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Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)

Anonymous · betmas

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Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

This anonymous Geʿez homily for the feast of the Archangel Michael (12 Ṭǝqǝmt) survives in Ethiopic manuscripts, often alongside other homilies for the month. Its textual history is tied to the broader Ethiopic hagiographical tradition, and it remains in liturgical use in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The homily opens with a trinitarian invocation and a rubric specifying the feast date, then moves to a narrative exemplum about a debtor, and closes with a doxological acclamation. The dating is uncertain, likely from the later Aksumite or early Solomonic period. The source edition (betmas) lacks a critical apparatus, so variant readings and scribal interventions are undocumented.

This homily exemplifies the Ethiopic tradition of angelological homiletics, particularly devotion to Archangel Michael, and reflects the integration of biblical imagery into local liturgical practice. It is significant for understanding the development of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's feast cycle and hagiographical literature. The work's anonymous and uncertain dating highlights the challenges of studying Ethiopic manuscript traditions.

Historical context

The homily is preserved in Geʿez manuscripts, often within the same codex as other homilies for the month of Ṭǝqǝmt. Its textual history is tied to the broader Ethiopic hagiographical tradition. The work is anonymous and its dating is uncertain; it likely originates from the later Aksumite or early Solomonic period (roughly 6th–13th centuries), but no firm evidence supports a more precise date. This homily is read in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on the 12th of Ṭǝqǝmt, the feast of the Archangel Michael, and remains part of the liturgical cycle for the month. The source edition (betmas) does not provide a critical apparatus or collation of multiple manuscripts, so variant readings and scribal interventions are not documented. The homily's opening rubric assigns it to Ṭǝqǝmt 10 and 12, establishing its liturgical setting. The 'sea of fire of Sheol' echoes New Testament imagery of hell (e.g., Rev 20:10, 14:10) and is a common motif in Ethiopic homiletics.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

16 commentary units 3 structure3 term3 background3 reception3 caution1 scripture 0 derived notes 6 open questions 3 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 3 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
LIT3968Homily:1 · narrativemedium
Source
The following text is taken from 190-201 . በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፤ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ጥቅምት፡ በበዓሉ፡ ቅድስት፡ ከመ፡ ንዘከር፡ ዕበዮ፡ ወክብሮ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ በሰላመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ ትንብልናሁ፡ ወአስተብቍዖቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። ዘኢኀሠሠት፡ ነፍስ፡ ዘይትወሐሳ፡ በሕይወታ፡ ኢትረክብ፡ ዋሕሰ፡ በሰማያት፡ አመ፡ ዕለተ፡ ሞታ። ወከመ፡ ዝኮነ፡ አሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ዕዳ፡ ዘይፈዲ፥ ወኀሠሥዎ፡ ማእከለ፡ ዐውድ፡ ወረከብዎ፡ በአኀዝዎ፡ ወኀጥአ፡ ዘይፈዲ፡ ወዘይትወሐሶ፥ ወእኂዞሙ፡ ምቅሕዎ፡ ወዘበጥዎ፡ ወከልሐ፡ ወስእነ፡ ወኀጥአ፡ ዘይትወሐሶ። ስምዑ፡ አበውየ፡ ወአኀውየ፡ ወፍቁራንየ፤ ተዘኪረነ፡ በደኃሪ፡ መዋዕል፡ ጸሐፍነ፡ ተአምረ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ከመ፡ ንርከብ፡ ገጾ፡ ለልዑል፤ ወከመ፡ ንትዋነይ፡ ውስተ፡ ከብካበ፡ መርዓ፡ ጥሉል። ወይመግበነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምሕረተ፡ ወሣህለ፤ ወይፈኑ፡ ለሐውጾትነ፡ ሚካኤልሃ፡ መተንብለ። ወይቅጽበነ፡ ፍቁረ፡ አምላክ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ ዛቲ፡ መርጡል፤ ወይቀጥቅጦ፡ በቅድሜነ፡ ለመስቴማ፡ ሀጕል፡ ወያዕድወነ፡ በአክናፊሁ፡ እምባሕረ፡ እሳት፡ ዘሲኦል፡ ወይሰደነ፡ ቤተ፡ ባዕል፡ ውስተ፡ ፒላሳሁ፡ ለዐማኑኤል፡ ወይሴስየነ፡ እምዘገነት፡ አስካል፤ ወያስምዐነ፡ እምዘምሕረት፡ ቃል፡ ለኵልነ፡ ሰማዕያን፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።
English
In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, which is read on the tenth and the second of the month of Ṭǝqǝmt, on his feast. The holy one, as we commemorate his greatness and glory for the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, in the peace of the Lord. May his prayer and blessing be upon us, and may the intercession of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, be with us forever and ever. Amen. A soul that desires and is comforted in its life will not find comfort in the heavens on the day of its death. And like this, a man who has much debt that he pays, and they desire him in the midst of the market, and they find him and seize him, and he sins that he pays and is comforted. And they pursue him, beat him, and strike him, and he is shamed and asks, and he sins and is comforted. Hearken, my fathers, my brothers, and my beloved. We have remembered in the last days, we have written the miracle of Michael, that we may find his face, the Exalted One. And that we may be tossed about in the whirlpool of the bitter sea. And may the Lord grant us mercy and forgiveness. And may he send Michael, the intercessor, to our gatherings. And may the beloved of God receive us, the children of this world. And may he strike down Mastema, the enemy, before us. And may he carry us on his wings from the sea of fire of Sheol. And may he lead us to the house of the Lord, into the bosom of Emmanuel. And may he save us from the garden of the gallows. And may he make us hear, from the voice of mercy, for all of us, the heavenly ones, forever and ever. Amen.
LIT3968Homily:2 · narrativemedium
Source
The following text is taken from . በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ጥቅምት፡ በበዓሉ፡ ቅድስት፡ ከመ፡ ንዘክር፡ ዕበዮ፡ ወክብሮ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ በሰላመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ ትንብልናሁ፡ ወአስተበቍዖቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። ዘኢኀሠሠት፡ ነፍስ፡ ዘይትወሐሳ፡ በሕይወታ፡ ኢትረክብ፡ ዋሕሰ፡ በሰማያት፡ አመ፡ ዕለተ፡ ሞታ። ወከመ፡ ዝ፡ ኮነ፡ አሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ዕዳ፡ ዘይፈዲ፡ ወኀሠሥዎ፡ ማእከለ፡ ዐውድ፡ ወረከብዎ፡ ወአኅዝዎ፡ ወኀጥአ፡ ዘይፈዲ፡ ወዘይትወሐሶ፡ ወእኂዞሙ፡ ሞቅሕዎ፡ ወዘበጥዎ፡ ወከልሐ፡ ወስእነ፡ ወኀጥአ፡ ዘይትወሐሶ። ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ ስብሐተ፡ ንፌኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወአኰቴተ፡ ለመንግሥትከ፡ ንፌኑ፡ አሜን። ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ መድኀኒነ፡ እስከ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።
English
In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, which is read on the tenth and the second of the month of Ṭǝqǝmt, on his feast. The holy one, as we recall the greatness and glory of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, by the peace of the Lord, his prayer and his blessing, we shall magnify and exalt the holy Michael, the chief of the angels. May it be with us forever and ever. Amen. A soul that is anxious, that is comforted in its life, will not find anxiety in the heavens on the day of its death. And as this happened, there was a man who had much debt, which he was paying, and they sought him in the midst of the market, and they found him, and they seized him, and he sinned, he who was paying and who was comforted. And they took him, they beat him, and they stripped him, and they shaved him, and they stoned him, and he sinned, he who was comforted. Hallelujah, we send praise to the Lord, and we send thanksgiving to your kingdom. Amen. Hallelujah, to Christ our Savior, until forever and ever. Amen.
LIT3968Homily:3 · narrativemedium
Source
After በስመአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፪ለጥቅምት፡ ትንብልናሁ፡ ምስለ፡ ገብሩ፡ ሰምዑ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ወንጌል፡ ነፍስ፡ ዘኢኃሠሠት፡ ዋሕሠ፡ በህይወታ፡ ኢተረክብ፡ ዋህሰ፡ በጊዜ፡ መታ፡ ወከመዝ፡ ኮነ፡ ፳ብእሲ፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ሸዳ፡ ወኃጥአ፡ ዘይፈዪ፡ ኃሣሥዎ፡ አኃዝዎ፡ ዘወሀብዎ፡ ወበማዕከለ፡ አውድ፡ ወኃጥአ፡ ዘይፈድዮሙ፡ ንዑ፡ ኃቤየ፡ እኁበ፡ ክብረ፡ ወምንተ፡ ትሂልዉ፡ ምስሌየ፡ በትፍሥሕት፡ ወበሕማት፡ ወኢይሂሱ፡ ቃልየ፡ በረከቱ፡ ወኃብተ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወበረከታ፡ ለእግዚእትነ፡ ማርያም፡ ወላዲተ፡ አምላክ፡ በረከተ፡ ነቢያት፡ ወሐዋርያት፡ ጻድቃን፡ ወሰምዕት፡ የሃሉ፡ ምስለ፡ ገብሩ፡
English
After "In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, which is read on the tenth and the second of the month of Ṭǝqǝmt, on his feast. The holy one, a" — Listen, O people of the Gospel: a soul that has desired a moment in its life does not find a moment at the time of its death. And thus it happened to a certain man who had a moment of sin and transgression, which he would redeem, and which seized him, and which he had given away. And in the midst of the market of sin and transgression, which would redeem them, he said: "Come to me, O my brothers, for the sake of glory and what will you give me with you in joy and in suffering?" And my word does not cease. The blessing and the gift of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, and the blessing of our Lady Mary, the Mother of God, the blessing of the prophets, the apostles, the righteous, and the martyrs, be with his servant.
Citation. Tergwame, “Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)”, LIT3968Homily:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT3968Homily#s1
Colophon. Source: betmas · licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0024 · generated 2026-11-15.