārǝs and other saints Salām-hymn to Michael Salām-hymn to the members of the council of Ephesus Salām-hymn to Commemoration of a miracle of . Commemoration of . ʿĀrke-hymn commemorating the miracle of Salām-hymn to Commemoration of . Commemoration of Maqāri and other saints. Commemoration of Degenā. Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Degenā Commemoration of the translatio of . Commemoration of . Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Commemoration of the consecration of the temple in Jerusalem. Commemoration of Ṭobit.

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a list of commemorations and hymn headings, typical of the synaxarion's calendrical entries. The repeated 'Commemoration of' and 'Salām-hymn to' indicate a sequence of feasts.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextLuyārǝs

Luyārǝs is a saint name appearing in the Geʿez text; the identity is uncertain, possibly a variant of a known martyr or a local Ethiopian saint.

backgroundtextcouncil of Ephesus

The council of Ephesus (431 CE) is a major ecumenical council; its commemoration here reflects the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's adherence to its Christological definitions.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptiontextconsecration of the temple in Jerusalem

This commemoration likely refers to the dedication of the Second Temple (or a later church), a feast observed in Ethiopian tradition, linking to biblical and post-biblical history.

cautiontext

Several entries in this passage are incomplete (e.g., 'Salām-hymn to' with no name, 'Commemoration of .'), suggesting lacunae or scribal abbreviation in the manuscript source.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of Luyārǝs is unclear; it may be a corruption or a rare saint.
The 'miracle of .' and 'translatio of .' lack specific subjects, leaving the intended events uncertain.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:8 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of Warqǝlā and other saints. Salām-hymn to Jerusalem Salām-hymn to Ṭobit Salām-hymn to ʾAgāton Feast of the cross. Commemoration of . Commemoration of . Commemoration of Libā and other saints. Salām-hymn to the cross. Salām-hymn to ʾAwdokis. Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Commemoration of Mercurius. Feast of the cross. Commemoration of . Commemoration of . Commemoration of . Commemoration of mār Yāʿqob the Egyptian. Commemoration of ʾƎsṭifānos and Naqiṭā. Commemoration of the translatio of Tomās and other saints.

English

Commemoration of Warqǝlā and other saints. Salām-hymn to Jerusalem Salām-hymn to Ṭobit Salām-hymn to ʾAgāton Feast of the cross. Commemoration of . Commemoration of . Commemoration of Libā and other saints. Salām-hymn to the cross. Salām-hymn to ʾAwdokis. Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Commemoration of Mercurius. Feast of the cross. Commemoration of . Commemoration of . Commemoration of . Commemoration of mār Yāʿqob the Egyptian. Commemoration of ʾƎsṭifānos and Naqiṭā. Commemoration of the translatio of Tomās and other saints.

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a list of commemorations and hymns, typical of the synaxarion's daily entries. The repeated 'Feast of the cross' and 'Commemoration of .' with blank names suggest a template with lacunae.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextSalām-hymn

Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often praising a saint or feast. The term derives from Arabic 'salām' (peace) and is used in Ethiopic hymnody.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextWarqǝlā

Warqǝlā is likely a Geʿez form of a saint's name, possibly related to the Coptic or Syriac tradition. The identity is uncertain due to lack of context.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

Several entries are incomplete, e.g., 'Commemoration of .' and 'Salām-hymn to' with no name. This may indicate manuscript damage or a template with missing data.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontextFeast of the cross

The 'Feast of the cross' appears twice, likely referring to the Exaltation of the Cross (September 27) or the Finding of the Cross (March 19). Its repetition may reflect multiple commemorations in the same day.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextmār

The title 'mār' (Syriac for 'lord') is used for saints in Ethiopic tradition, here for Yāʿqob the Egyptian. It indicates Syriac influence on Ethiopic hagiography.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 3

The identity of several saints (e.g., Warqǝlā, Libā) is unclear due to lack of context or variant spellings.
The blank entries after 'Commemoration of' and 'Salām-hymn to' may be lacunae or intentional placeholders.
The specific feast of the cross (Exaltation or Finding) is not specified.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:9 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of ʾOfomyā and other saints. Commemoration of a miracle of Tomās in India. Salām-hymn to . Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Marqorewos Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob the Egyptian Salām-hymn to Commemoration of . Feast of the cross. Commemoration of Qirqos. Commemoration of Romāna Warq. Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Qirqos Commemoration of . Commemoration of . Commemoration of ʾAtenā and other saints Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to ʿƎnqʷa Śǝllāse Commemoration of and . Monthly commemoration of Mary. Commemoration of Ṭibāryos.

English

Commemoration of ʾOfomyā and other saints. Commemoration of a miracle of Tomās in India. Salām-hymn to . Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Marqorewos Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob the Egyptian Salām-hymn to Commemoration of . Feast of the cross. Commemoration of Qirqos. Commemoration of Romāna Warq. Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Qirqos Commemoration of . Commemoration of . Commemoration of ʾAtenā and other saints Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to ʿƎnqʷa Śǝllāse Commemoration of and . Monthly commemoration of Mary. Commemoration of Ṭibāryos.

Commentary

backgroundtextʾOfomyā

ʾOfomyā is likely a Geʿez rendering of a Greek or Coptic name, possibly Epiphanius or a similar saint, but the identity is uncertain without further context.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextTomās in India

The miracle of Tomās in India refers to the apostle Thomas, whose missionary work and miracles in India are a well-known tradition in Eastern Christianity.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextSalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of Geʿez liturgical poetry, typically a hymn of praise or salutation, often addressed to a saint or feast.

betmas: Synaxarion

structuretext

This passage is a list of commemorations and hymns, typical of the synaxarion's calendrical structure, with several entries left incomplete (e.g., blank names after 'Salām-hymn to').

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

Multiple entries in this passage have missing names (e.g., 'Salām-hymn to .' and 'Commemoration of .'), indicating textual lacunae or scribal omissions in the source manuscript.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontextMonthly commemoration of Mary

The monthly commemoration of Mary is a recurring feast in the Ethiopian tradition, reflecting the high veneration of the Virgin Mary in Geʿez Christianity.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 3

The identity of ʾOfomyā is uncertain; it may be a corruption or variant of a known saint's name.
Several entries have blank names, leaving the intended saint or hymn recipient ambiguous.
The phrase 'Commemoration of and .' is incomplete, possibly indicating a lacuna.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:10 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to Mary. Salām-hymn to Christ. Salām-hymn to the Fathers of Nicaea. Salām-hymn to Ṭibāryos. Salām-hymn to Tomās. Salām-hymn to Mātewos. Second salām-hymn to Mātewos. Commemoration of and Commemoration of . Commemoration of Bālān. Salām-hymn to Kotlos. Salām-hymn to Yolyos. Salām-hymn to the companions of Yolyos. Salām-hymn to the saints recorded by Yolyos. Commemoration of and . Commemoration of ʾEwosṭātewos. Commemoration of . Salām-hymn to ʾAwnābyā. Salām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos. Commemoration of . Commemoration of .

English

Salām-hymn to Mary. Salām-hymn to Christ. Salām-hymn to the Fathers of Nicaea. Salām-hymn to Ṭibāryos. Salām-hymn to Tomās. Salām-hymn to Mātewos. Second salām-hymn to Mātewos. Commemoration of and Commemoration of . Commemoration of Bālān. Salām-hymn to Kotlos. Salām-hymn to Yolyos. Salām-hymn to the companions of Yolyos. Salām-hymn to the saints recorded by Yolyos. Commemoration of and . Commemoration of ʾEwosṭātewos. Commemoration of . Salām-hymn to ʾAwnābyā. Salām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos. Commemoration of . Commemoration of .

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a list of salām-hymns and commemorations, typical of the synaxarion's entry for a single day. The sequence moves from Mary and Christ to ecumenical councils, then apostles, martyrs, and monastic saints.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextSalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopian tradition, often used to honor a saint or feast. The repeated pattern here indicates a dense liturgical calendar entry.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextʾEwosṭātewos

ʾEwosṭātewos is the Geʿez form of Eustathius, likely referring to the 4th-century bishop of Antioch or a monastic founder. The double mention (commemoration and salām-hymn) suggests special veneration.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontextFathers of Nicaea

The inclusion of a salām-hymn to the Fathers of Nicaea reflects the Ethiopian Church's strong adherence to Nicene orthodoxy and its liturgical commemoration of ecumenical councils.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

Several entries are incomplete (e.g., 'Commemoration of and '), likely due to manuscript damage or scribal omission. The English draft reproduces these lacunae faithfully.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The identity of several saints (e.g., Ṭibāryos, Kotlos, Yolyos) is uncertain; they may be local or lesser-known figures. The lacunae in the commemoration lines prevent full identification.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:11 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of Beterwā and other saints. Salām-hymn to Gorgoryos and Bǝdǝṭos. Commemoration of . Commemoration of Rotā and other saints. Salām-hymn to Yonās. Salām-hymn to Barbārā and Yolyānā. Salām-hymn to those who honour the Old and New Testament. Birth of . Commemoration of ʾAboli. Commemoration of 1000 martyrs and other saints. Salām-hymn to ʾAboli. Salām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos. Salām-hymn to John the Baptist. Commemoration of . Commemoration of Ṭeqalā. Commemoration of ʾAnṭilāryos Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Dabra Ṣǝge

English

Commemoration of Beterwā and other saints. Salām-hymn to Gorgoryos and Bǝdǝṭos. Commemoration of . Commemoration of Rotā and other saints. Salām-hymn to Yonās. Salām-hymn to Barbārā and Yolyānā. Salām-hymn to those who honour the Old and New Testament. Birth of . Commemoration of ʾAboli. Commemoration of 1000 martyrs and other saints. Salām-hymn to ʾAboli. Salām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos. Salām-hymn to John the Baptist. Commemoration of . Commemoration of Ṭeqalā. Commemoration of ʾAnṭilāryos Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Dabra Ṣǝge

Commentary

structuretext

This passage continues the pattern of alternating commemorations and salām-hymns typical of the Synaxarion, with several entries left incomplete (e.g., 'Commemoration of .' and 'Birth of .').

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextBeterwā

Beterwā is likely a variant or corruption of a saint's name; the exact identity is uncertain, possibly related to Peter or a local Ethiopian saint.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextʾEwosṭātewos

ʾEwosṭātewos (Eustathius) is a prominent saint in Ethiopian tradition, often associated with monasticism and the defense of the Tewahedo faith.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextDabra Ṣǝge

Dabra Ṣǝge is a well-known Ethiopian monastery, associated with Yoḥannǝs (John), likely a monastic leader or saint.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

Several entries in this passage are incomplete (e.g., 'Commemoration of .' and 'Birth of .'), indicating possible lacunae or scribal omissions in the manuscript tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of Beterwā is uncertain; it may be a corruption or a rare saint's name.
The incomplete entries (e.g., 'Commemoration of .') leave the intended subjects ambiguous.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:12 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos Salām-hymn to Ṭeqalā Commemoration of and . Commemoration of Sosǝnnā. Commemoration of ʾErāni and other saints. Salām-hymn to ʾAbādir. Salām-hymn to ʾAbādir. Salām-hymn to Sosǝnnā. Monthly commemoration of the birth of Christ Translatio of . Commemoration of and . Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to ʾArsimā Salām-hymn to John the Baptist Salām-hymn to John the Baptist Salām-hymn to Christ (?) Commemoration of the miracle of the salvation of . Commemoration of Gorgoryos. Commemoration of John and James.

English

Salām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos Salām-hymn to Ṭeqalā Commemoration of and . Commemoration of Sosǝnnā. Commemoration of ʾErāni and other saints. Salām-hymn to ʾAbādir. Salām-hymn to ʾAbādir. Salām-hymn to Sosǝnnā. Monthly commemoration of the birth of Christ Translatio of . Commemoration of and . Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to ʾArsimā Salām-hymn to John the Baptist Salām-hymn to John the Baptist Salām-hymn to Christ (?) Commemoration of the miracle of the salvation of . Commemoration of Gorgoryos. Commemoration of John and James.

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a sequence of commemorations and salām-hymns typical of the Synaxarion's daily entries. The repeated pattern of 'Commemoration of' and 'Salām-hymn to' indicates a liturgical listing rather than a continuous narrative.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of hymn in Geʿez liturgical poetry, often used to honor a saint or feast. The term derives from the Arabic 'salām' (peace) and is a standard component of the Synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundTranslatio

The term 'Translatio' refers to the transfer of relics of a saint, a common feast in hagiographic calendars. The blank following it suggests a lacuna in the manuscript, possibly the saint's name.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontext

Several entries are incomplete, such as 'Commemoration of and .' and 'Commemoration of the miracle of the salvation of .' These likely indicate missing names or details due to manuscript damage or scribal omission.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionbackgroundSosǝnnā

Sosǝnnā (Susanna) is a biblical figure from the Book of Daniel, venerated as a saint in the Ethiopian tradition. Her commemoration here aligns with the Synaxarion's inclusion of Old Testament saints.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

scripturetextbirth of Christ

The 'monthly commemoration of the birth of Christ' and the 'Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ' refer to the feast of the Nativity, celebrated monthly in the Ethiopian tradition as a devotion to the Incarnation.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 3

The identity of the saint in 'Translatio of .' is missing, possibly due to a lacuna.
The phrase 'Salām-hymn to Christ (?)' is uncertain; the question mark in the English draft indicates a tentative identification.
Several commemorations lack specific names (e.g., 'Commemoration of and .'), leaving the intended saints unknown.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:13 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of ʾabbā Śālusi. Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Śālusi. Salām-hymn to John and James. Salām-hymn to the scholars of Dabra Māryām ʾAbsādi. Salām-hymn to Athanasius. Subscription for Maskaram. Commemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā Commemoration of Ḫǝriṭon Salām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyā Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Martha 2nd Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of ʾabbā Sāwiros Commemoration of Tekalā and Hǝryāqos Salām-hymn to Sāwiros 3rd Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Tewodorā Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Tāʾodrā

English

Commemoration of ʾabbā Śālusi. Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Śālusi. Salām-hymn to John and James. Salām-hymn to the scholars of Dabra Māryām ʾAbsādi. Salām-hymn to Athanasius. Subscription for Maskaram. Commemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā Commemoration of Ḫǝriṭon Salām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyā Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Martha 2nd Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of ʾabbā Sāwiros Commemoration of Tekalā and Hǝryāqos Salām-hymn to Sāwiros 3rd Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Tewodorā Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Tāʾodrā

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a calendar entry for the end of Maskaram and the beginning of Ṭǝqǝmt, listing commemorations and salām-hymns for various saints.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossaryʾabbā Śālusi

ʾabbā Śālusi is a saint commemorated here; the name may be a Geʿez form of a Coptic or Syriac original, but his identity is not further specified in this passage.

backgroundbackgroundDabra Māryām ʾAbsādi

Dabra Māryām ʾAbsādi is a monastic community; the mention of its 'scholars' suggests a local tradition of veneration within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.

receptionexternalSubscription for Maskaram

The 'Subscription for Maskaram' marks the end of the first month of the Ethiopian year; this liturgical note indicates the synaxarion's use in structuring the annual cycle of readings.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

Several entries under '3rd Ṭǝqǝmt' have blank commemorations, suggesting lacunae in the manuscript tradition or intentional omission in the source edition.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The identity of ʾabbā Śālusi is not clarified; the blank commemorations on 3rd Ṭǝqǝmt may indicate lost text or incomplete transmission.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:14 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to 4th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Bākos Commemoration of Ḥanānyā Commemoration of Romānos and Yoḥannǝs Commemoration of ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥa Salām-hymn to Ḥanānyā Salām-hymn to Bākos Salām-hymn to Bābā and Māmā Salām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥa Salām-hymn to Gabra Krǝstos 5th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Kirākos Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch of Constantinople Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾAydǝrāyos and other saints Salām-hymn to Ṗawlos Salām-hymn to Kirākos Salām-hymn to Ḥannā, the mother of Kirākos 6th Ṭǝqǝmt

English

Salām-hymn to 4th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Bākos Commemoration of Ḥanānyā Commemoration of Romānos and Yoḥannǝs Commemoration of ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥa Salām-hymn to Ḥanānyā Salām-hymn to Bākos Salām-hymn to Bābā and Māmā Salām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥa Salām-hymn to Gabra Krǝstos 5th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Kirākos Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch of Constantinople Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾAydǝrāyos and other saints Salām-hymn to Ṗawlos Salām-hymn to Kirākos Salām-hymn to Ḥannā, the mother of Kirākos 6th Ṭǝqǝmt

Commentary

structuretext4th Ṭǝqǝmt

The passage marks the transition from the 2nd to the 4th day of the month Ṭǝqǝmt, continuing the synaxarion's calendrical sequence of commemorations and hymns.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically a metrical hymn of praise addressed to a saint or feast, often following a commemoration entry.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥa

ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥa are the two Ethiopian saints traditionally associated with the introduction of Christianity to the Aksumite kingdom, often commemorated together in the synaxarion.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternalYoḥannǝs the patriarch of Constantinople

This likely refers to John Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantinople (d. 407), whose feast is widely observed in Eastern Christian calendars, including the Ethiopic synaxarion.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontextCommemoration of

The entry 'Commemoration of' on the 5th of Ṭǝqǝmt is incomplete in the Geʿez text, lacking the saint's name; this may indicate a lacuna or scribal omission.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The incomplete commemoration entry on 5th Ṭǝqǝmt leaves the saint's identity uncertain; the reading assumes a lacuna rather than a deliberate blank.
The identity of 'Bābā and Māmā' is unclear; they may be local saints or a variant of a known pair, but no further evidence is available in the source.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:15 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of Commemoration of Ṗanṭālewon za-ṣomāʿt Commemoration of ʾƎnṭonyos, bishop of Bānā Commemoration of Commemoration of Diyonāsyos, bishop of ʾAtenā Commemoration of Rǝwāq and ʾƎnṭonyos Commemoration of Henok Commemoration of Ṗanṭālewon the martyr Salām-hymn to Hannah Salām-hymn to Ṗanṭalewon Salām-hymn to Diyonāsyos Salām-hymn to ʾEfesos and ʾUryānos Salām-hymn to ʾƎnṭonyos and Rǝwāq Salām-hymn to Ṗanṭalewon Salām-hymn to ʾArmelāwos Salām-hymn to the companions of Ṗanṭalewon Salām-hymn to Mikāʾel 7th Ṭǝqǝmt

English

Commemoration of Commemoration of Ṗanṭālewon za-ṣomāʿt Commemoration of ʾƎnṭonyos, bishop of Bānā Commemoration of Commemoration of Diyonāsyos, bishop of ʾAtenā Commemoration of Rǝwāq and ʾƎnṭonyos Commemoration of Henok Commemoration of Ṗanṭālewon the martyr Salām-hymn to Hannah Salām-hymn to Ṗanṭalewon Salām-hymn to Diyonāsyos Salām-hymn to ʾEfesos and ʾUryānos Salām-hymn to ʾƎnṭonyos and Rǝwāq Salām-hymn to Ṗanṭalewon Salām-hymn to ʾArmelāwos Salām-hymn to the companions of Ṗanṭalewon Salām-hymn to Mikāʾel 7th Ṭǝqǝmt

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a list of commemorations and salām-hymns for the 5th and 6th of Ṭǝqǝmt, continuing the synaxarion's daily entries. The repeated 'Commemoration of' headings and 'Salām-hymn to' titles follow the standard liturgical format.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossaryṖanṭālewon za-ṣomāʿt

The epithet 'za-ṣomāʿt' likely means 'of the fast' or 'the ascetic,' distinguishing this Ṗanṭālewon from the martyr of the same name listed later. It may refer to a monastic figure.

termglossaryDiyonāsyos, bishop of ʾAtenā

Diyonāsyos is the Geʿez form of Dionysius. The see of ʾAtenā (Athens) is unusual in Ethiopian hagiography, possibly reflecting a late antique source or a confusion with Dionysius the Areopagite.

backgroundbackground

The pairing of Rǝwāq and ʾƎnṭonyos, and the separate commemoration of Henok (Enoch), suggest a cluster of ascetic or apocryphal figures. Enoch's inclusion is notable, as he is rarely commemorated in the standard synaxarion.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontext

Two 'Commemoration of' entries are left blank in both the Geʿez and the English draft, indicating lacunae or intentional omissions in the manuscript. The names of the commemorated figures are missing.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternal

The repeated salām-hymns to Ṗanṭalewon (twice) and the inclusion of a hymn to his 'companions' reflect the popularity of this martyr in Ethiopian tradition, possibly linked to the monastery of Däbrä Ṗanṭalewon.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

Open questions · 1

The two blank 'Commemoration of' entries may be scribal omissions or deliberate gaps for local saints; the identity of Ṗanṭālewon za-ṣomāʿt is uncertain; the connection between Diyonāsyos of Athens and the Areopagite is unclear.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:16 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of ʾabbā Bāwlā Commemoration of Minās and Ḥasinā Salām-hymn to Bāwlā Salām-hymn to Minās and Ḥasinā Salām-hymn to Qoṗrǝyānos 8th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Maṭrā Commemoration of Bākos and Bilāgyā Commemoration of ʾabbā Hor and other saints Salām-hymn to the children of Sosǝnnā Salām-hymn to Maṭrā 9th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Liwāryos Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAtnātewos Commemoration of Commemoration of a solar eclipse Commemoration of Sǝmʿon Commemoration of a miracle of Thomas Commemoration of a king Dāwit Salām-hymn to Thomas

English

Commemoration of ʾabbā Bāwlā Commemoration of Minās and Ḥasinā Salām-hymn to Bāwlā Salām-hymn to Minās and Ḥasinā Salām-hymn to Qoṗrǝyānos 8th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Maṭrā Commemoration of Bākos and Bilāgyā Commemoration of ʾabbā Hor and other saints Salām-hymn to the children of Sosǝnnā Salām-hymn to Maṭrā 9th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Liwāryos Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAtnātewos Commemoration of Commemoration of a solar eclipse Commemoration of Sǝmʿon Commemoration of a miracle of Thomas Commemoration of a king Dāwit Salām-hymn to Thomas

Commentary

structuretext

This passage continues the synaxarion's calendrical listing for 8th and 9th Ṭǝqǝmt, with commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints, including a solar eclipse and a miracle of Thomas.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossaryʾabbā

ʾabbā is a Geʿez honorific meaning 'father', used for monastic saints and bishops, as seen in ʾabbā Bāwlā and ʾabbā Hor.

backgroundbackgroundṬǝqǝmt

Ṭǝqǝmt is the second month of the Geʿez calendar, roughly corresponding to October–November. The 8th and 9th days mark specific commemorations in the liturgical year.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontext

The entry 'Commemoration of' (line 3 of 9th Ṭǝqǝmt) is incomplete in the Geʿez, likely a lacuna in the manuscript tradition; the saint's name is missing.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternalsolar eclipse

The commemoration of a solar eclipse is unusual in synaxaria and may reflect a historical event recorded in the Ethiopian tradition, possibly linked to a natural phenomenon observed and memorialized.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

Open questions · 2

The incomplete 'Commemoration of' on 9th Ṭǝqǝmt leaves the saint's identity uncertain; it may be a scribal omission or a damaged manuscript.
The solar eclipse commemoration lacks a specific date or year, making historical correlation tentative.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:17 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to Stephen Salām-hymn to Liwāryos Salām-hymn to king Dāwit 10th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of ʾAwmānyos Commemoration of Sargiyos Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Sargis Salām-hymn to ʾAwmānyos Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 11th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Yāʿqob Commemoration of Bilāgyā Commemoration of ʾArmimā Salām-hymn to Ṗilāgyā Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob 12th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Mātewos Commemoration of Commemoration of Mikāʾel Cp. Commemoration of Ṗeṭros and other saints Salām-hymn to Michael Salām-hymn to Matthew

English

Salām-hymn to Stephen Salām-hymn to Liwāryos Salām-hymn to king Dāwit 10th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of ʾAwmānyos Commemoration of Sargiyos Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Sargis Salām-hymn to ʾAwmānyos Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 11th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Yāʿqob Commemoration of Bilāgyā Commemoration of ʾArmimā Salām-hymn to Ṗilāgyā Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob 12th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Mātewos Commemoration of Commemoration of Mikāʾel Cp. Commemoration of Ṗeṭros and other saints Salām-hymn to Michael Salām-hymn to Matthew

Commentary

structuretext

This passage continues the synaxarion's sequence of commemorations and salām-hymns for the 10th, 11th, and 12th of Ṭǝqǝmt, following the pattern of earlier days.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

Salām-hymn (Geʿez: ሰላም) is a genre of liturgical hymn in Ethiopic tradition, typically praising a saint or biblical figure.

backgroundbackground

The names ʾAwmānyos, Sargiyos, and Yoḥannǝs (10th Ṭǝqǝmt) are likely martyrs or ascetics venerated in the Copto-Ethiopic tradition, though their specific identities are not detailed here.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontext

The entry for the 12th Ṭǝqǝmt includes an incomplete line 'Commemoration of' with no name, suggesting a lacuna or scribal omission in the manuscript.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternal

The salām-hymn to king Dāwit (biblical David) reflects the Ethiopic tradition's integration of Old Testament figures into liturgical commemoration.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

Open questions · 2

The identity of 'Bilāgyā' (11th Ṭǝqǝmt) and its variant 'Ṗilāgyā' in the salām-hymn is uncertain; it may be a corruption of a known saint's name.
The abbreviation 'Cp.' after Mikāʾel (12th Ṭǝqǝmt) is unclear; it could stand for 'Copt' or be a scribal shorthand.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:18 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to Ṗāwlos Salām-hymn to 13rd Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of ʾAbṭǝlmāʾos Commemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās Commemoration of ʾAwlānā and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAbṭǝlmāwos Salām-hymn to Zakāryās 14th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Filǝṗṗos Commemoration of Gabra Krǝstos Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾabbā Taʾomino[s] Commemoration of Zamikāʾel ʾAragāwi Commemoration of Ṭārākǝwā and other saints Salām-hymn to Philip Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Gabra Krǝstos Salām-hymn to Zamikāʾel 15th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Bilāʾimon

English

Salām-hymn to Ṗāwlos Salām-hymn to 13rd Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of ʾAbṭǝlmāʾos Commemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās Commemoration of ʾAwlānā and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAbṭǝlmāwos Salām-hymn to Zakāryās 14th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Filǝṗṗos Commemoration of Gabra Krǝstos Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾabbā Taʾomino[s] Commemoration of Zamikāʾel ʾAragāwi Commemoration of Ṭārākǝwā and other saints Salām-hymn to Philip Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Gabra Krǝstos Salām-hymn to Zamikāʾel 15th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Bilāʾimon

Commentary

structuretext

This passage continues the synaxarion's calendrical sequence for Ṭǝqǝmt, listing commemorations and salām-hymns for days 13–15.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise addressed to a saint, often inserted between commemorations in the synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundʾAbṭǝlmāʾos

ʾAbṭǝlmāʾos (Ptolemy) is a saint commemorated in the Ethiopic synaxarion; the name likely refers to a martyr or ascetic, though details are sparse in the source.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundZamikāʾel ʾAragāwi

Zamikāʾel ʾAragāwi is one of the Nine Saints of Ethiopia, traditionally credited with founding monasteries and spreading Christianity in the Aksumite period.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

The passage contains lacunae: the second salām-hymn on the 13th and the third commemoration on the 14th lack names, indicating textual loss or scribal omission.

betmas: Synaxarion

Notes · 1

lacunaThe source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated.

Open questions · 2

The name ʾAwlānā is uncertain; it may be a variant of a known saint or a corruption.
The commemoration on the 14th with no name is ambiguous; the intended saint is unknown.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:19 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of the companions of Ṗanṭalewon Commemoration of Salātyon and other saints Salām-hymn to the apostles Salām-hymn to several saints 16th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of Maqʷǝrofyos, ʾabbā ʾAblo and Ṗeṭros Commemoration of Fārbu and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAgāton Salām-hymn to Maqʷǝrofyos Salām-hymn to Diyosqoros 17th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Filyās Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Stephen Salām-hymn to Filyās Salām-hymn to the birth of Hannah Salām-hymn to Stephen Salām-hymn to the saints

English

Commemoration of the companions of Ṗanṭalewon Commemoration of Salātyon and other saints Salām-hymn to the apostles Salām-hymn to several saints 16th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of Maqʷǝrofyos, ʾabbā ʾAblo and Ṗeṭros Commemoration of Fārbu and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAgāton Salām-hymn to Maqʷǝrofyos Salām-hymn to Diyosqoros 17th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Filyās Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Stephen Salām-hymn to Filyās Salām-hymn to the birth of Hannah Salām-hymn to Stephen Salām-hymn to the saints

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for 16th and 17th Ṭǝqǝmt, following the standard synaxarion format of date, commemoration, and hymn.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextṬǝqǝmt

Ṭǝqǝmt is the second month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to October–November. The dates 16 and 17 are given without year, as typical in the synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextṖanṭalewon

Ṗanṭalewon (Pantaléon) is a saint venerated in the Ethiopian tradition, often associated with the companions mentioned here. The commemoration of his companions is a collective feast.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontextSalām-hymn

Salām-hymns are liturgical hymns of praise in the Ethiopian tradition, typically addressed to saints or biblical figures. Their inclusion here marks the liturgical use of the synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

Several entries are incomplete, e.g., 'Commemoration of' without a name (16th and 17th Ṭǝqǝmt). This may indicate lacunae in the manuscript or intentional brevity.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of 'companions of Ṗanṭalewon' is unspecified; they may be a group of martyrs or ascetics.
The name 'Salātyon' is obscure and may be a variant or corruption of a known saint's name.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:20 · narrativehigh

Source

18th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾabbā Romānos Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs and other saints Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Romānos Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 19th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Bartalomewos and his wife Commemoration of the council of Antioch Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs za-Daylami Commemoration of the saints of Mamaṭarā and Yǝmrāḥ Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Bartalomewos Salām-hymn to the participants of the council of Antioch Salām-hymn to Sǝmʿon Salām-hymn to Yǝmrāh 20th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of

English

18th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾabbā Romānos Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs and other saints Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Romānos Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 19th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Bartalomewos and his wife Commemoration of the council of Antioch Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs za-Daylami Commemoration of the saints of Mamaṭarā and Yǝmrāḥ Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Bartalomewos Salām-hymn to the participants of the council of Antioch Salām-hymn to Sǝmʿon Salām-hymn to Yǝmrāh 20th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of

Commentary

structuretext

This passage continues the synaxarion's calendrical sequence for 18th–20th Ṭǝqǝmt, listing commemorations and salām-hymns. The pattern of alternating commemorations and hymns is typical of the genre.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackground

The council of Antioch (19th Ṭǝqǝmt) likely refers to a local synod venerated in the Ethiopian tradition, possibly the 341 Council of Antioch or a later gathering. The commemoration of 'saints of Mamaṭarā and Yǝmrāḥ' points to regional holy sites in Ethiopia.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

termglossarySalām-hymn

Salām-hymn (from Geʿez ሰላም, 'peace') is a genre of liturgical hymn used in the Ethiopian tradition, often honoring saints. The term appears repeatedly in this passage as a structural marker.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

The entries for 18th and 20th Ṭǝqǝmt are incomplete: 'Commemoration of' appears without a named saint. This may indicate a lacuna in the manuscript or a deliberate placeholder for local additions.

betmas: Synaxarion

datingtext

The dates 18th–20th Ṭǝqǝmt correspond to approximately 28–30 October in the Gregorian calendar, based on the Ethiopian calendar's offset. The sequence is consistent with the synaxarion's annual cycle.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of the unnamed commemoration on 18th and 20th Ṭǝqǝmt is unclear; it may be a scribal omission or a reference to a saint known from context.
The specific council of Antioch commemorated is not specified; it could be the 341 synod or another local council.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:21 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of Commemoration of a priest Salām-hymn to Elisha Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Ḥaḍḍir 21st Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of the translatio of Commemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs Commemoration of Commemoration of the miracle of Mary liberating Mathias from prison Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Joel Salām-hymn to the translatio of Lazarus 22nd Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Luke the Evangelist Salām-hymn to the companions of Luke the Evangelist Salām-hymn to Yosef and Diyonāsyos Salām-hymn to ʾIlāryon

English

Commemoration of Commemoration of a priest Salām-hymn to Elisha Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Ḥaḍḍir 21st Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of the translatio of Commemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs Commemoration of Commemoration of the miracle of Mary liberating Mathias from prison Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Joel Salām-hymn to the translatio of Lazarus 22nd Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Luke the Evangelist Salām-hymn to the companions of Luke the Evangelist Salām-hymn to Yosef and Diyonāsyos Salām-hymn to ʾIlāryon

Commentary

structuretext21st Ṭǝqǝmt

The passage lists commemorations for 21st and 22nd Ṭǝqǝmt, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The 21st includes multiple entries: a priest, Elisha, Yoḥannǝs Ḥaḍḍir, the translatio of an unspecified saint, ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs, and a miracle of Mary. The 22nd commemorates Luke the Evangelist and others.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarytranslatio

The term 'translatio' (from Latin, via Coptic) refers to the transfer of relics of a saint. Here it is used for an unspecified saint on 21st Ṭǝqǝmt and for Lazarus on the same day, indicating a feast of relic translation.

backgroundbackgroundYoḥannǝs Ḥaḍḍir

Yoḥannǝs Ḥaḍḍir (John the Short) is a Coptic saint, a monk of Scetis, commemorated in the Synaxarion. His epithet 'Ḥaḍḍir' means 'the short' in Arabic, reflecting his stature.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternalmiracle of Mary liberating Mathias from prison

This miracle narrative, commemorated on 21st Ṭǝqǝmt, is a popular apocryphal story in Ethiopian tradition, emphasizing Mary's intercessory power. It reflects the strong Marian devotion in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontextCommemoration of

Several entries on 21st Ṭǝqǝmt are left blank after 'Commemoration of', likely due to manuscript lacunae or scribal omission. The intended saints are not specified, and the text may be incomplete.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The identity of the priest commemorated on 21st Ṭǝqǝmt is not specified; the text may be corrupt or abbreviated. The 'translatio of' on the same day lacks a named saint, possibly a scribal omission.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:22 · narrativehigh

Source

23rd Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of Diyonāsyos, bishop of Qorotos Commemoration of Ṭenqǝyāqe and other saints Short salām-hymn to St Joseph I, Pope of Alexandria Short salām-hymn to St Dionysius of Corinth 24th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of Ṗāwlos and his friend Commemoration of Zaynā Commemoration of ʾAwsyā and Qʷasṭanṭinos Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to St Hilarion Salām-hymn to Ṗāwlos and his friend 25th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of and Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of the consecration of the church of

English

23rd Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of Diyonāsyos, bishop of Qorotos Commemoration of Ṭenqǝyāqe and other saints Short salām-hymn to St Joseph I, Pope of Alexandria Short salām-hymn to St Dionysius of Corinth 24th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of Ṗāwlos and his friend Commemoration of Zaynā Commemoration of ʾAwsyā and Qʷasṭanṭinos Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to St Hilarion Salām-hymn to Ṗāwlos and his friend 25th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of and Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of the consecration of the church of

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations for three consecutive days (23rd–25th Ṭǝqǝmt) in the Synaxarion, each day beginning with a heading and followed by multiple entries. The entries include named saints, groups, and salām-hymns, typical of the synaxarion's calendrical structure.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossaryDiyonāsyos, bishop of Qorotos

Diyonāsyos (Dionysius) is identified as bishop of Qorotos, likely Corinth (Qorotos being a Geʿez rendering of Corinth). This commemorates a saint distinct from Dionysius the Areopagite.

termglossaryṬenqǝyāqe

Ṭenqǝyāqe is a Geʿez name for a saint or group of saints; the exact identity is uncertain, possibly a corruption or variant of a Coptic or Greek name. The entry groups them with 'other saints'.

termglossaryZaynā

Zaynā is a Geʿez name for a saint; the identity is unclear, possibly a local Ethiopian saint or a variant of a name from the Coptic tradition.

termglossaryʾAwsyā and Qʷasṭanṭinos

ʾAwsyā and Qʷasṭanṭinos are Geʿez forms of Eusebius and Constantine, likely referring to the Roman emperor Constantine and possibly a bishop or martyr named Eusebius.

cautiontext

The entry for 25th Ṭǝqǝmt is incomplete in the Geʿez text, with repeated 'Commemoration of' and a truncated phrase 'the consecration of the church of'. The English draft mirrors this, indicating a lacuna or scribal break in the source manuscript.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of Ṭenqǝyāqe and Zaynā is uncertain; they may be local Ethiopian saints or corruptions of Coptic/Greek names.
The entry for 25th Ṭǝqǝmt is incomplete, leaving the church's name and the full list of commemorations unknown.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:23 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbel and Dalilā Salām-hymn to ʾAbib Salām-hymn to the companions of ʾAbib Salām-hymn to ʾAbib Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church 26th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of and Hurās Salām-hymn to Ṭimonā Commemoration of Filǝṗṗos and Sagǝwnās 27th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of Ṗawlos and Yolyānos Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Maqārǝs 28th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Markiyānos and Marqoryos Commemoration of ʾabbā Maqdu and other saints Commemoration of ʾabbā Yǝmʾattā Salām-hymn to Abraham

English

Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbel and Dalilā Salām-hymn to ʾAbib Salām-hymn to the companions of ʾAbib Salām-hymn to ʾAbib Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church 26th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of and Hurās Salām-hymn to Ṭimonā Commemoration of Filǝṗṗos and Sagǝwnās 27th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Commemoration of Ṗawlos and Yolyānos Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to Maqārǝs 28th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of Markiyānos and Marqoryos Commemoration of ʾabbā Maqdu and other saints Commemoration of ʾabbā Yǝmʾattā Salām-hymn to Abraham

Commentary

structuretext

This passage continues the synaxarion entries for 23rd–28th Ṭǝqǝmt, listing commemorations and salām-hymns. The sequence is typical of the genre, with brief notices for multiple saints and feasts.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextsalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a Geʿez liturgical poem of praise, often addressed to a saint or to a church consecration. The repeated entries for ʾAbib and the companions indicate multiple hymns for the same figure.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtext

The names ʾAbel, Dalilā, ʾAbib, and others are drawn from the Ethiopian synaxarion tradition, which adapts Coptic and local hagiographies. The entry for 26th Ṭǝqǝmt includes a lacuna after 'Commemoration of'.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

The Geʿez text for 26th Ṭǝqǝmt reads 'Commemoration of' with a blank, and 'Commemoration of and Hurās' is syntactically incomplete. This suggests a manuscript lacuna or scribal omission.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontext

The synaxarion is used liturgically in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The inclusion of multiple salām-hymns for ʾAbib reflects his local veneration, though he is less known outside Ethiopia.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The entry for 26th Ṭǝqǝmt has a missing name after 'Commemoration of' and an unclear phrase 'Commemoration of and Hurās', likely due to manuscript damage.
The identity of ʾAbib and his companions is not specified in this passage; they may be local Ethiopian saints.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:24 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Yǝmʾattā Salām-hymn to Markǝyānos and Marqorewos 29th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of the birth of Commemoration of the birth of Dǝmeṭrǝyos Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to Dǝmeṭros Salām-hymn to Sǝqṭār 30th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of ʾAbrǝhām bāḥtāwi Commemoration of Fālibunā and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhām Subscription for Ṭǝqǝmt 1st Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Maksimos, Numanfyos, Fiqṭor and Filǝṗṗos Short commemoration of Kāleb Long commemoration of Kāleb, apparently identical to the one occuring in the second recension on 20th Gǝnbot.

English

Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Yǝmʾattā Salām-hymn to Markǝyānos and Marqorewos 29th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of the birth of Commemoration of the birth of Dǝmeṭrǝyos Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to Dǝmeṭros Salām-hymn to Sǝqṭār 30th Ṭǝqǝmt Commemoration of ʾAbrǝhām bāḥtāwi Commemoration of Fālibunā and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhām Subscription for Ṭǝqǝmt 1st Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Maksimos, Numanfyos, Fiqṭor and Filǝṗṗos Short commemoration of Kāleb Long commemoration of Kāleb, apparently identical to the one occuring in the second recension on 20th Gǝnbot.

Commentary

structuretext

This passage marks the end of the month Ṭǝqǝmt and the beginning of Ḫǝdar, with a subscription for Ṭǝqǝmt followed by entries for 1st Ḫǝdar.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise or salutation to a saint or feast.

backgroundexternal

The commemoration of Kāleb (Ella Asbeha) is a notable Aksumite king; the long version here is noted as identical to one in the second recension on 20th Gǝnbot, indicating textual reuse.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

transmissiontext

The note on the long commemoration of Kāleb suggests a textual relationship between recensions, with the editor flagging duplication across months.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

The entry 'Commemoration of the birth of' lacks a name in both Geʿez and English, possibly a lacuna or scribal omission.

Open questions · 1

The commemoration of the birth of (saint unnamed) may be a lacuna; the long commemoration of Kāleb is noted as identical to another entry, but the exact textual relationship is not specified.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:25 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary Salām-hymn to Maksimyānos ʿĀrke-hymn to the angels Salām-hymn to the Trinity and St Mary 2nd Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Setenwā and other saints Salām-hymn to Sānǝtyu and Ṗeṭros 3rd Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Kirākos Commemoration of ʾAtnāsyos and his sister ʾIrāʾi Commemoration of Madḫanina ʾƎgziʾ Salām-hymn to Habakkuk Salām-hymn to Kiryāqos Salām-hymn to ʾAtnātewos and ʾIrāʾi 4th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of ʾAbimākos and ʾAzāryānos Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs and Yāʿqob, bishops of Fārs

English

Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary Salām-hymn to Maksimyānos ʿĀrke-hymn to the angels Salām-hymn to the Trinity and St Mary 2nd Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Setenwā and other saints Salām-hymn to Sānǝtyu and Ṗeṭros 3rd Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Kirākos Commemoration of ʾAtnāsyos and his sister ʾIrāʾi Commemoration of Madḫanina ʾƎgziʾ Salām-hymn to Habakkuk Salām-hymn to Kiryāqos Salām-hymn to ʾAtnātewos and ʾIrāʾi 4th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of ʾAbimākos and ʾAzāryānos Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs and Yāʿqob, bishops of Fārs

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a calendar list for the first four days of Ḫǝdar (the second month of the Geʿez year), consisting of commemorations and hymn headings. The repeated 'Commemoration of' entries with no name (2nd Ḫǝdar) suggest a lacuna or a placeholder in the manuscript.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically a hymn of praise addressed to a saint or a feast. Its presence here marks the liturgical use of the synaxarion entries.

termglossaryʿĀrke-hymn

An 'ʿĀrke-hymn' is another Geʿez hymn type, often longer and more elaborate than a Salām-hymn. Its occurrence here, addressed to the angels, is a distinctive feature of this calendar section.

backgroundexternal

The month Ḫǝdar corresponds to November in the Gregorian calendar. The synaxarion follows the Coptic calendar, and these entries reflect the Ethiopian Orthodox liturgical year.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternal

The commemoration of 'Madḫanina ʾƎgziʾ' (Our Savior) on 3rd Ḫǝdar is a feast of Christ, reflecting the Ethiopian emphasis on Christological titles. This entry is consistent with broader East Christian synaxaria.

cautiontext

The two blank 'Commemoration of' entries under 2nd Ḫǝdar may indicate a textual corruption or an intentional omission in the source manuscript. The edition (betmas) does not supply missing names, so the reader should note the lacuna.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The two blank 'Commemoration of' entries under 2nd Ḫǝdar are ambiguous: they may represent lost names or a deliberate gap in the manuscript. The edition (betmas) reproduces them as is, so no restoration is attempted.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:26 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of Tomās, bishop of Damāsqo Commemoration of Zakāryās Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbaydo Commemoration of , son of Romāna Warq Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob and Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Tomās Salām-hymn to ʾAbimākos and ʾAzǝryānos Salām-hymn to ʾAbaydo 5th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Langinos Commemoration of the translatio of Tewodros Salām-hymn to Ṭimotewos Salām-hymn to the companions of Yoḥanni Salām-hymn to Langinos Salām-hymn to Tewodros 6th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Filkos Commemoration of the consecration of the tabernacle by on Qʷǝsqʷām

English

Commemoration of Tomās, bishop of Damāsqo Commemoration of Zakāryās Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbaydo Commemoration of , son of Romāna Warq Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob and Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Tomās Salām-hymn to ʾAbimākos and ʾAzǝryānos Salām-hymn to ʾAbaydo 5th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Langinos Commemoration of the translatio of Tewodros Salām-hymn to Ṭimotewos Salām-hymn to the companions of Yoḥanni Salām-hymn to Langinos Salām-hymn to Tewodros 6th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Filkos Commemoration of the consecration of the tabernacle by on Qʷǝsqʷām

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for 4th–6th Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of the synaxarion's daily entries.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextQʷǝsqʷām

Qʷǝsqʷām (Coptic ϭⲱϣⲕⲁⲙ) refers to the monastery of al-Muḥarraq in Egypt, associated with the consecration of a tabernacle.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtext

The entry for 6th Ḫǝdar commemorates the consecration of the tabernacle at Qʷǝsqʷām, a feast tied to the Coptic tradition of church dedication.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontext

The fourth commemoration on 4th Ḫǝdar reads 'son of Romāna Warq' without a name, likely a scribal omission or corruption.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontext

The salām-hymn to Yāʿqob and Yoḥannǝs reflects the veneration of these saints in the Ethiopic tradition, often paired in liturgical hymns.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The fourth commemoration on 4th Ḫǝdar lacks a personal name; the reading assumes a lacuna or error.
The consecration of the tabernacle on 6th Ḫǝdar is not further specified; the reading follows the Coptic tradition of Qʷǝsqʷām.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:27 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of ʾAfros and other saints Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to Dabra Qʷǝsqʷām Salām-hymn to Filǝks 7th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Giyorgis of Alexandria Commemoration of ʾabbā Nāḫrǝw Commemoration of ʾabbā Minās, bishop of Tǝmay Commemoration of the consecration of the church of Commemoration of Zinobis Commemoration of Marqorewos and Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Giyorgis Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Nāhrǝw Salām-hymn to Minās Salām-hymn to Marqorewos and Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Marqorewos and Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to George Salām-hymn to Zinobyā and Nobis

English

Commemoration of ʾAfros and other saints Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to Dabra Qʷǝsqʷām Salām-hymn to Filǝks 7th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Giyorgis of Alexandria Commemoration of ʾabbā Nāḫrǝw Commemoration of ʾabbā Minās, bishop of Tǝmay Commemoration of the consecration of the church of Commemoration of Zinobis Commemoration of Marqorewos and Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Giyorgis Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Nāhrǝw Salām-hymn to Minās Salām-hymn to Marqorewos and Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Marqorewos and Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to George Salām-hymn to Zinobyā and Nobis

Commentary

structuretext7th Ḫǝdar

The date '7th Ḫǝdar' marks a new liturgical day within the synaxarion, separating the preceding commemorations from those that follow.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise addressed to a saint or holy site.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundexternalDabra Qʷǝsqʷām

Dabra Qʷǝsqʷām (Mount Qusquam) is a monastery in Egypt associated with the Holy Family tradition and venerated in Ethiopian Christianity.

named: Hollis 2023

cautiontextCommemoration of the consecration of the church of

The entry for the church consecration is incomplete in the Geʿez text, lacking the name of the church; this may indicate a lacuna or scribal omission.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternalGiyorgis of Alexandria

Giyorgis of Alexandria is a saint commemorated in the Copto-Arabic synaxarion, reflecting shared hagiographic traditions between the Coptic and Ethiopian churches.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

Open questions · 2

The identity of 'ʾAfros' is uncertain; it may refer to a saint not widely attested in other sources.
The incomplete entry for the church consecration leaves the specific church unidentified.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:28 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to the companions of Zinobis and Zanobyā 8th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of the Four Animals Commemoration of ʾAfnin Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs and apparition of the cross to Constantine Commemoration of Qǝfrǝnyā Commemoration of the companions of ʾEsdǝros Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Qǝfri Salām-hymn to the Four Heavenly Animals Salām-hymn to ʾAfnin ʿArke-hymn mentioning ʾƎgziʾ Kǝbrā Salām-hymn to Constantine 9th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Yǝsḥaq Commemoration of the council of Nicaea Salām-hymn to Yǝshāq Salām-hymn to the fathers of Niceaea

English

Salām-hymn to the companions of Zinobis and Zanobyā 8th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of the Four Animals Commemoration of ʾAfnin Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs and apparition of the cross to Constantine Commemoration of Qǝfrǝnyā Commemoration of the companions of ʾEsdǝros Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Qǝfri Salām-hymn to the Four Heavenly Animals Salām-hymn to ʾAfnin ʿArke-hymn mentioning ʾƎgziʾ Kǝbrā Salām-hymn to Constantine 9th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Yǝsḥaq Commemoration of the council of Nicaea Salām-hymn to Yǝshāq Salām-hymn to the fathers of Niceaea

Commentary

structuretext8th Ḫǝdar / 9th Ḫǝdar

The passage lists commemorations and hymns for two consecutive days, 8th and 9th Ḫǝdar, following the synaxarion's calendrical structure.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical hymn in Geʿez tradition, typically a salutation to a saint or event.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossaryʿArke-hymn

ʿArke-hymn is a specific hymn type in Ethiopic liturgy, often used for praise and mentioning divine names.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundexternalCommemoration of the Four Animals

The Four Animals likely refer to the four living creatures of Ezekiel's vision, often associated with the evangelists in Christian iconography.

named: Hollis 2023

receptionexternalCommemoration of the council of Nicaea

The commemoration of the Council of Nicaea (325 CE) reflects its enduring authority in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, celebrated on 9th Ḫǝdar.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontextCommemoration of ʾAfnin

The identity of ʾAfnin is uncertain; it may be a variant of a saint's name or a textual corruption, requiring further verification.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of ʾAfnin is unclear; it may be a misspelling or a lesser-known saint.
The companions of Zinobis and Zanobyā are not specified in this passage.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:29 · narrativemedium

Source

10th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Sofyā and her daughters Commemoration of the council at the time of king Fiqṭoryos Commemoration of Ṗāwlos and three martyrs Salām-hymn to the virgins Salām-hymn to the participants of the council of Rome Salām-hymn 11th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾArkilāʾos, ʾElsāʿ the abbot and ʾAkumis Salām-hymn to Anne Salām-hymn to ʾArkelāʾos and other saints Salām-hymn to Minās Hymn to the prophets, saints, apostles, angels, and virgins 12th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Michael, history of Dortāwos and Tāwobǝstā

English

10th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Sofyā and her daughters Commemoration of the council at the time of king Fiqṭoryos Commemoration of Ṗāwlos and three martyrs Salām-hymn to the virgins Salām-hymn to the participants of the council of Rome Salām-hymn 11th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾArkilāʾos, ʾElsāʿ the abbot and ʾAkumis Salām-hymn to Anne Salām-hymn to ʾArkelāʾos and other saints Salām-hymn to Minās Hymn to the prophets, saints, apostles, angels, and virgins 12th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Michael, history of Dortāwos and Tāwobǝstā

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and hymns for the 10th, 11th, and 12th of Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The entries for the 11th include a lacuna after 'Commemoration of'.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackground

The council at the time of king Fiqṭoryos likely refers to a local synod in the Ethiopian tradition, though the specific king and council are not widely attested in standard church histories.

termtextFiqṭoryos

The name Fiqṭoryos is a Geʿez form of Victor or Victorinus, possibly a king of Aksum or a local ruler, but the historical identification remains uncertain.

cautiontext

The entry for the 11th of Ḫǝdar has an incomplete line: 'Commemoration of' with no name, indicating a textual lacuna or scribal omission in the source.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionbackground

The commemoration of Michael on the 12th of Ḫǝdar, along with the history of Dortāwos and Tāwobǝstā, reflects the prominence of angelic and apocryphal traditions in Ethiopian Orthodox piety.

Open questions · 2

The identity of king Fiqṭoryos and the specific council are not clearly identified in available sources.
The lacuna after 'Commemoration of' on the 11th of Ḫǝdar leaves the intended saint or event unknown.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:30 · narrativehigh

Source

Unidentified commemoration of Michael Commemoration of Filtāwos Commemoration of Baʾǝda Māryām Salām-hymn to the angels Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to Filitāwos Salām-hymn to Michael Salām-hymn 13rd Ḫǝdar Commemoration of the Myriads of Myriads Commemoration of ʾAskanār Commemoration of ʾabbā Ṭimotewos Commemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās Commemoration of Śǝlṭǝyā and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAskanāfǝr Salām-hymn to Ṭimotewos Salām-hymn to Zakāryās Salām-hymn to the Myriads of Myriads 14th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Qonitos Commemoration of ʾabbā Dānʾel

English

Unidentified commemoration of Michael Commemoration of Filtāwos Commemoration of Baʾǝda Māryām Salām-hymn to the angels Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to Filitāwos Salām-hymn to Michael Salām-hymn 13rd Ḫǝdar Commemoration of the Myriads of Myriads Commemoration of ʾAskanār Commemoration of ʾabbā Ṭimotewos Commemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās Commemoration of Śǝlṭǝyā and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAskanāfǝr Salām-hymn to Ṭimotewos Salām-hymn to Zakāryās Salām-hymn to the Myriads of Myriads 14th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Qonitos Commemoration of ʾabbā Dānʾel

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for 12th–14th Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of the synaxarion. The entries are brief, with no narrative expansion, typical of the genre's calendrical format.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossaryFiltāwos / Filitāwos

The name appears in two spellings: Filtāwos and Filitāwos. This likely reflects scribal variation or a copyist's error; the same saint is intended.

termglossaryʾAskanār / ʾAskanāfǝr

The name ʾAskanār in the commemoration line is spelled ʾAskanāfǝr in the salām-hymn. This may be a scribal variant or a different vocalization of the same name.

backgroundbackgroundMyriads of Myriads

The commemoration of the Myriads of Myriads refers to the collective feast of the countless martyrs, a common theme in Eastern Christian hagiography, especially after the Diocletianic persecution.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontext

The entry for 12th Ḫǝdar begins with 'Unidentified commemoration of Michael', indicating that the specific identity of this commemoration is lost or uncertain in the manuscript tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The spelling variation Filtāwos/Filitāwos and ʾAskanār/ʾAskanāfǝr may reflect scribal inconsistency or different manuscript traditions.
The 'Unidentified commemoration of Michael' suggests a lacuna or loss of specific hagiographic detail.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:31 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of Lurāsṭos and other saints Commemoration of Gārgis and Balaṭǝn Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Dānʾel Salām-hymn to Maṭrǝyonās 15th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Minās Commemoration of Minās the patriarch Salām-hymn to ʾAwārewos Salām-hymn to ʾAwlāgis Salām-hymn to St Menas Salām-hymn to Mina II Commemoration of Makbǝyu ʿĀrke-hymn to Makbǝyu 16th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Nāfǝr Beginning of the fasting period before christmas according to the Jacobites Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch

English

Commemoration of Lurāsṭos and other saints Commemoration of Gārgis and Balaṭǝn Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Dānʾel Salām-hymn to Maṭrǝyonās 15th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Minās Commemoration of Minās the patriarch Salām-hymn to ʾAwārewos Salām-hymn to ʾAwlāgis Salām-hymn to St Menas Salām-hymn to Mina II Commemoration of Makbǝyu ʿĀrke-hymn to Makbǝyu 16th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Nāfǝr Beginning of the fasting period before christmas according to the Jacobites Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch

Commentary

structuretext15th Ḫǝdar

The passage is a sequence of commemorations and hymns for the 15th and 16th of the Ethiopian month Ḫǝdar, following the synaxarion's calendrical structure.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise to a saint or angel, often used in the synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossaryʿĀrke-hymn

An 'ʿĀrke-hymn' is a specific type of Geʿez hymn, possibly a genre of liturgical composition, though its precise characteristics are not fully defined in the source.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextJacobites

The term 'Jacobites' refers to the Syriac Orthodox Church, which follows the West Syriac liturgical tradition; the note indicates that the fasting period before Christmas is observed according to their calendar.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

datingtext16th Ḫǝdar

The commemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Nāfǝr on 16th Ḫǝdar aligns with the Ethiopian liturgical calendar, marking a specific feast day.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontextMinās the patriarch

The identity of 'Minās the patriarch' is ambiguous; it may refer to a Coptic patriarch named Mina, but the synaxarion does not specify which one, and the English draft conflates it with St Menas.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of 'Minās the patriarch' is unclear; it could be a different figure from St Menas (Mina), but the text does not distinguish them clearly.
The term 'Jacobites' may be anachronistic or reflect a later editorial addition, as the synaxarion is primarily Copto-Ethiopian.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:32 · narrativehigh

Source

Commemoration of ʾAbbā Dānʾel and Emperor ʾAnorewos Commemoration of Ṭāṭus Salām-hymn to Ṭāṭus Salām-hymn to ʾAbbā Dānʾel and Emperor ʾAnorewos Salām-hymn to ʾAwlāgis Commemoration of Kisṭos Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Kawǝsṭos Salām-hymn to Fiqṭor Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of ʾAbunāfǝr 17th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of the translatio of John Chrysostom Commemoration of the death of John Chrysostom Commemoration of ʾAbrǝhām and Hārik Salām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhām and Ḥarik Salām-hymn to the righteous of Waṣif

English

Commemoration of ʾAbbā Dānʾel and Emperor ʾAnorewos Commemoration of Ṭāṭus Salām-hymn to Ṭāṭus Salām-hymn to ʾAbbā Dānʾel and Emperor ʾAnorewos Salām-hymn to ʾAwlāgis Commemoration of Kisṭos Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Kawǝsṭos Salām-hymn to Fiqṭor Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of ʾAbunāfǝr 17th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of the translatio of John Chrysostom Commemoration of the death of John Chrysostom Commemoration of ʾAbrǝhām and Hārik Salām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhām and Ḥarik Salām-hymn to the righteous of Waṣif

Commentary

structuretext

This passage continues the synaxarion's sequence of commemorations and hymns for the 16th and 17th of Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of earlier entries.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical hymn in Geʿez tradition, typically a salutation to a saint or event, often following a commemoration entry.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundJohn Chrysostom

John Chrysostom (c. 347–407) was a prominent Church Father and Archbishop of Constantinople; his translation and death are commemorated separately in the synaxarion, reflecting his importance in Eastern Christian tradition.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternalWaṣif

The 'righteous of Waṣif' likely refers to a monastic community or martyrs associated with the region of Waṣif in Ethiopia, indicating local veneration within the Ethiopic tradition.

cautiontextHārik

The name 'Hārik' appears in the Geʿez as 'Hārik' but in the English draft as 'Ḥarik'; the variation may reflect a scribal or editorial inconsistency, but the intended figure is unclear.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of Kisṭos, Kawǝsṭos, and Fiqṭor is not specified; they may be local saints or martyrs not widely attested.
The relationship between the commemoration of the translation and death of John Chrysostom on the same day is unclear; the synaxarion may combine two traditions.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:33 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to Sinodā Salām-hymn to the translatio of John Chrysostom 18th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of ʾAṭrākis and Yonā Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾElawtǝros and ʾƎntiyā Salām-hymn to Yonā and ʾAṭrāsis Salām-hymn to Philip Salām-hymn to ʾAtnātewos 19th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of the consecration of the church of Sargis Beginning of the Europeans' fast before Christmas Commemoration of Bartalomewos Commemoration of Tewoflos Salām-hymn to Tewoflos Salām-hymn to the bishops who consecrated the church of Sargis Salām-hymn to Bartalomewos

English

Salām-hymn to Sinodā Salām-hymn to the translatio of John Chrysostom 18th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of ʾAṭrākis and Yonā Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾElawtǝros and ʾƎntiyā Salām-hymn to Yonā and ʾAṭrāsis Salām-hymn to Philip Salām-hymn to ʾAtnātewos 19th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of the consecration of the church of Sargis Beginning of the Europeans' fast before Christmas Commemoration of Bartalomewos Commemoration of Tewoflos Salām-hymn to Tewoflos Salām-hymn to the bishops who consecrated the church of Sargis Salām-hymn to Bartalomewos

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a calendar entry for 18th and 19th Ḫǝdar, listing commemorations and salām-hymns. It follows the pattern of the Synaxarion, where each day has a header followed by named saints and hymn titles.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise addressed to a saint or feast. The term derives from the Semitic root for 'peace' and is used in the Ethiopian tradition.

backgroundbackgroundtranslatio of John Chrysostom

The translatio (transfer of relics) of John Chrysostom is a feast commemorating the movement of his remains to Constantinople in 438 CE. This is a standard entry in the Synaxarion, reflecting the reception of Byzantine hagiography in Ethiopia.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

datingtext18th Ḫǝdar

Ḫǝdar is the third month of the Ethiopian calendar, roughly corresponding to November. The 18th and 19th days fall in late November, aligning with the pre-Christmas fast mentioned for the 19th.

receptiontextBeginning of the Europeans' fast before Christmas

This phrase refers to the Advent fast observed by Western Christians, noted here in the Ethiopian Synaxarion as a distinct practice. It shows awareness of European Christian traditions within the Ethiopian liturgical calendar.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontextCommemoration of

The entry 'Commemoration of' on the 18th is incomplete in the source, lacking a saint's name. This may be a scribal omission or a lacuna in the manuscript tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The incomplete 'Commemoration of' on 18th Ḫǝdar leaves the saint unidentified; it may be a copyist error or a deliberate placeholder.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:34 · narrativehigh

Source

20th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of ʾAnyānos the patriarch Commemoration of the consecration of the church of Tewodros Salām-hymn to ʾAnyānos Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Tewodros 21st Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Mary Commemoration of Gorgoryos Commemoration of ʾabbā Qozimos the patriarch Commemoration of the martyrs of ʾƎsnumnay Commemoration of Commemoration of the translatio of Diborā Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Gregory Thaumaturgos Salām-hymn to Qozmos Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to the martyrs of ʾƎsmunayn

English

20th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of ʾAnyānos the patriarch Commemoration of the consecration of the church of Tewodros Salām-hymn to ʾAnyānos Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Tewodros 21st Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Mary Commemoration of Gorgoryos Commemoration of ʾabbā Qozimos the patriarch Commemoration of the martyrs of ʾƎsnumnay Commemoration of Commemoration of the translatio of Diborā Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Gregory Thaumaturgos Salām-hymn to Qozmos Salām-hymn to Salām-hymn to the martyrs of ʾƎsmunayn

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations for 20th and 21st Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of the Synaxarion: date, then commemorations, then salām-hymns.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarysalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically praising a saint or event, often appended to the synaxarion entry.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackground

The commemoration of the consecration of the church of Tewodros (Theodore) reflects the importance of church dedications in Ethiopian Orthodox liturgical calendars.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontext

The English draft shows an incomplete line: 'Commemoration of' with no name, and 'Salām-hymn to' with no name, indicating a lacuna or scribal omission in the source.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionbackground

The commemoration of the martyrs of ʾƎsnumnay (Esna) is known from Copto-Arabic synaxaria, showing shared hagiographic traditions between Coptic and Ethiopian churches.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

Open questions · 2

The identity of the missing commemoration and salām-hymn on 21st Ḫǝdar is unclear due to textual lacunae.
The specific location or church of Tewodros is not specified in this passage.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:35 · narrativehigh

Source

22nd Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Qozmos, Damyānos and their family Commemoration of the companions of Qozmos Commemoration of Qalemǝnṭos Salām-hymn to children of Tewodyādā Salām-hymn to the companions of Qozmos 23rd Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Qornolyos Commemoration of ʾAbudiyā Salām-hymn to ʾAbudiyā Salām-hymn to Qornolyos 24th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of the 24 heavenly priests Commemoration of ʾAzqir Commemoration of Qālātaw and other saints Commemoration of two Diyosqoros Commemoration of Yosef Salām-hymn to the priests Salām-hymn to ʾAzqir

English

22nd Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Qozmos, Damyānos and their family Commemoration of the companions of Qozmos Commemoration of Qalemǝnṭos Salām-hymn to children of Tewodyādā Salām-hymn to the companions of Qozmos 23rd Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Qornolyos Commemoration of ʾAbudiyā Salām-hymn to ʾAbudiyā Salām-hymn to Qornolyos 24th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of the 24 heavenly priests Commemoration of ʾAzqir Commemoration of Qālātaw and other saints Commemoration of two Diyosqoros Commemoration of Yosef Salām-hymn to the priests Salām-hymn to ʾAzqir

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for three consecutive days (22nd–24th Ḫǝdar), following the pattern of the Synaxarion's daily entries.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackground

Qozmos and Damyānos are the 'Anargyroi' (unmercenary physicians) venerated in both Eastern and Oriental Orthodox traditions; their commemoration here on 22nd Ḫǝdar aligns with the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

termglossaryQalemǝnṭos

Qalemǝnṭos is the Geʿez form of Clement (likely Pope Clement I of Rome), a figure commemorated in various Eastern calendars.

termglossaryTewodyādā

Tewodyādā is the Geʿez form of Theodosius; the 'children of Tewodyādā' likely refers to the sons of Emperor Theodosius I or a monastic community associated with him.

backgroundbackground

The '24 heavenly priests' on 24th Ḫǝdar are the 24 elders of the Apocalypse (Revelation 4:4), a common theme in Ethiopian liturgical tradition.

receptionexternal

The inclusion of multiple commemorations per day reflects the Synaxarion's function as a liturgical calendar, where several saints may be honored together, especially when their feasts fall on the same date.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

Open questions · 1

The identity of 'Qālātaw' is uncertain; it may be a place name or a personal name. 'Two Diyosqoros' could refer to two distinct saints named Dioscorus or a single saint with a dual commemoration.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:36 · narrativehigh

Source

25th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Pilupāder Commemoration of ʾAqāros and Romānos Commemoration of Sabla Wangel Salām-hymn to Marqorewos 26th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Balāryānos Commemoration of Gregory of Nyssa Commemoration of the martyrs of Nagrān Commemoration of Gelyos and other saints Commemoration of ʾIyasus Moʾa Salām-hymn to the martyrs of Nāgrān Salām-hymn to Balāryānos Salām-hymn to Gregory of Nyssa Salām-hymn to ʾIyasus Moʾa 27th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Yāʿqob Commemoration of Ṭimotewos Commemoration of Filmon Commemoration of ʾAlʿāre and other saints

English

25th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Pilupāder Commemoration of ʾAqāros and Romānos Commemoration of Sabla Wangel Salām-hymn to Marqorewos 26th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Balāryānos Commemoration of Gregory of Nyssa Commemoration of the martyrs of Nagrān Commemoration of Gelyos and other saints Commemoration of ʾIyasus Moʾa Salām-hymn to the martyrs of Nāgrān Salām-hymn to Balāryānos Salām-hymn to Gregory of Nyssa Salām-hymn to ʾIyasus Moʾa 27th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Yāʿqob Commemoration of Ṭimotewos Commemoration of Filmon Commemoration of ʾAlʿāre and other saints

Commentary

structuretext

This passage continues the synaxarion's calendrical listing for 25th–27th Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of commemorations and salām-hymns seen in the previous passage.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossaryPilupāder

Pilupāder is the Geʿez form of the name Philotheus, a common saint in the Ethiopic tradition, though the specific identity here is uncertain.

termglossarySabla Wangel

Sabla Wangel, meaning 'Cross of the Gospel' in Geʿez, is a female saint venerated in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, often associated with the 25th Ḫǝdar.

backgroundexternalmartyrs of Nagrān

The martyrs of Nagrān (Najran) were Christians killed in the 6th-century persecution by the Jewish king Dhu Nuwas, a key event in Ethiopic hagiography.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternalʾIyasus Moʾa

ʾIyasus Moʾa (Jesus the Moa) is a 13th-century Ethiopian saint, founder of the monastery of Dabra ʾAsbo, whose commemoration on 26th Ḫǝdar reflects later Ethiopic additions to the synaxarion.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontextGelyos

The name Gelyos is obscure and may be a corruption or variant of a known saint; its identification is uncertain without further manuscript evidence.

Open questions · 3

The identity of Pilupāder is not specified; it may refer to multiple saints named Philotheus.
Gelyos is an unclear name, possibly a scribal error or a rare saint.
The relationship between the commemorations and the salām-hymns is not explicit; the latter may be liturgical additions.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:37 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to Jesus Christ Salām-hymn to Ṭimotewos Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob Salām-hymn to Filmonā Salām-hymn to Takla Ḥawāryāt Salām-hymn to Gabra Yoḥannǝs 28th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Sārābāmon Commemoration of ʾabbā Libānos of Dabra Qʷanāṣǝl Salām-hymn to Rabāmon Salām-hymn to Sarabāmon Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Liqānos Salām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob 29th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Ṗeṭros the patriarch Commemoration of the birth of Christ Commemoration of the 47000 martyrs Commemoration of Qalemǝnṭos Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ

English

Salām-hymn to Jesus Christ Salām-hymn to Ṭimotewos Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob Salām-hymn to Filmonā Salām-hymn to Takla Ḥawāryāt Salām-hymn to Gabra Yoḥannǝs 28th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Sārābāmon Commemoration of ʾabbā Libānos of Dabra Qʷanāṣǝl Salām-hymn to Rabāmon Salām-hymn to Sarabāmon Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Liqānos Salām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob 29th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of Ṗeṭros the patriarch Commemoration of the birth of Christ Commemoration of the 47000 martyrs Commemoration of Qalemǝnṭos Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ

Commentary

structuretextSalām-hymn to Jesus Christ

This passage is a sequence of salām-hymns and commemorations for 28th and 29th Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of the Synaxarion's daily entries. The salām-hymns are poetic praises, while commemorations list saints or events.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A 'salām-hymn' is a Geʿez liturgical poem of praise, typically addressed to a saint or Christ. The term 'salām' means 'peace' but here denotes a hymn genre.

backgroundbackgroundCommemoration of the birth of Christ

The commemoration of Christ's birth on 29th Ḫǝdar (approximately 8 December) is unusual in the Ethiopian calendar, where the main feast is on 29th Taḫśaś (7 January). This may reflect a local or earlier tradition.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptiontextCommemoration of the 47000 martyrs

The commemoration of 47,000 martyrs is a collective feast, likely referencing the martyrs of Nagrān or other large groups. This number appears in Ethiopian hagiographic tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontextSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Liqānos

The name 'ʾabbā Liqānos' may be a variant or scribal error for 'ʾabbā Libānos' (mentioned earlier). The similarity suggests possible confusion in the manuscript tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The relationship between the salām-hymns and the commemorations is not explicit; they may be separate or integrated. The identity of 'Rabāmon' and 'Sarabāmon' relative to 'Sārābāmon' is unclear.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:38 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to Ṗeṭros Salām-hymn to Qalemǝnṭos 30th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of ʾAkākyos Commemoration of Maqāryos, consecration of the church of Qozmos and Dimiyānos Commemoration of Gabra Masqal Commemoration of ʾAnānyos and Ṗeṭros Salām-hymn to the martyrs under Diocletian Salām-hymn to Gabra Masqal Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to ʾAkāyyǝyos Salām-hymn to Gabra Masqal Subscription for Ḫǝdār Supplication for Ḫǝdār Second quarter of the year Introduction for Tāḫśāś 1st Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾElyās Commemoration of Nābute Commemoration of Ṗeṭros, the bishop of Gazā

English

Salām-hymn to Ṗeṭros Salām-hymn to Qalemǝnṭos 30th Ḫǝdar Commemoration of ʾAkākyos Commemoration of Maqāryos, consecration of the church of Qozmos and Dimiyānos Commemoration of Gabra Masqal Commemoration of ʾAnānyos and Ṗeṭros Salām-hymn to the martyrs under Diocletian Salām-hymn to Gabra Masqal Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to ʾAkāyyǝyos Salām-hymn to Gabra Masqal Subscription for Ḫǝdār Supplication for Ḫǝdār Second quarter of the year Introduction for Tāḫśāś 1st Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾElyās Commemoration of Nābute Commemoration of Ṗeṭros, the bishop of Gazā

Commentary

structuretext30th Ḫǝdar

This passage marks the end of the month Ḫǝdār (the 30th day) and includes a subscription and supplication, followed by the introduction to the next month Tāḫśāś. The sequence of salām-hymns and commemorations is typical of synaxarion entries for month transitions.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, often used to honor saints or feasts. The repeated salām-hymns here (e.g., to Ṗeṭros, Qalemǝnṭos, Gabra Masqal) reflect the standard doxological pattern of the synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextCommemoration of Maqāryos, consecration of the church of Qozmos and Dimiyānos

Maqāryos (Macarius) is a prominent Egyptian monastic saint; the church of Qozmos and Dimiyānos (Cosmas and Damian) is a well-known dedication in Coptic and Ethiopian Christianity. This entry links a saint’s commemoration with a church consecration, a common synaxarion practice.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptiontextCommemoration of Gabra Masqal

Gabra Masqal (also known as Lalibela) is a celebrated Ethiopian king and saint, associated with the rock-hewn churches. His multiple commemorations in this passage (three times) underscore his importance in Ethiopian hagiography and liturgical memory.

betmas: Synaxarion

datingtextSecond quarter of the year

This phrase indicates the synaxarion’s division of the liturgical year into quarters. The passage transitions from the end of the first quarter (month Ḫǝdār) to the beginning of the second quarter (month Tāḫśāś), reflecting the annual cycle of readings and commemorations.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontextSalām-hymn (unattributed)

One entry reads simply 'Salām-hymn' without a named subject. This may be a scribal omission or a generic placeholder; the intended recipient is unclear. The text is not corrupt, but the lack of specification is ambiguous.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The unattributed 'Salām-hymn' (line 11) lacks a named recipient; it may be a generic entry or a lacuna in the manuscript tradition.
The commemoration of 'Nābute' (1st Tāḫśāś) is obscure; the identity of this saint is not widely attested in standard synaxaria.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:39 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs the patriarch Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAtnāsyos the patriarch Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary Salām-hymn to ʾElyās Salām-hymn to Ṗeṭros Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Naboth 2nd Tāḫśāś Commemoration of the Three Youths Commemoration of the servants of Fāsiladas Commemoration of ʾabbā Hor Commemoration of ʾAbkǝftǝn and other saints Salām-hymn to the Three Youths Salām-hymn to Hor 3rd Tāḫśāś Commemoration of the presentation of Mary to the temple Commemoration of ʾabuna Zenā Mārqos Commemoration of Fānuʾel

English

Commemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs the patriarch Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAtnāsyos the patriarch Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary Salām-hymn to ʾElyās Salām-hymn to Ṗeṭros Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Naboth 2nd Tāḫśāś Commemoration of the Three Youths Commemoration of the servants of Fāsiladas Commemoration of ʾabbā Hor Commemoration of ʾAbkǝftǝn and other saints Salām-hymn to the Three Youths Salām-hymn to Hor 3rd Tāḫśāś Commemoration of the presentation of Mary to the temple Commemoration of ʾabuna Zenā Mārqos Commemoration of Fānuʾel

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a list of commemorations and salām-hymns for the 2nd and 3rd of Tāḫśāś, following the Coptic calendar. It transitions from the end of Ḫǝdar to the beginning of Tāḫśāś.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarysalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopic tradition, typically a hymn of praise. The term is used here to introduce each hymn entry.

backgroundbackground

The Three Youths (Hananiah, Mishael, Azariah) are biblical figures from the Book of Daniel, venerated in the Synaxarion. Their commemoration on 2nd Tāḫśāś is attested in the Copto-Arabic synaxarion.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

backgroundbackground

Fāsiladas (r. 1632–1667) was an Ethiopian emperor. The commemoration of his servants likely refers to martyrs or saints associated with his court, though specific identities are not given here.

termglossaryʾabbā

ʾabbā is an Ethiopic honorific meaning 'father', used for monastic saints and patriarchs. It appears before the names Yoḥannǝs, ʾAtnāsyos, and Hor.

cautiontext

The commemoration of 'ʾAbkǝftǝn and other saints' is obscure; the name ʾAbkǝftǝn may be a variant or corruption. No clear identification is available in the source edition.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The identity of 'ʾAbkǝftǝn' is uncertain; it may be a corruption or a local saint. The phrase 'servants of Fāsiladas' is vague and could refer to court officials or martyrs.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:40 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to the entry of Mary to the temple Salām-hymn to Fānuʾel Salām-hymn to ʾAwtyānos 4th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾƎndrǝyās Commemoration of ʾabbā ʿOḍ and other saints Salām-hymn to Andrew 5th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Nāhom Commemoration of ʾIyāsdǝros Commemoration of ʾAwgānyā Commemoration of Fiqṭor Commemoration of Filǝnṭos and other saints Salām-hymn to Nahum Salām-hymn to ʾEsdǝros Salām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā Salām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā Salām-hymn to Fiqṭor 6th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾAnṭolos Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbrǝhām

English

Salām-hymn to the entry of Mary to the temple Salām-hymn to Fānuʾel Salām-hymn to ʾAwtyānos 4th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾƎndrǝyās Commemoration of ʾabbā ʿOḍ and other saints Salām-hymn to Andrew 5th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Nāhom Commemoration of ʾIyāsdǝros Commemoration of ʾAwgānyā Commemoration of Fiqṭor Commemoration of Filǝnṭos and other saints Salām-hymn to Nahum Salām-hymn to ʾEsdǝros Salām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā Salām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā Salām-hymn to Fiqṭor 6th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾAnṭolos Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbrǝhām

Commentary

structuretext4th Tāḫśāś

The passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for several days of the month Tāḫśāś (4th, 5th, 6th), following the synaxarion's calendrical structure.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically praising a saint or feast. The repeated entries for ʾAwgānyā may indicate multiple hymns or a textual duplication.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundexternalFānuʾel

Fānuʾel (Penuel) is an angel mentioned in apocryphal and Ethiopian traditions, often associated with the archangels. His commemoration here reflects the synaxarion's inclusion of non-biblical figures.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternalʾAwtyānos

ʾAwtyānos (Eutychianus) is a saint venerated in the Ethiopian tradition, possibly a patriarch or martyr. His inclusion shows the synaxarion's adaptation of broader Christian hagiography.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontextSalām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā

The salām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā appears twice in the list for 5th Tāḫśāś. This may be a scribal duplication or indicate two distinct hymns; the text does not clarify.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The identity of ʾAwtyānos is not specified; it may refer to a saint or a historical figure. The duplication of the salām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā could be intentional or a scribal error.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:41 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of the church of ʾArsimā Commemoration of Baṭǝlsis and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyos Salām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhām Salām-hymn to Sǝmʿon Salām-hymn to ʾArsimā Salām-hymn to ʾElyāb 7th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾabbā Dānʾel Commemoration of Dǝyonṭǝrǝs Commemoration of Mātewos the poor Salām-hymn to Dānʾel ʿĀrke-hymn on Dānʾel, supplicating Mary Salām-hymn to Mātewos Salām-hymn to Dǝyonṭǝrǝs Salām-hymn 8th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Yāroklā Commemoration of Barbārā and Yolyānā Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾEsi and his sister Teklā

English

Commemoration of the church of ʾArsimā Commemoration of Baṭǝlsis and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyos Salām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhām Salām-hymn to Sǝmʿon Salām-hymn to ʾArsimā Salām-hymn to ʾElyāb 7th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾabbā Dānʾel Commemoration of Dǝyonṭǝrǝs Commemoration of Mātewos the poor Salām-hymn to Dānʾel ʿĀrke-hymn on Dānʾel, supplicating Mary Salām-hymn to Mātewos Salām-hymn to Dǝyonṭǝrǝs Salām-hymn 8th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Yāroklā Commemoration of Barbārā and Yolyānā Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾEsi and his sister Teklā

Commentary

structuretext

This passage continues the synaxarion's daily entries for 6th–8th Tāḫśāś, listing commemorations and hymns. The pattern of 'Commemoration of' followed by 'Salām-hymn' is typical for this genre.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextʿĀrke-hymn

ʿĀrke-hymn is a hymn type in Geʿez liturgical tradition, often supplicatory. Here it is directed to Mary on behalf of Dānʾel, indicating a specific devotional form.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextʾArsimā

ʾArsimā is likely a place name or church dedication; the commemoration of a church is a standard entry in the synaxarion, reflecting local cultic geography.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

The entry for 8th Tāḫśāś includes an incomplete line 'Commemoration of' with no name, suggesting a lacuna or scribal omission in the manuscript tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontextMātewos the poor

Mātewos the poor is a saint venerated in Ethiopian tradition, possibly a local ascetic. His epithet 'the poor' aligns with the Ethiopian emphasis on humility.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The incomplete 'Commemoration of' on 8th Tāḫśāś leaves the saint's name unknown; the reading assumes a lacuna rather than a deliberate blank.
The identity of Baṭǝlsis is uncertain; it may be a variant of a known saint or a local figure.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:42 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of Gabra Māryām Commemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs Commemoration of ʾabbā Mātyās and other saints Commemoration of Yǝrsǝqlā and other saints Salām-hymn to Yāroklā Salām-hymn to Barbārā and Yolyānā Salām-hymn to Ǝnbābrenā Salām-hymn to ʾEsi and Teklā Salām-hymn to the companions of ʾEsi and Teklā Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to St Samuel of Qalamun 9th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾabbā Baʾamin Commemoration of Badlamyā and other saints Salām-hymn to Baʾamin 10th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of the translatio of Sāwiros

English

Commemoration of Gabra Māryām Commemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs Commemoration of ʾabbā Mātyās and other saints Commemoration of Yǝrsǝqlā and other saints Salām-hymn to Yāroklā Salām-hymn to Barbārā and Yolyānā Salām-hymn to Ǝnbābrenā Salām-hymn to ʾEsi and Teklā Salām-hymn to the companions of ʾEsi and Teklā Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to St Samuel of Qalamun 9th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾabbā Baʾamin Commemoration of Badlamyā and other saints Salām-hymn to Baʾamin 10th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of the translatio of Sāwiros

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for the 9th and 10th of Tāḫśāś, following the pattern of the synaxarion. The entries are brief, typical of a calendar entry rather than a full narrative.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarysalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often used to honor saints. The term appears repeatedly here, indicating the structure of the synaxarion entries.

backgroundbackgroundTāḫśāś

Tāḫśāś is the fourth month of the Geʿez calendar, roughly corresponding to December–January. The 9th and 10th days are noted here, marking specific commemorations in the liturgical year.

receptionexternal

The commemoration of the translatio of Sāwiros (Severus of Antioch) reflects the miaphysite tradition's veneration of this patriarch, whose relics were moved to Egypt. This entry aligns with Copto-Arabic synaxarion traditions.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontext

The names Gabra Māryām, Yāroklā, and Ǝnbābrenā are obscure and may be corrupt or variant spellings. Their identification with known saints is uncertain without further manuscript evidence.

Open questions · 2

The identity of Gabra Māryām, Yāroklā, and Ǝnbābrenā is unclear; they may be local or lesser-known saints.
The relationship between the salām-hymns and the preceding commemorations is not explicit; they may be separate liturgical items.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:43 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of ʾabbā Tāʾofānyos the patriarch Commemoration of Niqolāwos Commemoration of Talasǝs and ʾAlʿāzār Commemoration of Surǝst Commemoration of ʾabbā Ṭǝwāši Commemoration of Milyos and Tāwfǝyā Salām-hymn to Sāwiros Salām-hymn to Tāʾofānyos Salām-hymn to Niqolāwos Salām-hymn to Talāsǝs Salām-hymn to Surǝst Salām-hymn to Ṗāwlos 11th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾabbā Bākimos Commemoration of Bartalomewos 12th Tāḫśāś Long commemoration of Commemoration of ʾabbā Hǝdrā Commemoration of the council of Rome Commemoration of ʾAnqiṭos

English

Commemoration of ʾabbā Tāʾofānyos the patriarch Commemoration of Niqolāwos Commemoration of Talasǝs and ʾAlʿāzār Commemoration of Surǝst Commemoration of ʾabbā Ṭǝwāši Commemoration of Milyos and Tāwfǝyā Salām-hymn to Sāwiros Salām-hymn to Tāʾofānyos Salām-hymn to Niqolāwos Salām-hymn to Talāsǝs Salām-hymn to Surǝst Salām-hymn to Ṗāwlos 11th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾabbā Bākimos Commemoration of Bartalomewos 12th Tāḫśāś Long commemoration of Commemoration of ʾabbā Hǝdrā Commemoration of the council of Rome Commemoration of ʾAnqiṭos

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a calendar list of commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints, spanning from the 9th to the 12th of Tāḫśāś. The structural classification 'narrative' from Coptic cues is not evident in the text, which is purely enumerative.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextsalām-hymn

The term 'salām-hymn' (from Geʿez salām, 'peace') refers to a genre of liturgical hymn in Ethiopic tradition, often used in the Synaxarion to honor saints. Each entry marks a distinct hymn, not a full commemoration.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextTāʾofānyos

Tāʾofānyos (Theophany) is likely a patriarch of Alexandria, possibly Theophanes, though the specific identity is uncertain. The title 'patriarch' indicates a high-ranking ecclesiastical figure in the Coptic tradition.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontextLong commemoration of

The phrase 'Long commemoration of' is incomplete in both Geʿez and English, lacking the saint's name. This suggests a textual lacuna or scribal omission in the source manuscript.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontextcouncil of Rome

The commemoration of the 'council of Rome' likely refers to a synod recognized in Ethiopic tradition, possibly the Council of Rome (AD 382) under Pope Damasus I, though its inclusion here is unusual for a Synaxarion.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

Open questions · 3

The identity of several saints (e.g., Surǝst, Ṭǝwāši) is uncertain due to lack of contextual details.
The 'Long commemoration of' is truncated, leaving the saint unnamed.
The structural classification 'narrative' does not match the list format, possibly a misattribution from Coptic cues.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:44 · narrativehigh

Source

Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾOwǝsis and other saints Salām-hymn to Michael Salām-hymn to ʾAnqiṭos Salām-hymn to Ḫǝdrā Salām-hymn to ʾAnqiṭos Salām-hymn to the participants of the council Salām-hymn to Sāmuʾel 13rd Tāḫśāś Commemoration of the conception of Mary Commemoration of Barṣǝnufyos Commemoration of ʾAbrākos Commemoration of ʾabbā Misāʾel Commemoration of ʾabbā Maqāryos Commemoration of ʾAbrāniqos and other saints Salām-hymn to Rufāʾel Salām-hymn to Maqāryos Salām-hymn to Barsufyos Salām-hymn to ʾAbrākiyos

English

Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾOwǝsis and other saints Salām-hymn to Michael Salām-hymn to ʾAnqiṭos Salām-hymn to Ḫǝdrā Salām-hymn to ʾAnqiṭos Salām-hymn to the participants of the council Salām-hymn to Sāmuʾel 13rd Tāḫśāś Commemoration of the conception of Mary Commemoration of Barṣǝnufyos Commemoration of ʾAbrākos Commemoration of ʾabbā Misāʾel Commemoration of ʾabbā Maqāryos Commemoration of ʾAbrāniqos and other saints Salām-hymn to Rufāʾel Salām-hymn to Maqāryos Salām-hymn to Barsufyos Salām-hymn to ʾAbrākiyos

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for 13 Tāḫśāś, following the pattern of the Synaxarion's daily entries.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarysalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically honoring a saint or angel.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtext13rd Tāḫśāś

Tāḫśāś is the fourth month of the Geʿez calendar, roughly corresponding to December–January. The 13th day is a fixed date in the liturgical year.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontextCommemoration of the conception of Mary

The commemoration of Mary's conception reflects the broader Christian tradition of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, though the Geʿez church observes it on this date.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

The entry begins with an empty 'Commemoration of' line, likely a scribal omission or placeholder for a missing saint's name.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The initial 'Commemoration of' with no name may indicate a lacuna or intentional blank in the manuscript.
The repetition of 'Salām-hymn to ʾAnqiṭos' could be a scribal duplication or a deliberate second hymn.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:45 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to Misāʾel Salām-hymn to the conception of Mary 14th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Sǝmʿon of Manuf Commemoration of ʾabbā Bǝḥur and ʾabbā Minās Commemoration of Marmǝhnām and his sister Sārā Commemoration of the soldiers of ʾAtor Commemoration of Gabra Krǝstos the patriarch Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAmonyos Commemoration of Nasāḥit Salām-hymn to Marmǝhnām Salām-hymn to the companions of Marmǝhnām Salām-hymn to the soldiers of Marmǝhnām Salām-hymn to Sǝmʿon Salām-hymn to Gabra Krǝstos Salām-hymn to Nasāḥit Salām-hymn to ʾAmonyos

English

Salām-hymn to Misāʾel Salām-hymn to the conception of Mary 14th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Sǝmʿon of Manuf Commemoration of ʾabbā Bǝḥur and ʾabbā Minās Commemoration of Marmǝhnām and his sister Sārā Commemoration of the soldiers of ʾAtor Commemoration of Gabra Krǝstos the patriarch Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAmonyos Commemoration of Nasāḥit Salām-hymn to Marmǝhnām Salām-hymn to the companions of Marmǝhnām Salām-hymn to the soldiers of Marmǝhnām Salām-hymn to Sǝmʿon Salām-hymn to Gabra Krǝstos Salām-hymn to Nasāḥit Salām-hymn to ʾAmonyos

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a list of commemorations and salām-hymns for the 14th of Tāḫśāś, following the pattern of the Synaxarion's daily entries.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

Salām-hymn (from Geʿez salām, 'peace') is a genre of liturgical hymn used in the Ethiopian tradition, often praising saints or events.

backgroundexternalSǝmʿon of Manuf

Sǝmʿon of Manuf is a saint venerated in the Coptic and Ethiopian traditions, associated with the city of Manuf in Egypt.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternalGabra Krǝstos the patriarch

Gabra Krǝstos is a patriarch of the Ethiopian Church, commemorated in the Synaxarion; his inclusion reflects the local adaptation of the calendar.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontext

The repetition of 'Salām-hymn to ʾAnqiṭos' in the previous passage and the listing of multiple salām-hymns here may indicate textual duplication or a scribal error.

Open questions · 2

The identity of 'Marmǝhnām' and his sister Sārā is not specified; they may be local saints or martyrs.
The phrase 'soldiers of ʾAtor' could refer to a specific group of martyrs, but the location or event is unclear.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:46 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to the light of Christ 15th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Commemoration of Luqās za-ʿāmd Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾEwosṭātewos Commemoration of Yǝmsāḥ Salām-hymn to ʾAryānos and ʾArkasis Salām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos Salām-hymn to Luqās Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Yǝmlāḥ Salām-hymn to St Gregory the Illuminator 16th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Hǝrwāg Commemoration of Ḥanānyā and Kozi of ʾAkmim Commemoration of Gedewon the judge Salām-hymn to Gideon Salām-hymn to Ḥanānyā, Kāzi and ʾabbā Hǝrwāg 17th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Luqās the stylite

English

Salām-hymn to the light of Christ 15th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Commemoration of Luqās za-ʿāmd Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾEwosṭātewos Commemoration of Yǝmsāḥ Salām-hymn to ʾAryānos and ʾArkasis Salām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos Salām-hymn to Luqās Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Yǝmlāḥ Salām-hymn to St Gregory the Illuminator 16th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Hǝrwāg Commemoration of Ḥanānyā and Kozi of ʾAkmim Commemoration of Gedewon the judge Salām-hymn to Gideon Salām-hymn to Ḥanānyā, Kāzi and ʾabbā Hǝrwāg 17th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Luqās the stylite

Commentary

structuretext15th Tāḫśāś

The passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for three consecutive days (15th–17th Tāḫśāś), following the standard synaxarion format of date headings followed by entries.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextLuqās za-ʿāmd

The epithet za-ʿāmd (Geʿez: ዘዓምድ) means 'of the pillar,' identifying this Luqās as a stylite saint, distinct from the evangelist Luke.

backgroundtextʾabbā ʾEwosṭātewos

ʾEwosṭātewos (Eustathius) is a prominent saint in the Ethiopian tradition, often associated with monasticism and the defense of the Tawaḥədo (miaphysite) faith.

receptiontextSalām-hymn to St Gregory the Illuminator

The inclusion of Gregory the Illuminator, the apostle of Armenia, reflects the broader Christian hagiographical network shared between the Ethiopian and Armenian churches.

cautiontextCommemoration of

The first entry under 15th Tāḫśāš reads 'Commemoration of' with no name following, suggesting a lacuna or scribal omission in the manuscript tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The name 'Yǝmsāḥ' may be a variant of a known saint or a scribal error; its identity is uncertain.
The relationship between 'Gedewon the judge' and the biblical Gideon is unclear; the Geʿez form may conflate the judge with a local saint.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:47 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of ʾAwsǝryāyos and other martyrs Salām-hymn to the translatio of Luqās 18th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾabbā Salāmā Commemoration of ʾArqǝlā and Filmonā Commemoration of the translatio of Commemoration of Fārkǝyon and other saints Salām-hymn to Salāmā Salām-hymn to the translatio of Tito Salām-hymn to ʾArqǝlā and Filmonā 19th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Burlǝs Commemoration of the Three Youths Commemoration of Gabriel Salām-hymn to Gabriel Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 20th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of the Ḥagge the prophet

English

Commemoration of ʾAwsǝryāyos and other martyrs Salām-hymn to the translatio of Luqās 18th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾabbā Salāmā Commemoration of ʾArqǝlā and Filmonā Commemoration of the translatio of Commemoration of Fārkǝyon and other saints Salām-hymn to Salāmā Salām-hymn to the translatio of Tito Salām-hymn to ʾArqǝlā and Filmonā 19th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Burlǝs Commemoration of the Three Youths Commemoration of Gabriel Salām-hymn to Gabriel Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 20th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of the Ḥagge the prophet

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints across three days (18th–20th Tāḫśāś), following the pattern of the Synaxarion's calendar entries.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarysalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopic tradition, typically praising a saint or feast, often appended to the Synaxarion reading.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackground

The 18th Tāḫśāś commemorates ʾabbā Salāmā (Frumentius), traditionally credited with introducing Christianity to Ethiopia, and the translatio of Tito (Titus), likely a relic translation.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackground

The 19th Tāḫśāś includes the Three Youths (from the Book of Daniel) and Gabriel the archangel, figures widely venerated in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

The entry for 18th Tāḫśāś has an incomplete line: 'Commemoration of the translatio of' with no object, suggesting a scribal omission or lacuna in the manuscript.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternal

The commemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Burlǝs (John of Burlus) reflects the integration of Egyptian Coptic saints into the Ethiopic Synaxarion, indicating shared hagiographic traditions.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

Open questions · 2

The object of the translatio on 18th Tāḫśāś is missing; it may be a saint's relics, but the text does not specify.
The identity of ʾAwsǝryāyos is uncertain; possibly a variant of a known martyr, but not clearly identified in the source.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:48 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of Tāwfinā and other saints Salām-hymn to Haggai Salām-hymn to ʾAwgānyos and other saints 21st Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Mary Commemoration of Barnābās Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Barnabas Salām-hymn to the Shephed 22nd Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Gabrǝʾel Commemoration of the annunciation Commemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyos Salām-hymn to Gabriel Salām-hymn to Daqsǝyos ሰላም፡ እብል፡ ለደቅስዮስ፡ ባሕርያ። ወኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ። ለብሔረ፡ ጥልጥልያ። Salām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyos 23rd Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Ṭimotewos Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel, ʾabbā Gabrǝʾel and ʾabbā Sǝmʿon

English

Commemoration of Tāwfinā and other saints Salām-hymn to Haggai Salām-hymn to ʾAwgānyos and other saints 21st Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Mary Commemoration of Barnābās Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Barnabas Salām-hymn to the Shepherd 22nd Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Gabrǝʾel Commemoration of the Annunciation Commemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyos Salām-hymn to Gabriel Salām-hymn to Daqsǝyos Salām, I say, to Daqsǝyos, the sea of the Episcopate, the Bishop of the land of Ṭelṭelyā Salām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyos 23rd Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Ṭimotewos Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel, ʾabbā Gabrǝʾel and ʾabbā Sǝmʿon

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints across three days (21st–23rd Tāḫśāś), following the typical synaxarion format of brief entries.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextDaḳsǝyos

The name Daḳsǝyos (also spelled Daqsǝyos) likely refers to a bishop or saint; the Geʿez text calls him 'Bishop of the land of Ṭelṭelyā', a toponym not otherwise identified.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextṬelṭelyā

Ṭelṭelyā is an obscure place name; it may be a corruption or variant of a known location in Egypt or the Near East, but no clear identification is available in the source edition.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

The entry for 23rd Tāḫśāś has a blank line after 'Commemoration of', indicating a lacuna or incomplete text in the manuscript.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontext

The inclusion of multiple salām-hymns (e.g., to Haggai, Mary, Gabriel) reflects the liturgical use of the synaxarion in Ethiopian Orthodox worship, where such hymns are recited on feast days.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of Daḳsǝyos and the location Ṭelṭelyā are uncertain.
The blank line on 23rd Tāḫśāś suggests a missing commemoration.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:49 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of Maqārǝs and other saints Salām-hymn to David Salām-hymn to Ṭimotewos Salām-hymn to Yǝsḥaq Salām-hymn to Sāmuʾel, Sǝmʿon and Gabrǝʾe 24th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Esther Commemoration of ʾabbā Ṗāwli Commemoration of ʾAgnāṭyos, patriarch of Antioch Commemoration of Filogosyos, patriarch of Antioch Commemoration of the saints of Kadiḥ Salām-hymn to Ṗāwli Salām-hymn to ʾAboli Salām-hymn to ʾAgnāṭyos Salām-hymn to Fǝlgosyos Salām-hymn to the saints of Kadiḥ Salām-hymn to the birth of Takla Hāymānot Salām-hymn to Esther

English

Commemoration of Maqārǝs and other saints Salām-hymn to David Salām-hymn to Ṭimotewos Salām-hymn to Yǝsḥaq Salām-hymn to Sāmuʾel, Sǝmʿon and Gabrǝʾe 24th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Esther Commemoration of ʾabbā Ṗāwli Commemoration of ʾAgnāṭyos, patriarch of Antioch Commemoration of Filogosyos, patriarch of Antioch Commemoration of the saints of Kadiḥ Salām-hymn to Ṗāwli Salām-hymn to ʾAboli Salām-hymn to ʾAgnāṭyos Salām-hymn to Fǝlgosyos Salām-hymn to the saints of Kadiḥ Salām-hymn to the birth of Takla Hāymānot Salām-hymn to Esther

Commentary

structuretext24th Tāḫśāś

This date marker divides the passage into two sections: the first commemorates Maqārǝs and other saints with salām-hymns, the second commemorates Esther, ʾabbā Ṗāwli, and others, followed by further salām-hymns.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundKadiḥ

The saints of Kadiḥ are martyrs associated with a location in Egypt, possibly Kadiḥ (or Kadiḥa), venerated in the Coptic and Ethiopic traditions.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopic tradition, typically praising a saint or feast, and often structured with a refrain.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternalTakla Hāymānot

Takla Hāymānot is a major Ethiopian saint (13th–14th century), and the mention of his birth here reflects his later prominence in the Ethiopic Synaxarion, though his commemoration is not on this date in earlier sources.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontextFilogosyos

The name Filogosyos (also spelled Philogosyos) is a variant of Philotheos; the patriarch of Antioch by this name is not well attested, and the text may conflate or corrupt the name.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of Filogosyos, patriarch of Antioch, is uncertain; it may be a corruption of Philotheos or another name.
The saints of Kadiḥ are not further specified in this passage; their exact number and identities are unclear.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:50 · narrativehigh

Source

25th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs Kāmā Commemoration of the five Maccabbees Commemoration of Niqolāwos, his wife and Dānʾǝl Salām-hymn to the five Maccabbees Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Kāmā 26th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā Commemoration of Yolyānā Salām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyā 27th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi Salām-hymn to Christ Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAbsādi and the bishops of Egypt Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Bagʿu Salām-hymn to Filǝṗṗos 28th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of the birth of Christ Commemoration of the martyrs of ʾAndenāw

English

25th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs Kāmā Commemoration of the five Maccabbees Commemoration of Niqolāwos, his wife and Dānʾǝl Salām-hymn to the five Maccabbees Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Kāmā 26th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā Commemoration of Yolyānā Salām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyā 27th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi Salām-hymn to Christ Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAbsādi and the bishops of Egypt Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Bagʿu Salām-hymn to Filǝṗṗos 28th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of the birth of Christ Commemoration of the martyrs of ʾAndenāw

Commentary

structuretext25th Tāḫśāś … 28th Tāḫśāś

This passage lists commemorations for four consecutive days (25th–28th Tāḫśāś), each introduced by a date heading and followed by multiple entries and salām-hymns, typical of the synaxarion’s calendrical structure.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, often used to honor saints or feasts within the synaxarion. Here, hymns are assigned to the five Maccabbees, Yoḥannǝs Kāmā, ʾAnǝsṭāsyā, Christ, ʾabbā ʾAbsādi, and others.

backgroundbackgroundfive Maccabbees

The five Maccabbees likely refer to the Maccabean martyrs (Eleazar and the seven brothers in 2 Maccabees 7), but the number five is unusual; this may reflect a local Ethiopic tradition or conflation with other martyrs.

datingtext28th Tāḫśāś

The commemoration of the birth of Christ on 28th Tāḫśāś corresponds to the Ethiopian Christmas (Lǝddät), celebrated on this date in the Geʿez calendar, which is 29th Kiahk in the Coptic calendar.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionbackgroundmartyrs of ʾAndenāw

The martyrs of ʾAndenāw are venerated in the Ethiopian tradition; ʾAndenāw (also spelled Andenaw) is a location associated with a mass martyrdom, possibly during the persecutions under the Aksumite or later periods.

Open questions · 2

The identity of the five Maccabbees is ambiguous; the biblical account lists seven brothers, so the number five may reflect a different tradition or a scribal error.
The figure Yoḥannǝs Kāmā is not clearly identified; he may be a local saint or a variant of John the Baptist or another John, but the epithet 'Kāmā' is obscure.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:51 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to Christmas Salām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob Salām-hymn to the martyrs 29th Tāḫśāś Second commemoration of the birth of Christ Commemoration of Joshua Commemoration of Yāʿqob and other saints Commemoration of ʾAqāryos Commemoration of Qʷaril Commemoration of the martyrs of ʾAkmim Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to the martyrs of ʾAkmim Salām-hymn to Qoril Salām-hymn to ʾAqāryos 30th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs

English

Salām-hymn to Christmas Salām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob Salām-hymn to the martyrs 29th Tāḫśāś Second commemoration of the birth of Christ Commemoration of Joshua Commemoration of Yāʿqob and other saints Commemoration of ʾAqāryos Commemoration of Qʷaril Commemoration of the martyrs of ʾAkmim Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to the martyrs of ʾAkmim Salām-hymn to Qoril Salām-hymn to ʾAqāryos 30th Tāḫśāś Commemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs

Commentary

structuretext29th Tāḫśāś

This passage marks the transition from the 28th to the 29th of Tāḫśāś, continuing the synaxarion's calendrical sequence. The repeated salām-hymns to the birth of Christ reflect the liturgical emphasis on Christmas within this period.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A 'salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Geʿez tradition, typically a hymn of praise or greeting. Its repeated use here underscores the festal character of the entries for 29th Tāḫśāś.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundSecond commemoration of the birth of Christ

The 'second commemoration of the birth of Christ' on 29th Tāḫśāś reflects the Ethiopian liturgical practice of multiple commemorations of major feasts, likely tied to the 29th of the month being the date of Christ's birth in the Ethiopian calendar tradition.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptiontextmartyrs of ʾAkmim

The commemoration of the 'martyrs of ʾAkmim' links this passage to the Coptic tradition of remembering local martyrs from the city of Akhmim in Upper Egypt, indicating the synaxarion's integration of Egyptian hagiographic material.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontextQʷaril / Qoril

The name 'Qʷaril' (Geʿez) appears as 'Qoril' in the salām-hymn, likely a variant spelling or scribal error. The identity of this saint is uncertain; it may refer to a local figure or a corruption of a known name.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The exact identity of Qʷaril/Qoril is unclear; it may be a variant of a known saint's name or a local figure.
The relationship between the three salām-hymns to the birth of Christ and the second commemoration is not specified; they may be separate liturgical items or part of a single celebration.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:52 · narrativehigh

Source

Commemoration of Koryon and Filmonā Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs Commemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās Commemoration of the children of Bethlehem Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Zakāryās Salām-hymn to the children of Bethlehem Subscription for Tāḫśāś Supplication for Tāḫśāś Introduction for Ṭǝrr 1st Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Commemoration of Lāwdyānos Commemoration of Maqāryos Commemoration of the martyrs of ʾAkmim Commemoration of other martyrs of the Diocletian persecution

English

Commemoration of Koryon and Filmonā Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs Commemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās Commemoration of the children of Bethlehem Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to Zakāryās Salām-hymn to the children of Bethlehem Subscription for Tāḫśāś Supplication for Tāḫśāś Introduction for Ṭǝrr 1st Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Commemoration of Lāwdyānos Commemoration of Maqāryos Commemoration of the martyrs of ʾAkmim Commemoration of other martyrs of the Diocletian persecution

Commentary

structuretext

This passage marks the transition from the month of Tāḫśāś to Ṭǝrr, with a subscription and supplication closing Tāḫśāś and an introduction opening Ṭǝrr.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical hymn in Geʿez tradition, typically praising a saint or feast, often repeated in the synaxarion as a structural marker.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundmartyrs of ʾAkmim

The martyrs of ʾAkmim are associated with the Diocletian persecution (early 4th century) in Upper Egypt, a common theme in Copto-Arabic and Ethiopic synaxaria.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontextCommemoration of

The entry 'Commemoration of' is incomplete in the Geʿez, lacking a name; this may indicate a lacuna or a placeholder in the manuscript tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternalchildren of Bethlehem

The commemoration of the children of Bethlehem (the Holy Innocents) is a feast in both Eastern and Western traditions, here integrated into the Ethiopic synaxarion for Ṭǝrr.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

Open questions · 2

The incomplete 'Commemoration of' entry may be a scribal omission or a deliberate placeholder; the intended saint is unknown.
The repetition of 'Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs' may indicate a textual duplication or a liturgical emphasis.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:53 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary Salām-hymn to Stephen Salām-hymn to Diyosqoros and Sakabālyos Salām-hymn to ʾAwǝndyos Salām-hymn to Maqāryos 2nd Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Abel Commemoration of ʾAlāniqos Commemoration of ʾabbā Tewonās, patriarch of Alexandria Commemoration of the consecration of the church of Mary in the monastery of ʾabbā Sinodā Commemoration of the companions of Filātāwos and Sābelā Salām-hymn to Abel Salām-hymn to ʾAlāniqos Salām-hymn to Tewonās Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Mary Salām-hymn to Sābelā

English

Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary Salām-hymn to Stephen Salām-hymn to Diyosqoros and Sakabālyos Salām-hymn to ʾAwǝndyos Salām-hymn to Maqāryos 2nd Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Abel Commemoration of ʾAlāniqos Commemoration of ʾabbā Tewonās, patriarch of Alexandria Commemoration of the consecration of the church of Mary in the monastery of ʾabbā Sinodā Commemoration of the companions of Filātāwos and Sābelā Salām-hymn to Abel Salām-hymn to ʾAlāniqos Salām-hymn to Tewonās Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Mary Salām-hymn to Sābelā

Commentary

structuretext2nd Ṭǝrr

The heading '2nd Ṭǝrr' marks the second day of the month Ṭǝrr in the Ethiopian calendar, corresponding to 9 January. This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for that day.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextʾabbā Tewonās, patriarch of Alexandria

ʾabbā Tewonās (Theonas) was a 4th-century patriarch of Alexandria. His commemoration here reflects the Ethiopian Synaxarion's reliance on Coptic sources for Egyptian saints.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

backgroundtextconsecration of the church of Mary in the monastery of ʾabbā Sinodā

ʾabbā Sinodā (Shenoute) was a prominent Egyptian abbot. The church consecration commemorated here likely refers to a dedication in the White Monastery, a major center of Coptic monasticism.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

termtextSalām-hymn

A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise. The term 'salām' means 'peace' but here functions as a doxological formula.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontextCommemoration of Abel

The inclusion of Abel, the biblical figure, in the Synaxarion is unusual and reflects a tradition that honors Old Testament righteous figures as saints in Ethiopian Christianity.

Open questions · 2

The identity of 'ʾAlāniqos' is uncertain; it may refer to a saint or a place name. The reading taken follows the English draft as a personal name.
The phrase 'companions of Filātāwos and Sābelā' is ambiguous; it may indicate a group of martyrs or ascetics associated with these two figures.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:54 · narrativemedium

Source

3rd Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the children of Bethlehem Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Isaiah Salām-hymn to the innocent children Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Libānos Salām-hymn to ʾAmon 4th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Commemoration of Giyorgis and other saints Salām-hymn to John 5th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of ʾAwsāgnǝyos Commemoration of ʾabbā Mātewos Commemoration of Yārewnos and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAwsǝgǝnyos Salām-hymn to Mātewos Salām-hymn to ʾAwsǝyā 6th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the circumcision Commemoration of the translatio of

English

3rd Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the children of Bethlehem Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Isaiah Salām-hymn to the innocent children Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Libānos Salām-hymn to ʾAmon 4th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Commemoration of Giyorgis and other saints Salām-hymn to John 5th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of ʾAwsāgnǝyos Commemoration of ʾabbā Mātewos Commemoration of Yārewnos and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAwsǝgǝnyos Salām-hymn to Mātewos Salām-hymn to ʾAwsǝyā 6th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the circumcision Commemoration of the translatio of

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple days (3rd–6th Ṭǝrr), typical of the synaxarion's calendrical structure. The entries are brief, with some incomplete lines (e.g., 'Commemoration of' without a name).

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtext

The 'children of Bethlehem' refers to the Holy Innocents, the infants killed by Herod according to Matthew 2:16–18. Their commemoration on 3rd Ṭǝrr aligns with the Ethiopian calendar's placement after Christmas.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextSalām-hymn

A 'salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise. The term appears repeatedly here, indicating the liturgical use of these texts for the named saints.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

Several entries are incomplete: 'Commemoration of' on 3rd Ṭǝrr and 4th Ṭǝrr lacks a name, and the final line 'Commemoration of the translatio of' on 6th Ṭǝrr is cut off. This may reflect manuscript damage or a lacuna in the source.

betmas: Synaxarion

datingtext

The dates 3rd–6th Ṭǝrr correspond to 9–12 January in the Gregorian calendar (for the 20th/21st centuries). The sequence follows the Ethiopian synaxarion's daily entries for early January.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The incomplete entries (e.g., 'Commemoration of' without a name) may be due to manuscript damage or intentional abbreviation; the reading assumes a lacuna.
The identity of 'ʾAwsāgnǝyos' and 'ʾAwsǝgǝnyos' is uncertain; they may be variant spellings of the same saint or different individuals.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:55 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of ʾabbā Markiyānu the patriarch Commemoration of Commemoration of Noah Commemoration of ʾabbā Muse Salām-hymn to the circumcision of Christ Salām-hymn to Noah Salām-hymn to Markǝyānu Salām-hymn to Bāsǝlyos Salām-hymn to a father who stayed in the desert 7th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Salṗeṭros the patriarch of Rome Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾEfrem Commemoration of Lomsolon Salām-hymn to Ṗeṭros Salām-hymn to ʾEfrem 8th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Maqārǝs Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAndirāniqos the patriarch of Alexandria

English

Commemoration of ʾabbā Markiyānu the patriarch Commemoration of Commemoration of Noah Commemoration of ʾabbā Muse Salām-hymn to the circumcision of Christ Salām-hymn to Noah Salām-hymn to Markǝyānu Salām-hymn to Bāsǝlyos Salām-hymn to a father who stayed in the desert 7th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Salṗeṭros the patriarch of Rome Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾEfrem Commemoration of Lomsolon Salām-hymn to Ṗeṭros Salām-hymn to ʾEfrem 8th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Maqārǝs Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAndirāniqos the patriarch of Alexandria

Commentary

structuretext7th Ṭǝrr

The passage marks the transition from the 6th to the 7th and 8th of Ṭǝrr, following the Copto-Ethiopic calendar. Each date introduces a new set of commemorations and salām-hymns.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopic tradition, typically a hymn of praise addressed to a saint or feast. The term appears repeatedly in this passage.

backgroundbackgroundʾabbā Markiyānu the patriarch

ʾabbā Markiyānu (Markianos) is a patriarch of Alexandria, commemorated in the Synaxarion. His commemoration here is brief, typical of the synaxarial entries for patriarchs.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontextCommemoration of

The second line reads 'Commemoration of' with no name following, likely a lacuna or scribal omission in the manuscript. The English draft reproduces this gap.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionbackgroundSalṗeṭros the patriarch of Rome

Salṗeṭros (Peter) is commemorated as patriarch of Rome, reflecting the Ethiopic tradition's veneration of early Roman bishops. This entry aligns with the broader Christian calendar.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

Open questions · 2

The second 'Commemoration of' lacks a name, possibly due to manuscript damage or an intentional blank.
The identity of 'Lomsolon' is uncertain; it may be a variant of a known saint's name or a local figure.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:56 · narrativehigh

Source

Commemoration of ʾabbā Bǝnyāmin the patriarch of Alexandria Commemoration of Milkiyās the prophet Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church Salām-hymn to ʾƎndǝrāniqos Salām-hymn to Bǝnyāmin Salām-hymn to Malachi Salām-hymn 9th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbrǝhām Commemoration of Giyorgis and other saints Salām-hymn ʾAbrǝhām 10th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the institution of two fasting days in case Christmas or Epiphany fall on a Wednesday or Friday Commemoration of ʾabbā Tāwǝbǝnṭos Commemoration of Kināryā and other saints

English

Commemoration of ʾabbā Bǝnyāmin the patriarch of Alexandria Commemoration of Milkiyās the prophet Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church Salām-hymn to ʾƎndǝrāniqos Salām-hymn to Bǝnyāmin Salām-hymn to Malachi Salām-hymn 9th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbrǝhām Commemoration of Giyorgis and other saints Salām-hymn ʾAbrǝhām 10th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the institution of two fasting days in case Christmas or Epiphany fall on a Wednesday or Friday Commemoration of ʾabbā Tāwǝbǝnṭos Commemoration of Kināryā and other saints

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and hymns for the 8th, 9th, and 10th of Ṭǝrr, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The entries are brief, typical of the genre's calendrical structure.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often used in the Synaxarion to honor saints or events. The term 'Salām' means 'peace' and reflects a standard hymn form.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundexternal

The commemoration of the institution of two fasting days on 10th Ṭǝrr addresses a liturgical rule: if Christmas or Epiphany falls on a Wednesday or Friday, additional fasts are observed. This reflects the Coptic calendar's flexibility.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

datingtext

The dates 8th–10th Ṭǝrr correspond to approximately January 4–6 in the Gregorian calendar, aligning with the Coptic month of Ṭoba. This period includes the feast of the Epiphany (10th Ṭǝrr).

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternal

The commemoration of ʾabbā Bǝnyāmin, patriarch of Alexandria, is part of the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion tradition, which was later translated into Geʿez. This reflects the shared hagiographic heritage between the Coptic and Ethiopian churches.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

Open questions · 1

The identity of 'Milkiyās the prophet' is uncertain; it may refer to Malachi, but the Geʿez spelling differs from the standard 'Malachi' in the same passage. The 'Salām-hymn' without a named subject on the 8th of Ṭǝrr is incomplete.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:57 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to the fast 11th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the baptism of Christ Commemoration of ʾAnāṭolyos Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch Commemoration of Yosṭos and Fāyyǝyos Commemoration of ʾabbā Waqris Salām-hymn to Christ's baptism Salām-hymn to Christ's baptism Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to Yosṭos and Gwǝdǝb Salām-hymn to ʾAnṭonyos Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 12th Ṭǝrr Short commemoration of Long commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Yolyānos and other saints Salām-hymn to Michael Salām-hymn to Tewodros

English

Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to the fast 11th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the baptism of Christ Commemoration of ʾAnāṭolyos Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch Commemoration of Yosṭos and Fāyyǝyos Commemoration of ʾabbā Waqris Salām-hymn to Christ's baptism Salām-hymn to Christ's baptism Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to Yosṭos and Gwǝdǝb Salām-hymn to ʾAnṭonyos Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 12th Ṭǝrr Short commemoration of Long commemoration of Commemoration of Commemoration of Yolyānos and other saints Salām-hymn to Michael Salām-hymn to Tewodros

Commentary

structuretext11th Ṭǝrr

The passage marks the transition from the 10th to the 11th day of the month Ṭǝrr (January), a standard calendrical division in the Synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundCommemoration of the baptism of Christ

The commemoration of Christ's baptism on 11th Ṭǝrr corresponds to the Ethiopian celebration of Timqat (Epiphany), a major feast in the liturgical year.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise or salutation to a saint or feast, often structured in stanzas.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternalCommemoration of Yolyānos and other saints

The commemoration of Yolyānos (Julian) and other saints on 12th Ṭǝrr reflects the inclusion of martyr figures from the broader Christian tradition, likely derived from earlier Copto-Arabic synaxaria.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontextShort commemoration of / Long commemoration of / Commemoration of

The entries for 12th Ṭǝrr list 'Short commemoration of', 'Long commemoration of', and 'Commemoration of' without specifying the subject, indicating a lacuna or abbreviation in the manuscript tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The subjects of the short, long, and unspecified commemorations on 12th Ṭǝrr are missing, likely due to manuscript damage or scribal omission.
The repetition of 'Salām-hymn to Christ's baptism' may indicate a textual variant or a deliberate liturgical repetition.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:58 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to the companions of Tewodros Salām-hymn to Lawǝndyos and Baniqāros 13rd Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the wedding at Qānā Commemoration of the seven children Commemoration of Qārnos and Minā Commemoration of ʾabbā Nakro Salām-hymn to the miracle at Cana Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to the seven children Salām-hymn to Nakro 14th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Mǝḥrāyǝl Commemoration of the companions of Qirqos Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾArkāledǝs Commemoration of ʾƎmrāyǝs Commemoration of Maksimos Salām-hymn to Mǝhrāʾel Salām-hymn to ʾArkaledes

English

Salām-hymn to the companions of Tewodros Salām-hymn to Lawǝndyos and Baniqāros 13rd Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the wedding at Qānā Commemoration of the seven children Commemoration of Qārnos and Minā Commemoration of ʾabbā Nakro Salām-hymn to the miracle at Cana Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to the seven children Salām-hymn to Nakro 14th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Mǝḥrāyǝl Commemoration of the companions of Qirqos Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾArkāledǝs Commemoration of ʾƎmrāyǝs Commemoration of Maksimos Salām-hymn to Mǝhrāʾel Salām-hymn to ʾArkaledes

Commentary

structuretext13rd Ṭǝrr

The passage continues the synaxarion's calendrical sequence, moving from 12th Ṭǝrr (previous passage) to 13th and 14th Ṭǝrr, each day listing commemorations and salām-hymns.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextCommemoration of the wedding at Qānā

The wedding at Cana (John 2:1-11) is a standard feast in the Ethiopian tradition, celebrated on 13th Ṭǝrr, linking the miracle to the liturgical calendar.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextSalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of Geʿez liturgical poetry, typically a hymn of praise or salutation, often used in the synaxarion to mark commemorations of saints or events.

betmas: Synaxarion

paralleltextCommemoration of the seven children

The seven children (the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus) are commemorated in both Eastern and Ethiopian traditions; their feast appears on 13th Ṭǝrr in this synaxarion.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptiontextCommemoration of Mǝḥrāyǝl

Mǝḥrāyǝl (Michael) is a prominent archangel in Ethiopian Christianity, with multiple feast days; his commemoration on 14th Ṭǝrr reflects his widespread veneration.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext13rd Ṭǝrr

The ordinal '13rd' is a typographical error in the English draft; the correct form is '13th'. The Geʿez original likely uses the standard numeral.

Open questions · 2

The identity of 'the companions of Tewodros' and 'the companions of Qirqos' is not specified; they may refer to local Ethiopian saints or groups known from hagiographic traditions.
The spelling 'Mǝḥrāyǝl' vs. 'Mǝhrāʾel' in the English draft reflects a variant transcription; the Geʿez form is consistent.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:59 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to ʾƎmrāyǝs Salām-hymn to Maksimos Salām-hymn to the companions of Qirqos 15th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of ʾAbyud the prophet Commemoration of among the Syrians Commemoration of Ṗeṭros and other saints Commemoration of Qirqos Salām-hymn to Obadjah Salām-hymn to Qirqos Salām-hymn to Gorgoryos 16th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Filātāwos Commemoration of Ṗālāndyos Commemoration of the companions of Filātāwos Commemoration of the companions of Qirqos Commemoration of ʾabbā Ṣaḥmā Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch Commemoration of mār Dānʾel

English

Salām-hymn to ʾƎmrāyǝs Salām-hymn to Maksimos Salām-hymn to the companions of Qirqos 15th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of ʾAbyud the prophet Commemoration of among the Syrians Commemoration of Ṗeṭros and other saints Commemoration of Qirqos Salām-hymn to Obadjah Salām-hymn to Qirqos Salām-hymn to Gorgoryos 16th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Filātāwos Commemoration of Ṗālāndyos Commemoration of the companions of Filātāwos Commemoration of the companions of Qirqos Commemoration of ʾabbā Ṣaḥmā Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch Commemoration of mār Dānʾel

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a calendrical list of commemorations and salām-hymns for the 15th and 16th of Ṭǝrr, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. It transitions from narrative to a liturgical catalogue.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of Geʿez liturgical poetry, typically a hymn of praise or greeting to a saint. Here it is used for multiple entries, indicating a shift to a poetic commemoration within the synaxarion.

backgroundbackgroundṬǝrr

Ṭǝrr is the fourth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to January. The dates 15th and 16th Ṭǝrr are part of the liturgical year, and the entries list saints and events commemorated on these days.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternal

The inclusion of multiple salām-hymns and commemorations for figures like Qirqos and his companions reflects the enduring veneration of these saints in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, as attested in the Synaxarion.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontextCommemoration of among the Syrians

The entry 'Commemoration of among the Syrians' is incomplete or corrupt; it likely refers to a commemoration of Syrian saints or a specific event, but the text lacks a proper name or detail.

Open questions · 2

The entry 'Commemoration of among the Syrians' is ambiguous; it may be a scribal error or an abbreviated reference to a group of Syrian saints.
The relationship between the salām-hymns and the preceding narrative passage is unclear; the text shifts abruptly from a narrative to a liturgical list.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:60 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to Dānʾel Salām-hymn to ʾIyaluṭa Salām-hymn to the companions of Qirqos Salām-hymn to Filātāwos Salām-hymn to the companions of Filātāwos Salām-hymn to Ṗalādyos Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 17th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Maksimos and Dimātewos Salām-hymn to Damātewos 18th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Giyorgis Commemoration of Yāʿqob of Nisibis Commemoration of Mary and Martha Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob Salām-hymn to Giyorgis 19th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of ʾabbā Bǝhurā and ʾabbā Bāsurā Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Bǝḥurā and his family

English

Salām-hymn to Dānʾel Salām-hymn to ʾIyaluṭa Salām-hymn to the companions of Qirqos Salām-hymn to Filātāwos Salām-hymn to the companions of Filātāwos Salām-hymn to Ṗalādyos Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 17th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Maksimos and Dimātewos Salām-hymn to Damātewos 18th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Giyorgis Commemoration of Yāʿqob of Nisibis Commemoration of Mary and Martha Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob Salām-hymn to Giyorgis 19th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of ʾabbā Bǝhurā and ʾabbā Bāsurā Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Bǝḥurā and his family

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a sequence of salām-hymns and commemorations for multiple saints, covering dates from 16th to 19th Ṭǝrr. It follows the pattern of the Synaxarion, listing entries for each day.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically praising a saint. The term 'salām' means 'peace' and is used as a greeting or doxology.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundexternalṬǝrr

Ṭǝrr is the fourth month in the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to January. The dates 17th–19th Ṭǝrr are part of the liturgical year, commemorating various saints.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

The entry for 19th Ṭǝrr has an incomplete commemoration line: 'Commemoration of' with no name, followed by a salām-hymn to Bǝḥurā and his family. This may indicate a lacuna or scribal omission.

betmas: Synaxarion

parallelexternalMaksimos and Dimātewos

The commemoration of Maksimos and Dimātewos on 17th Ṭǝrr parallels entries in the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, where these saints are also venerated. The name Dimātewos is a variant of Demetrius.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternalGiyorgis

The commemoration of Giyorgis (St. George) on 18th Ṭǝrr reflects his widespread veneration in Ethiopian Christianity. His feast appears in multiple months in the Synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The incomplete commemoration on 19th Ṭǝrr leaves the identity of the saint(s) uncertain; the reading assumes a lacuna.
The relationship between the salām-hymn to Bǝḥurā and his family and the preceding incomplete commemoration is unclear.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:61 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to Yāfqaranna ʾƎgziʾ Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of the martyrs of ʾƎsnā 20th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAklog Commemoration of Bǝhnu and consecration of the church of Yoḥannǝs Commemoration of ʾabbā Noḫ and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAbrokǝs Salām-hymn to ʾAbakluz Salām-hymn to ʾAbakluz Salām-hymn to Nabyud Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 21st Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the death of Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs the monk Commemoration of ʾAlāryā Commemoration of Commemoration of Niqolāwos and ʾabbā Fiqṭor

English

Salām-hymn to Yāfqaranna ʾƎgziʾ Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of the martyrs of ʾƎsnā 20th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAklog Commemoration of Bǝhnu and consecration of the church of Yoḥannǝs Commemoration of ʾabbā Noḫ and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAbrokǝs Salām-hymn to ʾAbakluz Salām-hymn to ʾAbakluz Salām-hymn to Nabyud Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 21st Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the death of Commemoration of Yoḥannǝs the monk Commemoration of ʾAlāryā Commemoration of Commemoration of Niqolāwos and ʾabbā Fiqṭor

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a calendrical list of commemorations and salām-hymns for 20–21 Ṭǝrr, typical of the synaxarion genre. The repeated 'Commemoration of' entries mark saints' days, while 'Salām-hymn' headings introduce poetic hymns.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A 'Salām-hymn' (Geʿez: ሰላም, salām) is a genre of liturgical hymn in Ethiopic tradition, often addressed to a saint or event. Here it precedes names like Yāfqaranna ʾƎgziʾ and ʾAbrokǝs.

backgroundbackgroundṬǝrr

Ṭǝrr is the fourth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to January. The 20th and 21st days are noted for multiple commemorations, reflecting the synaxarion's dense hagiographic schedule.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternal

The names ʾAbrokǝs and ʾAbakluz (repeated) are obscure; they may be variant spellings of known saints or local figures. The repetition of ʾAbakluz suggests a scribal duplication or distinct commemorations.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontext

Several entries are incomplete: 'Commemoration of' (20th) and 'Commemoration of the death of' (21st) lack names, likely due to manuscript lacunae or scribal omission. The text may be corrupt at these points.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The identity of Yāfqaranna ʾƎgziʾ is uncertain; it may be a saint or a title. The repeated 'Salām-hymn to ʾAbakluz' could be a scribal error or two separate hymns. The missing names after 'Commemoration of' are unresolved.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:62 · narrativehigh

Source

Commemoration of Ṗāwlos and Silās Commemoration of Baḫayla Māryām Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Tomās Salām-hymn to Isaiah Salām-hymn to Ṗāwlos and Silās Salām-hymn to Gorgoryos Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to ʾIlāryā Salām-hymn 22nd Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Commemoration of Minās Salām-hymn to ʾƎnṭonyos 23rd Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Ṭimotewos Commemoration of Tewodosyos Salām-hymn to Ṭimotewos Salām-hymn to Tewodosyos Salām-hymn to Geyorgis and Marqorā 24th Ṭǝrr

English

Commemoration of Ṗāwlos and Silās Commemoration of Baḫayla Māryām Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Tomās Salām-hymn to Isaiah Salām-hymn to Ṗāwlos and Silās Salām-hymn to Gorgoryos Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Salām-hymn to ʾIlāryā Salām-hymn 22nd Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Commemoration of Minās Salām-hymn to ʾƎnṭonyos 23rd Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Ṭimotewos Commemoration of Tewodosyos Salām-hymn to Ṭimotewos Salām-hymn to Tewodosyos Salām-hymn to Geyorgis and Marqorā 24th Ṭǝrr

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a calendar entry listing commemorations and salām-hymns for dates from 21 to 24 Ṭǝrr, typical of the Synaxarion's liturgical structure.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often used to honor saints or feasts; here multiple entries are listed without full text.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundexternal

Ṭǝrr is the fourth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to January; these dates align with the Coptic synaxarion's commemorations for the same period.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternal

The repeated salām-hymns to Mary reflect her prominent veneration in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, where multiple hymns may be assigned to a single feast.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontext

The entry for 22 Ṭǝrr has an incomplete 'Commemoration of' with no name, possibly a scribal omission or lacuna in the manuscript.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The 'Commemoration of' on 22 Ṭǝrr lacks a saint's name; it may be a textual gap or intentional placeholder.
The repeated 'Salām-hymn to Mary' entries may represent distinct hymns or a single hymn listed multiple times.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:63 · narrativehigh

Source

Commemoration of Māryām Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi Commemoration of ʾabbā Bifā Salām-hymn to Māryā Salām-hymn to the saints of Ḥawzen Salām-hymn to Bifā 25th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Ṗeṭros Commemoration of ʾAskilā Commemoration of Sǝbǝstyānos Salām-hymn to Sǝbǝstyānos Salām-hymn to Ṗeṭros Salām-hymn to ʾAskelā 26th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of 49 martyrs of Scetis Commemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā Commemoration of Marṭǝyos and other saints Salām-hymn to the 49 Fathers Salām-hymn to Yosef 27th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Sarābyon Commemoration of the translatio of Ṭimotewos

English

Commemoration of Māryām Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi Commemoration of ʾabbā Bifā Salām-hymn to Māryā Salām-hymn to the saints of Ḥawzen Salām-hymn to Bifā 25th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Ṗeṭros Commemoration of ʾAskilā Commemoration of Sǝbǝstyānos Salām-hymn to Sǝbǝstyānos Salām-hymn to Ṗeṭros Salām-hymn to ʾAskelā 26th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of 49 martyrs of Scetis Commemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā Commemoration of Marṭǝyos and other saints Salām-hymn to the 49 Fathers Salām-hymn to Yosef 27th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Sarābyon Commemoration of the translatio of Ṭimotewos

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a calendrical list of commemorations and salām-hymns for dates 24–27 Ṭǝrr, typical of the Synaxarion's daily entries.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often praising a saint or feast, and here appended to the commemorations.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundexternalḤawzen

Ḥawzen is a location in Ethiopia, associated with a monastery or saintly tradition; the 'saints of Ḥawzen' likely refers to local holy figures.

backgroundexternal49 martyrs of Scetis

The 49 martyrs of Scetis are Coptic saints killed by Berbers in the 5th century, commemorated in the Synaxarion on 26 Ṭǝrr.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

datingtext27th Ṭǝrr

The date 27 Ṭǝrr corresponds to 22 January in the Gregorian calendar, marking the commemoration of Sarābyon and the translatio of Ṭimotewos.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi and ʾabbā Bifā is not specified; they may be local Ethiopian saints or monastic figures.
The translatio of Ṭimotewos is not further described; it likely refers to the translation of relics of Timothy, disciple of Paul.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:64 · narrativehigh

Source

Commemoration of Suryāl Commemoration of ʾabbā Bifāmon Commemoration of Enoch Commemoration of Tāwǝflonṭos and Sornes Salām-hymn to Suryāl Salām-hymn to Enoch Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Pifāmon Salām-hymn to Pifāmon Salām-hymn to Sarābyon Salām-hymn to Ṭimotewos Salām-hymn to Christ 28th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Qalemǝnṭos Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝh Commemoration of the companions of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ Commemoration of Yosef Commemoration of Tabelā and three children Commemoration of the miracle of the multiplication of the bread and fish

English

Commemoration of Suryāl Commemoration of ʾabbā Bifāmon Commemoration of Enoch Commemoration of Tāwǝflonṭos and Sornes Salām-hymn to Suryāl Salām-hymn to Enoch Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Pifāmon Salām-hymn to Pifāmon Salām-hymn to Sarābyon Salām-hymn to Ṭimotewos Salām-hymn to Christ 28th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Qalemǝnṭos Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝh Commemoration of the companions of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ Commemoration of Yosef Commemoration of Tabelā and three children Commemoration of the miracle of the multiplication of the bread and fish

Commentary

structuretext28th Ṭǝrr

The passage marks the transition from the 27th to the 28th day of the month Ṭǝrr, continuing the synaxarion's daily sequence of commemorations and hymns.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextCommemoration of Enoch

Enoch, the antediluvian patriarch, is commemorated in the Ethiopic tradition as a righteous figure and author of apocalyptic literature, reflecting the high regard for the Book of Enoch in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextSalām-hymn

Salām-hymns are a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopic tradition, typically praising a saint or feast, and are often appended to the synaxarion entries for the day.

betmas: Synaxarion

paralleltextCommemoration of the miracle of the multiplication of the bread and fish

This commemoration recalls the Gospel miracle (e.g., Matthew 14:13–21, Mark 6:30–44, Luke 9:10–17, John 6:1–14), a rare narrative feast in the synaxarion, likely reflecting its catechetical and liturgical significance.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontextCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝh

ʾAbbā ʾAkāwǝh (also known as Akawh or Akawḥ) is a saint venerated in the Ethiopian tradition, often associated with monasticism; his commemoration here includes his companions, indicating a group commemoration.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The exact identity of Suryāl (possibly an angel or saint) is not specified; the reading assumes a saintly figure. The relationship between ʾabbā Bifāmon and Pifāmon (variant spellings) is unclear; they may be the same or distinct individuals.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:65 · narrativemedium

Source

Salām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob Salām-hymn to the companions of Qalemǝnṭos Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ Salām-hymn to the companions of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ Salām-hymn to Yosef Salām-hymn to ʾAklimǝnṭos 29th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the birth of Christ Commemoration of ʾAksāni Commemoration of Sǝryāqos Commemoration of the women of Rome and other saints Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎsṭifānos Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to ʾAksāni Salām-hymn to ʾƎsṭifās Salām-hymn to Sǝryāqos Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to Gabra Nāzrāwi

English

Salām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob Salām-hymn to the companions of Qalemǝnṭos Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ Salām-hymn to the companions of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ Salām-hymn to Yosef Salām-hymn to ʾAklimǝnṭos 29th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of the birth of Christ Commemoration of ʾAksāni Commemoration of Sǝryāqos Commemoration of the women of Rome and other saints Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎsṭifānos Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to ʾAksāni Salām-hymn to ʾƎsṭifās Salām-hymn to Sǝryāqos Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to Gabra Nāzrāwi

Commentary

structuretext29th Ṭǝrr

The passage marks the transition from the 28th to the 29th of Ṭǝrr, a month in the Geʿez calendar, and lists commemorations and salām-hymns for that day.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically a hymn of praise addressed to a saint or a feast, often structured with a refrain.

backgroundbackgroundCommemoration of the birth of Christ

The commemoration of the birth of Christ on 29th Ṭǝrr corresponds to the feast of the Nativity in the Geʿez tradition, which is celebrated on 29th Ṭǝrr (approximately January 7 in the Gregorian calendar).

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternalʾAksāni

ʾAksāni is likely a Geʿez form of the name of a saint, possibly associated with the Roman or Egyptian martyrologies; the exact identity is uncertain in the Synaxarion tradition.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontextSalām-hymn

The entry 'Salām-hymn' without a named recipient (line 17) may indicate a lacuna or an intentional generic heading; the text does not specify the subject.

Open questions · 2

The identity of ʾAksāni and the precise referent of the unnamed salām-hymn are uncertain.
The relationship between the companions of Qalemǝnṭos and those of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ is not clarified in this passage.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:66 · narrativehigh

Source

30th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Ṗisṭis, ʾAlāṗis, ʾAgābis and their mother Sofyā Commemoration of ʾabbā Minās Commemoration of Ṭeqalā Commemoration of ʾOrni Commemoration of Gorgoryos Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkrǝsṭros Commemoration of the companions of ʾOrni Salām-hymn to Minās Salām-hymn to ʾAkrǝsṭros Salām-hymn to Mārtā, Māryā and Ṭeqalā Salām-hymn to ʾOrni Salām-hymn to the companions of ʾOrni Subscription for Ṭǝrr Supplication for Ṭǝrr Introduction for Yakkātit 1st Yakkātit Commemoration of the council of Constantinople

English

30th Ṭǝrr Commemoration of Ṗisṭis, ʾAlāṗis, ʾAgābis and their mother Sofyā Commemoration of ʾabbā Minās Commemoration of Ṭeqalā Commemoration of ʾOrni Commemoration of Gorgoryos Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkrǝsṭros Commemoration of the companions of ʾOrni Salām-hymn to Minās Salām-hymn to ʾAkrǝsṭros Salām-hymn to Mārtā, Māryā and Ṭeqalā Salām-hymn to ʾOrni Salām-hymn to the companions of ʾOrni Subscription for Ṭǝrr Supplication for Ṭǝrr Introduction for Yakkātit 1st Yakkātit Commemoration of the council of Constantinople

Commentary

structuretext

This passage marks the end of the month of Ṭǝrr and the beginning of Yakkātit, with a series of commemorations and salām-hymns followed by a subscription, supplication, and introduction for the next month.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossaryṬǝrr

Ṭǝrr is the fourth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to January. The subscription and supplication for Ṭǝrr close the month's entries in the synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundexternal

The commemoration of the council of Constantinople on 1st Yakkātit refers to the First Council of Constantinople (381 CE), which affirmed the Nicene Creed and condemned Arianism. This entry reflects the synaxarion's inclusion of ecumenical councils.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternal

The salām-hymns to Minās, ʾAkrǝsṭros, Mārtā, Māryā, Ṭeqalā, ʾOrni, and their companions indicate the liturgical use of these hymns in the Ethiopian tradition, honoring saints venerated in both Coptic and Ethiopian Orthodox contexts.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontext

The names Ṗisṭis, ʾAlāṗis, and ʾAgābis are likely Greek-derived (Pistis, Elpis, Agape) but their identification and the identity of their mother Sofyā are uncertain; the text provides no further details.

Open questions · 2

The specific identities of Ṗisṭis, ʾAlāṗis, ʾAgābis, and their mother Sofyā are not clarified in the passage; they may be legendary or obscure martyrs.
The relationship between the commemorations and the salām-hymns is not explicit; the passage may be a composite of multiple sources.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:67 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros Commemoration of ʾAsokānāfǝr and his wife Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary Salām-hymn to the participants of the council of Constantinople Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros 2nd Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾabbā Langinos Commemoration of ʾabbā Ṗawli Commemoration of a miracle of Thomas Salām-hymn to Thomas Salām-hymn to Ṗāwli Salām-hymn to Langinos 3rd Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾabbā Yāʿqob Commemoration of the translatio of Commemoration of ʾabbā ʿƎbloy

English

Commemoration of the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros Commemoration of ʾAsokānāfǝr and his wife Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary Salām-hymn to the participants of the council of Constantinople Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros 2nd Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾabbā Langinos Commemoration of ʾabbā Ṗawli Commemoration of a miracle of Thomas Salām-hymn to Thomas Salām-hymn to Ṗāwli Salām-hymn to Langinos 3rd Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾabbā Yāʿqob Commemoration of the translatio of Commemoration of ʾabbā ʿƎbloy

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a calendar entry for 2nd and 3rd Yakkātit, listing commemorations and salām-hymns. It follows the pattern of the Synaxarion, transitioning from the end of Ṭǝrr to the beginning of Yakkātit.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarysalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise. Here, salām-hymns are listed for the birth of Mary, participants of the Council of Constantinople, and the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros, among others.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundexternal

The Council of Constantinople (381 CE) is a key ecumenical council in Christian tradition, affirming the Nicene Creed. Its participants are commemorated here, reflecting the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's adherence to Nicene orthodoxy.

receptionexternal

The commemoration of the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros (likely St. Peter's) and the translatio (translation of relics) indicate the Synaxarion's integration of broader Christian liturgical traditions into the Ethiopian calendar.

cautiontext

The entry for 3rd Yakkātit includes 'Commemoration of the translatio of' without specifying the subject. This may be a textual lacuna or abbreviation in the source manuscript, leaving the intended commemoration unclear.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The phrase 'Commemoration of the translatio of' on 3rd Yakkātit is incomplete; the object of the translation is missing, possibly due to manuscript damage or scribal omission.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:68 · narrativehigh

Source

Commemoration of Zaynun Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob Salām-hymn to Zaynun Salām-hymn to ʾEfrem 4th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾAgābos Commemoration of Zakāryās Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to ʾAgābos Salām-hymn to Zakāryās 5th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAqrǝṗinu the patriarch Commemoration of ʾabbā Bisoy Commemoration of ʾabbā Nob, ʾabbā ʾAblo, the translatio of the 49 martyrs of Scetis, and ʾAbulidās Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAblo the shepherd Commemoration of Banwā and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAqrǝbos Salām-hymn to Bǝsoy Salām-hymn to Nob

English

Commemoration of Zaynun Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob Salām-hymn to Zaynun Salām-hymn to ʾEfrem 4th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾAgābos Commemoration of Zakāryās Salām-hymn Salām-hymn to ʾAgābos Salām-hymn to Zakāryās 5th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAqrǝṗinu the patriarch Commemoration of ʾabbā Bisoy Commemoration of ʾabbā Nob, ʾabbā ʾAblo, the translatio of the 49 martyrs of Scetis, and ʾAbulidās Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAblo the shepherd Commemoration of Banwā and other saints Salām-hymn to ʾAqrǝbos Salām-hymn to Bǝsoy Salām-hymn to Nob

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints on the 4th and 5th of Yakkātit, following the pattern of the Synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarysalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically praising a saint or feast.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundYakkātit

Yakkātit is the sixth month of the Geʿez calendar, roughly corresponding to February–March.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternal

The commemoration of the 49 martyrs of Scetis reflects the veneration of Egyptian desert martyrs in Ethiopic tradition.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontext

The entry for 5th Yakkātit lists multiple commemorations together, which may indicate conflation or a composite entry in the manuscript tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of Zaynun is not specified; it may refer to a saint not widely known outside this context.
The salām-hymn without a named recipient on 4th Yakkātit is ambiguous; it may be a generic hymn or a scribal omission.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:69 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to ʾAbulidis Salām-hymn to the saints of Dabra Maqāryos Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾƎbloy Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAblo Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAmoni Commemoration of King Minās 6th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾAbulidās Commemoration of Māryām Commemoration of ʾabbā Qir, Yoḥannǝs, three virgins and their mother Salām-hymn to ʾAbulidis Salām-hymn to ʾAbuqir and his companions Salām-hymn to Māryām 7th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros the patriarch Commemoration of ʾabbā Tewodros the patriarch Commemoration of ʾAbrāqǝn and other saints

English

Salām-hymn to ʾAbulidis Salām-hymn to the saints of Dabra Maqāryos Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾƎbloy Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAblo Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAmoni Commemoration of King Minās 6th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾAbulidās Commemoration of Māryām Commemoration of ʾabbā Qir, Yoḥannǝs, three virgins and their mother Salām-hymn to ʾAbulidis Salām-hymn to ʾAbuqir and his companions Salām-hymn to Māryām 7th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros the patriarch Commemoration of ʾabbā Tewodros the patriarch Commemoration of ʾAbrāqǝn and other saints

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a sequence of commemorations and salām-hymns for 5th–7th Yakkātit, typical of the synaxarion’s calendrical arrangement.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

Salām-hymn (Geʿez salām) is a genre of liturgical hymn, often in praise of a saint, used in the Ethiopian tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundDabra Maqāryos

Dabra Maqāryos (Monastery of St. Macarius) is a major monastic center in Scetis, Egypt, associated with the 49 martyrs mentioned in the previous passage.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternalKing Minās

King Minās (Menas) is a saint venerated in Ethiopian tradition, possibly conflated with the Egyptian martyr St. Menas; his commemoration here reflects shared Copto-Ethiopian hagiography.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontextʾAbulidās / ʾAbulidis

The name appears as both ʾAbulidās and ʾAbulidis in the same passage; this may reflect orthographic variation or scribal inconsistency.

betmas: Synaxarion

parallelbackgroundʾabbā Qir, Yoḥannǝs, three virgins and their mother

This group of martyrs is known in Coptic tradition as Saints Cyrus, John, and their companions; their commemoration appears in both Coptic and Ethiopian synaxaria.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

Open questions · 2

The relationship between ʾAbulidās and ʾAbulidis is unclear; they may be the same saint with variant spelling or distinct figures.
The identity of ʾabbā ʾƎbloy and ʾabbā ʾAblo is uncertain; they may be variant names for the same saint or different individuals.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:70 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to ʾƎskǝndǝros Salām-hymn to Tewodǝs Salām-hymn to ʾƎbloy 8th Yakkātit Commemoration of the presentation of Christ to the temple Commemoration of Ḥannā Commemoration of 'ʿĀmata Krǝstos' and her servant Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾElyās Salām-hymn to ʾElyās Salām-hymn to Ḥannā Salām-hymn to two holy women Salām-hymn to the presentation of Jesus at the temple Salām-hymn to Sǝmʿon ʿĀrke-hymn to Sǝmʿon Salām-hymn to Yosef 9th Yakkātit Commemoration of Commemoration of Ṗāwlos Salām-hymn to Barsomā Salām-hymn to Ṗāwlos

English

Salām-hymn to ʾƎskǝndǝros Salām-hymn to Tewodǝs Salām-hymn to ʾƎbloy 8th Yakkātit Commemoration of the presentation of Christ to the temple Commemoration of Ḥannā Commemoration of 'ʿĀmata Krǝstos' and her servant Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾElyās Salām-hymn to ʾElyās Salām-hymn to Ḥannā Salām-hymn to two holy women Salām-hymn to the presentation of Jesus at the temple Salām-hymn to Sǝmʿon ʿĀrke-hymn to Sǝmʿon Salām-hymn to Yosef 9th Yakkātit Commemoration of Commemoration of Ṗāwlos Salām-hymn to Barsomā Salām-hymn to Ṗāwlos

Commentary

structuretext

This passage continues the synaxarion's sequence of commemorations and hymns for the 8th and 9th of Yakkātit, following the pattern of salām-hymns and commemorations seen in the previous passage.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtextYakkātit

Yakkātit is the sixth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to February–March. The 8th of Yakkātit is associated with the Feast of the Presentation of Christ (Candlemas) in the Ethiopian tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossaryʿĀrke-hymn

ʿĀrke-hymn is a hymn type in Geʿez liturgical poetry, often used for saints or feasts. Its precise form and function are distinct from the salām-hymn, though both are part of the synaxarion's hymn cycle.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontext

The commemoration of 'ʿĀmata Krǝstos' and her servant reflects the Ethiopian tradition of honoring female saints and martyrs, often with local hagiographic details not found in other Christian calendars.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

The entry for the 9th of Yakkātit is incomplete: 'Commemoration of' is followed by a blank, then 'Commemoration of Ṗāwlos'. This suggests a lacuna or scribal omission in the manuscript tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of 'ʿĀmata Krǝstos' is not specified; she may be a local Ethiopian saint or a figure from broader Christian tradition.
The blank after 'Commemoration of' on the 9th of Yakkātit leaves the intended subject uncertain; it may be a saint whose name was lost in transmission.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:71 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of Ṗeṭros 10th Yakkātit Commemoration of Commemoration of Yosṭos Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾIsdǝros Commemoration of ʾabbā Filo Commemoration of Niqālāwos and other saints Salām-hymn to James Salām-hymn to Yosṭos Salām-hymn to ʾEsdǝros 11th Yakkātit Commemoration of Balātyānos the patriarch of Rome Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAwlog Commemoration of ʾAbrǝhām and ʾabbā Maqābis Commemoration of ʾabbā Batrā Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Bālātyānos Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAwlog Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Batrā 12th Yakkātit Short commemoration of

English

Commemoration of Ṗeṭros 10th Yakkātit Commemoration of Commemoration of Yosṭos Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾIsdǝros Commemoration of ʾabbā Filo Commemoration of Niqālāwos and other saints Salām-hymn to James Salām-hymn to Yosṭos Salām-hymn to ʾEsdǝros 11th Yakkātit Commemoration of Balātyānos the patriarch of Rome Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAwlog Commemoration of ʾAbrǝhām and ʾabbā Maqābis Commemoration of ʾabbā Batrā Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Bālātyānos Salām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAwlog Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Batrā 12th Yakkātit Short commemoration of

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a calendar entry for 10th–12th Yakkātit, listing commemorations and salām-hymns. The abrupt end after 'Short commemoration of' suggests the text is truncated or a heading without content.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarysalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically praising a saint. Its presence here indicates the liturgical use of the synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundexternalYakkātit

Yakkātit is the sixth month of the Geʿez calendar, roughly corresponding to February–March. The dates 10th–12th fall in the period of the Presentation of Christ (8th Yakkātit) and related commemorations.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternal

The commemoration of Balātyānos (patriarch of Rome) reflects the Ethiopic synaxarion's inclusion of non-Ethiopian saints, indicating broad hagiographic reception from Coptic and Eastern Christian sources.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontext

The entry for 10th Yakkātit begins with 'Commemoration of' but lacks a name, suggesting a lacuna or scribal omission. The English draft reproduces this gap.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The missing name after 'Commemoration of' on 10th Yakkātit is unclear; it may be a saint whose name was omitted in transmission.
The 'Short commemoration of' at the end is incomplete; the intended subject is not specified.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:72 · narrativemedium

Source

Long commemoration of Commemoration of Galāsyos Salām-hymn to Michael Salām-hymn to Galāsyos Commemoration of Dǝrqālās 13rd Yakkātit Commemoration of Sargis Commemoration of ʾabbā Ṭimotewos the patriarch Commemoration of Tewodros and ʾabbā Ḥǝfsā Commemoration of ʾAwsābyos Commemoration of Fiquṭor Salām-hymn to Sargis Salām-hymn to Ṭimotes 14th Yakkātit Commemoration of Commemoration of Yāʿqob the patriarch of Alexandria Commemoration of Commemoration of Dāryos and other saints Salām-hymn to Fiqṭor Salām-hymn to ʾAwsābyos

English

Long commemoration of Commemoration of Galāsyos Salām-hymn to Michael Salām-hymn to Galāsyos Commemoration of Dǝrqālās 13rd Yakkātit Commemoration of Sargis Commemoration of ʾabbā Ṭimotewos the patriarch Commemoration of Tewodros and ʾabbā Ḥǝfsā Commemoration of ʾAwsābyos Commemoration of Fiquṭor Salām-hymn to Sargis Salām-hymn to Ṭimotes 14th Yakkātit Commemoration of Commemoration of Yāʿqob the patriarch of Alexandria Commemoration of Commemoration of Dāryos and other saints Salām-hymn to Fiqṭor Salām-hymn to ʾAwsābyos

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a list of commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints on the 13th and 14th of Yakkātit, typical of the synaxarion's calendrical format.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A 'salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, often praising a saint or angel, and is distinct from a commemoration entry.

backgroundbackgroundYakkātit

Yakkātit is the sixth month in the Geʿez calendar, roughly corresponding to February–March in the Gregorian calendar.

cautiontext

The passage contains incomplete entries (e.g., 'Commemoration of' with no name) and a probable scribal error in the date '13rd' (should be '13th'), indicating textual corruption or lacunae.

parallelexternal

The commemoration of Yāʿqob the patriarch of Alexandria on 14th Yakkātit parallels entries in the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, which also commemorates him on the same day.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

Open questions · 2

The names 'Dǝrqālās' and 'Fiquṭor' (also spelled 'Fiqṭor') are uncertain; they may be corruptions or variant spellings of known saints' names.
The incomplete 'Commemoration of' entries lack the saint's name, leaving the intended subject ambiguous.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:73 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob Salām-hymn to Sāwiros Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 15th Yakkātit Commemoration of Zakāryā the prophet Commemoration of the consecration of the church of the martyrs of Sǝbǝsṭyā Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Zechariah Salām-hymn to Babnudā Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of the martyrs of Sǝbǝsṭyā 16th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾElsābeṭ Commemoration of the Kidāna Mǝḥrat Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Elisabeth 17th Yakkātit Commemoration of Minās Salām-hymn to Muse Salām-hymn to Minās 18th Yakkātit

English

Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob Salām-hymn to Sāwiros Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs 15th Yakkātit Commemoration of Zakāryā the prophet Commemoration of the consecration of the church of the martyrs of Sǝbǝsṭyā Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Zechariah Salām-hymn to Babnudā Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of the martyrs of Sǝbǝsṭyā 16th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾElsābeṭ Commemoration of the Kidāna Mǝḥrat Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Elisabeth 17th Yakkātit Commemoration of Minās Salām-hymn to Muse Salām-hymn to Minās 18th Yakkātit

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a calendrical list of commemorations and salām-hymns for Yakkātit 15–18, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The repeated 'Commemoration of' without a name (line 7) likely indicates a lacuna or scribal omission.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

Salām-hymn (Geʿez: ሰላም) is a genre of liturgical hymn in praise of a saint or feast, typically following the commemoration entry in the Synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackground

The 'consecration of the church of the martyrs of Sǝbǝsṭyā' refers to the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, whose cult was widespread in Ethiopia. The church consecration is a distinct feast in the Ethiopian liturgical calendar.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternal

The Kidāna Mǝḥrat ('Covenant of Mercy') is a major feast of the Virgin Mary in Ethiopian Christianity, celebrated on Yakkātit 16. Its inclusion here reflects the high veneration of Mary in the Ethiopian tradition.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontext

The entry 'Commemoration of' (line 7) is incomplete; the name of the saint or feast is missing. This may be a scribal error or a lacuna in the manuscript tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The incomplete 'Commemoration of' on line 7 leaves the identity of the commemoration uncertain; it may be a saint or feast omitted by the scribe.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:74 · narrativehigh

Source

Commemoration of Malanyos the patriarch of Antiochia Commemoration of Yāʿqob Salām-hymn to Malasyānos 19th Yakkātit Commemoration of the translatio of Martǝyānos Salām-hymn to Martǝyānos 20th Yakkātit Commemoration of Ṗeṭros the patriarch Commemoration of Bāsǝlyos, Tewodosyos and Ṭimotewos Commemoration of Filmon Commemoration of ʾabbā Kǝfla Māryām and ʾabbā Gabra Marʿāwi Salām-hymn to Ṗeṭros Salām-hymn to Bāsǝlyos and his companions Salām-hymn to Filmon 21st Yakkātit Commemoration of Mary Commemoration of Gabrǝʾel the patriarch

English

Commemoration of Malanyos the patriarch of Antiochia Commemoration of Yāʿqob Salām-hymn to Malasyānos 19th Yakkātit Commemoration of the translatio of Martǝyānos Salām-hymn to Martǝyānos 20th Yakkātit Commemoration of Ṗeṭros the patriarch Commemoration of Bāsǝlyos, Tewodosyos and Ṭimotewos Commemoration of Filmon Commemoration of ʾabbā Kǝfla Māryām and ʾabbā Gabra Marʿāwi Salām-hymn to Ṗeṭros Salām-hymn to Bāsǝlyos and his companions Salām-hymn to Filmon 21st Yakkātit Commemoration of Mary Commemoration of Gabrǝʾel the patriarch

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints and feasts, following the pattern of the Synaxarion for the 19th–21st of Yakkātit.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarytranslatio

The Latin term 'translatio' is used in the English draft to render the Geʿez concept of the transfer of relics, a common hagiographical motif.

backgroundexternal

Malanyos (Malasyānos) is a patriarch of Antioch; the commemoration of multiple patriarchs and ascetics reflects the Synaxarion's inclusion of both universal and local Ethiopian saints.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternal

The inclusion of ʾabbā Kǝfla Māryām and ʾabbā Gabra Marʿāwi, Ethiopian monastic figures, shows the adaptation of the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion for the Ethiopian liturgical context.

source edition: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The identity of Yāʿqob (Jacob) is unspecified; it may refer to a local saint or a biblical figure.
The relationship between Malanyos and Malasyānos is unclear; they may be variant spellings of the same name.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:75 · narrativehigh

Source

Commemoration of Zakāryās the bishop Commemoration of ʾOnisimos Commemoration of Ṗeṭros the bishop Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAksǝyos and ʾabbā Gabrǝʾel Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Gabrǝʾel Salām-hymn to Zakāryās Salām-hymn to ʾOnāsimos 22nd Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾabbā Mārunā Commemoration of ʾabbā Bulā and other saints Salām-hymn to Mārunā 23rd Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾAwsābyos Commemoration of Nob Commemoration of ʾAwsābyos Salām-hymn to ʾAwsābyos 24th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾAgābiṭos Commemoration of Mātiyās

English

Commemoration of Zakāryās the bishop Commemoration of ʾOnisimos Commemoration of Ṗeṭros the bishop Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAksǝyos and ʾabbā Gabrǝʾel Salām-hymn to Mary Salām-hymn to Gabrǝʾel Salām-hymn to Zakāryās Salām-hymn to ʾOnāsimos 22nd Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾabbā Mārunā Commemoration of ʾabbā Bulā and other saints Salām-hymn to Mārunā 23rd Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾAwsābyos Commemoration of Nob Commemoration of ʾAwsābyos Salām-hymn to ʾAwsābyos 24th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾAgābiṭos Commemoration of Mātiyās

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a calendrical list of commemorations and salām-hymns for dates from the 22nd to 24th of Yakkātit, typical of the synaxarion genre.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often used to honor saints or biblical figures, typically recited in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundYakkātit

Yakkātit is the sixth month of the Ethiopian calendar, corresponding roughly to February–March in the Gregorian calendar.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternal

The commemoration of ʾabbā Mārunā and ʾabbā Bulā reflects the veneration of Egyptian and Syrian ascetics in the Ethiopian tradition, indicating cross-cultural hagiographic exchange.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

cautiontext

The repetition of 'Commemoration of ʾAwsābyos' on the 23rd of Yakkātit may be a scribal duplication or indicate two distinct commemorations; the text does not clarify.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The repetition of ʾAwsābyos on 23 Yakkātit could be a scribal error or a separate commemoration of a different saint with the same name.
The identity of ʾabbā Bulā is uncertain; it may refer to a saint not widely attested in other sources.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:76 · narrativehigh

Source

Commemoration of Ṭimotewos and Minās Salām-hymn to ʾAgābiṭos Salām-hymn to Mātyās and Ṭimotewos 25th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾAwsyos Commemoration of Qonā, Minās and Dǝlmādyos Commemoration of Damāylǝmānos Commemoration of ʾƎnṭonǝs Commemoration of ʾAbufānā Salām-hymn to ʾAwsābyos, Filmonā and Luqyā Salām-hymn to Qonā, Minās and Yǝlmādyos Salām-hymn to ʾƎnṭonyos Salām-hymn to Fānā 26th Yakkātit Commemoration of Hoseʿ Commemoration of Sādoq Salām-hymn to Hosea Salām-hymn to Sādoq 27th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾEwǝsṭātewos, patriarch of Antioch

English

Commemoration of Ṭimotewos and Minās Salām-hymn to ʾAgābiṭos Salām-hymn to Mātyās and Ṭimotewos 25th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾAwsyos Commemoration of Qonā, Minās and Dǝlmādyos Commemoration of Damāylǝmānos Commemoration of ʾƎnṭonǝs Commemoration of ʾAbufānā Salām-hymn to ʾAwsābyos, Filmonā and Luqyā Salām-hymn to Qonā, Minās and Yǝlmādyos Salām-hymn to ʾƎnṭonyos Salām-hymn to Fānā 26th Yakkātit Commemoration of Hoseʿ Commemoration of Sādoq Salām-hymn to Hosea Salām-hymn to Sādoq 27th Yakkātit Commemoration of ʾEwǝsṭātewos, patriarch of Antioch

Commentary

structuretext25th Yakkātit

The passage is a calendrical list of commemorations and salām-hymns for the 25th–27th of Yakkātit, following the pattern of the Synaxarion entries for consecutive days.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

Salām-hymn (Geʿez salām, 'peace') is a genre of liturgical hymn in the Ethiopic tradition, often appended to synaxarion entries to honor specific saints.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundʾEwǝsṭātewos

ʾEwǝsṭātewos (Eustathius) was a 4th-century patriarch of Antioch, venerated in the Oriental Orthodox tradition for his role at the First Council of Nicaea.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

receptionexternalṬimotewos and Minās

The commemoration of Ṭimotewos and Minās on 25th Yakkātit reflects the integration of Egyptian martyrs (Minās) and biblical figures (Timothy) into the Ethiopic calendar.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontextDǝlmādyos / Yǝlmādyos

The name Dǝlmādyos in the commemoration list appears as Yǝlmādyos in the salām-hymn, suggesting a scribal variant or transmission error; the intended saint is uncertain.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The relationship between the commemoration of Qonā, Minās and Dǝlmādyos and the salām-hymn to Qonā, Minās and Yǝlmādyos is unclear; the variant spelling may indicate a different saint or a copyist's error.
The commemoration of ʾAwsyos (25th Yakkātit) is not cross-referenced in the salām-hymns, leaving his identity ambiguous.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:77 · narrativehigh

Source

Salām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyos Salām-hymn to Christ 28th Yakkātit Commemoration of Tewodros the Roman Commemoration of the companions of Tewodros Salām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob Salām-hymn to Tewodros Salām-hymn to the companions of Tewodros 29th Yakkātit Commemoration of the birth of Christ Commemoration of Bolikārbos Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to Bilkiryos 30th Yakkātit Commemoration of the invention of the head of Discourse of John Chrysostom on John the Baptist Commemoration of ʾabbā Minās Salām-hymn to John the Baptist

English

Salām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyos Salām-hymn to Christ 28th Yakkātit Commemoration of Tewodros the Roman Commemoration of the companions of Tewodros Salām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob Salām-hymn to Tewodros Salām-hymn to the companions of Tewodros 29th Yakkātit Commemoration of the birth of Christ Commemoration of Bolikārbos Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ Salām-hymn to Bilkiryos 30th Yakkātit Commemoration of the invention of the head of Discourse of John Chrysostom on John the Baptist Commemoration of ʾabbā Minās Salām-hymn to John the Baptist

Commentary

structuretext

This passage continues the synaxarion's sequence of commemorations and hymns for the end of Yakkātit, with entries for the 28th, 29th, and 30th days. The pattern of a commemoration followed by a salām-hymn is consistent with the genre.

betmas: Synaxarion

termglossarySalām-hymn

Salām-hymn (Geʿez: ሰላም) is a genre of hymn in the Ethiopic tradition, typically a poetic praise addressed to a saint or feast. The term is used here as a structural marker.

backgroundbackgroundTewodros the Roman

Tewodros the Roman (Theodore) is a martyr venerated in the Ethiopic tradition, often identified with Theodore the General (Tewodros the Stratelates). His commemoration on 28 Yakkātit is attested in the synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundbackgroundinvention of the head of John the Baptist

The 'invention' (finding) of the head of John the Baptist is a feast commemorating the discovery of his relic. The entry for 30 Yakkātit includes a discourse by John Chrysostom on this topic, a common patristic reading in the synaxarion.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontextinvention of the head of

The Geʿez text for 30 Yakkātit reads 'Commemoration of the invention of the head of' without specifying the saint, but the following discourse on John the Baptist clarifies the subject. The English draft omits the object, which is implied.

Open questions · 2

The entry for 30 Yakkātit is incomplete: 'Commemoration of the invention of the head of' lacks the saint's name, though the subsequent discourse on John the Baptist resolves the ambiguity.
The identity of 'Bolkārbos' (29 Yakkātit) is uncertain; it may be a variant of Polycarp, but the spelling differs from the standard Geʿez form.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:78 · narrativemedium

Source

Subscription for Yakkātit Supplication for Yakkātit Second half of the year Third quarter of the year 12th Miyāzyā Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros, bishop of Jerusalem Commemoration of ʾƎnṭonyos, bishop of Ṭāmaw Fourth quarter of the year 12th Sane Commemoration of and institution of the feast of Story of ʾAwfimyā (Euphemia) Commemoration of Yosṭos Commemoration of The commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on . Commemoration of Dumādyos Salām-hymn to Dumādyos Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Marqoryos

English

Subscription for Yakkātit Supplication for Yakkātit Second half of the year Third quarter of the year 12th Miyāzyā Commemoration of Commemoration of ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros, bishop of Jerusalem Commemoration of ʾƎnṭonyos, bishop of Ṭāmaw Fourth quarter of the year 12th Sane Commemoration of and institution of the feast of Story of ʾAwfimyā (Euphemia) Commemoration of Yosṭos Commemoration of The commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on . Commemoration of Dumādyos Salām-hymn to Dumādyos Salām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Marqoryos

Commentary

structuretext

This passage is a subscription and supplication for the month of Yakkātit, followed by a series of commemorations and salām-hymns for various saints and feasts, marking the end of the month and transition to subsequent periods.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextYakkātit

Yakkātit is the sixth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to February–March. The subscription and supplication here conclude the entries for that month.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundtext

The mention of 'Second half of the year' and 'Third quarter of the year' reflects the liturgical division of the year into halves and quarters, a common structural feature in Ethiopian synaxaria.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptiontext

The note 'The commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on' is incomplete in the manuscript, indicating a lacuna or editorial truncation in the source edition.

betmas: Synaxarion

termtextʾAwfimyā (Euphemia)

ʾAwfimyā is the Geʿez form of Euphemia, a Christian martyr venerated in the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox traditions. Her story is included here as a separate commemoration.

betmas: Synaxarion

cautiontext

Several entries in this passage are fragmentary or lack full names (e.g., 'Commemoration of' with no saint specified), suggesting textual damage or incomplete copying in the manuscript tradition.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 2

The phrase 'The commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on' is cut off; the basis is unknown.
Several commemorations lack specific saint names, leaving their identities ambiguous.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:79 · narrativemedium

Source

Commemoration of the 2500 martyrs of ʾAtrib, their mother, and of Māryām Salām-hymn to the martyrs of ʾAtrib The commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on . Commemoration of Joseph Salām-hymn to Joseph Commemoration of Ṭimotewos 12th Naḥāse Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Michael 'Salutation to thee, O Michael, angel of the covenant and counsel of God' ሰላም፡ ለከ፡ መልአከ፡ ኪዳኑ፡ ወምክሩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ልዑል፡ ዘግሩም፡ ግብሩ፡ በረድኤትከ፡ ረዋጺ፡ ዘአሠረ፡ ነፋስ፡ አሠሩ፡ ሶበ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ እኩየ፡ መከሩ፡ ጉባኤ፡ ፀርየ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ዝሩ። Commemoration of Constantine Commemoration of the 2000 companions of Fāsiladas

English

Commemoration of the 2500 martyrs of ʾAtrib, their mother, and of Māryām Salām-hymn to the martyrs of ʾAtrib The commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on . Commemoration of Joseph Salām-hymn to Joseph Commemoration of Ṭimotewos 12th Naḥāse Commemoration of Salām-hymn to Michael 'Salutation to thee, O Michael, angel of the covenant and counsel of God' Salutation to thee, O angel of the covenant and counsel of the Lord, the Most High, whose deed is glorious; with thy help the helper who bound the wind, his binding when over me the evil counsel of the assembly of my enemy, Michael, the renowned. Commemoration of Constantine Commemoration of the 2000 companions of Fāsiladas

Commentary

backgroundbackground2500 martyrs of ʾAtrib

The 2500 martyrs of ʾAtrib (Athribis) are commemorated in the Coptic and Ethiopic traditions as victims of the Diocletianic persecution. Their mother and Mary are also mentioned, though the connection to Mary is unusual and may reflect a local tradition.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

termtextSalām-hymn

The term 'Salām-hymn' (from Geʿez ሰላም, salām) designates a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopic tradition, often used in the Synaxarion to introduce a hymn of praise to a saint or angel.

betmas: Synaxarion

structuretext25 Ḥamle

The passage notes that the commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on an unspecified source, indicating a structural break or a note on the compilation of the Synaxarion. This is a rare editorial comment within the text.

betmas: Synaxarion

scripturetextangel of the covenant and counsel of God

The epithet 'angel of the covenant and counsel of God' for Michael echoes biblical themes of Michael as a divine messenger and protector (cf. Daniel 10:13, Revelation 12:7), though not a direct quotation.

cautiontextCommemoration of

The entry 'Commemoration of' (12th Naḥāse) is incomplete, lacking the saint's name. This may be a lacuna in the manuscript or a placeholder for a later addition.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionbackground2000 companions of Fāsiladas

Fāsiladas (Fasilides) was a 17th-century Ethiopian emperor. The '2000 companions' likely refers to martyrs or saints associated with his reign, though this commemoration is not widely attested in earlier sources.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

Open questions · 3

The identity of the 'mother' of the 2500 martyrs is unspecified; she may be a local figure or a symbolic reference.
The incomplete 'Commemoration of' on 12th Naḥāse leaves the saint unnamed.
The phrase 'based on' for 25 Ḥamle is ambiguous; it may refer to a source text or a liturgical practice.

LIT4035SenkessarDL:80 · narrativehigh

Source

Commemoration of Rufāʾel, consecration of his church and miracle Salām-hymn to Rufāʾel Commemoration of Zarʾa Yaʿqob Salām-hymn to Zarʾa Yaʿqob Commemoration of Malka Ṣedeq Salām-hymn to Malka Ṣedeq Commemoration of Sarāṗyon of Landun Salām-hymn to Sarāṗyon of Landun

English

Commemoration of Rufāʾel, consecration of his church and miracle Salām-hymn to Rufāʾel Commemoration of Zarʾa Yaʿqob Salām-hymn to Zarʾa Yaʿqob Commemoration of Malka Ṣedeq Salām-hymn to Malka Ṣedeq Commemoration of Sarāṗyon of Landun Salām-hymn to Sarāṗyon of Landun

Commentary

structuretext

This passage lists four commemorations, each followed by a salām-hymn, typical of synaxarion entries for multiple feasts on a single day.

betmas: Synaxarion

backgroundexternal

Rufāʾel is the archangel Raphael, whose church consecration and miracle are commemorated; such angelic feasts are common in Ethiopic tradition.

gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)

termglossarySalām-hymn

Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a salutation to a saint or angel, used here as a structural marker.

betmas: Synaxarion

receptionexternal

Zarʾa Yaʿqob and Malka Ṣedeq are Ethiopian saints; their inclusion reflects the local adaptation of the synaxarion in the Ethiopic tradition.

Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut

cautiontext

The passage lacks narrative detail for each commemoration, possibly due to abbreviation in the source; the miracle of Rufāʾel is not described.

betmas: Synaxarion

Open questions · 1

The specific miracle of Rufāʾel is not detailed; the identity of Sarāṗyon of Landun is uncertain (possibly a saint from Egypt or elsewhere).

Citation. Tergwame, “Synaxarion”, LIT4035SenkessarDL:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT4035SenkessarDL#s1

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