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Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Yakkātit)

Anonymous · betmas

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Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

This anonymous Ethiopic homily, assigned to the month of Yakkātit in the Ethiopian liturgical calendar, is a panegyric for the archangel Michael, emphasizing his intercessory power and miracles. It survives in multiple manuscripts (e.g., British Library, Bodleian) and is part of a monthly cycle of readings for Michael on the 12th of each month, reflecting his prominent cult in Ethiopian Christianity. The text draws on Coptic traditions, notably the dossier of Theodosius of Alexandria, indicating shared hagiographical heritage. The source edition (betmas) lacks critical apparatus, limiting textual analysis. The homily's precise dating is uncertain but likely medieval.

This homily exemplifies the integration of Coptic angelological traditions into Ethiopian liturgy and the central role of Michael as intercessor. It contributes to understanding the development of the Ethiopian monthly Michael cycle and the broader hagiographical networks linking Egypt and Ethiopia. The text's survival in multiple manuscripts underscores its enduring liturgical importance.

Historical context

The homily belongs to the rich tradition of Ethiopic encomiastic literature, produced within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Its liturgical assignment to Yakkātit (February–March) places it in a fixed annual cycle of readings for Michael, whose cult was especially strong in Ethiopia from at least the Aksumite period onward. The text's reliance on Coptic sources, such as the dossier of Theodosius of Alexandria, points to the ongoing exchange between the Coptic and Ethiopian churches, particularly after the 13th century when Ethiopian monasticism flourished. The anonymous authorship and lack of precise dating (likely medieval, perhaps 14th–16th centuries) reflect the fluidity of hagiographic composition. The multiple manuscript witnesses (e.g., British Library, Bodleian) attest to its liturgical use and transmission, though the absence of a critical edition hinders assessment of textual variation.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

16 commentary units 3 structure3 term3 background3 caution2 parallel2 reception 0 derived notes 6 open questions 3 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 3 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
LIT3960Homily:1 · narrativehigh
Source
The following text is taken from . Admonition for Yakkātit በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ወክቡር፡ ወኃያል፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ የካቲት። ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። ወኮነ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ነገር፡ ወሀሎ፡ አሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ነዳይ፡ ዘዐቢይ፡ ሃይማኖቱ፡ ወይነብር፡ ውስተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ብሔር፡ ይስእል፡ ወይጼሊ፡ መዓልተ፡ ወሌሊተ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ኦ፡ ሊቅየ፡ ተሣሀለኒ፡ ወወሀበኒ፡ ሲሳየ፡ ዕለት፡ ወዐራዘ፡ ዘዓመት። ወሀካይ፡ ብእሲሁ፡ ወኢይወፅእ፡ እምነ፡ ቤቱ፡ ውስተ፡ ተግባር፡ ወስራሕ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘየአምር፡ ተግባር፡ ወኢይሰርሕ፡ ምንተኒ፡ ወኢአሐተኒ፡ ሰዓተ፡ ወኢየአምር፡ ነጊደ። ወእምዝ፡ መጽአ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ በሕልም፡ ኀበ፡ ውእቱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ነዳይ፡ ወአስተርአዮ፡ ለዝኩ፡ ነዳይ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ እፎ፡ አንተ፡ ሀካይ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘኢተአምር፡ ግብረ፡ ወስራሐ፡ ወሐሪሰ፡ ወትስእለኒ፡ መዓልተ፡ ወሌሊተ፡ ወትብል፡ ተሣሀለኒ፡ ላዕለ፡ አይኑ፡ ወይንከ፡ ወአይኑ፡ ሥርናይከ፡ ወአይኑ፡ ተግባርከ፡ ወስራሕከ፡ ከመ፡ እባርክ፡ ለከ።
English
In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy, honored, and mighty Michael, chief of the angels, which is read on the tenth and the second of the month of Yakkātit. May his prayer and blessing be with us forever and ever. Amen. And after this matter, there was a certain poor man whose faith was great, and he dwelt in that country, begging and praying day and night. And he said to the holy Michael, "O my chief, have mercy on me and give me sustenance for the day and provisions for the year." And the man was idle, and he did not go out from his house to work and labor, and there was no one who knew work, and he did not labor at anything, not even for one hour, and he did not know a trade. And then the holy Michael, chief of the angels, came in a dream to that poor man and appeared to that poor man and said to him, "Why are you an idle man who knows no work or labor, and you are idle, and you ask me day and night and say, 'Have mercy on me'? Where is your eye, and where is your skill, and where is your work and labor, that I may bless you?
LIT3960Homily:2 · narrativehigh
Source
ወተዓረኩ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ እምኣሜሃ፡ እስከ፡ ዕለተ፡ ዕረፍቶሙ፡ ወነበሩ፡ በሰላመ፡ እግዚአብሔር ። ወዝንቱ፡ ኵሉ፡ ኮነ፡ በስእለቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት። ወለነኒ፡ ይምሐረነ፡ ወይሣሀለነ፡ በኀይለ፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይዕቀበነ፡ ለኵልነ፡ ውሉደ፡ ጥምቀት፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። The following text is taken from 69-74 . በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፤ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ወክቡር፡ ወኀያል፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ የካቲት። ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፤ አሜን። ወኮነ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ነገር፡ ወሀሎ፡ አሐዱ፡ አእሲ፡ ነዳይ፡ ዘዐቢይ፡ ሃይማኖቱ፡ ወይነብር፡ ውስተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ብሔር፡ ይስእል፡ ወይጼሊ፡ መዓልተ፡ ወሌሊተ፤ ወይቤሎ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ኦ፡ ሊቅየ፡ ተሣሀለኒ፡ ወወሀበኒ፤ ሲሳየ፡ ዕለት። ወዐራዘ፡ ዘዓመት፡ ወሀካይ፡ ብእሲሁ፥ ወኢይወፅእ፡ እምነ፡ ቤቱ፡ ውስተ፡ ተግባር፡ ወስራሕ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘየአምር፡ ትግባረ። ወኢይሰርሕ፡ ምንተኒ፤ ወኢአሐተኒ፡ ሰዓተ፡ ወኢየአምር፡ ነጊደ።
English
And they remained from that time until the day of their repose, and they lived in the peace of God. And all this came about through the prayer of the holy Michael, chief of the angels. And may he have mercy upon us and be gracious to us through the power of the prayer of the holy Michael, chief of the angels. May God protect all of us, the children of baptism, forever and ever. Amen. In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy, honored, and mighty Michael, chief of the angels, which is read on the tenth and the second of the month of Yakkātit. May his prayer and blessing be with us forever and ever. Amen. And after this matter, there was a certain poor man of great faith, and he dwelt in that same region, beseeching and praying day and night. And he said to the holy Michael, "O my chief, be gracious to me and give me sustenance for the day and provision for the year, and clothe me, for I am a man, and I do not go out from my house to work or labor, and there is none who knows my labor, and I do no work at all, nor do I know any trade.
LIT3960Homily:3 · narrativemedium
Source
ወነሥአ፡ ዝኩኒ፡ ነዳይ፡ ሃምሳ፡ ረባሐ፥ ወአግበር፡ ጽዋዐ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ከመ፡ ይኩኖ፡ ለተዝካሩ፡ ወተዓረኩ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ እምአሜሃ፡ እስከ፡ ዕለተ፡ ዕረፍቶሙ፤ ወነበሩ፡ በሰላመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወዝንቱ፡ ኵሉ፡ ኮነ፡ በስእለቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት። ወለነኒ፡ ይምሐረነ፡ ወይሣሀለነ፡ በኀይለ፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፥ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይዕቀበነ፡ ለኵልነ፡ ውሉደ፡ ጥምቀት፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፤ አሜን። After በስመአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅ፡ ፩አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቀድስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፲ወ፪፡ ለየካ፡ ቲት፡ በሰላመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዓሜን፡ ወኮነ፡ ፩ዱ፡ ነዳይ፡ ውስተ፡ ፩ብሔር፡ ወዓቢይ፡ ሃይማኖቱ፡ ይጼሊ፡ መአልተ፡ ወሌሊተ፡ ወይብል፡ ኦ ሊቅየ፡ ወሊቆሙ፡ ለመላእክት፡ ተሣሃለኒ፡ እስመ፡ ሐካይ፡ ብእሲሁ፡ ወኢይወጽእ፡ እምነ፡ ቤቱ፡ ወአልቦቱ፡ ተግባር፡ ወኢስራኅ፡ ወኢየአምር፡ ንጊደ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ወእምዝ፡ መጽአ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወአስተርአዮ፡ በኅልም፡ ወይቤሎ፡ አንተ፡ ብእሲ፡ ሀካይ፡ ወኢትትገበር፡ አሐደ፡ እምግብርናት፡ ወትብለኒ፡ መአልተ፡ ወሌሊተ፡ ተሣሃለኒ፡ አይኑ፡ ወወሀቦ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወአግበረ፡ ፃሕለ፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወነዳይኒ፡ ነሥአ፡ ሃምሳ፡ ረበሁ፡ አግበረ፡ ጽዋዓ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚኤል፡ ወተዓረኩ፡ ፪ሆሙ፡ አምዓሜሃ፡ እለት፡ ዕሰሙ፡ ወፍቅሩ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስለ፡ ፍቁሩ፡ ለአለመ፡ ዓሜ፡
English
And this poor man took fifty talents and made a donation to the church of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, for his commemoration. And the two of them were blessed from that time until the day of their repose, and they lived in the peace of God. And all this came about through the prayer of the holy Michael, chief of the angels. And may he have mercy upon us and forgive us through the power of the prayer of the holy Michael, chief of the angels. May God protect all of us, the children of baptism, forever and ever. Amen. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, which is read on the twelfth of Yakkātit, in the peace of God. Amen. And there was a certain poor man in a certain country, and his faith was great. He prayed day and night and said, "O my chief and the chief of the angels, have mercy on me, for I am a poor man, and he does not go out from his house, and I have no work, and no wages, and I do not know a merchant." And after this and after that, the holy Michael came and appeared to him in a dream and said to him, "You, a poor man, do not do any of the works, and you say to me day and night, 'Have mercy on me.' What is this?" And he gave to the church and made a donation of the holy Michael. And the poor man took fifty talents and made a donation to the church of the holy Michael. And the two of them were blessed from that time, the day of their name and their love, which is with their beloved, forever and ever.
Citation. Tergwame, “Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Yakkātit)”, LIT3960Homily:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT3960Homily#s1
Colophon. Source: betmas · licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0025 · generated 2026-11-15.