{"slug":"LIT4035SenkessarDL","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","title":"Synaxarion","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:09Z","cost_usd":0.000853},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","work_id":"LIT4035SenkessarDL","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"},"stats":{"passages":80,"english_words":6157,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":419,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":146,"work_notes":5,"external_links":4,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT4035SenkessarDL","abstract":"The Geʿez Synaxarion is a liturgical hagiographical compilation of saints' lives arranged by day of the year, used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. It was translated and adapted from earlier Copto-Arabic sources, with the Geʿez version reaching its present form between the 14th and 16th centuries. The text names Coptic bishops Abba Michael of Atrib and Malig and Abba John of Burulus as compilers, and its underlying Arabic Vorlage dates to the 13th century or earlier. The edition is based on British Library manuscript Or. 660, without critical apparatus or systematic variant notes.","historical_context":"The Geʿez Synaxarion (sənkəsar, from Arabic sinkisār, Greek synaxarion) is a translation and adaptation of the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, which was redacted around 1246/1247 CE (year 963 of the Era of the Martyrs). The Coptic bishops named as compilers—Michael of Atrib and Malig, and John of Burulus—indicate its origin in the Coptic Orthodox tradition of the Nile Delta. The Geʿez version likely took shape between the 14th and 16th centuries in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, where it became a central liturgical book read during saint commemorations. The text follows the Ethiopian calendar, beginning with the month Maskaram (September–October). The edition used is based on British Library Or. 660, catalogued in the Bet Mas archive, but lacks a critical apparatus or systematic variant collation.","significance":"The Geʿez Synaxarion is a key witness to the transmission of hagiographical traditions from Coptic to Ethiopian Christianity, reflecting liturgical and theological continuity. It remains a standard reference in Ethiopian Orthodox practice and provides insight into the adaptation of earlier Arabic and Copto-Arabic sources within a new linguistic and cultural context.","timeline":[{"date":"13th c. or earlier","event":"Arabic Vorlage of the Synaxarion composed in Coptic circles"},{"date":"1246/1247 CE","event":"Redaction of the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (year 963 of the Era of the Martyrs)"},{"date":"14th–16th c.","event":"Geʿez translation and adaptation reaches its present form"},{"date":"Undated","event":"Manuscript British Library Or. 660 copied"},{"date":"Modern","event":"Edition based on Or. 660 published in Bet Mas archive"}],"relations":[{"work":"Copto-Arabic Synaxarion","relation":"source text for the Geʿez translation and adaptation","key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"},{"work":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church liturgy","relation":"liturgical use of the Synaxarion in saint commemorations","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"British Library Or. 660","relation":"base manuscript for the edition","key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"Bet Mas entry for the Geʿez Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL","reason":"primary source for the edition used"},{"key":"ed:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"Edition record for the Geʿez Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL","reason":"details of the published edition"},{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Harvard Hollis record for related manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941","reason":"additional manuscript context"},{"key":"wikipedia:Synaxarium","label":"Wikipedia article on Synaxarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaxarium","reason":"general background on the genre"}],"cautions":["The exact date of the Geʿez translation is uncertain; the 14th–16th century range is a scholarly estimate.","The edition lacks a critical apparatus and does not systematically note manuscript variants.","The attribution to bishops Michael and John reflects the Copto-Arabic tradition, but their role in the Geʿez version is indirect."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.00044,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:30:20Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT4035SenkessarDL","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"mixed-script","i":3,"share":0.02},{"code":"mixed-script","i":48,"share":0.08},{"code":"mixed-script","i":79,"share":0.23}],"stats":{"passages":80,"translated":80,"commentary_passages":80,"commentary_units":419,"english_words":424,"source_letters":567,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez Synaxarion is a compilation of hagiographical notices for each day of the year, translated and adapted from earlier Arabic and Copto-Arabic sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"},{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez version likely reached its present form between the 14th and 16th centuries, but the underlying Arabic Vorlage dates to the 13th century or earlier.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Synaxarion is read liturgically in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church during the commemoration of saints, and it remains a standard hagiographical reference.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not provide a critical apparatus for the Geʿez text, nor does it systematically note variants among manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The edition used is based on the manuscript held at the British Library, Or. 660, as catalogued in the Bet Mas archive.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"},{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 80 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":80},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL":{"label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"},"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic":{"label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"},"hollis:alma990136133530203941":{"label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"},"ed:LIT4035SenkessarDL":{"label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"The following division into textparts is taken from when not indicated otherwise.\n\nFirst half of the year\n\nFirst quarter of the year\n\nIntroduction for the first half of the year\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ንወጥን፡ በረድኤተ፡ እግዚኣብሔር፡ ወሠናይ፡ ሀብቱ፡ በጽሒፈ፡\nመጽሐፈ፡ ስንክሳር፡ ዘበትርጓሜሁ፡ ጉባኤ፡ ዘቀድኅዎ፡ አበዊነ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ መምህራነ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። አብ፡ ክቡር፡ አባ፡\nሚካኤል፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘሀገረ፡ አትሪብ፡ ወመሊግ። ወአብ፡ ክቡር፡ አባ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘሀገረ፡ ቡርልስ። ወካልኣን፡ አበው፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ወክቡራን፡ እለ፡ አስተጋብእዎ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ እምኵሎሙ፡ ገድላት፡ ዘመላእክት፡ ወሐዋርያት፡\nወነቢያት፡ ወሰማዕታት፡ ወሊቃነ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ወጻድቃን፡ ወገዳማዊያን፡ ወመነኮሳት። ከመ፡ ይግበሩ፡ ተዝካሮሙ፡ ወያንብቡ፡\nገድሎሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ አሚረ፡ እም፩ ለመስከረም፡ እስከ፡ ተፍጻሜተ፡ ዓመት። ወኮነ፡ አስተጋብኦቱ፡ በ፱፻፷ወ፫ዓመት፡ ለሰማዕታት፡\nንጹሓን። ጸሎቶሙ፡ ወበረከቶሙ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ አሜን።","english":"In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. We begin with the help of the Lord and his good gift, the writing of the book of the Synaxarion, whose interpretation is \"Collection,\" which our holy fathers, the teachers of the Church, compiled: the honorable father Abba Michael, bishop of the city of Atrib and Malig; and the honorable father Abba John, bishop of the city of Burulus; and the other holy and honorable fathers who assembled this book from all the acts of the angels, apostles, prophets, martyrs, patriarchs, righteous ones, anchorites, and monks, so that their commemorations may be celebrated and their acts read throughout the entire year, from the first of Meskerem until the end of the year. And its compilation was in the year 963 of the pure martyrs. May their prayers and blessings be with us. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ስንክሳር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'sənkəsar' is a loan from Arabic 'sinkisār', itself from Greek 'synaxarion', meaning 'collection' (of saints' lives). The gloss 'gubāʿe' (ጉባኤ) in the text explicitly interprets it as 'collection'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text names two bishops as compilers: Abba Michael of Atrib and Malig, and Abba John of Burulus. These are Coptic bishops of the Nile Delta, indicating the Synaxarion's origin in the Coptic Orthodox tradition before its Ethiopic reception.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"በ9፻፷ወ3ዓመት ለሰማዕታት ንጹሓን","severity":"info","text":"The compilation date is given as 'year 963 of the pure martyrs', i.e., the Diocletian (Era of the Martyrs) calendar. This corresponds to 1246/1247 CE, a plausible date for the redaction of the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion that underlies the Geʿez version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the introduction to the first half of the year, itself part of the first quarter. It establishes the liturgical framework: readings from Meskerem (September) through the end of the year, following the Ethiopian calendar.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez Synaxarion is a translation and adaptation of the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, as indicated by the mention of Coptic bishops and the Era of the Martyrs. It became a central liturgical book in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"},{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'በ9፻፷ወ3ዓመት' could be read as 963 or 963; the reading '963' is standard. The names 'Atrib and Malig' and 'Burulus' are Coptic toponyms whose exact identification in modern Egypt is debated."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Maskaram\n\n1st Maskaram\n\nBeginning of the year\n\n's washing in the river\n\nDeath of\n\nDeath of\n\nDeath of\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nDescribed in ,\nbut not in\n\n.\n\nFeast of\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Melyos\n\nSalām-hymn to John the Baptist\n\nSalām-hymn to Bartalomewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Job\n\nSalām-hymn to Henok\n\nSalām-hymn to Melki\n\nDecapitation of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Didǝmos\n\nSalām-hymn to John\n\nSalām-hymn to John the Baptist\n\nSalām-hymn to Dāsyā\n\nCommemoration of the council of Alexandria under\n\nCommemoration of an earthquake in Egypt","english":"Maskaram\n\n1st Maskaram\n\nBeginning of the year\n\n's washing in the river\n\nDeath of\n\nDeath of\n\nDeath of\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nDescribed in ,\nbut not in\n\n.\n\nFeast of\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Melyos\n\nSalām-hymn to John the Baptist\n\nSalām-hymn to Bartalomewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Job\n\nSalām-hymn to Henok\n\nSalām-hymn to Melki\n\nDecapitation of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Didǝmos\n\nSalām-hymn to John\n\nSalām-hymn to John the Baptist\n\nSalām-hymn to Dāsyā\n\nCommemoration of the council of Alexandria under\n\nCommemoration of an earthquake in Egypt","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Maskaram","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Maskaram' marks the first month of the Ethiopian year, corresponding to September–October. This passage is the opening of the Synaxarion proper, following the introductory invocation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopian tradition, often used for commemorations. The term derives from Geʿez salām 'peace' and indicates a hymn of praise.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Commemoration of the council of Alexandria under","severity":"info","text":"The council of Alexandria under a named patriarch (name missing in this passage) refers to a synod in the Coptic tradition, likely the Council of Alexandria in 362 or 633, but the lacuna prevents precise identification.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Described in , but not in .","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Described in , but not in .' contains lacunae where source texts should be named. This likely refers to variant hagiographic accounts, but the missing names obscure the intended comparison.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Commemoration of an earthquake in Egypt","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of an earthquake in Egypt reflects the Synaxarion's inclusion of natural disasters as liturgical events, a practice found in Coptic and Ethiopian calendars to mark divine intervention.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names of saints and the source texts in the lacunae are missing, making identification uncertain.","The specific council of Alexandria and the patriarch under whom it was held are not named."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Commemoration of Diyosqoros and Diyonāsyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAnbasā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Muse\n\nSalām-hymn to the saints of the council\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAnbasā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Muse\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Maqārǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to ቴዎጎሎስ፡ ደንጐላ፡\n\nCommemoration of , different version\nin the second recension.\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Sofyā\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to the parents of\n\nCommemoration of\nIncludes\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob and other saints","english":"Commemoration of Dioscorus and Dionysius\n\nCommemoration of Abba Anbasā\n\nCommemoration of Abba Muse\n\nSalām-hymn to the saints of the council\n\nSalām-hymn to Abba Anbasā\n\nSalām-hymn to Abba Muse\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Maqārǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Theogolos, Dengola\n\nCommemoration of, different version in the second recension.\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Sophia\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to the parents of\n\nCommemoration of Includes\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob and other saints","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints, typical of the synaxarion's daily entries. The sequence includes Dioscorus, Dionysius, Abba Anbasā, Abba Muse, and others, with some entries left incomplete.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical hymn in the Ethiopian tradition, often used to honor saints. The term appears multiple times here, indicating a structured liturgical component.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Dioscorus and Dionysius are early Christian figures; Dioscorus was a patriarch of Alexandria associated with miaphysite Christology, while Dionysius likely refers to a saint or bishop. Their commemoration reflects the synaxarion's miaphysite orientation.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries in this passage are incomplete, such as 'Commemoration of' with no name, and 'Salām-hymn to' with missing subjects. This suggests textual lacunae or scribal omissions in the source manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The note 'different version in the second recension' indicates that the synaxarion exists in multiple recensions, with this passage reflecting a variant textual tradition. This is important for understanding the work's textual history.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Theogolos, Dengola' is unclear; it may be a corruption or variant of a known saint's name. The incomplete entries for commemorations and hymns leave the intended saints uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Salām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Bāsǝlǝntyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgātu, Ṗeṭros, Yoḥannǝs, ʾAmon, ʾAmonā,\nRafiqā\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Fāsiladas, other saints and the\nbirth of Ḥannā\n\nSalām-hymn to Sāwiryānos\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Rāfiqā and her five children\n\nSalām-hymn to Diyosqoros\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾElsābeṭ, Sofyā and Māryām\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob\n\nʿĀrke-hymn mentioning Fāsiladas\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Lukyos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās","english":"Salām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Bāsǝlǝntyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgātu, Ṗeṭros, Yoḥannǝs, ʾAmon, ʾAmonā,\nRafiqā\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Fāsiladas, other saints and the\nbirth of Ḥannā\n\nSalām-hymn to Sāwiryānos\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Rāfiqā and her five children\n\nSalām-hymn to Diyosqoros\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾElsābeṭ, Sofyā and Māryām\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob\n\nʿĀrke-hymn mentioning Fāsiladas\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Lukyos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of liturgical entries (salām-hymns, commemorations, and one ʿārke-hymn) typical of the Synaxarion's arrangement for a single day. The repeated blank entries suggest lacunae or incomplete headings in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often praising a saint or feast. The term derives from the Arabic salām, meaning 'peace' or 'greeting'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʿĀrke-hymn","severity":"info","text":"An ʿārke-hymn is a specific type of Geʿez hymn, often associated with the Ark of the Covenant or with royal figures. Here it mentions Fāsiladas, likely Emperor Fasilides (r. 1632–1667).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Fāsiladas","severity":"info","text":"Fāsiladas (Fasilides) was a 17th-century Ethiopian emperor who founded Gondar and is venerated in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. His inclusion here reflects the Synaxarion's integration of later royal commemorations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of 'the companions of Fāsiladas, other saints and the birth of Ḥannā' shows a blending of royal and biblical figures, typical of later Ethiopic hagiographic expansions. This reflects the Synaxarion's ongoing adaptation.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete (e.g., 'Salām-hymn to' with no name, 'Commemoration of' with no subject). This may indicate manuscript damage or a scribal omission. The English draft reproduces these lacunae faithfully.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of several saints listed only by name (e.g., ʾAgātu, Rafiqā) is uncertain without further context. The blank entries may represent lost text or intentional gaps."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Salām-hymn to Muse\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās\n\nSalām-hymn to Dǝmādyos\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the 14 730 men and 7 women with .\n\nCommemoration of a miracle of the Archangel Michael in Rome.\n\nCommemoration of Yāsāy\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn commemorating the miracle of Michael in Fǝrugyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāsāy\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of Mary in Ṣedenyā\n\nCommemoration of Judith\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Maṭronyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAṭnāsyā and her three daughters\n\nSalām-hymn to Judith\n\nSalām-hymn to the icon of Mary in Ṣedenyā","english":"Salām-hymn to Muse\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās\n\nSalām-hymn to Dǝmādyos\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the 14 730 men and 7 women with .\n\nCommemoration of a miracle of the Archangel Michael in Rome.\n\nCommemoration of Yāsāy\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn commemorating the miracle of Michael in Fǝrugyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāsāy\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of Mary in Ṣedenyā\n\nCommemoration of Judith\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Maṭronyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAṭnāsyā and her three daughters\n\nSalām-hymn to Judith\n\nSalām-hymn to the icon of Mary in Ṣedenyā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a sequence of commemorations and salām-hymns typical of the Synaxarion's concluding sections, listing multiple saints and events without narrative development.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"14 730 men and 7 women with .","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase '14 730 men and 7 women with .' is incomplete in both Geʿez and English, likely due to a lacuna or scribal omission; the intended referent is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Fǝrugyā","severity":"info","text":"Fǝrugyā is a toponym associated with a miracle of the Archangel Michael, possibly a location in Egypt or Ethiopia, but its identification remains uncertain in available sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ṣedenyā","severity":"info","text":"Ṣedenyā is a place name linked to a miracle of Mary and an icon; it may refer to a church or monastery, but specific details are not provided in the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of multiple salām-hymns and commemorations reflects the liturgical use of the Synaxarion in Ethiopian Orthodox worship, where such hymns are recited on saints' feast days.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"},{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase '14 730 men and 7 women with .' is corrupt; the intended subject or context is missing.","The toponyms Fǝrugyā and Ṣedenyā are not clearly identified in the available sources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to the cross\n\nSalām-hymn to Maṭronyā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAṭnāsyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Surǝs, ʾAnṭikiyos and Masḫādare\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Bāsǝlyos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of\n\nSalām-hymn to Surǝs, ʾAnṭikiyos and Masḫādare\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the council of Ephesus\n\nCommemoration of the translation of and his companions","english":"Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to the cross\n\nSalām-hymn to Maṭronyā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAṭnāsyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Surǝs, ʾAnṭikiyos and Masḫādare\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Bāsǝlyos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of\n\nSalām-hymn to Surǝs, ʾAnṭikiyos and Masḫādare\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the council of Ephesus\n\nCommemoration of the translation of and his companions","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorations and salām-hymns, typical of the synaxarion's daily entry. The repeated incomplete lines suggest textual lacunae or a scribal abbreviation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The council of Ephesus (431 CE) is a major Christological council, recognized in the Ethiopian tradition for its condemnation of Nestorius and affirmation of Mary as Theotokos.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise. The term 'salām' means 'peace' but here functions as a doxological formula.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several lines in this passage are incomplete (e.g., 'Commemoration of' with no name, 'Salām-hymn to' with no object). This likely reflects manuscript damage or a scribal placeholder.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Surǝs, ʾAnṭikiyos and Masḫādare are likely martyr saints, though their specific identities are obscure. The name 'Masḫādare' may be a variant of a known Ethiopian saint.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The incomplete lines (e.g., 'Commemoration of' with no name) leave the intended subjects uncertain; they may be lacunae or intentional abbreviations.","The identity of 'Maṭronyā' and 'ʾAṭnāsyā' is unclear; they may be local saints or variant spellings of known figures."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Commemoration of Luyārǝs and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael\n\nSalām-hymn to the members of the council of Ephesus\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nCommemoration of a miracle of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nʿĀrke-hymn commemorating the miracle of\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Maqāri and other saints.\n\nCommemoration of Degenā.\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Degenā\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the temple in Jerusalem.\n\nCommemoration of Ṭobit.","english":"Commemoration of Luyārǝs and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael\n\nSalām-hymn to the members of the council of Ephesus\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nCommemoration of a miracle of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nʿĀrke-hymn commemorating the miracle of\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Maqāri and other saints.\n\nCommemoration of Degenā.\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Degenā\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the temple in Jerusalem.\n\nCommemoration of Ṭobit.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorations and hymn headings, typical of the synaxarion's calendrical entries. The repeated 'Commemoration of' and 'Salām-hymn to' indicate a sequence of feasts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Luyārǝs","severity":"info","text":"Luyārǝs is a saint name appearing in the Geʿez text; the identity is uncertain, possibly a variant of a known martyr or a local Ethiopian saint.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"council of Ephesus","severity":"info","text":"The council of Ephesus (431 CE) is a major ecumenical council; its commemoration here reflects the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's adherence to its Christological definitions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"consecration of the temple in Jerusalem","severity":"info","text":"This commemoration likely refers to the dedication of the Second Temple (or a later church), a feast observed in Ethiopian tradition, linking to biblical and post-biblical history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries in this passage are incomplete (e.g., 'Salām-hymn to' with no name, 'Commemoration of .'), suggesting lacunae or scribal abbreviation in the manuscript source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Luyārǝs is unclear; it may be a corruption or a rare saint.","The 'miracle of .' and 'translatio of .' lack specific subjects, leaving the intended events uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Commemoration of Warqǝlā and other saints.\n\nSalām-hymn to Jerusalem\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭobit\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAgāton\n\nFeast of the cross.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Libā and other saints.\n\nSalām-hymn to the cross.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwdokis.\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nCommemoration of Mercurius.\n\nFeast of the cross.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of mār Yāʿqob the Egyptian.\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎsṭifānos and Naqiṭā.\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Tomās and other saints.","english":"Commemoration of Warqǝlā and other saints.\n\nSalām-hymn to Jerusalem\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭobit\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAgāton\n\nFeast of the cross.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Libā and other saints.\n\nSalām-hymn to the cross.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwdokis.\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nCommemoration of Mercurius.\n\nFeast of the cross.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of mār Yāʿqob the Egyptian.\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎsṭifānos and Naqiṭā.\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Tomās and other saints.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorations and hymns, typical of the synaxarion's daily entries. The repeated 'Feast of the cross' and 'Commemoration of .' with blank names suggest a template with lacunae.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often praising a saint or feast. The term derives from Arabic 'salām' (peace) and is used in Ethiopic hymnody.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Warqǝlā","severity":"info","text":"Warqǝlā is likely a Geʿez form of a saint's name, possibly related to the Coptic or Syriac tradition. The identity is uncertain due to lack of context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete, e.g., 'Commemoration of .' and 'Salām-hymn to' with no name. This may indicate manuscript damage or a template with missing data.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Feast of the cross","severity":"info","text":"The 'Feast of the cross' appears twice, likely referring to the Exaltation of the Cross (September 27) or the Finding of the Cross (March 19). Its repetition may reflect multiple commemorations in the same day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"mār","severity":"info","text":"The title 'mār' (Syriac for 'lord') is used for saints in Ethiopic tradition, here for Yāʿqob the Egyptian. It indicates Syriac influence on Ethiopic hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of several saints (e.g., Warqǝlā, Libā) is unclear due to lack of context or variant spellings.","The blank entries after 'Commemoration of' and 'Salām-hymn to' may be lacunae or intentional placeholders.","The specific feast of the cross (Exaltation or Finding) is not specified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Commemoration of ʾOfomyā and other saints.\n\nCommemoration of a miracle of Tomās in India.\n\nSalām-hymn to .\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Marqorewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob the Egyptian\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nFeast of the cross.\n\nCommemoration of Qirqos.\n\nCommemoration of Romāna Warq.\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Qirqos\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of ʾAtenā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to ʿƎnqʷa Śǝllāse\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nMonthly commemoration of Mary.\n\nCommemoration of Ṭibāryos.","english":"Commemoration of ʾOfomyā and other saints.\n\nCommemoration of a miracle of Tomās in India.\n\nSalām-hymn to .\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Marqorewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob the Egyptian\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nFeast of the cross.\n\nCommemoration of Qirqos.\n\nCommemoration of Romāna Warq.\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Qirqos\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of ʾAtenā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to ʿƎnqʷa Śǝllāse\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nMonthly commemoration of Mary.\n\nCommemoration of Ṭibāryos.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾOfomyā","severity":"info","text":"ʾOfomyā is likely a Geʿez rendering of a Greek or Coptic name, possibly Epiphanius or a similar saint, but the identity is uncertain without further context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Tomās in India","severity":"info","text":"The miracle of Tomās in India refers to the apostle Thomas, whose missionary work and miracles in India are a well-known tradition in Eastern Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of Geʿez liturgical poetry, typically a hymn of praise or salutation, often addressed to a saint or feast.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorations and hymns, typical of the synaxarion's calendrical structure, with several entries left incomplete (e.g., blank names after 'Salām-hymn to').","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Multiple entries in this passage have missing names (e.g., 'Salām-hymn to .' and 'Commemoration of .'), indicating textual lacunae or scribal omissions in the source manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Monthly commemoration of Mary","severity":"info","text":"The monthly commemoration of Mary is a recurring feast in the Ethiopian tradition, reflecting the high veneration of the Virgin Mary in Geʿez Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of ʾOfomyā is uncertain; it may be a corruption or variant of a known saint's name.","Several entries have blank names, leaving the intended saint or hymn recipient ambiguous.","The phrase 'Commemoration of and .' is incomplete, possibly indicating a lacuna."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Salām-hymn to Mary.\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ.\n\nSalām-hymn to the Fathers of Nicaea.\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭibāryos.\n\nSalām-hymn to Tomās.\n\nSalām-hymn to Mātewos.\n\nSecond salām-hymn to Mātewos.\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Bālān.\n\nSalām-hymn to Kotlos.\n\nSalām-hymn to Yolyos.\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Yolyos.\n\nSalām-hymn to the saints recorded by Yolyos.\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nCommemoration of ʾEwosṭātewos.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwnābyā.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .","english":"Salām-hymn to Mary.\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ.\n\nSalām-hymn to the Fathers of Nicaea.\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭibāryos.\n\nSalām-hymn to Tomās.\n\nSalām-hymn to Mātewos.\n\nSecond salām-hymn to Mātewos.\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Bālān.\n\nSalām-hymn to Kotlos.\n\nSalām-hymn to Yolyos.\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Yolyos.\n\nSalām-hymn to the saints recorded by Yolyos.\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nCommemoration of ʾEwosṭātewos.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwnābyā.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of salām-hymns and commemorations, typical of the synaxarion's entry for a single day. The sequence moves from Mary and Christ to ecumenical councils, then apostles, martyrs, and monastic saints.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopian tradition, often used to honor a saint or feast. The repeated pattern here indicates a dense liturgical calendar entry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾEwosṭātewos","severity":"info","text":"ʾEwosṭātewos is the Geʿez form of Eustathius, likely referring to the 4th-century bishop of Antioch or a monastic founder. The double mention (commemoration and salām-hymn) suggests special veneration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Fathers of Nicaea","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of a salām-hymn to the Fathers of Nicaea reflects the Ethiopian Church's strong adherence to Nicene orthodoxy and its liturgical commemoration of ecumenical councils.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete (e.g., 'Commemoration of and '), likely due to manuscript damage or scribal omission. The English draft reproduces these lacunae faithfully.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of several saints (e.g., Ṭibāryos, Kotlos, Yolyos) is uncertain; they may be local or lesser-known figures. The lacunae in the commemoration lines prevent full identification."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Commemoration of Beterwā and other saints.\n\nSalām-hymn to Gorgoryos and Bǝdǝṭos.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Rotā and other saints.\n\nSalām-hymn to Yonās.\n\nSalām-hymn to Barbārā and Yolyānā.\n\nSalām-hymn to those who honour the Old and New Testament.\n\nBirth of .\n\nCommemoration of ʾAboli.\n\nCommemoration of 1000 martyrs and other saints.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAboli.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos.\n\nSalām-hymn to John the Baptist.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Ṭeqalā.\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnṭilāryos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Dabra Ṣǝge","english":"Commemoration of Beterwā and other saints.\n\nSalām-hymn to Gorgoryos and Bǝdǝṭos.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Rotā and other saints.\n\nSalām-hymn to Yonās.\n\nSalām-hymn to Barbārā and Yolyānā.\n\nSalām-hymn to those who honour the Old and New Testament.\n\nBirth of .\n\nCommemoration of ʾAboli.\n\nCommemoration of 1000 martyrs and other saints.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAboli.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos.\n\nSalām-hymn to John the Baptist.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Ṭeqalā.\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnṭilāryos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Dabra Ṣǝge","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the pattern of alternating commemorations and salām-hymns typical of the Synaxarion, with several entries left incomplete (e.g., 'Commemoration of .' and 'Birth of .').","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Beterwā","severity":"info","text":"Beterwā is likely a variant or corruption of a saint's name; the exact identity is uncertain, possibly related to Peter or a local Ethiopian saint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾEwosṭātewos","severity":"info","text":"ʾEwosṭātewos (Eustathius) is a prominent saint in Ethiopian tradition, often associated with monasticism and the defense of the Tewahedo faith.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Dabra Ṣǝge","severity":"info","text":"Dabra Ṣǝge is a well-known Ethiopian monastery, associated with Yoḥannǝs (John), likely a monastic leader or saint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries in this passage are incomplete (e.g., 'Commemoration of .' and 'Birth of .'), indicating possible lacunae or scribal omissions in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Beterwā is uncertain; it may be a corruption or a rare saint's name.","The incomplete entries (e.g., 'Commemoration of .') leave the intended subjects ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Salām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭeqalā\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nCommemoration of Sosǝnnā.\n\nCommemoration of ʾErāni and other saints.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbādir.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbādir.\n\nSalām-hymn to Sosǝnnā.\n\nMonthly commemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nTranslatio of .\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾArsimā\n\nSalām-hymn to John the Baptist\n\nSalām-hymn to John the Baptist\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ (?)\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of the salvation of .\n\nCommemoration of Gorgoryos.\n\nCommemoration of John and James.","english":"Salām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭeqalā\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nCommemoration of Sosǝnnā.\n\nCommemoration of ʾErāni and other saints.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbādir.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbādir.\n\nSalām-hymn to Sosǝnnā.\n\nMonthly commemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nTranslatio of .\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾArsimā\n\nSalām-hymn to John the Baptist\n\nSalām-hymn to John the Baptist\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ (?)\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of the salvation of .\n\nCommemoration of Gorgoryos.\n\nCommemoration of John and James.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a sequence of commemorations and salām-hymns typical of the Synaxarion's daily entries. The repeated pattern of 'Commemoration of' and 'Salām-hymn to' indicates a liturgical listing rather than a continuous narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of hymn in Geʿez liturgical poetry, often used to honor a saint or feast. The term derives from the Arabic 'salām' (peace) and is a standard component of the Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Translatio","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Translatio' refers to the transfer of relics of a saint, a common feast in hagiographic calendars. The blank following it suggests a lacuna in the manuscript, possibly the saint's name.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete, such as 'Commemoration of and .' and 'Commemoration of the miracle of the salvation of .' These likely indicate missing names or details due to manuscript damage or scribal omission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Sosǝnnā","severity":"info","text":"Sosǝnnā (Susanna) is a biblical figure from the Book of Daniel, venerated as a saint in the Ethiopian tradition. Her commemoration here aligns with the Synaxarion's inclusion of Old Testament saints.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"birth of Christ","severity":"info","text":"The 'monthly commemoration of the birth of Christ' and the 'Salām-hymn to the birth of Christ' refer to the feast of the Nativity, celebrated monthly in the Ethiopian tradition as a devotion to the Incarnation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the saint in 'Translatio of .' is missing, possibly due to a lacuna.","The phrase 'Salām-hymn to Christ (?)' is uncertain; the question mark in the English draft indicates a tentative identification.","Several commemorations lack specific names (e.g., 'Commemoration of and .'), leaving the intended saints unknown."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Śālusi.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Śālusi.\n\nSalām-hymn to John and James.\n\nSalām-hymn to the scholars of Dabra Māryām ʾAbsādi.\n\nSalām-hymn to Athanasius.\n\nSubscription for Maskaram.\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\nCommemoration of Ḫǝriṭon\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Martha\n\n2nd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Sāwiros\n\nCommemoration of Tekalā and Hǝryāqos\n\nSalām-hymn to Sāwiros\n\n3rd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Tewodorā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Tāʾodrā","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Śālusi.\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Śālusi.\n\nSalām-hymn to John and James.\n\nSalām-hymn to the scholars of Dabra Māryām ʾAbsādi.\n\nSalām-hymn to Athanasius.\n\nSubscription for Maskaram.\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\nCommemoration of Ḫǝriṭon\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Martha\n\n2nd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Sāwiros\n\nCommemoration of Tekalā and Hǝryāqos\n\nSalām-hymn to Sāwiros\n\n3rd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Tewodorā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Tāʾodrā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar entry for the end of Maskaram and the beginning of Ṭǝqǝmt, listing commemorations and salām-hymns for various saints.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾabbā Śālusi","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā Śālusi is a saint commemorated here; the name may be a Geʿez form of a Coptic or Syriac original, but his identity is not further specified in this passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Dabra Māryām ʾAbsādi","severity":"info","text":"Dabra Māryām ʾAbsādi is a monastic community; the mention of its 'scholars' suggests a local tradition of veneration within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Subscription for Maskaram","severity":"info","text":"The 'Subscription for Maskaram' marks the end of the first month of the Ethiopian year; this liturgical note indicates the synaxarion's use in structuring the annual cycle of readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries under '3rd Ṭǝqǝmt' have blank commemorations, suggesting lacunae in the manuscript tradition or intentional omission in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of ʾabbā Śālusi is not clarified; the blank commemorations on 3rd Ṭǝqǝmt may indicate lost text or incomplete transmission."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Salām-hymn to\n\n4th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Bākos\n\nCommemoration of Ḥanānyā\n\nCommemoration of Romānos and Yoḥannǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥa\n\nSalām-hymn to Ḥanānyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Bākos\n\nSalām-hymn to Bābā and Māmā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥa\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Krǝstos\n\n5th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Kirākos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch of Constantinople\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAydǝrāyos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗawlos\n\nSalām-hymn to Kirākos\n\nSalām-hymn to Ḥannā, the mother of Kirākos\n\n6th Ṭǝqǝmt","english":"Salām-hymn to\n\n4th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Bākos\n\nCommemoration of Ḥanānyā\n\nCommemoration of Romānos and Yoḥannǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥa\n\nSalām-hymn to Ḥanānyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Bākos\n\nSalām-hymn to Bābā and Māmā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥa\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Krǝstos\n\n5th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Kirākos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch of Constantinople\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAydǝrāyos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗawlos\n\nSalām-hymn to Kirākos\n\nSalām-hymn to Ḥannā, the mother of Kirākos\n\n6th Ṭǝqǝmt","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"4th Ṭǝqǝmt","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks the transition from the 2nd to the 4th day of the month Ṭǝqǝmt, continuing the synaxarion's calendrical sequence of commemorations and hymns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically a metrical hymn of praise addressed to a saint or feast, often following a commemoration entry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥa","severity":"info","text":"ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥa are the two Ethiopian saints traditionally associated with the introduction of Christianity to the Aksumite kingdom, often commemorated together in the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Yoḥannǝs the patriarch of Constantinople","severity":"info","text":"This likely refers to John Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantinople (d. 407), whose feast is widely observed in Eastern Christian calendars, including the Ethiopic synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Commemoration of' on the 5th of Ṭǝqǝmt is incomplete in the Geʿez text, lacking the saint's name; this may indicate a lacuna or scribal omission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The incomplete commemoration entry on 5th Ṭǝqǝmt leaves the saint's identity uncertain; the reading assumes a lacuna rather than a deliberate blank.","The identity of 'Bābā and Māmā' is unclear; they may be local saints or a variant of a known pair, but no further evidence is available in the source."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṗanṭālewon za-ṣomāʿt\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎnṭonyos, bishop of Bānā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Diyonāsyos, bishop of ʾAtenā\n\nCommemoration of Rǝwāq and ʾƎnṭonyos\n\nCommemoration of Henok\n\nCommemoration of Ṗanṭālewon the martyr\n\nSalām-hymn to Hannah\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗanṭalewon\n\nSalām-hymn to Diyonāsyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEfesos and ʾUryānos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾƎnṭonyos and Rǝwāq\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗanṭalewon\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾArmelāwos\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Ṗanṭalewon\n\nSalām-hymn to Mikāʾel\n\n7th Ṭǝqǝmt","english":"Commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṗanṭālewon za-ṣomāʿt\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎnṭonyos, bishop of Bānā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Diyonāsyos, bishop of ʾAtenā\n\nCommemoration of Rǝwāq and ʾƎnṭonyos\n\nCommemoration of Henok\n\nCommemoration of Ṗanṭālewon the martyr\n\nSalām-hymn to Hannah\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗanṭalewon\n\nSalām-hymn to Diyonāsyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEfesos and ʾUryānos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾƎnṭonyos and Rǝwāq\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗanṭalewon\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾArmelāwos\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Ṗanṭalewon\n\nSalām-hymn to Mikāʾel\n\n7th Ṭǝqǝmt","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorations and salām-hymns for the 5th and 6th of Ṭǝqǝmt, continuing the synaxarion's daily entries. The repeated 'Commemoration of' headings and 'Salām-hymn to' titles follow the standard liturgical format.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ṗanṭālewon za-ṣomāʿt","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'za-ṣomāʿt' likely means 'of the fast' or 'the ascetic,' distinguishing this Ṗanṭālewon from the martyr of the same name listed later. It may refer to a monastic figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Diyonāsyos, bishop of ʾAtenā","severity":"info","text":"Diyonāsyos is the Geʿez form of Dionysius. The see of ʾAtenā (Athens) is unusual in Ethiopian hagiography, possibly reflecting a late antique source or a confusion with Dionysius the Areopagite.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of Rǝwāq and ʾƎnṭonyos, and the separate commemoration of Henok (Enoch), suggest a cluster of ascetic or apocryphal figures. Enoch's inclusion is notable, as he is rarely commemorated in the standard synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Two 'Commemoration of' entries are left blank in both the Geʿez and the English draft, indicating lacunae or intentional omissions in the manuscript. The names of the commemorated figures are missing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The repeated salām-hymns to Ṗanṭalewon (twice) and the inclusion of a hymn to his 'companions' reflect the popularity of this martyr in Ethiopian tradition, possibly linked to the monastery of Däbrä Ṗanṭalewon.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The two blank 'Commemoration of' entries may be scribal omissions or deliberate gaps for local saints; the identity of Ṗanṭālewon za-ṣomāʿt is uncertain; the connection between Diyonāsyos of Athens and the Areopagite is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Bāwlā\n\nCommemoration of Minās and Ḥasinā\n\nSalām-hymn to Bāwlā\n\nSalām-hymn to Minās and Ḥasinā\n\nSalām-hymn to Qoṗrǝyānos\n\n8th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Maṭrā\n\nCommemoration of Bākos and Bilāgyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Hor and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to the children of Sosǝnnā\n\nSalām-hymn to Maṭrā\n\n9th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Liwāryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAtnātewos\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of a solar eclipse\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon\n\nCommemoration of a miracle of Thomas\n\nCommemoration of a king Dāwit\n\nSalām-hymn to Thomas","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Bāwlā\n\nCommemoration of Minās and Ḥasinā\n\nSalām-hymn to Bāwlā\n\nSalām-hymn to Minās and Ḥasinā\n\nSalām-hymn to Qoṗrǝyānos\n\n8th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Maṭrā\n\nCommemoration of Bākos and Bilāgyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Hor and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to the children of Sosǝnnā\n\nSalām-hymn to Maṭrā\n\n9th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Liwāryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAtnātewos\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of a solar eclipse\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon\n\nCommemoration of a miracle of Thomas\n\nCommemoration of a king Dāwit\n\nSalām-hymn to Thomas","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the synaxarion's calendrical listing for 8th and 9th Ṭǝqǝmt, with commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints, including a solar eclipse and a miracle of Thomas.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾabbā","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā is a Geʿez honorific meaning 'father', used for monastic saints and bishops, as seen in ʾabbā Bāwlā and ʾabbā Hor.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ṭǝqǝmt","severity":"info","text":"Ṭǝqǝmt is the second month of the Geʿez calendar, roughly corresponding to October–November. The 8th and 9th days mark specific commemorations in the liturgical year.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Commemoration of' (line 3 of 9th Ṭǝqǝmt) is incomplete in the Geʿez, likely a lacuna in the manuscript tradition; the saint's name is missing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"solar eclipse","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of a solar eclipse is unusual in synaxaria and may reflect a historical event recorded in the Ethiopian tradition, possibly linked to a natural phenomenon observed and memorialized.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The incomplete 'Commemoration of' on 9th Ṭǝqǝmt leaves the saint's identity uncertain; it may be a scribal omission or a damaged manuscript.","The solar eclipse commemoration lacks a specific date or year, making historical correlation tentative."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Salām-hymn to Stephen\n\nSalām-hymn to Liwāryos\n\nSalām-hymn to king Dāwit\n\n10th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwmānyos\n\nCommemoration of Sargiyos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Sargis\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwmānyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n11th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of Bilāgyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾArmimā\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗilāgyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob\n\n12th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Mātewos\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Mikāʾel Cp.\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael\n\nSalām-hymn to Matthew","english":"Salām-hymn to Stephen\n\nSalām-hymn to Liwāryos\n\nSalām-hymn to king Dāwit\n\n10th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwmānyos\n\nCommemoration of Sargiyos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Sargis\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwmānyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n11th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of Bilāgyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾArmimā\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗilāgyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob\n\n12th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Mātewos\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Mikāʾel Cp.\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael\n\nSalām-hymn to Matthew","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the synaxarion's sequence of commemorations and salām-hymns for the 10th, 11th, and 12th of Ṭǝqǝmt, following the pattern of earlier days.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn (Geʿez: ሰላም) is a genre of liturgical hymn in Ethiopic tradition, typically praising a saint or biblical figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The names ʾAwmānyos, Sargiyos, and Yoḥannǝs (10th Ṭǝqǝmt) are likely martyrs or ascetics venerated in the Copto-Ethiopic tradition, though their specific identities are not detailed here.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for the 12th Ṭǝqǝmt includes an incomplete line 'Commemoration of' with no name, suggesting a lacuna or scribal omission in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The salām-hymn to king Dāwit (biblical David) reflects the Ethiopic tradition's integration of Old Testament figures into liturgical commemoration.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Bilāgyā' (11th Ṭǝqǝmt) and its variant 'Ṗilāgyā' in the salām-hymn is uncertain; it may be a corruption of a known saint's name.","The abbreviation 'Cp.' after Mikāʾel (12th Ṭǝqǝmt) is unclear; it could stand for 'Copt' or be a scribal shorthand."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"Salām-hymn to Ṗāwlos\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\n13rd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbṭǝlmāʾos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwlānā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbṭǝlmāwos\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās\n\n14th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Filǝṗṗos\n\nCommemoration of Gabra Krǝstos\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Taʾomino[s]\n\nCommemoration of Zamikāʾel ʾAragāwi\n\nCommemoration of Ṭārākǝwā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Philip\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Krǝstos\n\nSalām-hymn to Zamikāʾel\n\n15th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Bilāʾimon","english":"Salām-hymn to Ṗāwlos\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\n13rd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbṭǝlmāʾos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwlānā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbṭǝlmāwos\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās\n\n14th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Filǝṗṗos\n\nCommemoration of Gabra Krǝstos\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Taʾomino[s]\n\nCommemoration of Zamikāʾel ʾAragāwi\n\nCommemoration of Ṭārākǝwā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Philip\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Krǝstos\n\nSalām-hymn to Zamikāʾel\n\n15th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Bilāʾimon","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the synaxarion's calendrical sequence for Ṭǝqǝmt, listing commemorations and salām-hymns for days 13–15.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise addressed to a saint, often inserted between commemorations in the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ʾAbṭǝlmāʾos","severity":"info","text":"ʾAbṭǝlmāʾos (Ptolemy) is a saint commemorated in the Ethiopic synaxarion; the name likely refers to a martyr or ascetic, though details are sparse in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Zamikāʾel ʾAragāwi","severity":"info","text":"Zamikāʾel ʾAragāwi is one of the Nine Saints of Ethiopia, traditionally credited with founding monasteries and spreading Christianity in the Aksumite period.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The passage contains lacunae: the second salām-hymn on the 13th and the third commemoration on the 14th lack names, indicating textual loss or scribal omission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name ʾAwlānā is uncertain; it may be a variant of a known saint or a corruption.","The commemoration on the 14th with no name is ambiguous; the intended saint is unknown."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"Commemoration of the companions of Ṗanṭalewon\n\nCommemoration of Salātyon and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to the apostles\n\nSalām-hymn to several saints\n\n16th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Maqʷǝrofyos, ʾabbā ʾAblo and Ṗeṭros\n\nCommemoration of Fārbu and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAgāton\n\nSalām-hymn to Maqʷǝrofyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Diyosqoros\n\n17th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Filyās\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Stephen\n\nSalām-hymn to Filyās\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Hannah\n\nSalām-hymn to Stephen\n\nSalām-hymn to the saints","english":"Commemoration of the companions of Ṗanṭalewon\n\nCommemoration of Salātyon and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to the apostles\n\nSalām-hymn to several saints\n\n16th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Maqʷǝrofyos, ʾabbā ʾAblo and Ṗeṭros\n\nCommemoration of Fārbu and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAgāton\n\nSalām-hymn to Maqʷǝrofyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Diyosqoros\n\n17th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Filyās\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Stephen\n\nSalām-hymn to Filyās\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Hannah\n\nSalām-hymn to Stephen\n\nSalām-hymn to the saints","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for 16th and 17th Ṭǝqǝmt, following the standard synaxarion format of date, commemoration, and hymn.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ṭǝqǝmt","severity":"info","text":"Ṭǝqǝmt is the second month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to October–November. The dates 16 and 17 are given without year, as typical in the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ṗanṭalewon","severity":"info","text":"Ṗanṭalewon (Pantaléon) is a saint venerated in the Ethiopian tradition, often associated with the companions mentioned here. The commemoration of his companions is a collective feast.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymns are liturgical hymns of praise in the Ethiopian tradition, typically addressed to saints or biblical figures. Their inclusion here marks the liturgical use of the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete, e.g., 'Commemoration of' without a name (16th and 17th Ṭǝqǝmt). This may indicate lacunae in the manuscript or intentional brevity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'companions of Ṗanṭalewon' is unspecified; they may be a group of martyrs or ascetics.","The name 'Salātyon' is obscure and may be a variant or corruption of a known saint's name."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"18th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Romānos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Romānos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n19th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Bartalomewos and his wife\n\nCommemoration of the council of Antioch\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs za-Daylami\n\nCommemoration of the saints of Mamaṭarā and Yǝmrāḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Bartalomewos\n\nSalām-hymn to the participants of the council of Antioch\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝmʿon\n\nSalām-hymn to Yǝmrāh\n\n20th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of","english":"18th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Romānos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Romānos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n19th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Bartalomewos and his wife\n\nCommemoration of the council of Antioch\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs za-Daylami\n\nCommemoration of the saints of Mamaṭarā and Yǝmrāḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Bartalomewos\n\nSalām-hymn to the participants of the council of Antioch\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝmʿon\n\nSalām-hymn to Yǝmrāh\n\n20th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the synaxarion's calendrical sequence for 18th–20th Ṭǝqǝmt, listing commemorations and salām-hymns. The pattern of alternating commemorations and hymns is typical of the genre.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The council of Antioch (19th Ṭǝqǝmt) likely refers to a local synod venerated in the Ethiopian tradition, possibly the 341 Council of Antioch or a later gathering. The commemoration of 'saints of Mamaṭarā and Yǝmrāḥ' points to regional holy sites in Ethiopia.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn (from Geʿez ሰላም, 'peace') is a genre of liturgical hymn used in the Ethiopian tradition, often honoring saints. The term appears repeatedly in this passage as a structural marker.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entries for 18th and 20th Ṭǝqǝmt are incomplete: 'Commemoration of' appears without a named saint. This may indicate a lacuna in the manuscript or a deliberate placeholder for local additions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The dates 18th–20th Ṭǝqǝmt correspond to approximately 28–30 October in the Gregorian calendar, based on the Ethiopian calendar's offset. The sequence is consistent with the synaxarion's annual cycle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the unnamed commemoration on 18th and 20th Ṭǝqǝmt is unclear; it may be a scribal omission or a reference to a saint known from context.","The specific council of Antioch commemorated is not specified; it could be the 341 synod or another local council."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"Commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of a priest\n\nSalām-hymn to Elisha\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Ḥaḍḍir\n\n21st Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of Mary liberating Mathias from prison\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Joel\n\nSalām-hymn to the translatio of Lazarus\n\n22nd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Luke the Evangelist\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Luke the Evangelist\n\nSalām-hymn to Yosef and Diyonāsyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾIlāryon","english":"Commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of a priest\n\nSalām-hymn to Elisha\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Ḥaḍḍir\n\n21st Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of Mary liberating Mathias from prison\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Joel\n\nSalām-hymn to the translatio of Lazarus\n\n22nd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Luke the Evangelist\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Luke the Evangelist\n\nSalām-hymn to Yosef and Diyonāsyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾIlāryon","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"21st Ṭǝqǝmt","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists commemorations for 21st and 22nd Ṭǝqǝmt, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The 21st includes multiple entries: a priest, Elisha, Yoḥannǝs Ḥaḍḍir, the translatio of an unspecified saint, ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs, and a miracle of Mary. The 22nd commemorates Luke the Evangelist and others.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"translatio","severity":"info","text":"The term 'translatio' (from Latin, via Coptic) refers to the transfer of relics of a saint. Here it is used for an unspecified saint on 21st Ṭǝqǝmt and for Lazarus on the same day, indicating a feast of relic translation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Yoḥannǝs Ḥaḍḍir","severity":"info","text":"Yoḥannǝs Ḥaḍḍir (John the Short) is a Coptic saint, a monk of Scetis, commemorated in the Synaxarion. His epithet 'Ḥaḍḍir' means 'the short' in Arabic, reflecting his stature.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"miracle of Mary liberating Mathias from prison","severity":"info","text":"This miracle narrative, commemorated on 21st Ṭǝqǝmt, is a popular apocryphal story in Ethiopian tradition, emphasizing Mary's intercessory power. It reflects the strong Marian devotion in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries on 21st Ṭǝqǝmt are left blank after 'Commemoration of', likely due to manuscript lacunae or scribal omission. The intended saints are not specified, and the text may be incomplete.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the priest commemorated on 21st Ṭǝqǝmt is not specified; the text may be corrupt or abbreviated. The 'translatio of' on the same day lacks a named saint, possibly a scribal omission."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"23rd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Diyonāsyos, bishop of Qorotos\n\nCommemoration of Ṭenqǝyāqe and other saints\n\nShort salām-hymn to St Joseph I,\nPope of Alexandria\n\nShort salām-hymn to\nSt Dionysius of Corinth\n\n24th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṗāwlos and his friend\n\nCommemoration of Zaynā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsyā and Qʷasṭanṭinos\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to St Hilarion\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗāwlos and his friend\n\n25th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of","english":"23rd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Diyonāsyos, bishop of Qorotos\n\nCommemoration of Ṭenqǝyāqe and other saints\n\nShort salām-hymn to St Joseph I,\nPope of Alexandria\n\nShort salām-hymn to\nSt Dionysius of Corinth\n\n24th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṗāwlos and his friend\n\nCommemoration of Zaynā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsyā and Qʷasṭanṭinos\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to St Hilarion\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗāwlos and his friend\n\n25th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for three consecutive days (23rd–25th Ṭǝqǝmt) in the Synaxarion, each day beginning with a heading and followed by multiple entries. The entries include named saints, groups, and salām-hymns, typical of the synaxarion's calendrical structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Diyonāsyos, bishop of Qorotos","severity":"info","text":"Diyonāsyos (Dionysius) is identified as bishop of Qorotos, likely Corinth (Qorotos being a Geʿez rendering of Corinth). This commemorates a saint distinct from Dionysius the Areopagite.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ṭenqǝyāqe","severity":"info","text":"Ṭenqǝyāqe is a Geʿez name for a saint or group of saints; the exact identity is uncertain, possibly a corruption or variant of a Coptic or Greek name. The entry groups them with 'other saints'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Zaynā","severity":"info","text":"Zaynā is a Geʿez name for a saint; the identity is unclear, possibly a local Ethiopian saint or a variant of a name from the Coptic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾAwsyā and Qʷasṭanṭinos","severity":"info","text":"ʾAwsyā and Qʷasṭanṭinos are Geʿez forms of Eusebius and Constantine, likely referring to the Roman emperor Constantine and possibly a bishop or martyr named Eusebius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 25th Ṭǝqǝmt is incomplete in the Geʿez text, with repeated 'Commemoration of' and a truncated phrase 'the consecration of the church of'. The English draft mirrors this, indicating a lacuna or scribal break in the source manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Ṭenqǝyāqe and Zaynā is uncertain; they may be local Ethiopian saints or corruptions of Coptic/Greek names.","The entry for 25th Ṭǝqǝmt is incomplete, leaving the church's name and the full list of commemorations unknown."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbel and Dalilā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbib\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of ʾAbib\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbib\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church\n\n26th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of and Hurās\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimonā\n\nCommemoration of Filǝṗṗos and Sagǝwnās\n\n27th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṗawlos and Yolyānos\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Maqārǝs\n\n28th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Markiyānos and Marqoryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Maqdu and other saints\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yǝmʾattā\n\nSalām-hymn to Abraham","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbel and Dalilā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbib\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of ʾAbib\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbib\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church\n\n26th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of and Hurās\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimonā\n\nCommemoration of Filǝṗṗos and Sagǝwnās\n\n27th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṗawlos and Yolyānos\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to Maqārǝs\n\n28th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Markiyānos and Marqoryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Maqdu and other saints\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yǝmʾattā\n\nSalām-hymn to Abraham","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the synaxarion entries for 23rd–28th Ṭǝqǝmt, listing commemorations and salām-hymns. The sequence is typical of the genre, with brief notices for multiple saints and feasts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a Geʿez liturgical poem of praise, often addressed to a saint or to a church consecration. The repeated entries for ʾAbib and the companions indicate multiple hymns for the same figure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The names ʾAbel, Dalilā, ʾAbib, and others are drawn from the Ethiopian synaxarion tradition, which adapts Coptic and local hagiographies. The entry for 26th Ṭǝqǝmt includes a lacuna after 'Commemoration of'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text for 26th Ṭǝqǝmt reads 'Commemoration of' with a blank, and 'Commemoration of and Hurās' is syntactically incomplete. This suggests a manuscript lacuna or scribal omission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The synaxarion is used liturgically in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The inclusion of multiple salām-hymns for ʾAbib reflects his local veneration, though he is less known outside Ethiopia.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 26th Ṭǝqǝmt has a missing name after 'Commemoration of' and an unclear phrase 'Commemoration of and Hurās', likely due to manuscript damage.","The identity of ʾAbib and his companions is not specified in this passage; they may be local Ethiopian saints."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Yǝmʾattā\n\nSalām-hymn to Markǝyānos and Marqorewos\n\n29th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Dǝmeṭrǝyos\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to Dǝmeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝqṭār\n\n30th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrǝhām bāḥtāwi\n\nCommemoration of Fālibunā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhām\n\nSubscription for Ṭǝqǝmt\n\n1st Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Maksimos, Numanfyos, Fiqṭor and Filǝṗṗos\n\nShort commemoration of Kāleb\n\nLong commemoration of Kāleb, apparently identical to the one occuring in the second recension on 20th Gǝnbot.","english":"Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Yǝmʾattā\n\nSalām-hymn to Markǝyānos and Marqorewos\n\n29th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Dǝmeṭrǝyos\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to Dǝmeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝqṭār\n\n30th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrǝhām bāḥtāwi\n\nCommemoration of Fālibunā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhām\n\nSubscription for Ṭǝqǝmt\n\n1st Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Maksimos, Numanfyos, Fiqṭor and Filǝṗṗos\n\nShort commemoration of Kāleb\n\nLong commemoration of Kāleb, apparently identical to the one occuring in the second recension on 20th Gǝnbot.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the end of the month Ṭǝqǝmt and the beginning of Ḫǝdar, with a subscription for Ṭǝqǝmt followed by entries for 1st Ḫǝdar.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise or salutation to a saint or feast.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Kāleb (Ella Asbeha) is a notable Aksumite king; the long version here is noted as identical to one in the second recension on 20th Gǝnbot, indicating textual reuse.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The note on the long commemoration of Kāleb suggests a textual relationship between recensions, with the editor flagging duplication across months.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Commemoration of the birth of' lacks a name in both Geʿez and English, possibly a lacuna or scribal omission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The commemoration of the birth of (saint unnamed) may be a lacuna; the long commemoration of Kāleb is noted as identical to another entry, but the exact textual relationship is not specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Maksimyānos\n\nʿĀrke-hymn to the angels\n\nSalām-hymn to the Trinity and St Mary\n\n2nd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Setenwā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Sānǝtyu and Ṗeṭros\n\n3rd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Kirākos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAtnāsyos and his sister ʾIrāʾi\n\nCommemoration of Madḫanina ʾƎgziʾ\n\nSalām-hymn to Habakkuk\n\nSalām-hymn to Kiryāqos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAtnātewos and ʾIrāʾi\n\n4th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbimākos and ʾAzāryānos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs and Yāʿqob, bishops of Fārs","english":"Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Maksimyānos\n\nʿĀrke-hymn to the angels\n\nSalām-hymn to the Trinity and St Mary\n\n2nd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Setenwā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Sānǝtyu and Ṗeṭros\n\n3rd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Kirākos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAtnāsyos and his sister ʾIrāʾi\n\nCommemoration of Madḫanina ʾƎgziʾ\n\nSalām-hymn to Habakkuk\n\nSalām-hymn to Kiryāqos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAtnātewos and ʾIrāʾi\n\n4th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbimākos and ʾAzāryānos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs and Yāʿqob, bishops of Fārs","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar list for the first four days of Ḫǝdar (the second month of the Geʿez year), consisting of commemorations and hymn headings. The repeated 'Commemoration of' entries with no name (2nd Ḫǝdar) suggest a lacuna or a placeholder in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically a hymn of praise addressed to a saint or a feast. Its presence here marks the liturgical use of the synaxarion entries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʿĀrke-hymn","severity":"info","text":"An 'ʿĀrke-hymn' is another Geʿez hymn type, often longer and more elaborate than a Salām-hymn. Its occurrence here, addressed to the angels, is a distinctive feature of this calendar section.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The month Ḫǝdar corresponds to November in the Gregorian calendar. The synaxarion follows the Coptic calendar, and these entries reflect the Ethiopian Orthodox liturgical year.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of 'Madḫanina ʾƎgziʾ' (Our Savior) on 3rd Ḫǝdar is a feast of Christ, reflecting the Ethiopian emphasis on Christological titles. This entry is consistent with broader East Christian synaxaria.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The two blank 'Commemoration of' entries under 2nd Ḫǝdar may indicate a textual corruption or an intentional omission in the source manuscript. The edition (betmas) does not supply missing names, so the reader should note the lacuna.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The two blank 'Commemoration of' entries under 2nd Ḫǝdar are ambiguous: they may represent lost names or a deliberate gap in the manuscript. The edition (betmas) reproduces them as is, so no restoration is attempted."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"Commemoration of Tomās, bishop of Damāsqo\n\nCommemoration of Zakāryās\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbaydo\n\nCommemoration of , son of Romāna Warq\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob and Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Tomās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbimākos and ʾAzǝryānos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbaydo\n\n5th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Langinos\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Tewodros\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotewos\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Yoḥanni\n\nSalām-hymn to Langinos\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewodros\n\n6th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Filkos\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the tabernacle by on Qʷǝsqʷām","english":"Commemoration of Tomās, bishop of Damāsqo\n\nCommemoration of Zakāryās\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbaydo\n\nCommemoration of , son of Romāna Warq\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob and Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Tomās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbimākos and ʾAzǝryānos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbaydo\n\n5th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Langinos\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Tewodros\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotewos\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Yoḥanni\n\nSalām-hymn to Langinos\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewodros\n\n6th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Filkos\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the tabernacle by on Qʷǝsqʷām","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for 4th–6th Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of the synaxarion's daily entries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Qʷǝsqʷām","severity":"info","text":"Qʷǝsqʷām (Coptic ϭⲱϣⲕⲁⲙ) refers to the monastery of al-Muḥarraq in Egypt, associated with the consecration of a tabernacle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 6th Ḫǝdar commemorates the consecration of the tabernacle at Qʷǝsqʷām, a feast tied to the Coptic tradition of church dedication.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The fourth commemoration on 4th Ḫǝdar reads 'son of Romāna Warq' without a name, likely a scribal omission or corruption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The salām-hymn to Yāʿqob and Yoḥannǝs reflects the veneration of these saints in the Ethiopic tradition, often paired in liturgical hymns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The fourth commemoration on 4th Ḫǝdar lacks a personal name; the reading assumes a lacuna or error.","The consecration of the tabernacle on 6th Ḫǝdar is not further specified; the reading follows the Coptic tradition of Qʷǝsqʷām."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"Commemoration of ʾAfros and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to Dabra Qʷǝsqʷām\n\nSalām-hymn to Filǝks\n\n7th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Giyorgis of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nāḫrǝw\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Minās, bishop of Tǝmay\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of\n\nCommemoration of Zinobis\n\nCommemoration of Marqorewos and Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Giyorgis\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Nāhrǝw\n\nSalām-hymn to Minās\n\nSalām-hymn to Marqorewos and Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Marqorewos and Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to George\n\nSalām-hymn to Zinobyā and Nobis","english":"Commemoration of ʾAfros and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to Dabra Qʷǝsqʷām\n\nSalām-hymn to Filǝks\n\n7th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Giyorgis of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nāḫrǝw\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Minās, bishop of Tǝmay\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of\n\nCommemoration of Zinobis\n\nCommemoration of Marqorewos and Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Giyorgis\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Nāhrǝw\n\nSalām-hymn to Minās\n\nSalām-hymn to Marqorewos and Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Marqorewos and Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to George\n\nSalām-hymn to Zinobyā and Nobis","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"7th Ḫǝdar","severity":"info","text":"The date '7th Ḫǝdar' marks a new liturgical day within the synaxarion, separating the preceding commemorations from those that follow.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise addressed to a saint or holy site.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Dabra Qʷǝsqʷām","severity":"info","text":"Dabra Qʷǝsqʷām (Mount Qusquam) is a monastery in Egypt associated with the Holy Family tradition and venerated in Ethiopian Christianity.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Hollis 2023"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of the consecration of the church of","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for the church consecration is incomplete in the Geʿez text, lacking the name of the church; this may indicate a lacuna or scribal omission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Giyorgis of Alexandria","severity":"info","text":"Giyorgis of Alexandria is a saint commemorated in the Copto-Arabic synaxarion, reflecting shared hagiographic traditions between the Coptic and Ethiopian churches.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'ʾAfros' is uncertain; it may refer to a saint not widely attested in other sources.","The incomplete entry for the church consecration leaves the specific church unidentified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"Salām-hymn to the companions of Zinobis and Zanobyā\n\n8th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the Four Animals\n\nCommemoration of ʾAfnin\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs and apparition of the cross to Constantine\n\nCommemoration of Qǝfrǝnyā\n\nCommemoration of the companions of ʾEsdǝros\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Qǝfri\n\nSalām-hymn to the Four Heavenly Animals\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAfnin\n\nʿArke-hymn mentioning ʾƎgziʾ Kǝbrā\n\nSalām-hymn to Constantine\n\n9th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Yǝsḥaq\n\nCommemoration of the council of Nicaea\n\nSalām-hymn to Yǝshāq\n\nSalām-hymn to the fathers of Niceaea","english":"Salām-hymn to the companions of Zinobis and Zanobyā\n\n8th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the Four Animals\n\nCommemoration of ʾAfnin\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs and apparition of the cross to Constantine\n\nCommemoration of Qǝfrǝnyā\n\nCommemoration of the companions of ʾEsdǝros\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Qǝfri\n\nSalām-hymn to the Four Heavenly Animals\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAfnin\n\nʿArke-hymn mentioning ʾƎgziʾ Kǝbrā\n\nSalām-hymn to Constantine\n\n9th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Yǝsḥaq\n\nCommemoration of the council of Nicaea\n\nSalām-hymn to Yǝshāq\n\nSalām-hymn to the fathers of Niceaea","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"8th Ḫǝdar / 9th Ḫǝdar","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists commemorations and hymns for two consecutive days, 8th and 9th Ḫǝdar, following the synaxarion's calendrical structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical hymn in Geʿez tradition, typically a salutation to a saint or event.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʿArke-hymn","severity":"info","text":"ʿArke-hymn is a specific hymn type in Ethiopic liturgy, often used for praise and mentioning divine names.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Commemoration of the Four Animals","severity":"info","text":"The Four Animals likely refer to the four living creatures of Ezekiel's vision, often associated with the evangelists in Christian iconography.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Hollis 2023"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Commemoration of the council of Nicaea","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the Council of Nicaea (325 CE) reflects its enduring authority in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, celebrated on 9th Ḫǝdar.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of ʾAfnin","severity":"caution","text":"The identity of ʾAfnin is uncertain; it may be a variant of a saint's name or a textual corruption, requiring further verification.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of ʾAfnin is unclear; it may be a misspelling or a lesser-known saint.","The companions of Zinobis and Zanobyā are not specified in this passage."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"10th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Sofyā and her daughters\n\nCommemoration of the council at the time of king Fiqṭoryos\n\nCommemoration of Ṗāwlos and three martyrs\n\nSalām-hymn to the virgins\n\nSalām-hymn to the participants of the council of Rome\n\nSalām-hymn\n\n11th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾArkilāʾos, ʾElsāʿ the abbot and ʾAkumis\n\nSalām-hymn to Anne\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾArkelāʾos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Minās\n\nHymn to the prophets, saints, apostles, angels, and virgins\n\n12th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Michael, history of Dortāwos and Tāwobǝstā","english":"10th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Sofyā and her daughters\n\nCommemoration of the council at the time of king Fiqṭoryos\n\nCommemoration of Ṗāwlos and three martyrs\n\nSalām-hymn to the virgins\n\nSalām-hymn to the participants of the council of Rome\n\nSalām-hymn\n\n11th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾArkilāʾos, ʾElsāʿ the abbot and ʾAkumis\n\nSalām-hymn to Anne\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾArkelāʾos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Minās\n\nHymn to the prophets, saints, apostles, angels, and virgins\n\n12th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Michael, history of Dortāwos and Tāwobǝstā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and hymns for the 10th, 11th, and 12th of Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The entries for the 11th include a lacuna after 'Commemoration of'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The council at the time of king Fiqṭoryos likely refers to a local synod in the Ethiopian tradition, though the specific king and council are not widely attested in standard church histories.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Fiqṭoryos","severity":"info","text":"The name Fiqṭoryos is a Geʿez form of Victor or Victorinus, possibly a king of Aksum or a local ruler, but the historical identification remains uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for the 11th of Ḫǝdar has an incomplete line: 'Commemoration of' with no name, indicating a textual lacuna or scribal omission in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Michael on the 12th of Ḫǝdar, along with the history of Dortāwos and Tāwobǝstā, reflects the prominence of angelic and apocryphal traditions in Ethiopian Orthodox piety.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of king Fiqṭoryos and the specific council are not clearly identified in available sources.","The lacuna after 'Commemoration of' on the 11th of Ḫǝdar leaves the intended saint or event unknown."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"Unidentified commemoration of Michael\n\nCommemoration of Filtāwos\n\nCommemoration of Baʾǝda Māryām\n\nSalām-hymn to the angels\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to Filitāwos\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael\n\nSalām-hymn\n\n13rd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the Myriads of Myriads\n\nCommemoration of ʾAskanār\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās\n\nCommemoration of Śǝlṭǝyā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAskanāfǝr\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās\n\nSalām-hymn to the Myriads of Myriads\n\n14th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Qonitos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Dānʾel","english":"Unidentified commemoration of Michael\n\nCommemoration of Filtāwos\n\nCommemoration of Baʾǝda Māryām\n\nSalām-hymn to the angels\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to Filitāwos\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael\n\nSalām-hymn\n\n13rd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the Myriads of Myriads\n\nCommemoration of ʾAskanār\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās\n\nCommemoration of Śǝlṭǝyā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAskanāfǝr\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās\n\nSalām-hymn to the Myriads of Myriads\n\n14th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Qonitos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Dānʾel","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for 12th–14th Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of the synaxarion. The entries are brief, with no narrative expansion, typical of the genre's calendrical format.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Filtāwos / Filitāwos","severity":"info","text":"The name appears in two spellings: Filtāwos and Filitāwos. This likely reflects scribal variation or a copyist's error; the same saint is intended.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾAskanār / ʾAskanāfǝr","severity":"info","text":"The name ʾAskanār in the commemoration line is spelled ʾAskanāfǝr in the salām-hymn. This may be a scribal variant or a different vocalization of the same name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Myriads of Myriads","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the Myriads of Myriads refers to the collective feast of the countless martyrs, a common theme in Eastern Christian hagiography, especially after the Diocletianic persecution.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 12th Ḫǝdar begins with 'Unidentified commemoration of Michael', indicating that the specific identity of this commemoration is lost or uncertain in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The spelling variation Filtāwos/Filitāwos and ʾAskanār/ʾAskanāfǝr may reflect scribal inconsistency or different manuscript traditions.","The 'Unidentified commemoration of Michael' suggests a lacuna or loss of specific hagiographic detail."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"Commemoration of Lurāsṭos and other saints\n\nCommemoration of Gārgis and Balaṭǝn\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Dānʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to Maṭrǝyonās\n\n15th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Minās\n\nCommemoration of Minās the patriarch\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwārewos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwlāgis\n\nSalām-hymn to St Menas\n\nSalām-hymn to Mina II\n\nCommemoration of Makbǝyu\n\nʿĀrke-hymn to Makbǝyu\n\n16th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Nāfǝr\n\nBeginning of the fasting period before christmas according to the Jacobites\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch","english":"Commemoration of Lurāsṭos and other saints\n\nCommemoration of Gārgis and Balaṭǝn\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Dānʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to Maṭrǝyonās\n\n15th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Minās\n\nCommemoration of Minās the patriarch\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwārewos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwlāgis\n\nSalām-hymn to St Menas\n\nSalām-hymn to Mina II\n\nCommemoration of Makbǝyu\n\nʿĀrke-hymn to Makbǝyu\n\n16th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Nāfǝr\n\nBeginning of the fasting period before christmas according to the Jacobites\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"15th Ḫǝdar","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a sequence of commemorations and hymns for the 15th and 16th of the Ethiopian month Ḫǝdar, following the synaxarion's calendrical structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise to a saint or angel, often used in the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʿĀrke-hymn","severity":"info","text":"An 'ʿĀrke-hymn' is a specific type of Geʿez hymn, possibly a genre of liturgical composition, though its precise characteristics are not fully defined in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Jacobites","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Jacobites' refers to the Syriac Orthodox Church, which follows the West Syriac liturgical tradition; the note indicates that the fasting period before Christmas is observed according to their calendar.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"16th Ḫǝdar","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Nāfǝr on 16th Ḫǝdar aligns with the Ethiopian liturgical calendar, marking a specific feast day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Minās the patriarch","severity":"caution","text":"The identity of 'Minās the patriarch' is ambiguous; it may refer to a Coptic patriarch named Mina, but the synaxarion does not specify which one, and the English draft conflates it with St Menas.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Minās the patriarch' is unclear; it could be a different figure from St Menas (Mina), but the text does not distinguish them clearly.","The term 'Jacobites' may be anachronistic or reflect a later editorial addition, as the synaxarion is primarily Copto-Ethiopian."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"Commemoration of ʾAbbā Dānʾel and Emperor ʾAnorewos\n\nCommemoration of Ṭāṭus\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭāṭus\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbbā Dānʾel and Emperor ʾAnorewos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwlāgis\n\nCommemoration of Kisṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Kawǝsṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to Fiqṭor\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church of ʾAbunāfǝr\n\n17th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of John Chrysostom\n\nCommemoration of the death of John Chrysostom\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrǝhām and Hārik\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhām and Ḥarik\n\nSalām-hymn to the righteous of Waṣif","english":"Commemoration of ʾAbbā Dānʾel and Emperor ʾAnorewos\n\nCommemoration of Ṭāṭus\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭāṭus\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbbā Dānʾel and Emperor ʾAnorewos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwlāgis\n\nCommemoration of Kisṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Kawǝsṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to Fiqṭor\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church of ʾAbunāfǝr\n\n17th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of John Chrysostom\n\nCommemoration of the death of John Chrysostom\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrǝhām and Hārik\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhām and Ḥarik\n\nSalām-hymn to the righteous of Waṣif","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the synaxarion's sequence of commemorations and hymns for the 16th and 17th of Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of earlier entries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical hymn in Geʿez tradition, typically a salutation to a saint or event, often following a commemoration entry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"John Chrysostom","severity":"info","text":"John Chrysostom (c. 347–407) was a prominent Church Father and Archbishop of Constantinople; his translation and death are commemorated separately in the synaxarion, reflecting his importance in Eastern Christian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Waṣif","severity":"info","text":"The 'righteous of Waṣif' likely refers to a monastic community or martyrs associated with the region of Waṣif in Ethiopia, indicating local veneration within the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Hārik","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Hārik' appears in the Geʿez as 'Hārik' but in the English draft as 'Ḥarik'; the variation may reflect a scribal or editorial inconsistency, but the intended figure is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Kisṭos, Kawǝsṭos, and Fiqṭor is not specified; they may be local saints or martyrs not widely attested.","The relationship between the commemoration of the translation and death of John Chrysostom on the same day is unclear; the synaxarion may combine two traditions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"Salām-hymn to Sinodā\n\nSalām-hymn to the translatio of John Chrysostom\n\n18th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAṭrākis and Yonā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾElawtǝros and ʾƎntiyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Yonā and ʾAṭrāsis\n\nSalām-hymn to Philip\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAtnātewos\n\n19th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Sargis\n\nBeginning of the Europeans' fast before Christmas\n\nCommemoration of Bartalomewos\n\nCommemoration of Tewoflos\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewoflos\n\nSalām-hymn to the bishops who consecrated the church of Sargis\n\nSalām-hymn to Bartalomewos","english":"Salām-hymn to Sinodā\n\nSalām-hymn to the translatio of John Chrysostom\n\n18th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAṭrākis and Yonā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾElawtǝros and ʾƎntiyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Yonā and ʾAṭrāsis\n\nSalām-hymn to Philip\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAtnātewos\n\n19th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Sargis\n\nBeginning of the Europeans' fast before Christmas\n\nCommemoration of Bartalomewos\n\nCommemoration of Tewoflos\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewoflos\n\nSalām-hymn to the bishops who consecrated the church of Sargis\n\nSalām-hymn to Bartalomewos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar entry for 18th and 19th Ḫǝdar, listing commemorations and salām-hymns. It follows the pattern of the Synaxarion, where each day has a header followed by named saints and hymn titles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise addressed to a saint or feast. The term derives from the Semitic root for 'peace' and is used in the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"translatio of John Chrysostom","severity":"info","text":"The translatio (transfer of relics) of John Chrysostom is a feast commemorating the movement of his remains to Constantinople in 438 CE. This is a standard entry in the Synaxarion, reflecting the reception of Byzantine hagiography in Ethiopia.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"18th Ḫǝdar","severity":"info","text":"Ḫǝdar is the third month of the Ethiopian calendar, roughly corresponding to November. The 18th and 19th days fall in late November, aligning with the pre-Christmas fast mentioned for the 19th.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Beginning of the Europeans' fast before Christmas","severity":"info","text":"This phrase refers to the Advent fast observed by Western Christians, noted here in the Ethiopian Synaxarion as a distinct practice. It shows awareness of European Christian traditions within the Ethiopian liturgical calendar.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Commemoration of' on the 18th is incomplete in the source, lacking a saint's name. This may be a scribal omission or a lacuna in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The incomplete 'Commemoration of' on 18th Ḫǝdar leaves the saint unidentified; it may be a copyist error or a deliberate placeholder."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"20th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnyānos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Tewodros\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnyānos\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Tewodros\n\n21st Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Gorgoryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Qozimos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of ʾƎsnumnay\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Diborā\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Gregory Thaumaturgos\n\nSalām-hymn to Qozmos\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to the martyrs of ʾƎsmunayn","english":"20th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnyānos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Tewodros\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnyānos\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Tewodros\n\n21st Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Gorgoryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Qozimos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of ʾƎsnumnay\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Diborā\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Gregory Thaumaturgos\n\nSalām-hymn to Qozmos\n\nSalām-hymn to\n\nSalām-hymn to the martyrs of ʾƎsmunayn","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for 20th and 21st Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of the Synaxarion: date, then commemorations, then salām-hymns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically praising a saint or event, often appended to the synaxarion entry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the consecration of the church of Tewodros (Theodore) reflects the importance of church dedications in Ethiopian Orthodox liturgical calendars.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft shows an incomplete line: 'Commemoration of' with no name, and 'Salām-hymn to' with no name, indicating a lacuna or scribal omission in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the martyrs of ʾƎsnumnay (Esna) is known from Copto-Arabic synaxaria, showing shared hagiographic traditions between Coptic and Ethiopian churches.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the missing commemoration and salām-hymn on 21st Ḫǝdar is unclear due to textual lacunae.","The specific location or church of Tewodros is not specified in this passage."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"22nd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Qozmos, Damyānos and their family\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Qozmos\n\nCommemoration of Qalemǝnṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to children of Tewodyādā\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Qozmos\n\n23rd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Qornolyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbudiyā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbudiyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Qornolyos\n\n24th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the 24 heavenly priests\n\nCommemoration of ʾAzqir\n\nCommemoration of Qālātaw and other saints\n\nCommemoration of two Diyosqoros\n\nCommemoration of Yosef\n\nSalām-hymn to the priests\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAzqir","english":"22nd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Qozmos, Damyānos and their family\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Qozmos\n\nCommemoration of Qalemǝnṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to children of Tewodyādā\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Qozmos\n\n23rd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Qornolyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbudiyā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbudiyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Qornolyos\n\n24th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the 24 heavenly priests\n\nCommemoration of ʾAzqir\n\nCommemoration of Qālātaw and other saints\n\nCommemoration of two Diyosqoros\n\nCommemoration of Yosef\n\nSalām-hymn to the priests\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAzqir","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for three consecutive days (22nd–24th Ḫǝdar), following the pattern of the Synaxarion's daily entries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Qozmos and Damyānos are the 'Anargyroi' (unmercenary physicians) venerated in both Eastern and Oriental Orthodox traditions; their commemoration here on 22nd Ḫǝdar aligns with the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Qalemǝnṭos","severity":"info","text":"Qalemǝnṭos is the Geʿez form of Clement (likely Pope Clement I of Rome), a figure commemorated in various Eastern calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Tewodyādā","severity":"info","text":"Tewodyādā is the Geʿez form of Theodosius; the 'children of Tewodyādā' likely refers to the sons of Emperor Theodosius I or a monastic community associated with him.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The '24 heavenly priests' on 24th Ḫǝdar are the 24 elders of the Apocalypse (Revelation 4:4), a common theme in Ethiopian liturgical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of multiple commemorations per day reflects the Synaxarion's function as a liturgical calendar, where several saints may be honored together, especially when their feasts fall on the same date.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Qālātaw' is uncertain; it may be a place name or a personal name. 'Two Diyosqoros' could refer to two distinct saints named Dioscorus or a single saint with a dual commemoration."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"25th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Pilupāder\n\nCommemoration of ʾAqāros and Romānos\n\nCommemoration of Sabla Wangel\n\nSalām-hymn to Marqorewos\n\n26th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Balāryānos\n\nCommemoration of Gregory of Nyssa\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of Nagrān\n\nCommemoration of Gelyos and other saints\n\nCommemoration of ʾIyasus Moʾa\n\nSalām-hymn to the martyrs of Nāgrān\n\nSalām-hymn to Balāryānos\n\nSalām-hymn to Gregory of Nyssa\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾIyasus Moʾa\n\n27th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of Filmon\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlʿāre and other saints","english":"25th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Pilupāder\n\nCommemoration of ʾAqāros and Romānos\n\nCommemoration of Sabla Wangel\n\nSalām-hymn to Marqorewos\n\n26th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Balāryānos\n\nCommemoration of Gregory of Nyssa\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of Nagrān\n\nCommemoration of Gelyos and other saints\n\nCommemoration of ʾIyasus Moʾa\n\nSalām-hymn to the martyrs of Nāgrān\n\nSalām-hymn to Balāryānos\n\nSalām-hymn to Gregory of Nyssa\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾIyasus Moʾa\n\n27th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of Filmon\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlʿāre and other saints","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the synaxarion's calendrical listing for 25th–27th Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of commemorations and salām-hymns seen in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Pilupāder","severity":"info","text":"Pilupāder is the Geʿez form of the name Philotheus, a common saint in the Ethiopic tradition, though the specific identity here is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sabla Wangel","severity":"info","text":"Sabla Wangel, meaning 'Cross of the Gospel' in Geʿez, is a female saint venerated in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, often associated with the 25th Ḫǝdar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"martyrs of Nagrān","severity":"info","text":"The martyrs of Nagrān (Najran) were Christians killed in the 6th-century persecution by the Jewish king Dhu Nuwas, a key event in Ethiopic hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ʾIyasus Moʾa","severity":"info","text":"ʾIyasus Moʾa (Jesus the Moa) is a 13th-century Ethiopian saint, founder of the monastery of Dabra ʾAsbo, whose commemoration on 26th Ḫǝdar reflects later Ethiopic additions to the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Gelyos","severity":"caution","text":"The name Gelyos is obscure and may be a corruption or variant of a known saint; its identification is uncertain without further manuscript evidence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Pilupāder is not specified; it may refer to multiple saints named Philotheus.","Gelyos is an unclear name, possibly a scribal error or a rare saint.","The relationship between the commemorations and the salām-hymns is not explicit; the latter may be liturgical additions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"Salām-hymn to Jesus Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob\n\nSalām-hymn to Filmonā\n\nSalām-hymn to Takla Ḥawāryāt\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Yoḥannǝs\n\n28th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Sārābāmon\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Libānos of Dabra Qʷanāṣǝl\n\nSalām-hymn to Rabāmon\n\nSalām-hymn to Sarabāmon\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Liqānos\n\nSalām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob\n\n29th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nCommemoration of the 47000 martyrs\n\nCommemoration of Qalemǝnṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ","english":"Salām-hymn to Jesus Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob\n\nSalām-hymn to Filmonā\n\nSalām-hymn to Takla Ḥawāryāt\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Yoḥannǝs\n\n28th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Sārābāmon\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Libānos of Dabra Qʷanāṣǝl\n\nSalām-hymn to Rabāmon\n\nSalām-hymn to Sarabāmon\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Liqānos\n\nSalām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob\n\n29th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nCommemoration of the 47000 martyrs\n\nCommemoration of Qalemǝnṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn to Jesus Christ","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a sequence of salām-hymns and commemorations for 28th and 29th Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of the Synaxarion's daily entries. The salām-hymns are poetic praises, while commemorations list saints or events.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A 'salām-hymn' is a Geʿez liturgical poem of praise, typically addressed to a saint or Christ. The term 'salām' means 'peace' but here denotes a hymn genre.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Commemoration of the birth of Christ","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Christ's birth on 29th Ḫǝdar (approximately 8 December) is unusual in the Ethiopian calendar, where the main feast is on 29th Taḫśaś (7 January). This may reflect a local or earlier tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of the 47000 martyrs","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of 47,000 martyrs is a collective feast, likely referencing the martyrs of Nagrān or other large groups. This number appears in Ethiopian hagiographic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn to ʾabbā Liqānos","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'ʾabbā Liqānos' may be a variant or scribal error for 'ʾabbā Libānos' (mentioned earlier). The similarity suggests possible confusion in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the salām-hymns and the commemorations is not explicit; they may be separate or integrated. The identity of 'Rabāmon' and 'Sarabāmon' relative to 'Sārābāmon' is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"Salām-hymn to Ṗeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to Qalemǝnṭos\n\n30th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAkākyos\n\nCommemoration of Maqāryos, consecration of the church of Qozmos and Dimiyānos\n\nCommemoration of Gabra Masqal\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnānyos and Ṗeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to the martyrs under Diocletian\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Masqal\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAkāyyǝyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Masqal\n\nSubscription for Ḫǝdār\n\nSupplication for Ḫǝdār\n\nSecond quarter of the year\n\nIntroduction for Tāḫśāś\n\n1st Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾElyās\n\nCommemoration of Nābute\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros, the bishop of Gazā","english":"Salām-hymn to Ṗeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to Qalemǝnṭos\n\n30th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAkākyos\n\nCommemoration of Maqāryos, consecration of the church of Qozmos and Dimiyānos\n\nCommemoration of Gabra Masqal\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnānyos and Ṗeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to the martyrs under Diocletian\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Masqal\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAkāyyǝyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Masqal\n\nSubscription for Ḫǝdār\n\nSupplication for Ḫǝdār\n\nSecond quarter of the year\n\nIntroduction for Tāḫśāś\n\n1st Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾElyās\n\nCommemoration of Nābute\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros, the bishop of Gazā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"30th Ḫǝdar","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the end of the month Ḫǝdār (the 30th day) and includes a subscription and supplication, followed by the introduction to the next month Tāḫśāś. The sequence of salām-hymns and commemorations is typical of synaxarion entries for month transitions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, often used to honor saints or feasts. The repeated salām-hymns here (e.g., to Ṗeṭros, Qalemǝnṭos, Gabra Masqal) reflect the standard doxological pattern of the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of Maqāryos, consecration of the church of Qozmos and Dimiyānos","severity":"info","text":"Maqāryos (Macarius) is a prominent Egyptian monastic saint; the church of Qozmos and Dimiyānos (Cosmas and Damian) is a well-known dedication in Coptic and Ethiopian Christianity. This entry links a saint’s commemoration with a church consecration, a common synaxarion practice.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of Gabra Masqal","severity":"info","text":"Gabra Masqal (also known as Lalibela) is a celebrated Ethiopian king and saint, associated with the rock-hewn churches. His multiple commemorations in this passage (three times) underscore his importance in Ethiopian hagiography and liturgical memory.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Second quarter of the year","severity":"info","text":"This phrase indicates the synaxarion’s division of the liturgical year into quarters. The passage transitions from the end of the first quarter (month Ḫǝdār) to the beginning of the second quarter (month Tāḫśāś), reflecting the annual cycle of readings and commemorations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn (unattributed)","severity":"caution","text":"One entry reads simply 'Salām-hymn' without a named subject. This may be a scribal omission or a generic placeholder; the intended recipient is unclear. The text is not corrupt, but the lack of specification is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The unattributed 'Salām-hymn' (line 11) lacks a named recipient; it may be a generic entry or a lacuna in the manuscript tradition.","The commemoration of 'Nābute' (1st Tāḫśāś) is obscure; the identity of this saint is not widely attested in standard synaxaria."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAtnāsyos the patriarch\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾElyās\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Naboth\n\n2nd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the Three Youths\n\nCommemoration of the servants of Fāsiladas\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Hor\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbkǝftǝn and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to the Three Youths\n\nSalām-hymn to Hor\n\n3rd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the presentation of Mary to the temple\n\nCommemoration of ʾabuna Zenā Mārqos\n\nCommemoration of Fānuʾel","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAtnāsyos the patriarch\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾElyās\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Naboth\n\n2nd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the Three Youths\n\nCommemoration of the servants of Fāsiladas\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Hor\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbkǝftǝn and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to the Three Youths\n\nSalām-hymn to Hor\n\n3rd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the presentation of Mary to the temple\n\nCommemoration of ʾabuna Zenā Mārqos\n\nCommemoration of Fānuʾel","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorations and salām-hymns for the 2nd and 3rd of Tāḫśāś, following the Coptic calendar. It transitions from the end of Ḫǝdar to the beginning of Tāḫśāś.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopic tradition, typically a hymn of praise. The term is used here to introduce each hymn entry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Three Youths (Hananiah, Mishael, Azariah) are biblical figures from the Book of Daniel, venerated in the Synaxarion. Their commemoration on 2nd Tāḫśāś is attested in the Copto-Arabic synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Fāsiladas (r. 1632–1667) was an Ethiopian emperor. The commemoration of his servants likely refers to martyrs or saints associated with his court, though specific identities are not given here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾabbā","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā is an Ethiopic honorific meaning 'father', used for monastic saints and patriarchs. It appears before the names Yoḥannǝs, ʾAtnāsyos, and Hor.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The commemoration of 'ʾAbkǝftǝn and other saints' is obscure; the name ʾAbkǝftǝn may be a variant or corruption. No clear identification is available in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'ʾAbkǝftǝn' is uncertain; it may be a corruption or a local saint. The phrase 'servants of Fāsiladas' is vague and could refer to court officials or martyrs."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"Salām-hymn to the entry of Mary to the temple\n\nSalām-hymn to Fānuʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwtyānos\n\n4th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎndrǝyās\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʿOḍ and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Andrew\n\n5th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Nāhom\n\nCommemoration of ʾIyāsdǝros\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwgānyā\n\nCommemoration of Fiqṭor\n\nCommemoration of Filǝnṭos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Nahum\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEsdǝros\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Fiqṭor\n\n6th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnṭolos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbrǝhām","english":"Salām-hymn to the entry of Mary to the temple\n\nSalām-hymn to Fānuʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwtyānos\n\n4th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎndrǝyās\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʿOḍ and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Andrew\n\n5th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Nāhom\n\nCommemoration of ʾIyāsdǝros\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwgānyā\n\nCommemoration of Fiqṭor\n\nCommemoration of Filǝnṭos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Nahum\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEsdǝros\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Fiqṭor\n\n6th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnṭolos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbrǝhām","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"4th Tāḫśāś","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for several days of the month Tāḫśāś (4th, 5th, 6th), following the synaxarion's calendrical structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically praising a saint or feast. The repeated entries for ʾAwgānyā may indicate multiple hymns or a textual duplication.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Fānuʾel","severity":"info","text":"Fānuʾel (Penuel) is an angel mentioned in apocryphal and Ethiopian traditions, often associated with the archangels. His commemoration here reflects the synaxarion's inclusion of non-biblical figures.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ʾAwtyānos","severity":"info","text":"ʾAwtyānos (Eutychianus) is a saint venerated in the Ethiopian tradition, possibly a patriarch or martyr. His inclusion shows the synaxarion's adaptation of broader Christian hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā","severity":"caution","text":"The salām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā appears twice in the list for 5th Tāḫśāś. This may be a scribal duplication or indicate two distinct hymns; the text does not clarify.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of ʾAwtyānos is not specified; it may refer to a saint or a historical figure. The duplication of the salām-hymn to ʾAwgānyā could be intentional or a scribal error."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"Commemoration of the church of ʾArsimā\n\nCommemoration of Baṭǝlsis and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhām\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝmʿon\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾArsimā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾElyāb\n\n7th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Dānʾel\n\nCommemoration of Dǝyonṭǝrǝs\n\nCommemoration of Mātewos the poor\n\nSalām-hymn to Dānʾel\n\nʿĀrke-hymn on Dānʾel, supplicating Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Mātewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Dǝyonṭǝrǝs\n\nSalām-hymn\n\n8th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Yāroklā\n\nCommemoration of Barbārā and Yolyānā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾEsi and his sister Teklā","english":"Commemoration of the church of ʾArsimā\n\nCommemoration of Baṭǝlsis and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbrǝhām\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝmʿon\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾArsimā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾElyāb\n\n7th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Dānʾel\n\nCommemoration of Dǝyonṭǝrǝs\n\nCommemoration of Mātewos the poor\n\nSalām-hymn to Dānʾel\n\nʿĀrke-hymn on Dānʾel, supplicating Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Mātewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Dǝyonṭǝrǝs\n\nSalām-hymn\n\n8th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Yāroklā\n\nCommemoration of Barbārā and Yolyānā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾEsi and his sister Teklā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the synaxarion's daily entries for 6th–8th Tāḫśāś, listing commemorations and hymns. The pattern of 'Commemoration of' followed by 'Salām-hymn' is typical for this genre.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʿĀrke-hymn","severity":"info","text":"ʿĀrke-hymn is a hymn type in Geʿez liturgical tradition, often supplicatory. Here it is directed to Mary on behalf of Dānʾel, indicating a specific devotional form.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾArsimā","severity":"info","text":"ʾArsimā is likely a place name or church dedication; the commemoration of a church is a standard entry in the synaxarion, reflecting local cultic geography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 8th Tāḫśāś includes an incomplete line 'Commemoration of' with no name, suggesting a lacuna or scribal omission in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Mātewos the poor","severity":"info","text":"Mātewos the poor is a saint venerated in Ethiopian tradition, possibly a local ascetic. His epithet 'the poor' aligns with the Ethiopian emphasis on humility.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The incomplete 'Commemoration of' on 8th Tāḫśāś leaves the saint's name unknown; the reading assumes a lacuna rather than a deliberate blank.","The identity of Baṭǝlsis is uncertain; it may be a variant of a known saint or a local figure."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"Commemoration of Gabra Māryām\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Mātyās and other saints\n\nCommemoration of Yǝrsǝqlā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāroklā\n\nSalām-hymn to Barbārā and Yolyānā\n\nSalām-hymn to Ǝnbābrenā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEsi and Teklā\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of ʾEsi and Teklā\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to St Samuel of Qalamun\n\n9th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Baʾamin\n\nCommemoration of Badlamyā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Baʾamin\n\n10th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Sāwiros","english":"Commemoration of Gabra Māryām\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Mātyās and other saints\n\nCommemoration of Yǝrsǝqlā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāroklā\n\nSalām-hymn to Barbārā and Yolyānā\n\nSalām-hymn to Ǝnbābrenā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEsi and Teklā\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of ʾEsi and Teklā\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to St Samuel of Qalamun\n\n9th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Baʾamin\n\nCommemoration of Badlamyā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Baʾamin\n\n10th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Sāwiros","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for the 9th and 10th of Tāḫśāś, following the pattern of the synaxarion. The entries are brief, typical of a calendar entry rather than a full narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often used to honor saints. The term appears repeatedly here, indicating the structure of the synaxarion entries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Tāḫśāś","severity":"info","text":"Tāḫśāś is the fourth month of the Geʿez calendar, roughly corresponding to December–January. The 9th and 10th days are noted here, marking specific commemorations in the liturgical year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the translatio of Sāwiros (Severus of Antioch) reflects the miaphysite tradition's veneration of this patriarch, whose relics were moved to Egypt. This entry aligns with Copto-Arabic synaxarion traditions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The names Gabra Māryām, Yāroklā, and Ǝnbābrenā are obscure and may be corrupt or variant spellings. Their identification with known saints is uncertain without further manuscript evidence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Gabra Māryām, Yāroklā, and Ǝnbābrenā is unclear; they may be local or lesser-known saints.","The relationship between the salām-hymns and the preceding commemorations is not explicit; they may be separate liturgical items."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Tāʾofānyos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Niqolāwos\n\nCommemoration of Talasǝs and ʾAlʿāzār\n\nCommemoration of Surǝst\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṭǝwāši\n\nCommemoration of Milyos and Tāwfǝyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Sāwiros\n\nSalām-hymn to Tāʾofānyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Niqolāwos\n\nSalām-hymn to Talāsǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Surǝst\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗāwlos\n\n11th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bākimos\n\nCommemoration of Bartalomewos\n\n12th Tāḫśāś\n\nLong commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Hǝdrā\n\nCommemoration of the council of Rome\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnqiṭos","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Tāʾofānyos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Niqolāwos\n\nCommemoration of Talasǝs and ʾAlʿāzār\n\nCommemoration of Surǝst\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṭǝwāši\n\nCommemoration of Milyos and Tāwfǝyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Sāwiros\n\nSalām-hymn to Tāʾofānyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Niqolāwos\n\nSalām-hymn to Talāsǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Surǝst\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗāwlos\n\n11th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bākimos\n\nCommemoration of Bartalomewos\n\n12th Tāḫśāś\n\nLong commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Hǝdrā\n\nCommemoration of the council of Rome\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnqiṭos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar list of commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints, spanning from the 9th to the 12th of Tāḫśāś. The structural classification 'narrative' from Coptic cues is not evident in the text, which is purely enumerative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"The term 'salām-hymn' (from Geʿez salām, 'peace') refers to a genre of liturgical hymn in Ethiopic tradition, often used in the Synaxarion to honor saints. Each entry marks a distinct hymn, not a full commemoration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Tāʾofānyos","severity":"info","text":"Tāʾofānyos (Theophany) is likely a patriarch of Alexandria, possibly Theophanes, though the specific identity is uncertain. The title 'patriarch' indicates a high-ranking ecclesiastical figure in the Coptic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Long commemoration of","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Long commemoration of' is incomplete in both Geʿez and English, lacking the saint's name. This suggests a textual lacuna or scribal omission in the source manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"council of Rome","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the 'council of Rome' likely refers to a synod recognized in Ethiopic tradition, possibly the Council of Rome (AD 382) under Pope Damasus I, though its inclusion here is unusual for a Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of several saints (e.g., Surǝst, Ṭǝwāši) is uncertain due to lack of contextual details.","The 'Long commemoration of' is truncated, leaving the saint unnamed.","The structural classification 'narrative' does not match the list format, possibly a misattribution from Coptic cues."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"Commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾOwǝsis and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnqiṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to Ḫǝdrā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnqiṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to the participants of the council\n\nSalām-hymn to Sāmuʾel\n\n13rd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the conception of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Barṣǝnufyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrākos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Misāʾel\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Maqāryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrāniqos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Rufāʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to Maqāryos\n\nSalām-hymn to Barsufyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbrākiyos","english":"Commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾOwǝsis and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnqiṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to Ḫǝdrā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnqiṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to the participants of the council\n\nSalām-hymn to Sāmuʾel\n\n13rd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the conception of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Barṣǝnufyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrākos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Misāʾel\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Maqāryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrāniqos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Rufāʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to Maqāryos\n\nSalām-hymn to Barsufyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbrākiyos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for 13 Tāḫśāś, following the pattern of the Synaxarion's daily entries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically honoring a saint or angel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"13rd Tāḫśāś","severity":"info","text":"Tāḫśāś is the fourth month of the Geʿez calendar, roughly corresponding to December–January. The 13th day is a fixed date in the liturgical year.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of the conception of Mary","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Mary's conception reflects the broader Christian tradition of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, though the Geʿez church observes it on this date.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry begins with an empty 'Commemoration of' line, likely a scribal omission or placeholder for a missing saint's name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The initial 'Commemoration of' with no name may indicate a lacuna or intentional blank in the manuscript.","The repetition of 'Salām-hymn to ʾAnqiṭos' could be a scribal duplication or a deliberate second hymn."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"Salām-hymn to Misāʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to the conception of Mary\n\n14th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon of Manuf\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bǝḥur and ʾabbā Minās\n\nCommemoration of Marmǝhnām and his sister Sārā\n\nCommemoration of the soldiers of ʾAtor\n\nCommemoration of Gabra Krǝstos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAmonyos\n\nCommemoration of Nasāḥit\n\nSalām-hymn to Marmǝhnām\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Marmǝhnām\n\nSalām-hymn to the soldiers of Marmǝhnām\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝmʿon\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Krǝstos\n\nSalām-hymn to Nasāḥit\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAmonyos","english":"Salām-hymn to Misāʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to the conception of Mary\n\n14th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon of Manuf\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bǝḥur and ʾabbā Minās\n\nCommemoration of Marmǝhnām and his sister Sārā\n\nCommemoration of the soldiers of ʾAtor\n\nCommemoration of Gabra Krǝstos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAmonyos\n\nCommemoration of Nasāḥit\n\nSalām-hymn to Marmǝhnām\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Marmǝhnām\n\nSalām-hymn to the soldiers of Marmǝhnām\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝmʿon\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Krǝstos\n\nSalām-hymn to Nasāḥit\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAmonyos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorations and salām-hymns for the 14th of Tāḫśāś, following the pattern of the Synaxarion's daily entries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn (from Geʿez salām, 'peace') is a genre of liturgical hymn used in the Ethiopian tradition, often praising saints or events.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Sǝmʿon of Manuf","severity":"info","text":"Sǝmʿon of Manuf is a saint venerated in the Coptic and Ethiopian traditions, associated with the city of Manuf in Egypt.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Gabra Krǝstos the patriarch","severity":"info","text":"Gabra Krǝstos is a patriarch of the Ethiopian Church, commemorated in the Synaxarion; his inclusion reflects the local adaptation of the calendar.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The repetition of 'Salām-hymn to ʾAnqiṭos' in the previous passage and the listing of multiple salām-hymns here may indicate textual duplication or a scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Marmǝhnām' and his sister Sārā is not specified; they may be local saints or martyrs.","The phrase 'soldiers of ʾAtor' could refer to a specific group of martyrs, but the location or event is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"Salām-hymn to the light of Christ\n\n15th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Luqās za-ʿāmd\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾEwosṭātewos\n\nCommemoration of Yǝmsāḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAryānos and ʾArkasis\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Luqās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Yǝmlāḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to St Gregory the Illuminator\n\n16th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Hǝrwāg\n\nCommemoration of Ḥanānyā and Kozi of ʾAkmim\n\nCommemoration of Gedewon the judge\n\nSalām-hymn to Gideon\n\nSalām-hymn to Ḥanānyā, Kāzi and ʾabbā Hǝrwāg\n\n17th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Luqās the stylite","english":"Salām-hymn to the light of Christ\n\n15th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Luqās za-ʿāmd\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾEwosṭātewos\n\nCommemoration of Yǝmsāḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAryānos and ʾArkasis\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEwosṭātewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Luqās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Yǝmlāḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to St Gregory the Illuminator\n\n16th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Hǝrwāg\n\nCommemoration of Ḥanānyā and Kozi of ʾAkmim\n\nCommemoration of Gedewon the judge\n\nSalām-hymn to Gideon\n\nSalām-hymn to Ḥanānyā, Kāzi and ʾabbā Hǝrwāg\n\n17th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Luqās the stylite","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"15th Tāḫśāś","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for three consecutive days (15th–17th Tāḫśāś), following the standard synaxarion format of date headings followed by entries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Luqās za-ʿāmd","severity":"info","text":"The epithet za-ʿāmd (Geʿez: ዘዓምድ) means 'of the pillar,' identifying this Luqās as a stylite saint, distinct from the evangelist Luke.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾabbā ʾEwosṭātewos","severity":"info","text":"ʾEwosṭātewos (Eustathius) is a prominent saint in the Ethiopian tradition, often associated with monasticism and the defense of the Tawaḥədo (miaphysite) faith.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn to St Gregory the Illuminator","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of Gregory the Illuminator, the apostle of Armenia, reflects the broader Christian hagiographical network shared between the Ethiopian and Armenian churches.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of","severity":"caution","text":"The first entry under 15th Tāḫśāš reads 'Commemoration of' with no name following, suggesting a lacuna or scribal omission in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name 'Yǝmsāḥ' may be a variant of a known saint or a scribal error; its identity is uncertain.","The relationship between 'Gedewon the judge' and the biblical Gideon is unclear; the Geʿez form may conflate the judge with a local saint."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":47,"ref":"p47","source":"Commemoration of ʾAwsǝryāyos and other martyrs\n\nSalām-hymn to the translatio of Luqās\n\n18th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Salāmā\n\nCommemoration of ʾArqǝlā and Filmonā\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\nCommemoration of Fārkǝyon and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Salāmā\n\nSalām-hymn to the translatio of Tito\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾArqǝlā and Filmonā\n\n19th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Burlǝs\n\nCommemoration of the Three Youths\n\nCommemoration of Gabriel\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabriel\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n20th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the Ḥagge the prophet","english":"Commemoration of ʾAwsǝryāyos and other martyrs\n\nSalām-hymn to the translatio of Luqās\n\n18th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Salāmā\n\nCommemoration of ʾArqǝlā and Filmonā\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\nCommemoration of Fārkǝyon and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Salāmā\n\nSalām-hymn to the translatio of Tito\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾArqǝlā and Filmonā\n\n19th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Burlǝs\n\nCommemoration of the Three Youths\n\nCommemoration of Gabriel\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabriel\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n20th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the Ḥagge the prophet","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints across three days (18th–20th Tāḫśāś), following the pattern of the Synaxarion's calendar entries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopic tradition, typically praising a saint or feast, often appended to the Synaxarion reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 18th Tāḫśāś commemorates ʾabbā Salāmā (Frumentius), traditionally credited with introducing Christianity to Ethiopia, and the translatio of Tito (Titus), likely a relic translation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 19th Tāḫśāś includes the Three Youths (from the Book of Daniel) and Gabriel the archangel, figures widely venerated in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 18th Tāḫśāś has an incomplete line: 'Commemoration of the translatio of' with no object, suggesting a scribal omission or lacuna in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Burlǝs (John of Burlus) reflects the integration of Egyptian Coptic saints into the Ethiopic Synaxarion, indicating shared hagiographic traditions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The object of the translatio on 18th Tāḫśāś is missing; it may be a saint's relics, but the text does not specify.","The identity of ʾAwsǝryāyos is uncertain; possibly a variant of a known martyr, but not clearly identified in the source."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":48,"ref":"p48","source":"Commemoration of Tāwfinā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Haggai\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwgānyos and other saints\n\n21st Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Barnābās\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Barnabas\n\nSalām-hymn to the Shephed\n\n22nd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Gabrǝʾel\n\nCommemoration of the annunciation\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabriel\n\nSalām-hymn to Daqsǝyos\nሰላም፡ እብል፡ ለደቅስዮስ፡ ባሕርያ። ወኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ። ለብሔረ፡ ጥልጥልያ።\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyos\n\n23rd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel, ʾabbā Gabrǝʾel and\nʾabbā Sǝmʿon","english":"Commemoration of Tāwfinā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Haggai\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwgānyos and other saints\n\n21st Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Barnābās\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Barnabas\n\nSalām-hymn to the Shepherd\n\n22nd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Gabrǝʾel\n\nCommemoration of the Annunciation\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabriel\n\nSalām-hymn to Daqsǝyos\nSalām, I say, to Daqsǝyos, the sea of the Episcopate, the Bishop of the land of Ṭelṭelyā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyos\n\n23rd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel, ʾabbā Gabrǝʾel and\nʾabbā Sǝmʿon","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints across three days (21st–23rd Tāḫśāś), following the typical synaxarion format of brief entries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Daḳsǝyos","severity":"info","text":"The name Daḳsǝyos (also spelled Daqsǝyos) likely refers to a bishop or saint; the Geʿez text calls him 'Bishop of the land of Ṭelṭelyā', a toponym not otherwise identified.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ṭelṭelyā","severity":"info","text":"Ṭelṭelyā is an obscure place name; it may be a corruption or variant of a known location in Egypt or the Near East, but no clear identification is available in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 23rd Tāḫśāś has a blank line after 'Commemoration of', indicating a lacuna or incomplete text in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of multiple salām-hymns (e.g., to Haggai, Mary, Gabriel) reflects the liturgical use of the synaxarion in Ethiopian Orthodox worship, where such hymns are recited on feast days.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Daḳsǝyos and the location Ṭelṭelyā are uncertain.","The blank line on 23rd Tāḫśāś suggests a missing commemoration."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":49,"ref":"p49","source":"Commemoration of Maqārǝs and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to David\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yǝsḥaq\n\nSalām-hymn to Sāmuʾel, Sǝmʿon and Gabrǝʾe\n\n24th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Esther\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṗāwli\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgnāṭyos, patriarch of Antioch\n\nCommemoration of Filogosyos, patriarch of Antioch\n\nCommemoration of the saints of Kadiḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗāwli\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAboli\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAgnāṭyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Fǝlgosyos\n\nSalām-hymn to the saints of Kadiḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Takla Hāymānot\n\nSalām-hymn to Esther","english":"Commemoration of Maqārǝs and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to David\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yǝsḥaq\n\nSalām-hymn to Sāmuʾel, Sǝmʿon and Gabrǝʾe\n\n24th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Esther\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṗāwli\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgnāṭyos, patriarch of Antioch\n\nCommemoration of Filogosyos, patriarch of Antioch\n\nCommemoration of the saints of Kadiḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗāwli\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAboli\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAgnāṭyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Fǝlgosyos\n\nSalām-hymn to the saints of Kadiḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Takla Hāymānot\n\nSalām-hymn to Esther","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"24th Tāḫśāś","severity":"info","text":"This date marker divides the passage into two sections: the first commemorates Maqārǝs and other saints with salām-hymns, the second commemorates Esther, ʾabbā Ṗāwli, and others, followed by further salām-hymns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Kadiḥ","severity":"info","text":"The saints of Kadiḥ are martyrs associated with a location in Egypt, possibly Kadiḥ (or Kadiḥa), venerated in the Coptic and Ethiopic traditions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopic tradition, typically praising a saint or feast, and often structured with a refrain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Takla Hāymānot","severity":"info","text":"Takla Hāymānot is a major Ethiopian saint (13th–14th century), and the mention of his birth here reflects his later prominence in the Ethiopic Synaxarion, though his commemoration is not on this date in earlier sources.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Filogosyos","severity":"caution","text":"The name Filogosyos (also spelled Philogosyos) is a variant of Philotheos; the patriarch of Antioch by this name is not well attested, and the text may conflate or corrupt the name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Filogosyos, patriarch of Antioch, is uncertain; it may be a corruption of Philotheos or another name.","The saints of Kadiḥ are not further specified in this passage; their exact number and identities are unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":50,"ref":"p50","source":"25th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs Kāmā\n\nCommemoration of the five Maccabbees\n\nCommemoration of Niqolāwos, his wife and Dānʾǝl\n\nSalām-hymn to the five Maccabbees\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Kāmā\n\n26th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\nCommemoration of Yolyānā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\n27th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAbsādi and the bishops of Egypt\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Bagʿu\n\nSalām-hymn to Filǝṗṗos\n\n28th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of ʾAndenāw","english":"25th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs Kāmā\n\nCommemoration of the five Maccabbees\n\nCommemoration of Niqolāwos, his wife and Dānʾǝl\n\nSalām-hymn to the five Maccabbees\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs Kāmā\n\n26th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\nCommemoration of Yolyānā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\n27th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAbsādi and the bishops of Egypt\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Bagʿu\n\nSalām-hymn to Filǝṗṗos\n\n28th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of ʾAndenāw","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"25th Tāḫśāś … 28th Tāḫśāś","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for four consecutive days (25th–28th Tāḫśāś), each introduced by a date heading and followed by multiple entries and salām-hymns, typical of the synaxarion’s calendrical structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, often used to honor saints or feasts within the synaxarion. Here, hymns are assigned to the five Maccabbees, Yoḥannǝs Kāmā, ʾAnǝsṭāsyā, Christ, ʾabbā ʾAbsādi, and others.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"five Maccabbees","severity":"info","text":"The five Maccabbees likely refer to the Maccabean martyrs (Eleazar and the seven brothers in 2 Maccabees 7), but the number five is unusual; this may reflect a local Ethiopic tradition or conflation with other martyrs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"28th Tāḫśāś","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the birth of Christ on 28th Tāḫśāś corresponds to the Ethiopian Christmas (Lǝddät), celebrated on this date in the Geʿez calendar, which is 29th Kiahk in the Coptic calendar.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"martyrs of ʾAndenāw","severity":"info","text":"The martyrs of ʾAndenāw are venerated in the Ethiopian tradition; ʾAndenāw (also spelled Andenaw) is a location associated with a mass martyrdom, possibly during the persecutions under the Aksumite or later periods.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the five Maccabbees is ambiguous; the biblical account lists seven brothers, so the number five may reflect a different tradition or a scribal error.","The figure Yoḥannǝs Kāmā is not clearly identified; he may be a local saint or a variant of John the Baptist or another John, but the epithet 'Kāmā' is obscure."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":51,"ref":"p51","source":"Salām-hymn to Christmas\n\nSalām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob\n\nSalām-hymn to the martyrs\n\n29th Tāḫśāś\n\nSecond commemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nCommemoration of Joshua\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob and other saints\n\nCommemoration of ʾAqāryos\n\nCommemoration of Qʷaril\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of ʾAkmim\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to the martyrs of ʾAkmim\n\nSalām-hymn to Qoril\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAqāryos\n\n30th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs","english":"Salām-hymn to Christmas\n\nSalām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob\n\nSalām-hymn to the martyrs\n\n29th Tāḫśāś\n\nSecond commemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nCommemoration of Joshua\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob and other saints\n\nCommemoration of ʾAqāryos\n\nCommemoration of Qʷaril\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of ʾAkmim\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to the martyrs of ʾAkmim\n\nSalām-hymn to Qoril\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAqāryos\n\n30th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"29th Tāḫśāś","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the transition from the 28th to the 29th of Tāḫśāś, continuing the synaxarion's calendrical sequence. The repeated salām-hymns to the birth of Christ reflect the liturgical emphasis on Christmas within this period.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A 'salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Geʿez tradition, typically a hymn of praise or greeting. Its repeated use here underscores the festal character of the entries for 29th Tāḫśāś.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Second commemoration of the birth of Christ","severity":"info","text":"The 'second commemoration of the birth of Christ' on 29th Tāḫśāś reflects the Ethiopian liturgical practice of multiple commemorations of major feasts, likely tied to the 29th of the month being the date of Christ's birth in the Ethiopian calendar tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"martyrs of ʾAkmim","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the 'martyrs of ʾAkmim' links this passage to the Coptic tradition of remembering local martyrs from the city of Akhmim in Upper Egypt, indicating the synaxarion's integration of Egyptian hagiographic material.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Qʷaril / Qoril","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Qʷaril' (Geʿez) appears as 'Qoril' in the salām-hymn, likely a variant spelling or scribal error. The identity of this saint is uncertain; it may refer to a local figure or a corruption of a known name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of Qʷaril/Qoril is unclear; it may be a variant of a known saint's name or a local figure.","The relationship between the three salām-hymns to the birth of Christ and the second commemoration is not specified; they may be separate liturgical items or part of a single celebration."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":52,"ref":"p52","source":"Commemoration of Koryon and Filmonā\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās\n\nCommemoration of the children of Bethlehem\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās\n\nSalām-hymn to the children of Bethlehem\n\nSubscription for Tāḫśāś\n\nSupplication for Tāḫśāś\n\nIntroduction for Ṭǝrr\n\n1st Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Lāwdyānos\n\nCommemoration of Maqāryos\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of ʾAkmim\n\nCommemoration of other martyrs of the Diocletian\npersecution","english":"Commemoration of Koryon and Filmonā\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās\n\nCommemoration of the children of Bethlehem\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās\n\nSalām-hymn to the children of Bethlehem\n\nSubscription for Tāḫśāś\n\nSupplication for Tāḫśāś\n\nIntroduction for Ṭǝrr\n\n1st Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Lāwdyānos\n\nCommemoration of Maqāryos\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of ʾAkmim\n\nCommemoration of other martyrs of the Diocletian\npersecution","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the transition from the month of Tāḫśāś to Ṭǝrr, with a subscription and supplication closing Tāḫśāś and an introduction opening Ṭǝrr.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical hymn in Geʿez tradition, typically praising a saint or feast, often repeated in the synaxarion as a structural marker.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"martyrs of ʾAkmim","severity":"info","text":"The martyrs of ʾAkmim are associated with the Diocletian persecution (early 4th century) in Upper Egypt, a common theme in Copto-Arabic and Ethiopic synaxaria.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Commemoration of' is incomplete in the Geʿez, lacking a name; this may indicate a lacuna or a placeholder in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"children of Bethlehem","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the children of Bethlehem (the Holy Innocents) is a feast in both Eastern and Western traditions, here integrated into the Ethiopic synaxarion for Ṭǝrr.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The incomplete 'Commemoration of' entry may be a scribal omission or a deliberate placeholder; the intended saint is unknown.","The repetition of 'Salām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs' may indicate a textual duplication or a liturgical emphasis."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":53,"ref":"p53","source":"Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Stephen\n\nSalām-hymn to Diyosqoros and Sakabālyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwǝndyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Maqāryos\n\n2nd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Abel\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlāniqos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Tewonās, patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Mary in the monastery of ʾabbā Sinodā\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Filātāwos and Sābelā\n\nSalām-hymn to Abel\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAlāniqos\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewonās\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Sābelā","english":"Salām-hymn to the birth of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Stephen\n\nSalām-hymn to Diyosqoros and Sakabālyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwǝndyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Maqāryos\n\n2nd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Abel\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlāniqos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Tewonās, patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Mary in the monastery of ʾabbā Sinodā\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Filātāwos and Sābelā\n\nSalām-hymn to Abel\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAlāniqos\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewonās\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Sābelā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"2nd Ṭǝrr","severity":"info","text":"The heading '2nd Ṭǝrr' marks the second day of the month Ṭǝrr in the Ethiopian calendar, corresponding to 9 January. This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for that day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾabbā Tewonās, patriarch of Alexandria","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā Tewonās (Theonas) was a 4th-century patriarch of Alexandria. His commemoration here reflects the Ethiopian Synaxarion's reliance on Coptic sources for Egyptian saints.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"consecration of the church of Mary in the monastery of ʾabbā Sinodā","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā Sinodā (Shenoute) was a prominent Egyptian abbot. The church consecration commemorated here likely refers to a dedication in the White Monastery, a major center of Coptic monasticism.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise. The term 'salām' means 'peace' but here functions as a doxological formula.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of Abel","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of Abel, the biblical figure, in the Synaxarion is unusual and reflects a tradition that honors Old Testament righteous figures as saints in Ethiopian Christianity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'ʾAlāniqos' is uncertain; it may refer to a saint or a place name. The reading taken follows the English draft as a personal name.","The phrase 'companions of Filātāwos and Sābelā' is ambiguous; it may indicate a group of martyrs or ascetics associated with these two figures."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":54,"ref":"p54","source":"3rd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the children of Bethlehem\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Isaiah\n\nSalām-hymn to the innocent children\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Libānos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAmon\n\n4th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Giyorgis and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to John\n\n5th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsāgnǝyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Mātewos\n\nCommemoration of Yārewnos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwsǝgǝnyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Mātewos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwsǝyā\n\n6th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the circumcision\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of","english":"3rd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the children of Bethlehem\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Isaiah\n\nSalām-hymn to the innocent children\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Libānos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAmon\n\n4th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Giyorgis and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to John\n\n5th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsāgnǝyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Mātewos\n\nCommemoration of Yārewnos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwsǝgǝnyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Mātewos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwsǝyā\n\n6th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the circumcision\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple days (3rd–6th Ṭǝrr), typical of the synaxarion's calendrical structure. The entries are brief, with some incomplete lines (e.g., 'Commemoration of' without a name).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'children of Bethlehem' refers to the Holy Innocents, the infants killed by Herod according to Matthew 2:16–18. Their commemoration on 3rd Ṭǝrr aligns with the Ethiopian calendar's placement after Christmas.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A 'salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise. The term appears repeatedly here, indicating the liturgical use of these texts for the named saints.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete: 'Commemoration of' on 3rd Ṭǝrr and 4th Ṭǝrr lacks a name, and the final line 'Commemoration of the translatio of' on 6th Ṭǝrr is cut off. This may reflect manuscript damage or a lacuna in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The dates 3rd–6th Ṭǝrr correspond to 9–12 January in the Gregorian calendar (for the 20th/21st centuries). The sequence follows the Ethiopian synaxarion's daily entries for early January.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The incomplete entries (e.g., 'Commemoration of' without a name) may be due to manuscript damage or intentional abbreviation; the reading assumes a lacuna.","The identity of 'ʾAwsāgnǝyos' and 'ʾAwsǝgǝnyos' is uncertain; they may be variant spellings of the same saint or different individuals."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":55,"ref":"p55","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Markiyānu the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Noah\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Muse\n\nSalām-hymn to the circumcision of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to Noah\n\nSalām-hymn to Markǝyānu\n\nSalām-hymn to Bāsǝlyos\n\nSalām-hymn to a father who stayed in the desert\n\n7th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Salṗeṭros the patriarch of Rome\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾEfrem\n\nCommemoration of Lomsolon\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEfrem\n\n8th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Maqārǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAndirāniqos the patriarch of Alexandria","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Markiyānu the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Noah\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Muse\n\nSalām-hymn to the circumcision of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to Noah\n\nSalām-hymn to Markǝyānu\n\nSalām-hymn to Bāsǝlyos\n\nSalām-hymn to a father who stayed in the desert\n\n7th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Salṗeṭros the patriarch of Rome\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾEfrem\n\nCommemoration of Lomsolon\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEfrem\n\n8th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Maqārǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAndirāniqos the patriarch of Alexandria","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"7th Ṭǝrr","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks the transition from the 6th to the 7th and 8th of Ṭǝrr, following the Copto-Ethiopic calendar. Each date introduces a new set of commemorations and salām-hymns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopic tradition, typically a hymn of praise addressed to a saint or feast. The term appears repeatedly in this passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ʾabbā Markiyānu the patriarch","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā Markiyānu (Markianos) is a patriarch of Alexandria, commemorated in the Synaxarion. His commemoration here is brief, typical of the synaxarial entries for patriarchs.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of","severity":"caution","text":"The second line reads 'Commemoration of' with no name following, likely a lacuna or scribal omission in the manuscript. The English draft reproduces this gap.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Salṗeṭros the patriarch of Rome","severity":"info","text":"Salṗeṭros (Peter) is commemorated as patriarch of Rome, reflecting the Ethiopic tradition's veneration of early Roman bishops. This entry aligns with the broader Christian calendar.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The second 'Commemoration of' lacks a name, possibly due to manuscript damage or an intentional blank.","The identity of 'Lomsolon' is uncertain; it may be a variant of a known saint's name or a local figure."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":56,"ref":"p56","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Bǝnyāmin the patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of Milkiyās the prophet\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾƎndǝrāniqos\n\nSalām-hymn to Bǝnyāmin\n\nSalām-hymn to Malachi\n\nSalām-hymn\n\n9th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbrǝhām\n\nCommemoration of Giyorgis and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn ʾAbrǝhām\n\n10th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the institution of two fasting days in case Christmas or Epiphany fall on a Wednesday or Friday\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Tāwǝbǝnṭos\n\nCommemoration of Kināryā and other saints","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Bǝnyāmin the patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of Milkiyās the prophet\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾƎndǝrāniqos\n\nSalām-hymn to Bǝnyāmin\n\nSalām-hymn to Malachi\n\nSalām-hymn\n\n9th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbrǝhām\n\nCommemoration of Giyorgis and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn ʾAbrǝhām\n\n10th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the institution of two fasting days in case Christmas or Epiphany fall on a Wednesday or Friday\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Tāwǝbǝnṭos\n\nCommemoration of Kināryā and other saints","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and hymns for the 8th, 9th, and 10th of Ṭǝrr, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The entries are brief, typical of the genre's calendrical structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A 'Salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often used in the Synaxarion to honor saints or events. The term 'Salām' means 'peace' and reflects a standard hymn form.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the institution of two fasting days on 10th Ṭǝrr addresses a liturgical rule: if Christmas or Epiphany falls on a Wednesday or Friday, additional fasts are observed. This reflects the Coptic calendar's flexibility.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The dates 8th–10th Ṭǝrr correspond to approximately January 4–6 in the Gregorian calendar, aligning with the Coptic month of Ṭoba. This period includes the feast of the Epiphany (10th Ṭǝrr).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of ʾabbā Bǝnyāmin, patriarch of Alexandria, is part of the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion tradition, which was later translated into Geʿez. This reflects the shared hagiographic heritage between the Coptic and Ethiopian churches.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Milkiyās the prophet' is uncertain; it may refer to Malachi, but the Geʿez spelling differs from the standard 'Malachi' in the same passage. The 'Salām-hymn' without a named subject on the 8th of Ṭǝrr is incomplete."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":57,"ref":"p57","source":"Salām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to the fast\n\n11th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the baptism of Christ\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnāṭolyos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Yosṭos and Fāyyǝyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Waqris\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ's baptism\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ's baptism\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to Yosṭos and Gwǝdǝb\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnṭonyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n12th Ṭǝrr\n\nShort commemoration of\n\nLong commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yolyānos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewodros","english":"Salām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to the fast\n\n11th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the baptism of Christ\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnāṭolyos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Yosṭos and Fāyyǝyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Waqris\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ's baptism\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ's baptism\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to Yosṭos and Gwǝdǝb\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAnṭonyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n12th Ṭǝrr\n\nShort commemoration of\n\nLong commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yolyānos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewodros","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"11th Ṭǝrr","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks the transition from the 10th to the 11th day of the month Ṭǝrr (January), a standard calendrical division in the Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Commemoration of the baptism of Christ","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Christ's baptism on 11th Ṭǝrr corresponds to the Ethiopian celebration of Timqat (Epiphany), a major feast in the liturgical year.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise or salutation to a saint or feast, often structured in stanzas.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Commemoration of Yolyānos and other saints","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Yolyānos (Julian) and other saints on 12th Ṭǝrr reflects the inclusion of martyr figures from the broader Christian tradition, likely derived from earlier Copto-Arabic synaxaria.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Short commemoration of / Long commemoration of / Commemoration of","severity":"caution","text":"The entries for 12th Ṭǝrr list 'Short commemoration of', 'Long commemoration of', and 'Commemoration of' without specifying the subject, indicating a lacuna or abbreviation in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subjects of the short, long, and unspecified commemorations on 12th Ṭǝrr are missing, likely due to manuscript damage or scribal omission.","The repetition of 'Salām-hymn to Christ's baptism' may indicate a textual variant or a deliberate liturgical repetition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":58,"ref":"p58","source":"Salām-hymn to the companions of Tewodros\n\nSalām-hymn to Lawǝndyos and Baniqāros\n\n13rd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the wedding at Qānā\n\nCommemoration of the seven children\n\nCommemoration of Qārnos and Minā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nakro\n\nSalām-hymn to the miracle at Cana\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to the seven children\n\nSalām-hymn to Nakro\n\n14th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Mǝḥrāyǝl\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Qirqos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾArkāledǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎmrāyǝs\n\nCommemoration of Maksimos\n\nSalām-hymn to Mǝhrāʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾArkaledes","english":"Salām-hymn to the companions of Tewodros\n\nSalām-hymn to Lawǝndyos and Baniqāros\n\n13rd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the wedding at Qānā\n\nCommemoration of the seven children\n\nCommemoration of Qārnos and Minā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nakro\n\nSalām-hymn to the miracle at Cana\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to the seven children\n\nSalām-hymn to Nakro\n\n14th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Mǝḥrāyǝl\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Qirqos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾArkāledǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎmrāyǝs\n\nCommemoration of Maksimos\n\nSalām-hymn to Mǝhrāʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾArkaledes","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"13rd Ṭǝrr","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the synaxarion's calendrical sequence, moving from 12th Ṭǝrr (previous passage) to 13th and 14th Ṭǝrr, each day listing commemorations and salām-hymns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of the wedding at Qānā","severity":"info","text":"The wedding at Cana (John 2:1-11) is a standard feast in the Ethiopian tradition, celebrated on 13th Ṭǝrr, linking the miracle to the liturgical calendar.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of Geʿez liturgical poetry, typically a hymn of praise or salutation, often used in the synaxarion to mark commemorations of saints or events.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of the seven children","severity":"info","text":"The seven children (the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus) are commemorated in both Eastern and Ethiopian traditions; their feast appears on 13th Ṭǝrr in this synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of Mǝḥrāyǝl","severity":"info","text":"Mǝḥrāyǝl (Michael) is a prominent archangel in Ethiopian Christianity, with multiple feast days; his commemoration on 14th Ṭǝrr reflects his widespread veneration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"13rd Ṭǝrr","severity":"caution","text":"The ordinal '13rd' is a typographical error in the English draft; the correct form is '13th'. The Geʿez original likely uses the standard numeral.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the companions of Tewodros' and 'the companions of Qirqos' is not specified; they may refer to local Ethiopian saints or groups known from hagiographic traditions.","The spelling 'Mǝḥrāyǝl' vs. 'Mǝhrāʾel' in the English draft reflects a variant transcription; the Geʿez form is consistent."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":59,"ref":"p59","source":"Salām-hymn to ʾƎmrāyǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Maksimos\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Qirqos\n\n15th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbyud the prophet\n\nCommemoration of among the Syrians\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros and other saints\n\nCommemoration of Qirqos\n\nSalām-hymn to Obadjah\n\nSalām-hymn to Qirqos\n\nSalām-hymn to Gorgoryos\n\n16th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Filātāwos\n\nCommemoration of Ṗālāndyos\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Filātāwos\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Qirqos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṣaḥmā\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of mār Dānʾel","english":"Salām-hymn to ʾƎmrāyǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to Maksimos\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Qirqos\n\n15th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbyud the prophet\n\nCommemoration of among the Syrians\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros and other saints\n\nCommemoration of Qirqos\n\nSalām-hymn to Obadjah\n\nSalām-hymn to Qirqos\n\nSalām-hymn to Gorgoryos\n\n16th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Filātāwos\n\nCommemoration of Ṗālāndyos\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Filātāwos\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Qirqos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṣaḥmā\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of mār Dānʾel","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendrical list of commemorations and salām-hymns for the 15th and 16th of Ṭǝrr, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. It transitions from narrative to a liturgical catalogue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of Geʿez liturgical poetry, typically a hymn of praise or greeting to a saint. Here it is used for multiple entries, indicating a shift to a poetic commemoration within the synaxarion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ṭǝrr","severity":"info","text":"Ṭǝrr is the fourth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to January. The dates 15th and 16th Ṭǝrr are part of the liturgical year, and the entries list saints and events commemorated on these days.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of multiple salām-hymns and commemorations for figures like Qirqos and his companions reflects the enduring veneration of these saints in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, as attested in the Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of among the Syrians","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Commemoration of among the Syrians' is incomplete or corrupt; it likely refers to a commemoration of Syrian saints or a specific event, but the text lacks a proper name or detail.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry 'Commemoration of among the Syrians' is ambiguous; it may be a scribal error or an abbreviated reference to a group of Syrian saints.","The relationship between the salām-hymns and the preceding narrative passage is unclear; the text shifts abruptly from a narrative to a liturgical list."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":60,"ref":"p60","source":"Salām-hymn to Dānʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾIyaluṭa\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Qirqos\n\nSalām-hymn to Filātāwos\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Filātāwos\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗalādyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n17th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Maksimos and Dimātewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Damātewos\n\n18th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Giyorgis\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob of Nisibis\n\nCommemoration of Mary and Martha\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob\n\nSalām-hymn to Giyorgis\n\n19th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bǝhurā and ʾabbā Bāsurā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Bǝḥurā and his family","english":"Salām-hymn to Dānʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾIyaluṭa\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Qirqos\n\nSalām-hymn to Filātāwos\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Filātāwos\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗalādyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n17th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Maksimos and Dimātewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Damātewos\n\n18th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Giyorgis\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob of Nisibis\n\nCommemoration of Mary and Martha\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob\n\nSalām-hymn to Giyorgis\n\n19th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bǝhurā and ʾabbā Bāsurā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Bǝḥurā and his family","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a sequence of salām-hymns and commemorations for multiple saints, covering dates from 16th to 19th Ṭǝrr. It follows the pattern of the Synaxarion, listing entries for each day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically praising a saint. The term 'salām' means 'peace' and is used as a greeting or doxology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ṭǝrr","severity":"info","text":"Ṭǝrr is the fourth month in the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to January. The dates 17th–19th Ṭǝrr are part of the liturgical year, commemorating various saints.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 19th Ṭǝrr has an incomplete commemoration line: 'Commemoration of' with no name, followed by a salām-hymn to Bǝḥurā and his family. This may indicate a lacuna or scribal omission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"Maksimos and Dimātewos","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Maksimos and Dimātewos on 17th Ṭǝrr parallels entries in the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, where these saints are also venerated. The name Dimātewos is a variant of Demetrius.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Giyorgis","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Giyorgis (St. George) on 18th Ṭǝrr reflects his widespread veneration in Ethiopian Christianity. His feast appears in multiple months in the Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The incomplete commemoration on 19th Ṭǝrr leaves the identity of the saint(s) uncertain; the reading assumes a lacuna.","The relationship between the salām-hymn to Bǝḥurā and his family and the preceding incomplete commemoration is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":61,"ref":"p61","source":"Salām-hymn to Yāfqaranna ʾƎgziʾ\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church of the martyrs of ʾƎsnā\n\n20th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAklog\n\nCommemoration of Bǝhnu and consecration of the church of Yoḥannǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Noḫ and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbrokǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbakluz\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbakluz\n\nSalām-hymn to Nabyud\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n21st Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the death of\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the monk\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlāryā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Niqolāwos and ʾabbā Fiqṭor","english":"Salām-hymn to Yāfqaranna ʾƎgziʾ\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church of the martyrs of ʾƎsnā\n\n20th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAklog\n\nCommemoration of Bǝhnu and consecration of the church of Yoḥannǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Noḫ and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbrokǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbakluz\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbakluz\n\nSalām-hymn to Nabyud\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n21st Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the death of\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the monk\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlāryā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Niqolāwos and ʾabbā Fiqṭor","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendrical list of commemorations and salām-hymns for 20–21 Ṭǝrr, typical of the synaxarion genre. The repeated 'Commemoration of' entries mark saints' days, while 'Salām-hymn' headings introduce poetic hymns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A 'Salām-hymn' (Geʿez: ሰላም, salām) is a genre of liturgical hymn in Ethiopic tradition, often addressed to a saint or event. Here it precedes names like Yāfqaranna ʾƎgziʾ and ʾAbrokǝs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ṭǝrr","severity":"info","text":"Ṭǝrr is the fourth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to January. The 20th and 21st days are noted for multiple commemorations, reflecting the synaxarion's dense hagiographic schedule.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The names ʾAbrokǝs and ʾAbakluz (repeated) are obscure; they may be variant spellings of known saints or local figures. The repetition of ʾAbakluz suggests a scribal duplication or distinct commemorations.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete: 'Commemoration of' (20th) and 'Commemoration of the death of' (21st) lack names, likely due to manuscript lacunae or scribal omission. The text may be corrupt at these points.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Yāfqaranna ʾƎgziʾ is uncertain; it may be a saint or a title. The repeated 'Salām-hymn to ʾAbakluz' could be a scribal error or two separate hymns. The missing names after 'Commemoration of' are unresolved."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":62,"ref":"p62","source":"Commemoration of Ṗāwlos and Silās\n\nCommemoration of Baḫayla Māryām\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Tomās\n\nSalām-hymn to Isaiah\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗāwlos and Silās\n\nSalām-hymn to Gorgoryos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾIlāryā\n\nSalām-hymn\n\n22nd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Minās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾƎnṭonyos\n\n23rd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of Tewodosyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewodosyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Geyorgis and Marqorā\n\n24th Ṭǝrr","english":"Commemoration of Ṗāwlos and Silās\n\nCommemoration of Baḫayla Māryām\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Tomās\n\nSalām-hymn to Isaiah\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗāwlos and Silās\n\nSalām-hymn to Gorgoryos\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾIlāryā\n\nSalām-hymn\n\n22nd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Minās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾƎnṭonyos\n\n23rd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of Tewodosyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewodosyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Geyorgis and Marqorā\n\n24th Ṭǝrr","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar entry listing commemorations and salām-hymns for dates from 21 to 24 Ṭǝrr, typical of the Synaxarion's liturgical structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often used to honor saints or feasts; here multiple entries are listed without full text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Ṭǝrr is the fourth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to January; these dates align with the Coptic synaxarion's commemorations for the same period.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The repeated salām-hymns to Mary reflect her prominent veneration in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, where multiple hymns may be assigned to a single feast.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 22 Ṭǝrr has an incomplete 'Commemoration of' with no name, possibly a scribal omission or lacuna in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The 'Commemoration of' on 22 Ṭǝrr lacks a saint's name; it may be a textual gap or intentional placeholder.","The repeated 'Salām-hymn to Mary' entries may represent distinct hymns or a single hymn listed multiple times."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":63,"ref":"p63","source":"Commemoration of Māryām\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bifā\n\nSalām-hymn to Māryā\n\nSalām-hymn to the saints of Ḥawzen\n\nSalām-hymn to Bifā\n\n25th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros\n\nCommemoration of ʾAskilā\n\nCommemoration of Sǝbǝstyānos\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝbǝstyānos\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAskelā\n\n26th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of 49 martyrs of Scetis\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\nCommemoration of Marṭǝyos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to the 49 Fathers\n\nSalām-hymn to Yosef\n\n27th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Sarābyon\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Ṭimotewos","english":"Commemoration of Māryām\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bifā\n\nSalām-hymn to Māryā\n\nSalām-hymn to the saints of Ḥawzen\n\nSalām-hymn to Bifā\n\n25th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros\n\nCommemoration of ʾAskilā\n\nCommemoration of Sǝbǝstyānos\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝbǝstyānos\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAskelā\n\n26th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of 49 martyrs of Scetis\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\nCommemoration of Marṭǝyos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to the 49 Fathers\n\nSalām-hymn to Yosef\n\n27th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Sarābyon\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Ṭimotewos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendrical list of commemorations and salām-hymns for dates 24–27 Ṭǝrr, typical of the Synaxarion's daily entries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often praising a saint or feast, and here appended to the commemorations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ḥawzen","severity":"info","text":"Ḥawzen is a location in Ethiopia, associated with a monastery or saintly tradition; the 'saints of Ḥawzen' likely refers to local holy figures.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"49 martyrs of Scetis","severity":"info","text":"The 49 martyrs of Scetis are Coptic saints killed by Berbers in the 5th century, commemorated in the Synaxarion on 26 Ṭǝrr.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"27th Ṭǝrr","severity":"info","text":"The date 27 Ṭǝrr corresponds to 22 January in the Gregorian calendar, marking the commemoration of Sarābyon and the translatio of Ṭimotewos.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi and ʾabbā Bifā is not specified; they may be local Ethiopian saints or monastic figures.","The translatio of Ṭimotewos is not further described; it likely refers to the translation of relics of Timothy, disciple of Paul."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":64,"ref":"p64","source":"Commemoration of Suryāl\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bifāmon\n\nCommemoration of Enoch\n\nCommemoration of Tāwǝflonṭos and Sornes\n\nSalām-hymn to Suryāl\n\nSalām-hymn to Enoch\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Pifāmon\n\nSalām-hymn to Pifāmon\n\nSalām-hymn to Sarābyon\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ\n\n28th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Qalemǝnṭos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝh\n\nCommemoration of the companions of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ\n\nCommemoration of Yosef\n\nCommemoration of Tabelā and three children\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of the multiplication of the bread and fish","english":"Commemoration of Suryāl\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bifāmon\n\nCommemoration of Enoch\n\nCommemoration of Tāwǝflonṭos and Sornes\n\nSalām-hymn to Suryāl\n\nSalām-hymn to Enoch\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Pifāmon\n\nSalām-hymn to Pifāmon\n\nSalām-hymn to Sarābyon\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotewos\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ\n\n28th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Qalemǝnṭos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝh\n\nCommemoration of the companions of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ\n\nCommemoration of Yosef\n\nCommemoration of Tabelā and three children\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of the multiplication of the bread and fish","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"28th Ṭǝrr","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks the transition from the 27th to the 28th day of the month Ṭǝrr, continuing the synaxarion's daily sequence of commemorations and hymns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of Enoch","severity":"info","text":"Enoch, the antediluvian patriarch, is commemorated in the Ethiopic tradition as a righteous figure and author of apocalyptic literature, reflecting the high regard for the Book of Enoch in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymns are a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopic tradition, typically praising a saint or feast, and are often appended to the synaxarion entries for the day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of the miracle of the multiplication of the bread and fish","severity":"info","text":"This commemoration recalls the Gospel miracle (e.g., Matthew 14:13–21, Mark 6:30–44, Luke 9:10–17, John 6:1–14), a rare narrative feast in the synaxarion, likely reflecting its catechetical and liturgical significance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝh","severity":"info","text":"ʾAbbā ʾAkāwǝh (also known as Akawh or Akawḥ) is a saint venerated in the Ethiopian tradition, often associated with monasticism; his commemoration here includes his companions, indicating a group commemoration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of Suryāl (possibly an angel or saint) is not specified; the reading assumes a saintly figure. The relationship between ʾabbā Bifāmon and Pifāmon (variant spellings) is unclear; they may be the same or distinct individuals."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":65,"ref":"p65","source":"Salām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Qalemǝnṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to Yosef\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAklimǝnṭos\n\n29th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nCommemoration of ʾAksāni\n\nCommemoration of Sǝryāqos\n\nCommemoration of the women of Rome and other saints\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎsṭifānos\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAksāni\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾƎsṭifās\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝryāqos\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Nāzrāwi","english":"Salām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Qalemǝnṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ\n\nSalām-hymn to Yosef\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAklimǝnṭos\n\n29th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nCommemoration of ʾAksāni\n\nCommemoration of Sǝryāqos\n\nCommemoration of the women of Rome and other saints\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎsṭifānos\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAksāni\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾƎsṭifās\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝryāqos\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabra Nāzrāwi","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"29th Ṭǝrr","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks the transition from the 28th to the 29th of Ṭǝrr, a month in the Geʿez calendar, and lists commemorations and salām-hymns for that day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically a hymn of praise addressed to a saint or a feast, often structured with a refrain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Commemoration of the birth of Christ","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the birth of Christ on 29th Ṭǝrr corresponds to the feast of the Nativity in the Geʿez tradition, which is celebrated on 29th Ṭǝrr (approximately January 7 in the Gregorian calendar).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ʾAksāni","severity":"info","text":"ʾAksāni is likely a Geʿez form of the name of a saint, possibly associated with the Roman or Egyptian martyrologies; the exact identity is uncertain in the Synaxarion tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Salām-hymn' without a named recipient (line 17) may indicate a lacuna or an intentional generic heading; the text does not specify the subject.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of ʾAksāni and the precise referent of the unnamed salām-hymn are uncertain.","The relationship between the companions of Qalemǝnṭos and those of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝḥ is not clarified in this passage."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":66,"ref":"p66","source":"30th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Ṗisṭis, ʾAlāṗis, ʾAgābis and their mother Sofyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Minās\n\nCommemoration of Ṭeqalā\n\nCommemoration of ʾOrni\n\nCommemoration of Gorgoryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkrǝsṭros\n\nCommemoration of the companions of ʾOrni\n\nSalām-hymn to Minās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAkrǝsṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to Mārtā, Māryā and Ṭeqalā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾOrni\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of ʾOrni\n\nSubscription for Ṭǝrr\n\nSupplication for Ṭǝrr\n\nIntroduction for Yakkātit\n\n1st Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the council of Constantinople","english":"30th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Ṗisṭis, ʾAlāṗis, ʾAgābis and their mother Sofyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Minās\n\nCommemoration of Ṭeqalā\n\nCommemoration of ʾOrni\n\nCommemoration of Gorgoryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkrǝsṭros\n\nCommemoration of the companions of ʾOrni\n\nSalām-hymn to Minās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAkrǝsṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to Mārtā, Māryā and Ṭeqalā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾOrni\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of ʾOrni\n\nSubscription for Ṭǝrr\n\nSupplication for Ṭǝrr\n\nIntroduction for Yakkātit\n\n1st Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the council of Constantinople","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the end of the month of Ṭǝrr and the beginning of Yakkātit, with a series of commemorations and salām-hymns followed by a subscription, supplication, and introduction for the next month.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ṭǝrr","severity":"info","text":"Ṭǝrr is the fourth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to January. The subscription and supplication for Ṭǝrr close the month's entries in the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the council of Constantinople on 1st Yakkātit refers to the First Council of Constantinople (381 CE), which affirmed the Nicene Creed and condemned Arianism. This entry reflects the synaxarion's inclusion of ecumenical councils.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The salām-hymns to Minās, ʾAkrǝsṭros, Mārtā, Māryā, Ṭeqalā, ʾOrni, and their companions indicate the liturgical use of these hymns in the Ethiopian tradition, honoring saints venerated in both Coptic and Ethiopian Orthodox contexts.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The names Ṗisṭis, ʾAlāṗis, and ʾAgābis are likely Greek-derived (Pistis, Elpis, Agape) but their identification and the identity of their mother Sofyā are uncertain; the text provides no further details.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The specific identities of Ṗisṭis, ʾAlāṗis, ʾAgābis, and their mother Sofyā are not clarified in the passage; they may be legendary or obscure martyrs.","The relationship between the commemorations and the salām-hymns is not explicit; the passage may be a composite of multiple sources."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":67,"ref":"p67","source":"Commemoration of the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros\n\nCommemoration of ʾAsokānāfǝr and his wife\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to the participants of the council of Constantinople\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros\n\n2nd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Langinos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṗawli\n\nCommemoration of a miracle of Thomas\n\nSalām-hymn to Thomas\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗāwli\n\nSalām-hymn to Langinos\n\n3rd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʿƎbloy","english":"Commemoration of the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros\n\nCommemoration of ʾAsokānāfǝr and his wife\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to the participants of the council of Constantinople\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros\n\n2nd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Langinos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṗawli\n\nCommemoration of a miracle of Thomas\n\nSalām-hymn to Thomas\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗāwli\n\nSalām-hymn to Langinos\n\n3rd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʿƎbloy","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar entry for 2nd and 3rd Yakkātit, listing commemorations and salām-hymns. It follows the pattern of the Synaxarion, transitioning from the end of Ṭǝrr to the beginning of Yakkātit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a hymn of praise. Here, salām-hymns are listed for the birth of Mary, participants of the Council of Constantinople, and the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros, among others.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Council of Constantinople (381 CE) is a key ecumenical council in Christian tradition, affirming the Nicene Creed. Its participants are commemorated here, reflecting the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's adherence to Nicene orthodoxy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros (likely St. Peter's) and the translatio (translation of relics) indicate the Synaxarion's integration of broader Christian liturgical traditions into the Ethiopian calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 3rd Yakkātit includes 'Commemoration of the translatio of' without specifying the subject. This may be a textual lacuna or abbreviation in the source manuscript, leaving the intended commemoration unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Commemoration of the translatio of' on 3rd Yakkātit is incomplete; the object of the translation is missing, possibly due to manuscript damage or scribal omission."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":68,"ref":"p68","source":"Commemoration of Zaynun\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob\n\nSalām-hymn to Zaynun\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEfrem\n\n4th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābos\n\nCommemoration of Zakāryās\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAgābos\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās\n\n5th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAqrǝṗinu the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bisoy\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nob, ʾabbā ʾAblo, the translatio of the 49 martyrs of Scetis, and ʾAbulidās\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAblo the shepherd\n\nCommemoration of Banwā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAqrǝbos\n\nSalām-hymn to Bǝsoy\n\nSalām-hymn to Nob","english":"Commemoration of Zaynun\n\nSalām-hymn to Yāʿqob\n\nSalām-hymn to Zaynun\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEfrem\n\n4th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābos\n\nCommemoration of Zakāryās\n\nSalām-hymn\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAgābos\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās\n\n5th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAqrǝṗinu the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bisoy\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nob, ʾabbā ʾAblo, the translatio of the 49 martyrs of Scetis, and ʾAbulidās\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAblo the shepherd\n\nCommemoration of Banwā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAqrǝbos\n\nSalām-hymn to Bǝsoy\n\nSalām-hymn to Nob","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints on the 4th and 5th of Yakkātit, following the pattern of the Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically praising a saint or feast.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Yakkātit","severity":"info","text":"Yakkātit is the sixth month of the Geʿez calendar, roughly corresponding to February–March.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the 49 martyrs of Scetis reflects the veneration of Egyptian desert martyrs in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 5th Yakkātit lists multiple commemorations together, which may indicate conflation or a composite entry in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Zaynun is not specified; it may refer to a saint not widely known outside this context.","The salām-hymn without a named recipient on 4th Yakkātit is ambiguous; it may be a generic hymn or a scribal omission."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":69,"ref":"p69","source":"Salām-hymn to ʾAbulidis\n\nSalām-hymn to the saints of Dabra Maqāryos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾƎbloy\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAblo\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAmoni\n\nCommemoration of King Minās\n\n6th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbulidās\n\nCommemoration of Māryām\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Qir, Yoḥannǝs, three virgins and their mother\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbulidis\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbuqir and his companions\n\nSalām-hymn to Māryām\n\n7th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Tewodros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrāqǝn and other saints","english":"Salām-hymn to ʾAbulidis\n\nSalām-hymn to the saints of Dabra Maqāryos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾƎbloy\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAblo\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAmoni\n\nCommemoration of King Minās\n\n6th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbulidās\n\nCommemoration of Māryām\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Qir, Yoḥannǝs, three virgins and their mother\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbulidis\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAbuqir and his companions\n\nSalām-hymn to Māryām\n\n7th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Tewodros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrāqǝn and other saints","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a sequence of commemorations and salām-hymns for 5th–7th Yakkātit, typical of the synaxarion’s calendrical arrangement.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn (Geʿez salām) is a genre of liturgical hymn, often in praise of a saint, used in the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Dabra Maqāryos","severity":"info","text":"Dabra Maqāryos (Monastery of St. Macarius) is a major monastic center in Scetis, Egypt, associated with the 49 martyrs mentioned in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"King Minās","severity":"info","text":"King Minās (Menas) is a saint venerated in Ethiopian tradition, possibly conflated with the Egyptian martyr St. Menas; his commemoration here reflects shared Copto-Ethiopian hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾAbulidās / ʾAbulidis","severity":"caution","text":"The name appears as both ʾAbulidās and ʾAbulidis in the same passage; this may reflect orthographic variation or scribal inconsistency.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"background","lemma":"ʾabbā Qir, Yoḥannǝs, three virgins and their mother","severity":"info","text":"This group of martyrs is known in Coptic tradition as Saints Cyrus, John, and their companions; their commemoration appears in both Coptic and Ethiopian synaxaria.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between ʾAbulidās and ʾAbulidis is unclear; they may be the same saint with variant spelling or distinct figures.","The identity of ʾabbā ʾƎbloy and ʾabbā ʾAblo is uncertain; they may be variant names for the same saint or different individuals."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":70,"ref":"p70","source":"Salām-hymn to ʾƎskǝndǝros\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewodǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾƎbloy\n\n8th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the presentation of Christ to the temple\n\nCommemoration of Ḥannā\n\nCommemoration of 'ʿĀmata Krǝstos' and her servant\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾElyās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾElyās\n\nSalām-hymn to Ḥannā\n\nSalām-hymn to two holy women\n\nSalām-hymn to the presentation of Jesus at the temple\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝmʿon\n\nʿĀrke-hymn to Sǝmʿon\n\nSalām-hymn to Yosef\n\n9th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṗāwlos\n\nSalām-hymn to Barsomā\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗāwlos","english":"Salām-hymn to ʾƎskǝndǝros\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewodǝs\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾƎbloy\n\n8th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the presentation of Christ to the temple\n\nCommemoration of Ḥannā\n\nCommemoration of 'ʿĀmata Krǝstos' and her servant\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾElyās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾElyās\n\nSalām-hymn to Ḥannā\n\nSalām-hymn to two holy women\n\nSalām-hymn to the presentation of Jesus at the temple\n\nSalām-hymn to Sǝmʿon\n\nʿĀrke-hymn to Sǝmʿon\n\nSalām-hymn to Yosef\n\n9th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṗāwlos\n\nSalām-hymn to Barsomā\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗāwlos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the synaxarion's sequence of commemorations and hymns for the 8th and 9th of Yakkātit, following the pattern of salām-hymns and commemorations seen in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Yakkātit","severity":"info","text":"Yakkātit is the sixth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to February–March. The 8th of Yakkātit is associated with the Feast of the Presentation of Christ (Candlemas) in the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʿĀrke-hymn","severity":"info","text":"ʿĀrke-hymn is a hymn type in Geʿez liturgical poetry, often used for saints or feasts. Its precise form and function are distinct from the salām-hymn, though both are part of the synaxarion's hymn cycle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of 'ʿĀmata Krǝstos' and her servant reflects the Ethiopian tradition of honoring female saints and martyrs, often with local hagiographic details not found in other Christian calendars.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for the 9th of Yakkātit is incomplete: 'Commemoration of' is followed by a blank, then 'Commemoration of Ṗāwlos'. This suggests a lacuna or scribal omission in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'ʿĀmata Krǝstos' is not specified; she may be a local Ethiopian saint or a figure from broader Christian tradition.","The blank after 'Commemoration of' on the 9th of Yakkātit leaves the intended subject uncertain; it may be a saint whose name was lost in transmission."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":71,"ref":"p71","source":"Commemoration of Ṗeṭros\n\n10th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yosṭos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾIsdǝros\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Filo\n\nCommemoration of Niqālāwos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to James\n\nSalām-hymn to Yosṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEsdǝros\n\n11th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Balātyānos the patriarch of Rome\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAwlog\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrǝhām and ʾabbā Maqābis\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Batrā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Bālātyānos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAwlog\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Batrā\n\n12th Yakkātit\n\nShort commemoration of","english":"Commemoration of Ṗeṭros\n\n10th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yosṭos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾIsdǝros\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Filo\n\nCommemoration of Niqālāwos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to James\n\nSalām-hymn to Yosṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾEsdǝros\n\n11th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Balātyānos the patriarch of Rome\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAwlog\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrǝhām and ʾabbā Maqābis\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Batrā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Bālātyānos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā ʾAwlog\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾabbā Batrā\n\n12th Yakkātit\n\nShort commemoration of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar entry for 10th–12th Yakkātit, listing commemorations and salām-hymns. The abrupt end after 'Short commemoration of' suggests the text is truncated or a heading without content.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, typically praising a saint. Its presence here indicates the liturgical use of the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Yakkātit","severity":"info","text":"Yakkātit is the sixth month of the Geʿez calendar, roughly corresponding to February–March. The dates 10th–12th fall in the period of the Presentation of Christ (8th Yakkātit) and related commemorations.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Balātyānos (patriarch of Rome) reflects the Ethiopic synaxarion's inclusion of non-Ethiopian saints, indicating broad hagiographic reception from Coptic and Eastern Christian sources.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 10th Yakkātit begins with 'Commemoration of' but lacks a name, suggesting a lacuna or scribal omission. The English draft reproduces this gap.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The missing name after 'Commemoration of' on 10th Yakkātit is unclear; it may be a saint whose name was omitted in transmission.","The 'Short commemoration of' at the end is incomplete; the intended subject is not specified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":72,"ref":"p72","source":"Long commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Galāsyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael\n\nSalām-hymn to Galāsyos\n\nCommemoration of Dǝrqālās\n\n13rd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Sargis\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṭimotewos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros and ʾabbā Ḥǝfsā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsābyos\n\nCommemoration of Fiquṭor\n\nSalām-hymn to Sargis\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotes\n\n14th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob the patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Dāryos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Fiqṭor\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwsābyos","english":"Long commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Galāsyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael\n\nSalām-hymn to Galāsyos\n\nCommemoration of Dǝrqālās\n\n13rd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Sargis\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṭimotewos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros and ʾabbā Ḥǝfsā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsābyos\n\nCommemoration of Fiquṭor\n\nSalām-hymn to Sargis\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṭimotes\n\n14th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob the patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Dāryos and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Fiqṭor\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwsābyos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints on the 13th and 14th of Yakkātit, typical of the synaxarion's calendrical format.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A 'salām-hymn' is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez tradition, often praising a saint or angel, and is distinct from a commemoration entry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Yakkātit","severity":"info","text":"Yakkātit is the sixth month in the Geʿez calendar, roughly corresponding to February–March in the Gregorian calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The passage contains incomplete entries (e.g., 'Commemoration of' with no name) and a probable scribal error in the date '13rd' (should be '13th'), indicating textual corruption or lacunae.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Yāʿqob the patriarch of Alexandria on 14th Yakkātit parallels entries in the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, which also commemorates him on the same day.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names 'Dǝrqālās' and 'Fiquṭor' (also spelled 'Fiqṭor') are uncertain; they may be corruptions or variant spellings of known saints' names.","The incomplete 'Commemoration of' entries lack the saint's name, leaving the intended subject ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":73,"ref":"p73","source":"Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob\n\nSalām-hymn to Sāwiros\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n15th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Zakāryā the prophet\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of the martyrs of Sǝbǝsṭyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Zechariah\n\nSalām-hymn to Babnudā\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church\nof the martyrs of Sǝbǝsṭyā\n\n16th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾElsābeṭ\n\nCommemoration of the Kidāna Mǝḥrat\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Elisabeth\n\n17th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Minās\n\nSalām-hymn to Muse\n\nSalām-hymn to Minās\n\n18th Yakkātit","english":"Salām-hymn to Yāʿqob\n\nSalām-hymn to Sāwiros\n\nSalām-hymn to Yoḥannǝs\n\n15th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Zakāryā the prophet\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of the martyrs of Sǝbǝsṭyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Zechariah\n\nSalām-hymn to Babnudā\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church\nof the martyrs of Sǝbǝsṭyā\n\n16th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾElsābeṭ\n\nCommemoration of the Kidāna Mǝḥrat\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Elisabeth\n\n17th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Minās\n\nSalām-hymn to Muse\n\nSalām-hymn to Minās\n\n18th Yakkātit","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendrical list of commemorations and salām-hymns for Yakkātit 15–18, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The repeated 'Commemoration of' without a name (line 7) likely indicates a lacuna or scribal omission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn (Geʿez: ሰላም) is a genre of liturgical hymn in praise of a saint or feast, typically following the commemoration entry in the Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'consecration of the church of the martyrs of Sǝbǝsṭyā' refers to the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, whose cult was widespread in Ethiopia. The church consecration is a distinct feast in the Ethiopian liturgical calendar.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Kidāna Mǝḥrat ('Covenant of Mercy') is a major feast of the Virgin Mary in Ethiopian Christianity, celebrated on Yakkātit 16. Its inclusion here reflects the high veneration of Mary in the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Commemoration of' (line 7) is incomplete; the name of the saint or feast is missing. This may be a scribal error or a lacuna in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The incomplete 'Commemoration of' on line 7 leaves the identity of the commemoration uncertain; it may be a saint or feast omitted by the scribe."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":74,"ref":"p74","source":"Commemoration of Malanyos the patriarch of Antiochia\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob\n\nSalām-hymn to Malasyānos\n\n19th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Martǝyānos\n\nSalām-hymn to Martǝyānos\n\n20th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Bāsǝlyos, Tewodosyos and Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of Filmon\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Kǝfla Māryām and ʾabbā Gabra Marʿāwi\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to Bāsǝlyos and his companions\n\nSalām-hymn to Filmon\n\n21st Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Gabrǝʾel the patriarch","english":"Commemoration of Malanyos the patriarch of Antiochia\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob\n\nSalām-hymn to Malasyānos\n\n19th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Martǝyānos\n\nSalām-hymn to Martǝyānos\n\n20th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Bāsǝlyos, Tewodosyos and Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of Filmon\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Kǝfla Māryām and ʾabbā Gabra Marʿāwi\n\nSalām-hymn to Ṗeṭros\n\nSalām-hymn to Bāsǝlyos and his companions\n\nSalām-hymn to Filmon\n\n21st Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Gabrǝʾel the patriarch","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations and salām-hymns for multiple saints and feasts, following the pattern of the Synaxarion for the 19th–21st of Yakkātit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"translatio","severity":"info","text":"The Latin term 'translatio' is used in the English draft to render the Geʿez concept of the transfer of relics, a common hagiographical motif.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Malanyos (Malasyānos) is a patriarch of Antioch; the commemoration of multiple patriarchs and ascetics reflects the Synaxarion's inclusion of both universal and local Ethiopian saints.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of ʾabbā Kǝfla Māryām and ʾabbā Gabra Marʿāwi, Ethiopian monastic figures, shows the adaptation of the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion for the Ethiopian liturgical context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Yāʿqob (Jacob) is unspecified; it may refer to a local saint or a biblical figure.","The relationship between Malanyos and Malasyānos is unclear; they may be variant spellings of the same name."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":75,"ref":"p75","source":"Commemoration of Zakāryās the bishop\n\nCommemoration of ʾOnisimos\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros the bishop\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAksǝyos and ʾabbā Gabrǝʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabrǝʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾOnāsimos\n\n22nd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Mārunā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bulā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Mārunā\n\n23rd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsābyos\n\nCommemoration of Nob\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsābyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwsābyos\n\n24th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābiṭos\n\nCommemoration of Mātiyās","english":"Commemoration of Zakāryās the bishop\n\nCommemoration of ʾOnisimos\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros the bishop\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAksǝyos and ʾabbā Gabrǝʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to Mary\n\nSalām-hymn to Gabrǝʾel\n\nSalām-hymn to Zakāryās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾOnāsimos\n\n22nd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Mārunā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bulā and other saints\n\nSalām-hymn to Mārunā\n\n23rd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsābyos\n\nCommemoration of Nob\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsābyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwsābyos\n\n24th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābiṭos\n\nCommemoration of Mātiyās","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendrical list of commemorations and salām-hymns for dates from the 22nd to 24th of Yakkātit, typical of the synaxarion genre.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"A salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, often used to honor saints or biblical figures, typically recited in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Yakkātit","severity":"info","text":"Yakkātit is the sixth month of the Ethiopian calendar, corresponding roughly to February–March in the Gregorian calendar.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of ʾabbā Mārunā and ʾabbā Bulā reflects the veneration of Egyptian and Syrian ascetics in the Ethiopian tradition, indicating cross-cultural hagiographic exchange.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The repetition of 'Commemoration of ʾAwsābyos' on the 23rd of Yakkātit may be a scribal duplication or indicate two distinct commemorations; the text does not clarify.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The repetition of ʾAwsābyos on 23 Yakkātit could be a scribal error or a separate commemoration of a different saint with the same name.","The identity of ʾabbā Bulā is uncertain; it may refer to a saint not widely attested in other sources."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":76,"ref":"p76","source":"Commemoration of Ṭimotewos and Minās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAgābiṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to Mātyās and Ṭimotewos\n\n25th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsyos\n\nCommemoration of Qonā, Minās and Dǝlmādyos\n\nCommemoration of Damāylǝmānos\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎnṭonǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbufānā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwsābyos, Filmonā and Luqyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Qonā, Minās and Yǝlmādyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾƎnṭonyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Fānā\n\n26th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Hoseʿ\n\nCommemoration of Sādoq\n\nSalām-hymn to Hosea\n\nSalām-hymn to Sādoq\n\n27th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾEwǝsṭātewos, patriarch of Antioch","english":"Commemoration of Ṭimotewos and Minās\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAgābiṭos\n\nSalām-hymn to Mātyās and Ṭimotewos\n\n25th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsyos\n\nCommemoration of Qonā, Minās and Dǝlmādyos\n\nCommemoration of Damāylǝmānos\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎnṭonǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbufānā\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾAwsābyos, Filmonā and Luqyā\n\nSalām-hymn to Qonā, Minās and Yǝlmādyos\n\nSalām-hymn to ʾƎnṭonyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Fānā\n\n26th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Hoseʿ\n\nCommemoration of Sādoq\n\nSalām-hymn to Hosea\n\nSalām-hymn to Sādoq\n\n27th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾEwǝsṭātewos, patriarch of Antioch","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"25th Yakkātit","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a calendrical list of commemorations and salām-hymns for the 25th–27th of Yakkātit, following the pattern of the Synaxarion entries for consecutive days.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn (Geʿez salām, 'peace') is a genre of liturgical hymn in the Ethiopic tradition, often appended to synaxarion entries to honor specific saints.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ʾEwǝsṭātewos","severity":"info","text":"ʾEwǝsṭātewos (Eustathius) was a 4th-century patriarch of Antioch, venerated in the Oriental Orthodox tradition for his role at the First Council of Nicaea.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Ṭimotewos and Minās","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Ṭimotewos and Minās on 25th Yakkātit reflects the integration of Egyptian martyrs (Minās) and biblical figures (Timothy) into the Ethiopic calendar.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Dǝlmādyos / Yǝlmādyos","severity":"caution","text":"The name Dǝlmādyos in the commemoration list appears as Yǝlmādyos in the salām-hymn, suggesting a scribal variant or transmission error; the intended saint is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the commemoration of Qonā, Minās and Dǝlmādyos and the salām-hymn to Qonā, Minās and Yǝlmādyos is unclear; the variant spelling may indicate a different saint or a copyist's error.","The commemoration of ʾAwsyos (25th Yakkātit) is not cross-referenced in the salām-hymns, leaving his identity ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":77,"ref":"p77","source":"Salām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ\n\n28th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros the Roman\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Tewodros\n\nSalām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewodros\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Tewodros\n\n29th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nCommemoration of Bolikārbos\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to Bilkiryos\n\n30th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the invention of the head of\n\nDiscourse of John Chrysostom on John the Baptist\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Minās\n\nSalām-hymn to John the Baptist","english":"Salām-hymn to ʾAnǝsṭāsyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Christ\n\n28th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros the Roman\n\nCommemoration of the companions of Tewodros\n\nSalām-hymn to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob\n\nSalām-hymn to Tewodros\n\nSalām-hymn to the companions of Tewodros\n\n29th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nCommemoration of Bolikārbos\n\nSalām-hymn to the birth of Christ\n\nSalām-hymn to Bilkiryos\n\n30th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the invention of the head of\n\nDiscourse of John Chrysostom on John the Baptist\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Minās\n\nSalām-hymn to John the Baptist","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the synaxarion's sequence of commemorations and hymns for the end of Yakkātit, with entries for the 28th, 29th, and 30th days. The pattern of a commemoration followed by a salām-hymn is consistent with the genre.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn (Geʿez: ሰላም) is a genre of hymn in the Ethiopic tradition, typically a poetic praise addressed to a saint or feast. The term is used here as a structural marker.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Tewodros the Roman","severity":"info","text":"Tewodros the Roman (Theodore) is a martyr venerated in the Ethiopic tradition, often identified with Theodore the General (Tewodros the Stratelates). His commemoration on 28 Yakkātit is attested in the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"invention of the head of John the Baptist","severity":"info","text":"The 'invention' (finding) of the head of John the Baptist is a feast commemorating the discovery of his relic. The entry for 30 Yakkātit includes a discourse by John Chrysostom on this topic, a common patristic reading in the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"invention of the head of","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text for 30 Yakkātit reads 'Commemoration of the invention of the head of' without specifying the saint, but the following discourse on John the Baptist clarifies the subject. The English draft omits the object, which is implied.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 30 Yakkātit is incomplete: 'Commemoration of the invention of the head of' lacks the saint's name, though the subsequent discourse on John the Baptist resolves the ambiguity.","The identity of 'Bolkārbos' (29 Yakkātit) is uncertain; it may be a variant of Polycarp, but the spelling differs from the standard Geʿez form."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":78,"ref":"p78","source":"Subscription for Yakkātit\n\nSupplication for Yakkātit\n\nSecond half of the year\n\nThird quarter of the year\n\n12th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros, bishop of Jerusalem\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎnṭonyos, bishop of Ṭāmaw\n\nFourth quarter of the year\n\n12th Sane\n\nCommemoration of and institution of the\nfeast of\n\nStory of ʾAwfimyā (Euphemia)\n\nCommemoration of Yosṭos\n\nCommemoration of\n\nThe commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on\n.\n\nCommemoration of Dumādyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Dumādyos\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Marqoryos","english":"Subscription for Yakkātit\n\nSupplication for Yakkātit\n\nSecond half of the year\n\nThird quarter of the year\n\n12th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros, bishop of Jerusalem\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎnṭonyos, bishop of Ṭāmaw\n\nFourth quarter of the year\n\n12th Sane\n\nCommemoration of and institution of the\nfeast of\n\nStory of ʾAwfimyā (Euphemia)\n\nCommemoration of Yosṭos\n\nCommemoration of\n\nThe commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on\n.\n\nCommemoration of Dumādyos\n\nSalām-hymn to Dumādyos\n\nSalām-hymn to the consecration of the church of Marqoryos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a subscription and supplication for the month of Yakkātit, followed by a series of commemorations and salām-hymns for various saints and feasts, marking the end of the month and transition to subsequent periods.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Yakkātit","severity":"info","text":"Yakkātit is the sixth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to February–March. The subscription and supplication here conclude the entries for that month.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'Second half of the year' and 'Third quarter of the year' reflects the liturgical division of the year into halves and quarters, a common structural feature in Ethiopian synaxaria.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The note 'The commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on' is incomplete in the manuscript, indicating a lacuna or editorial truncation in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾAwfimyā (Euphemia)","severity":"info","text":"ʾAwfimyā is the Geʿez form of Euphemia, a Christian martyr venerated in the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox traditions. Her story is included here as a separate commemoration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries in this passage are fragmentary or lack full names (e.g., 'Commemoration of' with no saint specified), suggesting textual damage or incomplete copying in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'The commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on' is cut off; the basis is unknown.","Several commemorations lack specific saint names, leaving their identities ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":79,"ref":"p79","source":"Commemoration of the 2500 martyrs of ʾAtrib, their mother, and of Māryām\n\nSalām-hymn to the martyrs of ʾAtrib\n\nThe commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on\n.\n\nCommemoration of Joseph\n\nSalām-hymn to Joseph\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\n12th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael 'Salutation to thee, O Michael, angel of the covenant and counsel of\nGod'\nሰላም፡ ለከ፡ መልአከ፡ ኪዳኑ፡ ወምክሩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ልዑል፡ ዘግሩም፡ ግብሩ፡ በረድኤትከ፡ ረዋጺ፡ ዘአሠረ፡ ነፋስ፡ አሠሩ፡ ሶበ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ እኩየ፡ መከሩ፡ ጉባኤ፡ ፀርየ፡\nሚካኤል፡ ዝሩ።\n\nCommemoration of Constantine\n\nCommemoration of the 2000 companions of Fāsiladas","english":"Commemoration of the 2500 martyrs of ʾAtrib, their mother, and of Māryām\n\nSalām-hymn to the martyrs of ʾAtrib\n\nThe commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on\n.\n\nCommemoration of Joseph\n\nSalām-hymn to Joseph\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\n12th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of\n\nSalām-hymn to Michael 'Salutation to thee, O Michael, angel of the covenant and counsel of\nGod'\nSalutation to thee, O angel of the covenant and counsel of the Lord, the Most High, whose deed is glorious; with thy help the helper who bound the wind, his binding when over me the evil counsel of the assembly of my enemy, Michael, the renowned.\n\nCommemoration of Constantine\n\nCommemoration of the 2000 companions of Fāsiladas","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"2500 martyrs of ʾAtrib","severity":"info","text":"The 2500 martyrs of ʾAtrib (Athribis) are commemorated in the Coptic and Ethiopic traditions as victims of the Diocletianic persecution. Their mother and Mary are also mentioned, though the connection to Mary is unusual and may reflect a local tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Salām-hymn' (from Geʿez ሰላም, salām) designates a genre of liturgical poetry in the Ethiopic tradition, often used in the Synaxarion to introduce a hymn of praise to a saint or angel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"25 Ḥamle","severity":"info","text":"The passage notes that the commemorations and salāms of 25 Ḥamle are based on an unspecified source, indicating a structural break or a note on the compilation of the Synaxarion. This is a rare editorial comment within the text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"angel of the covenant and counsel of God","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'angel of the covenant and counsel of God' for Michael echoes biblical themes of Michael as a divine messenger and protector (cf. Daniel 10:13, Revelation 12:7), though not a direct quotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Commemoration of' (12th Naḥāse) is incomplete, lacking the saint's name. This may be a lacuna in the manuscript or a placeholder for a later addition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"2000 companions of Fāsiladas","severity":"info","text":"Fāsiladas (Fasilides) was a 17th-century Ethiopian emperor. The '2000 companions' likely refers to martyrs or saints associated with his reign, though this commemoration is not widely attested in earlier sources.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'mother' of the 2500 martyrs is unspecified; she may be a local figure or a symbolic reference.","The incomplete 'Commemoration of' on 12th Naḥāse leaves the saint unnamed.","The phrase 'based on' for 25 Ḥamle is ambiguous; it may refer to a source text or a liturgical practice."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":80,"ref":"p80","source":"Commemoration of Rufāʾel, consecration of his church and miracle\n\nSalām-hymn to Rufāʾel\n\nCommemoration of Zarʾa Yaʿqob\n\nSalām-hymn to Zarʾa Yaʿqob\n\nCommemoration of Malka Ṣedeq\n\nSalām-hymn to Malka Ṣedeq\n\nCommemoration of Sarāṗyon of Landun\n\nSalām-hymn to Sarāṗyon of Landun","english":"Commemoration of Rufāʾel, consecration of his church and miracle\n\nSalām-hymn to Rufāʾel\n\nCommemoration of Zarʾa Yaʿqob\n\nSalām-hymn to Zarʾa Yaʿqob\n\nCommemoration of Malka Ṣedeq\n\nSalām-hymn to Malka Ṣedeq\n\nCommemoration of Sarāṗyon of Landun\n\nSalām-hymn to Sarāṗyon of Landun","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists four commemorations, each followed by a salām-hymn, typical of synaxarion entries for multiple feasts on a single day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Rufāʾel is the archangel Raphael, whose church consecration and miracle are commemorated; such angelic feasts are common in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Salām-hymn","severity":"info","text":"Salām-hymn is a genre of liturgical poetry in Geʿez, typically a salutation to a saint or angel, used here as a structural marker.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Zarʾa Yaʿqob and Malka Ṣedeq are Ethiopian saints; their inclusion reflects the local adaptation of the synaxarion in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The passage lacks narrative detail for each commemoration, possibly due to abbreviation in the source; the miracle of Rufāʾel is not described.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4035SenkessarDL","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4035SenkessarDL"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The specific miracle of Rufāʾel is not detailed; the identity of Sarāṗyon of Landun is uncertain (possibly a saint from Egypt or elsewhere)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}