{"slug":"LIT3968Homily","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3968Homily","title":"Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)","author":"Anonymous","genre":"homily","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:09Z","cost_usd":0.002414},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3968Homily","work_id":"LIT3968Homily","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3968Homily"},"stats":{"passages":3,"english_words":738,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":16,"commentary_kinds":6,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":6,"work_notes":4,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT3968Homily","abstract":"This anonymous Geʿez homily for the feast of the Archangel Michael (12 Ṭǝqǝmt) survives in Ethiopic manuscripts, often alongside other homilies for the month. Its textual history is tied to the broader Ethiopic hagiographical tradition, and it remains in liturgical use in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The homily opens with a trinitarian invocation and a rubric specifying the feast date, then moves to a narrative exemplum about a debtor, and closes with a doxological acclamation. The dating is uncertain, likely from the later Aksumite or early Solomonic period. The source edition (betmas) lacks a critical apparatus, so variant readings and scribal interventions are undocumented.","historical_context":"The homily is preserved in Geʿez manuscripts, often within the same codex as other homilies for the month of Ṭǝqǝmt. Its textual history is tied to the broader Ethiopic hagiographical tradition. The work is anonymous and its dating is uncertain; it likely originates from the later Aksumite or early Solomonic period (roughly 6th–13th centuries), but no firm evidence supports a more precise date. This homily is read in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on the 12th of Ṭǝqǝmt, the feast of the Archangel Michael, and remains part of the liturgical cycle for the month. The source edition (betmas) does not provide a critical apparatus or collation of multiple manuscripts, so variant readings and scribal interventions are not documented. The homily's opening rubric assigns it to Ṭǝqǝmt 10 and 12, establishing its liturgical setting. The 'sea of fire of Sheol' echoes New Testament imagery of hell (e.g., Rev 20:10, 14:10) and is a common motif in Ethiopic homiletics.","significance":"This homily exemplifies the Ethiopic tradition of angelological homiletics, particularly devotion to Archangel Michael, and reflects the integration of biblical imagery into local liturgical practice. It is significant for understanding the development of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's feast cycle and hagiographical literature. The work's anonymous and uncertain dating highlights the challenges of studying Ethiopic manuscript traditions.","timeline":[{"date":"6th–13th c.","event":"Probable composition period (later Aksumite or early Solomonic), based on manuscript tradition and liturgical use."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Earliest extant manuscripts; no firm evidence for precise dating."},{"date":"Ongoing","event":"Liturgical use in Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on 12 Ṭǝqǝmt."},{"date":"Modern","event":"Source edition (betmas) published without critical apparatus."}],"relations":[{"work":"Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)","relation":"Part of same manuscript tradition as other homilies for Ṭǝqǝmt","key":"betmas:LIT3968Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3968Homily"},{"work":"Theodosius of Alexandria, Homily on Michael","relation":"Comparable angelological homily in Coptic tradition","key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"},{"work":"Anonymous Ethiopic homily for Faws Manfasawi","relation":"Another anonymous Ethiopic homily with similar liturgical setting","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["Dating is uncertain; the homily likely originates from the later Aksumite or early Solomonic period, but no firm evidence supports a more precise date.","The work is anonymous; authorship cannot be determined.","The source edition (betmas) lacks a critical apparatus; variant readings and scribal interventions are undocumented.","The opening moralizing passage is syntactically dense and may be corrupt; the sense of 'comforted' (ይትወሐሳ) is ambiguous between consolation and complacency."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000484,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:30:34Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3968Homily","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":3,"translated":3,"commentary_passages":3,"commentary_units":16,"english_words":738,"source_letters":1502,"commentary_kinds":6},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily is preserved in Geʿez manuscripts, often within the same codex as other homilies for the month of Ṭǝqǝmt. Its textual history is tied to the broader Ethiopic hagiographical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3968Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3968Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is anonymous and its dating is uncertain. It likely originates from the later Aksumite or early Solomonic period, but no firm evidence supports a more precise date.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This homily is read in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on the 12th of Ṭǝqǝmt, the feast of the Archangel Michael. It remains part of the liturgical cycle for the month.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990019134800203941","label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The source edition (betmas) does not provide a critical apparatus or collation of multiple manuscripts. Variant readings and scribal interventions are therefore not documented here.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3968Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3968Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 3 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":3},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3968Homily":{"label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3968Homily"},"hollis:alma990019134800203941":{"label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"},"hollis:alma990022427940203941":{"label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"},"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael":{"label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi":{"label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"},"hollis:alma990090411020203941":{"label":"Society & medicine : essays in honor of Renée C. Fox","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990090411020203941"},"hollis:alma99153734985103941":{"label":"Medicine – Religion – Spirituality Global Perspectives on Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Healing","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/99153734985103941"},"hollis:alma99154549468603941":{"label":"Medicine, mobility and the empire : Nyasaland networks, 1859-1960","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/99154549468603941"},"hollis:alma99158440773703941":{"label":"Integrative medicine","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/99158440773703941"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"The following text is taken from\n\n190-201\n.\n\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፤\nድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ጥቅምት፡ በበዓሉ፡ ቅድስት፡ ከመ፡ ንዘከር፡ ዕበዮ፡ ወክብሮ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ በሰላመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ ትንብልናሁ፡ ወአስተብቍዖቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። ዘኢኀሠሠት፡ ነፍስ፡ ዘይትወሐሳ፡ በሕይወታ፡ ኢትረክብ፡ ዋሕሰ፡ በሰማያት፡ አመ፡ ዕለተ፡ ሞታ። ወከመ፡ ዝኮነ፡ አሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ዕዳ፡ ዘይፈዲ፥\nወኀሠሥዎ፡ ማእከለ፡ ዐውድ፡ ወረከብዎ፡ በአኀዝዎ፡ ወኀጥአ፡ ዘይፈዲ፡ ወዘይትወሐሶ፥ ወእኂዞሙ፡ ምቅሕዎ፡ ወዘበጥዎ፡ ወከልሐ፡ ወስእነ፡ ወኀጥአ፡ ዘይትወሐሶ።\n\nስምዑ፡ አበውየ፡ ወአኀውየ፡ ወፍቁራንየ፤ ተዘኪረነ፡ በደኃሪ፡ መዋዕል፡ ጸሐፍነ፡ ተአምረ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ከመ፡ ንርከብ፡ ገጾ፡ ለልዑል፤ ወከመ፡ ንትዋነይ፡ ውስተ፡ ከብካበ፡ መርዓ፡ ጥሉል። ወይመግበነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምሕረተ፡ ወሣህለ፤ ወይፈኑ፡ ለሐውጾትነ፡ ሚካኤልሃ፡ መተንብለ። ወይቅጽበነ፡ ፍቁረ፡ አምላክ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ ዛቲ፡ መርጡል፤ ወይቀጥቅጦ፡ በቅድሜነ፡ ለመስቴማ፡\nሀጕል፡ ወያዕድወነ፡ በአክናፊሁ፡ እምባሕረ፡ እሳት፡ ዘሲኦል፡ ወይሰደነ፡ ቤተ፡ ባዕል፡ ውስተ፡ ፒላሳሁ፡ ለዐማኑኤል፡ ወይሴስየነ፡ እምዘገነት፡ አስካል፤ ወያስምዐነ፡ እምዘምሕረት፡ ቃል፡ ለኵልነ፡ ሰማዕያን፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God.\n\nA homily of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, which is read on the tenth and the second of the month of Ṭǝqǝmt, on his feast. The holy one, as we commemorate his greatness and glory for the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, in the peace of the Lord. May his prayer and blessing be upon us, and may the intercession of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, be with us forever and ever. Amen.\n\nA soul that desires and is comforted in its life will not find comfort in the heavens on the day of its death. And like this, a man who has much debt that he pays, and they desire him in the midst of the market, and they find him and seize him, and he sins that he pays and is comforted. And they pursue him, beat him, and strike him, and he is shamed and asks, and he sins and is comforted.\n\nHearken, my fathers, my brothers, and my beloved. We have remembered in the last days, we have written the miracle of Michael, that we may find his face, the Exalted One. And that we may be tossed about in the whirlpool of the bitter sea. And may the Lord grant us mercy and forgiveness. And may he send Michael, the intercessor, to our gatherings. And may the beloved of God receive us, the children of this world. And may he strike down Mastema, the enemy, before us. And may he carry us on his wings from the sea of fire of Sheol. And may he lead us to the house of the Lord, into the bosom of Emmanuel. And may he save us from the garden of the gallows. And may he make us hear, from the voice of mercy, for all of us, the heavenly ones, forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ጥቅምት፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening rubric assigns the homily to Ṭǝqǝmt 10 and 12, the feast of Michael, establishing its liturgical setting.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3968Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3968Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሚካኤል","severity":"info","text":"Michael, archangel and chief of the angels, is the subject of the homily; his role as intercessor is emphasized throughout.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"መስቴማ","severity":"info","text":"Mastema is a demonic figure in Ethiopic tradition, often identified with Satan or a chief adversary, here opposed by Michael.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Dossier: Ethiopic Anonymous Faws Manfasawi"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምባሕረ፡ እሳት፡ ዘሲኦል፡","severity":"info","text":"The 'sea of fire of Sheol' echoes New Testament imagery of hell (e.g., Rev 20:10, 14:10) and is a common motif in Ethiopic homiletics.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ድርሳን","severity":"info","text":"This homily is part of the Ethiopic dǝrsān genre, used in liturgical readings; it survives in multiple manuscripts, indicating wide circulation.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990019134800203941","label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990022427940203941","label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኢኀሠሠት፡ ነፍስ፡ ዘይትወሐሳ፡ በሕይወታ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The opening moralizing passage is syntactically dense and may be corrupt; the sense of 'comforted' (ይትወሐሳ) is ambiguous between consolation and complacency.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ዘኢኀሠሠት፡ ነፍስ፡ ዘይትወሐሳ፡ በሕይወታ፡' is ambiguous: it may mean a soul that desires and is comforted in life, or a soul that is deceived and comforted; the reading taken is 'desires and is comforted' following the English draft.","The identity of 'the garden of the gallows' (እምዘገነት፡ አስካል) is unclear; it may refer to a place of execution or a metaphor for earthly suffering."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"The following text is taken from .\n\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ጥቅምት፡ በበዓሉ፡ ቅድስት፡\nከመ፡ ንዘክር፡ ዕበዮ፡ ወክብሮ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ በሰላመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ ትንብልናሁ፡ ወአስተበቍዖቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡\nየሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።\n\nዘኢኀሠሠት፡ ነፍስ፡ ዘይትወሐሳ፡ በሕይወታ፡ ኢትረክብ፡ ዋሕሰ፡ በሰማያት፡ አመ፡ ዕለተ፡ ሞታ። ወከመ፡ ዝ፡ ኮነ፡ አሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ዕዳ፡ ዘይፈዲ፡ ወኀሠሥዎ፡ ማእከለ፡ ዐውድ፡ ወረከብዎ፡ ወአኅዝዎ፡ ወኀጥአ፡ ዘይፈዲ፡ ወዘይትወሐሶ፡\nወእኂዞሙ፡ ሞቅሕዎ፡ ወዘበጥዎ፡ ወከልሐ፡ ወስእነ፡ ወኀጥአ፡ ዘይትወሐሶ።\n\nሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ ስብሐተ፡ ንፌኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወአኰቴተ፡ ለመንግሥትከ፡ ንፌኑ፡ አሜን። ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ መድኀኒነ፡ እስከ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, which is read on the tenth and the second of the month of Ṭǝqǝmt, on his feast. The holy one, as we recall the greatness and glory of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, by the peace of the Lord, his prayer and his blessing, we shall magnify and exalt the holy Michael, the chief of the angels. May it be with us forever and ever. Amen.\n\nA soul that is anxious, that is comforted in its life, will not find anxiety in the heavens on the day of its death. And as this happened, there was a man who had much debt, which he was paying, and they sought him in the midst of the market, and they found him, and they seized him, and he sinned, he who was paying and who was comforted. And they took him, they beat him, and they stripped him, and they shaved him, and they stoned him, and he sinned, he who was comforted.\n\nHallelujah, we send praise to the Lord, and we send thanksgiving to your kingdom. Amen. Hallelujah, to Christ our Savior, until forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a trinitarian invocation and a rubric specifying the feast date (Ṭǝqǝmt 10 and 2), then moves to a narrative exemplum about a debtor, and closes with a doxological acclamation (Hallelujah).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3968Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3968Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኢኀሠሠት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ኢኀሠሠት (ʾaḫaśaśat) means 'to be anxious' or 'to be troubled'; the English draft renders it as 'anxious' and later as 'comforted', which may obscure the semantic range of the root.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3968Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3968Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The narrative sequence is ambiguous: the debtor is sought, found, seized, beaten, stripped, shaved, and stoned, yet the text says 'he sinned, he who was paying and who was comforted.' The logical connection between the punishment and the sin is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3968Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3968Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily is part of the Ethiopic tradition for the feast of Michael on Ṭǝqǝmt 10 and 2, and is associated with the Coptic homiletic cycle of Theodosius of Alexandria, though the present text is anonymous.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Manuscripts of this homily are held in several European and Ethiopian collections, including the British Library and the Bibliothèque nationale de France, indicating its wide liturgical use.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990019134800203941","label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990022427940203941","label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990090411020203941","label":"Society & medicine : essays in honor of Renée C. Fox","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990090411020203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma99153734985103941","label":"Medicine – Religion – Spirituality Global Perspectives on Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Healing","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/99153734985103941"},{"key":"hollis:alma99154549468603941","label":"Medicine, mobility and the empire : Nyasaland networks, 1859-1960","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/99154549468603941"},{"key":"hollis:alma99158440773703941","label":"Integrative medicine","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/99158440773703941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the debtor's 'comfort' and his 'sin' is not explained; the text may imply that his comfort was illusory or that his punishment was unjust, but the Geʿez does not clarify.","The shift from the narrative to the Hallelujah acclamation is abrupt; the liturgical function of the narrative within the homily is not explicit."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"After\nበስመአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡\n፲ወ፪ለጥቅምት፡ ትንብልናሁ፡ ምስለ፡ ገብሩ፡ ሰምዑ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ወንጌል፡ ነፍስ፡ ዘኢኃሠሠት፡ ዋሕሠ፡ በህይወታ፡\nኢተረክብ፡ ዋህሰ፡ በጊዜ፡ መታ፡ ወከመዝ፡ ኮነ፡ ፳ብእሲ፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ሸዳ፡ ወኃጥአ፡ ዘይፈዪ፡ ኃሣሥዎ፡ አኃዝዎ፡ ዘወሀብዎ፡ ወበማዕከለ፡ አውድ፡ ወኃጥአ፡ ዘይፈድዮሙ፡\nንዑ፡ ኃቤየ፡ እኁበ፡ ክብረ፡ ወምንተ፡ ትሂልዉ፡ ምስሌየ፡ በትፍሥሕት፡ ወበሕማት፡ ወኢይሂሱ፡ ቃልየ፡ በረከቱ፡ ወኃብተ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡\nመላእክት፡ ወበረከታ፡ ለእግዚእትነ፡ ማርያም፡ ወላዲተ፡ አምላክ፡ በረከተ፡ ነቢያት፡ ወሐዋርያት፡ ጻድቃን፡ ወሰምዕት፡ የሃሉ፡ ምስለ፡ ገብሩ፡","english":"After \"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, which is read on the tenth and the second of the month of Ṭǝqǝmt, on his feast. The holy one, a\" — Listen, O people of the Gospel: a soul that has desired a moment in its life does not find a moment at the time of its death. And thus it happened to a certain man who had a moment of sin and transgression, which he would redeem, and which seized him, and which he had given away. And in the midst of the market of sin and transgression, which would redeem them, he said: \"Come to me, O my brothers, for the sake of glory and what will you give me with you in joy and in suffering?\" And my word does not cease. The blessing and the gift of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, and the blessing of our Lady Mary, the Mother of God, the blessing of the prophets, the apostles, the righteous, and the martyrs, be with his servant.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢተረክብ፡ ዋህሰ፡ በጊዜ፡ መታ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez shifts from the opening formula to a narrative exemplum introduced by 'And thus it happened to a certain man', marking the start of the homily's illustrative story.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3968Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3968Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሸዳ፡ ወኃጥአ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'moment of sin and transgression' (ሸዳ፡ ወኃጥአ፡) pairs a rare term for 'moment' (ሸዳ) with a standard word for 'sin' (ኃጥአ), emphasizing a fleeting opportunity for wrongdoing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3968Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3968Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"በማዕከለ፡ አውድ፡","severity":"info","text":"The 'market of sin and transgression' (በማዕከለ፡ አውድ፡ ወኃጥአ፡) evokes a common Ethiopic homiletic trope of the marketplace as a place of moral peril, paralleling similar imagery in the Fǝtḥa Nagaśt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፪ለጥቅምት፡","severity":"info","text":"The rubric specifies reading on the 10th and 2nd of Ṭǝqǝmt, aligning with the feast of Michael in the Ethiopian calendar; this liturgical use is attested in multiple manuscripts (e.g., hollis:alma990019134800203941).","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990019134800203941","label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይሂሱ፡ ቃልየ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'my word does not cease' (ኢይሂሱ፡ ቃልየ፡) is ambiguous: it may be a scribal insertion or a rhetorical break; the Geʿez syntax is disjointed, possibly indicating a lacuna or a shift in speaker.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3968Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ṭǝqǝmt)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3968Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The transition from the opening formula to the narrative is abrupt; the phrase 'After' (በስመአብ፡ ...) may be a scribal heading rather than part of the continuous text.","The identity of the speaker in the marketplace dialogue ('Come to me, O my brothers') is unclear—possibly the sinful man or a personified sin."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}