{"slug":"LIT3959Homily","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3959Homily","title":"Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","author":"Anonymous","genre":"homily","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:08Z","cost_usd":0.002186},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3959Homily","work_id":"LIT3959Homily","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"},"stats":{"passages":3,"english_words":457,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":18,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":6,"work_notes":4,"external_links":6,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT3959Homily","abstract":"This anonymous Geʿez homily on the Archangel Michael, conventionally attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis, survives in a single manuscript (Betmaṣḥaf 3959) and is part of the Faws Manfasawi collection. It is read in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on the 12th of each month, Michael's regular feast. The text likely reached Geʿez via Arabic from Coptic sources, probably no earlier than the 14th century. The homily opens with a trinitarian invocation, includes a rubric for liturgical reading, and contains a creation sequence reflecting Hexaemeral traditions. The edition does not collate against a Coptic Vorlage or identify later Ethiopic interpolations, so the text's unity is uncertain.","historical_context":"The homily is preserved in a single Ethiopic manuscript (Betmaṣḥaf 3959) that lacks a scribal colophon or date. Its attribution to Epiphanius of Salamis (4th century) is conventional and unsupported. The text likely entered Geʿez through an Arabic translation from Coptic sources, a common transmission route for angelological and hagiographic works in Ethiopia. This process probably occurred no earlier than the 14th century, when such translations flourished in Ethiopian monastic centers. The homily belongs to the Faws Manfasawi, a collection of homilies and prayers for Michael, and is read liturgically on the 12th of each month, reflecting Michael's prominent role in Ethiopian Orthodox piety. The creation sequence (Thursday: sea creatures, Friday: Adam and land animals, Saturday: rest) suggests influence from Coptic or Syriac Hexaemeral traditions. The Geʿez term mäftəw (interpretation) may indicate a later gloss or expansion, pointing to a layered textual history.","significance":"This homily exemplifies the adaptation of Coptic angelological traditions into Ethiopian Orthodox liturgy and literature. It is a key witness to the Faws Manfasawi collection and the veneration of Michael in Ethiopia. The text's uncertain authorship and transmission highlight the challenges of studying medieval Ethiopic translations from Arabic and Coptic, and its liturgical use underscores the integration of homilies into monthly feasts.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c.","event":"Epiphanius of Salamis (conventional author) active; no evidence links him to this homily."},{"date":"14th c. or later","event":"Probable translation of the homily into Geʿez via Arabic from Coptic sources."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Manuscript Betmaṣḥaf 3959 copied; no scribe or date recorded."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Homily incorporated into the Faws Manfasawi collection."},{"date":"Ongoing","event":"Read in Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on the 12th of each month."}],"relations":[{"work":"Faws Manfasawi","relation":"Part of this collection of angelological texts","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"},{"work":"Homily on the Archangel Michael by Theodosius of Alexandria","relation":"Similar genre and subject; possible Coptic source","key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"},{"work":"Betmaṣḥaf 3959","relation":"Single known manuscript containing this homily","key":"betmas:LIT3959Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"},{"work":"Edition of Betmaṣḥaf 3959","relation":"Published edition of the manuscript","key":"ed:LIT3959Homily","label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"}],"external_links":[{"key":"hollis:alma990019134800203941","label":"Hollis record for Betmaṣḥaf 3959","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941","reason":"Manuscript holding information"},{"key":"hollis:alma990022427940203941","label":"Hollis record for related Ethiopic manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941","reason":"Contextual manuscript evidence"},{"key":"hollis:alma990090411020203941","label":"Hollis record for Faws Manfasawi","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990090411020203941","reason":"Collection containing the homily"},{"key":"hollis:alma99153734985103941","label":"Hollis record for Coptic angelological text","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/99153734985103941","reason":"Possible source tradition"},{"key":"hollis:alma99154549468603941","label":"Hollis record for Ethiopic homily collection","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/99154549468603941","reason":"Related liturgical material"},{"key":"hollis:alma99158440773703941","label":"Hollis record for Michael veneration in Ethiopia","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/99158440773703941","reason":"Context for feast practice"}],"cautions":["Date of composition and translation uncertain; only a terminus post quem of the 14th century can be suggested.","Attribution to Epiphanius of Salamis is conventional and unsupported by evidence.","The text survives in a single manuscript without colophon; its textual history is poorly understood.","The edition does not collate against a Coptic Vorlage or identify later Ethiopic interpolations, so the text's unity is uncertain."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000541,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:22:02Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3959Homily","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":3,"translated":3,"commentary_passages":3,"commentary_units":18,"english_words":457,"source_letters":1164,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text survives in a single known manuscript, Betmaṣḥaf 3959, which also contains other homilies on Michael. Its colophon does not name a scribe or date.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3959Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Attribution to Epiphanius of Salamis is conventional and unsupported by internal or external evidence. The homily likely reached Geʿez via Arabic translation from Coptic sources, probably no earlier than the 14th century.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This homily is read in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on the 12th of each month, the regular feast of Michael, and is part of the broader Faws Manfasawi collection of angelological texts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not collate the Geʿez against the Coptic Vorlage or identify later Ethiopic interpolations. The reader cannot assume the present text reflects a single original composition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3959Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 3 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":3},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3959Homily":{"label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi":{"label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"},"hollis:alma990019134800203941":{"label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"},"ed:LIT3959Homily":{"label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"},"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael":{"label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"The following text is taken from\n\n52-66\n.\n\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ሥሉስ፡ ዘኢይትሌለይ፥ ዕሩይ፡ ዘኢይሴደቅ፤ ታሉት፡ ዘኢይትበዐድ። ረድአኒ፡ ከመ፡ እንግር፡ ድርሳነ፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ወክቡር፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወመልአከ፡ ኀይል፡ ዘርኡስ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ሰራዊተ፡ መላእክት፡ ሰማያውያን፡ ዘውእቶሙ፡ አእላፈ፡ አእላፋት፤\nዘይትነበብ፡ በበዓሉ፡ ለሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ሚካኤል፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ጥር፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።\n\nመፍትው፡ ትስምዕዎ፡ በለብዎ፡ እለ፡ ተጋባእክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ታእምሩ፡ ዕበዮ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ እምካልኣን፡ አብያጺሁ፡ ሊቃነ፡ መላእክት፤ እስመ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ቢጽ፡ ቦቱ፡ ሊቅ።\n\nወበዕለተ፡ ሐሙስ፡ ፈጠረ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘይትሐወስ፡ ውስተ፡ ባሕር፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሲሳዮሙ። ወበዕለተ፡ ዐርብ፡ ፈጠረ፡ አዳምሃ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘይሰርር፡ ወዘይትበልዑ። ወበዕለተ፡ ሰንበትሰ፡ አዕረፈ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ግብሩ፡ ዘሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ እስከ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፤ አሜን።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, Trinity, who is not divided, righteous who does not err, three who are not separated, help me to proclaim the homily of the holy and honored Michael, the chief of the angels and the angel of power, the head over all the hosts of the heavenly angels, who are thousands of thousands.\n\nWhich is read on the feast of the chief of the angels Michael, on the tenth and the second of the month of Ṭerr. May his prayer and blessing be with us forever and ever. Amen.\n\nIts interpretation: Listen and understand, you who have gathered, that you may know the greatness of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, above the other archangels, for he is the chief of every matter.\n\nAnd on the day of Thursday he created all that moves in the sea with all their food. And on the day of Friday he created Adam with all that creeps and that is eaten. And on the day of the Sabbath he rested from all his work, which is praise, forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a trinitarian invocation, followed by a request for aid in proclaiming a homily for Michael, then a rubric for its liturgical reading, a brief interpretive exhortation, and a concluding narrative of creation days.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3959Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥሉስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term šǝllus (Trinity) is paired with the phrase 'one God' to affirm unity, a standard formula in Ethiopic liturgical texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3959Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ዐሡሩ ወሰኑዩ ለወርኀ ጥር","severity":"info","text":"The feast of Michael is specified as the tenth and second of the month of Ṭerr (January), indicating a double commemoration, likely the 12th and 10th days.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3959Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The creation sequence (Thursday: sea creatures, Friday: Adam and land animals, Saturday: rest) reflects a Hexaemeral tradition, possibly influenced by Coptic or Syriac sources.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"መፍትው","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez term mäftəw (interpretation) introduces a section that may be a later gloss or homiletic expansion, as it shifts from invocation to direct address.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3959Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily is designated for reading on Michael's feast, indicating its liturgical use in the Ethiopian tradition, likely in a monastic or parish setting.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3959Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"},{"key":"hollis:alma990019134800203941","label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'tenth and second' (ዐሡሩ ወሰኑዩ) is ambiguous: it may refer to two separate days (10th and 12th) or a single date (the 12th, with 'tenth' as a textual error). The reading taken follows the Ethiopian synaxary tradition of a double feast.","The creation days (Thursday, Friday, Saturday) are not explicitly linked to Michael in the surviving text; the connection may be implied by his role as chief angel, but the passage is fragmentary."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ግበሩኬ፡ ምእመናነ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ በዓሎ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ለለ፡ ወርኁ፡ ከመ፡ የሀብክሙ፡ በረከተ፡ በዝ፡ ዓለም፤ ወበዘይመጽእ፡ ዓለም፡ ከመ፡\nያዕድውክሙ፡ ባሕረ፡ እሳት፡ በአክናፊሁ። ወሊተኒ፡ ያዕድወኒ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። The following text is taken from .\n\nመፍትው፡ ትስምዕዎ፡ በለብዎ፡ እለ፡ ተጋባእክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ታእምሩ፡ ዕበዮ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ እምካልኣን፡ አብያጺሁ፡ ሊቃነ፡ መላእክት፡\nእስመ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ቢጽ፡ ቦቱ፡ ሊቅ። ወሎቱሰ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ ዘአልቦቱ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ወኢአሐዱኒ፡ እምአመ፡ ክንዮታት፡ አላ፡ አሐዱ፡ መለኮት፡ ፍጹም፡ እንዘ፡ ሥሉስ፡ ውእቱ። ወመላእክትሰ፡ ፍጡራን፡ እሙንቱ፡ ኵሎሙ። ወተፈጥሮቶሙኒ፡ እምነፋስ፡ ወእሳት፡ ዝኬ፡ ውእቱ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ ጠባይዕ። ወለመሬታውያንሰ፡ አርባዕቱ፡ ጠባይዖሙ፡ ዘውእቶሙ፡ ነፋስ፡ ወእሳት፡ ማይ፡ ወመሬት።\n\nወበዕለተ፡ ኀሙስ፡ ፈጠረ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘይትሐወስ፡ ውስተ፡ ባሕር፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሲሳዮሙ።","english":"Know, O faithful of the Church, the feast of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, every month, that he may give you blessing in this world and in the world to come, that he may save you from the sea of fire with his wings, and also save me forever and ever, amen.\n\nHis feast: you shall hear it with your heart, you who have gathered, that you may know the greatness of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, above the other archangels, because for every beginning he is the chief. And for him, except for God alone, there is none above him, and not one of the natures, but one perfect divinity, while he is Trinity. And the angels, they are all creatures, and their creation is from fire and air, which are two natures. But for earthly beings, their four natures are air, fire, water, and earth.\n\nAnd on the fifth day he created all that moves in the sea with all their food.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ግበሩኬ፡ ምእመናነ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a direct address to the faithful, a homiletic convention that signals the beginning of the narrative section after the doxological introduction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3959Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡","severity":"info","text":"The title 'chief of the angels' (liqe melāʾəkt) is a standard epithet for Michael in Ethiopic tradition, emphasizing his primacy over other archangels.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እምነፋስ፡ ወእሳት፡","severity":"info","text":"The description of angels as created from fire and air reflects a common patristic cosmology, derived from works such as those of John of Damascus, and is adapted in Ethiopic angelology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3959Homily","label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበዕለተ፡ ኀሙስ፡ ፈጠረ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘይትሐወስ፡ ውስተ፡ ባሕር፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to creation of sea creatures on the fifth day echoes the Genesis creation account (Gen 1:20–23), where aquatic life is created on the fifth day.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ባሕረ፡ እሳት፡","severity":"info","text":"The 'sea of fire' from which Michael saves the faithful is a motif found in other Ethiopic homilies on Michael, such as the Homily on Michael by Theodosius of Alexandria, where Michael rescues souls from hellfire.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"መፍትው፡ ትስምዕዎ፡ በለብዎ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'you shall hear it with your heart' is ambiguous: it may be a call to attentive listening or a textual corruption; the Geʿez ትስምዕዎ (tesmaʿəwwo) could also be read as a passive construction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3959Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'መፍትው፡ ትስምዕዎ፡ በለብዎ፡' is syntactically unclear; it may mean 'its interpretation: you shall hear it with your heart' or be a scribal error for a different exhortation.","The reference to 'the fifth day' (ዕለተ፡ ኀሙስ፡) could be a specific liturgical day (Thursday) or the fifth day of creation; the context favors the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ወበዕለተ፡ ዐርብ፡ ፈጠረ፡ አዳምሃ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘይሰርር፡ ወዘይትበልዑ። ወበዕለተ፡ ሰንበትሰ፡ አዕረፈ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ግብሩ፡ ዘሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ እስከ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ ለአሜን። ግበሩኬ፡ ምእመናነ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ በዓሎ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ለለ፡ ወርኁ፡ ከመ፡ የሀብክሙ፡ በረከተ፡ በዝ፡ ዓለም፡ ወበዘይ፡ መጽእ፡\nዓለም፡ ከመ፡ ያዕድውክሙ፡ ባሕረ፡ እሳት፡ በአክናፊሁ፡ ወሊተኒ፡ ያዕድወኒ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።","english":"And on the day of Friday he created Adam together with all that creeps and all that is eaten. And on the day of Sabbath he rested from all his work, which is his glory, forever and ever, amen. Do, O faithful of the Church, the feast of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, every month, that he may give you blessing in this world and in the world to come, that he may save you from the sea of fire with his wings, and may he save me also, forever and ever, amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a creation narrative (Friday and Sabbath) to a direct exhortation to the faithful to celebrate Michael's monthly feast. The Coptic cue 'narrative' applies to the first half; the second half is hortatory.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3959Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The association of Adam's creation with Friday and his rest on Sabbath reflects a tradition found in some Christian chronographies, linking the days of creation to the liturgical week.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይሰርር ወዘይትበልዑ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'zäyəsärr wäzäyətbälʿu' (that creeps and that is eaten) is a merism for all living creatures, both wild and domestic, emphasizing the totality of creation with Adam.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3959Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The monthly feast of Michael is a distinctive feature of Ethiopic Christian piety, attested in the dossier of anonymous homilies for the 12th of each month (dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ባሕረ እሳት","severity":"info","text":"The 'sea of fire' (baḥrä əsāt) evokes imagery from apocalyptic literature, such as the fiery river in the Apocalypse of Peter or the Ethiopic Book of Enoch, where angels rescue souls.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text repeats the phrase 'forever and ever, amen' twice, and the English draft omits the second occurrence after 'save me also'. This may reflect a scribal doubling or a liturgical refrain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3959Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Epiphanius","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3959Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez 'ዘይሰርር' could also be read as 'that moves' rather than 'that creeps', but the sense of all living things is clear.","The phrase 'እስከ ለዓለመ ዓለም' appears twice; it is uncertain whether the second is a scribal repetition or a deliberate liturgical response."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}