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Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius

Anonymous · betmas

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Summary

This anonymous Geʿez homily on the Archangel Michael, conventionally attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis, survives in a single manuscript (Betmaṣḥaf 3959) and is part of the Faws Manfasawi collection. It is read in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on the 12th of each month, Michael's regular feast. The text likely reached Geʿez via Arabic from Coptic sources, probably no earlier than the 14th century. The homily opens with a trinitarian invocation, includes a rubric for liturgical reading, and contains a creation sequence reflecting Hexaemeral traditions. The edition does not collate against a Coptic Vorlage or identify later Ethiopic interpolations, so the text's unity is uncertain.

This homily exemplifies the adaptation of Coptic angelological traditions into Ethiopian Orthodox liturgy and literature. It is a key witness to the Faws Manfasawi collection and the veneration of Michael in Ethiopia. The text's uncertain authorship and transmission highlight the challenges of studying medieval Ethiopic translations from Arabic and Coptic, and its liturgical use underscores the integration of homilies into monthly feasts.

Historical context

The homily is preserved in a single Ethiopic manuscript (Betmaṣḥaf 3959) that lacks a scribal colophon or date. Its attribution to Epiphanius of Salamis (4th century) is conventional and unsupported. The text likely entered Geʿez through an Arabic translation from Coptic sources, a common transmission route for angelological and hagiographic works in Ethiopia. This process probably occurred no earlier than the 14th century, when such translations flourished in Ethiopian monastic centers. The homily belongs to the Faws Manfasawi, a collection of homilies and prayers for Michael, and is read liturgically on the 12th of each month, reflecting Michael's prominent role in Ethiopian Orthodox piety. The creation sequence (Thursday: sea creatures, Friday: Adam and land animals, Saturday: rest) suggests influence from Coptic or Syriac Hexaemeral traditions. The Geʿez term mäftəw (interpretation) may indicate a later gloss or expansion, pointing to a layered textual history.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

18 commentary units 3 structure3 term3 background3 caution2 reception2 scripture1 dating1 parallel 0 derived notes 6 open questions 3 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 3 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
LIT3959Homily:1 · narrativemedium
Source
The following text is taken from 52-66 . በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ሥሉስ፡ ዘኢይትሌለይ፥ ዕሩይ፡ ዘኢይሴደቅ፤ ታሉት፡ ዘኢይትበዐድ። ረድአኒ፡ ከመ፡ እንግር፡ ድርሳነ፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ወክቡር፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወመልአከ፡ ኀይል፡ ዘርኡስ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ሰራዊተ፡ መላእክት፡ ሰማያውያን፡ ዘውእቶሙ፡ አእላፈ፡ አእላፋት፤ ዘይትነበብ፡ በበዓሉ፡ ለሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ሚካኤል፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ጥር፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። መፍትው፡ ትስምዕዎ፡ በለብዎ፡ እለ፡ ተጋባእክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ታእምሩ፡ ዕበዮ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ እምካልኣን፡ አብያጺሁ፡ ሊቃነ፡ መላእክት፤ እስመ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ቢጽ፡ ቦቱ፡ ሊቅ። ወበዕለተ፡ ሐሙስ፡ ፈጠረ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘይትሐወስ፡ ውስተ፡ ባሕር፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሲሳዮሙ። ወበዕለተ፡ ዐርብ፡ ፈጠረ፡ አዳምሃ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘይሰርር፡ ወዘይትበልዑ። ወበዕለተ፡ ሰንበትሰ፡ አዕረፈ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ግብሩ፡ ዘሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ እስከ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፤ አሜን።
English
In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, Trinity, who is not divided, righteous who does not err, three who are not separated, help me to proclaim the homily of the holy and honored Michael, the chief of the angels and the angel of power, the head over all the hosts of the heavenly angels, who are thousands of thousands. Which is read on the feast of the chief of the angels Michael, on the tenth and the second of the month of Ṭerr. May his prayer and blessing be with us forever and ever. Amen. Its interpretation: Listen and understand, you who have gathered, that you may know the greatness of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, above the other archangels, for he is the chief of every matter. And on the day of Thursday he created all that moves in the sea with all their food. And on the day of Friday he created Adam with all that creeps and that is eaten. And on the day of the Sabbath he rested from all his work, which is praise, forever and ever. Amen.
LIT3959Homily:2 · narrativehigh
Source
ግበሩኬ፡ ምእመናነ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ በዓሎ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ለለ፡ ወርኁ፡ ከመ፡ የሀብክሙ፡ በረከተ፡ በዝ፡ ዓለም፤ ወበዘይመጽእ፡ ዓለም፡ ከመ፡ ያዕድውክሙ፡ ባሕረ፡ እሳት፡ በአክናፊሁ። ወሊተኒ፡ ያዕድወኒ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። The following text is taken from . መፍትው፡ ትስምዕዎ፡ በለብዎ፡ እለ፡ ተጋባእክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ታእምሩ፡ ዕበዮ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ እምካልኣን፡ አብያጺሁ፡ ሊቃነ፡ መላእክት፡ እስመ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ቢጽ፡ ቦቱ፡ ሊቅ። ወሎቱሰ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ ዘአልቦቱ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ወኢአሐዱኒ፡ እምአመ፡ ክንዮታት፡ አላ፡ አሐዱ፡ መለኮት፡ ፍጹም፡ እንዘ፡ ሥሉስ፡ ውእቱ። ወመላእክትሰ፡ ፍጡራን፡ እሙንቱ፡ ኵሎሙ። ወተፈጥሮቶሙኒ፡ እምነፋስ፡ ወእሳት፡ ዝኬ፡ ውእቱ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ ጠባይዕ። ወለመሬታውያንሰ፡ አርባዕቱ፡ ጠባይዖሙ፡ ዘውእቶሙ፡ ነፋስ፡ ወእሳት፡ ማይ፡ ወመሬት። ወበዕለተ፡ ኀሙስ፡ ፈጠረ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘይትሐወስ፡ ውስተ፡ ባሕር፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሲሳዮሙ።
English
Know, O faithful of the Church, the feast of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, every month, that he may give you blessing in this world and in the world to come, that he may save you from the sea of fire with his wings, and also save me forever and ever, amen. His feast: you shall hear it with your heart, you who have gathered, that you may know the greatness of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, above the other archangels, because for every beginning he is the chief. And for him, except for God alone, there is none above him, and not one of the natures, but one perfect divinity, while he is Trinity. And the angels, they are all creatures, and their creation is from fire and air, which are two natures. But for earthly beings, their four natures are air, fire, water, and earth. And on the fifth day he created all that moves in the sea with all their food.
LIT3959Homily:3 · narrativehigh
Source
ወበዕለተ፡ ዐርብ፡ ፈጠረ፡ አዳምሃ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘይሰርር፡ ወዘይትበልዑ። ወበዕለተ፡ ሰንበትሰ፡ አዕረፈ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ግብሩ፡ ዘሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ እስከ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ ለአሜን። ግበሩኬ፡ ምእመናነ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ በዓሎ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ለለ፡ ወርኁ፡ ከመ፡ የሀብክሙ፡ በረከተ፡ በዝ፡ ዓለም፡ ወበዘይ፡ መጽእ፡ ዓለም፡ ከመ፡ ያዕድውክሙ፡ ባሕረ፡ እሳት፡ በአክናፊሁ፡ ወሊተኒ፡ ያዕድወኒ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።
English
And on the day of Friday he created Adam together with all that creeps and all that is eaten. And on the day of Sabbath he rested from all his work, which is his glory, forever and ever, amen. Do, O faithful of the Church, the feast of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, every month, that he may give you blessing in this world and in the world to come, that he may save you from the sea of fire with his wings, and may he save me also, forever and ever, amen.
Citation. Tergwame, “Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius”, LIT3959Homily:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT3959Homily#s1
Colophon. Source: betmas · licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0022 · generated 2026-11-15.