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መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡

Anonymous · betmas

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machine-draft · no human review 4 passages · 810 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

The Geʿez text of the Epistle of Jude, titled መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡ (Epistle of Jude, brother of James), is presented in this edition (betmas) as transmitted in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. The canonical New Testament letter, originally Greek and dated to the late 1st or early 2nd century CE, is here given in Geʿez without critical apparatus, translation, or commentary. The edition does not specify the manuscript's age or provenance, limiting assessment of variant readings. The work is part of the Ethiopian Orthodox canon (ግዕዝ አዲስ ኪዳን) and used liturgically, reflecting its authoritative status. The Geʿez translation's date remains uncertain, though it likely emerged within the broader Ethiopic biblical translation tradition, possibly from the Aksumite period onward.

This edition presents the Geʿez text of the Epistle of Jude as received in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, offering a window into the transmission of New Testament literature in an ancient non-Greek Christian context. The work is significant for studying the Ethiopian biblical canon, liturgical use, and the reception of Jewish-Christian apocalyptic themes. It also illustrates the broader history of biblical translation in the Horn of Africa.

Historical context

The Epistle of Jude is a short New Testament letter attributed to Jude, traditionally identified as a brother of James the Just and a relative of Jesus. The original Greek text is generally dated to the late 1st or early 2nd century CE, likely composed in a Jewish-Christian milieu in Palestine or Syria. The letter combats false teachings, citing Jewish apocalyptic traditions (e.g., the Assumption of Moses, 1 Enoch). The Geʿez translation belongs to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's scriptural corpus, which includes a broader canon than many other traditions. The translation's date is uncertain; it may have been produced during the Aksumite period (4th–7th centuries) or later, as part of the translation of the Bible into Geʿez. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church accepts Jude as canonical, and the letter is read in liturgical contexts. The edition (betmas) provides the Geʿez text from an unspecified manuscript, without critical notes, so the textual history and variant readings are not accessible from this source alone.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

24 commentary units 7 scripture4 structure4 background3 term2 reception2 caution2 parallel 0 derived notes 5 open questions 4 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • coverageNo English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed.
  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 4 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
LIT3513Epistle:1 · narrativemedium
Source
በእንተ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ዘለቅዱሳን እምይሁዳ፡ ገብረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ። ለእለ፡ ያፈቅርዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አብ፡ ስሙያን፡ ወጽዉዓን፡ በኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። ሰላም፡ ለክሙ፡ ወተፋቅሮ፡ ወሣህል፡ ይብዛኅ፡ ማእከሌክሙ። አኀዊነ፡ በኵሉ፡ አስተፋጠንኩ፡ ከመ፡ እጽሐፍ፡ ለክሙ፡ በእንተ፡ ሕይወተ፡ ኵልነ። እስመ፡ ጥቀ፡ እጽሕፍ፡ ለክሙ፡ ጽሑቀ። ወአስተበቊዐክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ትትቀነይዋ፡ ለእንተ፡ ተውህበት፡ ለቅዱሳን፡ ሃይማኖት። እስመ፡ ተደመሩ፡ ብክሙ፡ ሰብእ፡ ረሲዓን፡ እለ፡ ጽሑፋን፡ ቀዲሙ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ደይን። እለ፡ ያፈልስዋ፡ ለጸጋ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ውስተ፡ ዝሙቶሙ። ወይክሕድዎ፡ ለዘውእቱ፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ ንጉሥ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። በእንተ፡ አዘክሮተ፡ ቀዳማይ ወተአምሩ፡ ምዕረሰ፡ ከመ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ አድኀነ፡ ሕዝቦ፡ እምድረ፡ ግብጽ። ወበዳግምሰ፡ ለእለ፡ ኢአምኑ፡ አጥፍኦሙ። ወለመላእክቲሁኒ፡ እለ፡ ኢዐቀቡ፡ ፍጥረቶሙ፡ ወኀደግዋ፡ ለሥርዐቶሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ደይን። አንበሮሙ፡ ወተዐሰሩ፡ ለዕለት፡ ዐባይ፡ በዘለሊሆሙ፡ አቅነዩ፡ ርእሶሙ።
English
Concerning the Faith of the Saints From Judas, servant of the Lord and of Jesus Christ, brother of James, to those who love the Lord God the Father, called and summoned in Jesus Christ. Peace to you, and may love and mercy increase among you. Our brothers, I have hastened in every way to write to you concerning the life of all of us, for I write to you a letter, and I have exhorted you that you should receive the faith which was given to the Saints. For wicked men have gathered among you, who previously wrote concerning this judgment, those who pervert the grace of God in their conduct, and who deny the one and only King, our Lord Jesus Christ, concerning the remembrance of the first. And they were amazed at the miracle, how Jesus saved his people from the land of Egypt, and again, for those who believed, he destroyed them. And also his angels, who guarded their creation and abandoned their ordinance in judgment, he placed them, and they were bound for the great day, because of their pride they bowed their heads.
LIT3513Epistle:2 · narrativehigh
Source
ወከማሁ፡ ሰዶምኒ፡ ወገሞራ፡ ወአህጉርኒ፡ እለ፡ ምስሌሆን፡ ወበአርአያሆን፡ ዘመዋ። ወተለዋሆን፡ በፍትወተ፡ ዝሙት። ሤሞሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ደይን፡ ዘለዓለም፡ ወተመጠዋ፡ ኵነኔሆን። ወከማሁ፡ እሉኒ፡ እለ፡ በሕልሞሙ፡ ያጌምኑ፡ ሥጋሆሙ። ወይክሕድዎ፡ ለእግዚኦሙ፡ ወይፀርፉ፡ ላዕለ፡ ስብሐቲሁ። በእንተ፡ ተግሣጽ፡ ወምክር፡ ለኃጥኣን ወሚካኤልኒ፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ አመ፡ ይትባሀሎ፡ ለሰይጣን፡ በእንተ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ለሙሴ። ኢተኀበለ፡ ቃለ፡ ፅርፈት፡ ይንብብ፡ አላ፡ ይቤሎ፡ ይሒስከ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ወእሉሰ፡ እለ፡ ይፀርፉ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ይኤብሱ፡ በዘኢየአምሩ። ወኅሊናተሰ፡ ዘሥጋ፡ የአምሩ፡ ከመ፡ እንስሳ፡ ወባቲ፡ ይሤረዉ። አሌ፡ ሎሙ፡ እስመ፡ በፍኖተ፡ ቃየል፡ ሖሩ። ወበዐስበ፡ ጌጋዩ፡ ለበለዓም፡ ውዕዩ፡ ወበካሕዱ፡ ለቆሬ፡ ወእለ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ተሀጕሉ። እሉ፡ እሙንቱ፡ እለ፡ በፍቅር፡ አፍቀሩክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ያስሕቱክሙ፡ ተባዕያን፡ ለኀጢአቶሙ። ወየሐውሩ፡ በፍትወተ፡ ልቦሙ፡ ወዘእንበለ፡ ፍርሀት፡ ይሬእዩ፡ ርእሶሙ። ወከመ፡ ደመና፡ እሙንቱ፡ እንተ፡ አልባቲ፡ ዝናም፡ እንተ፡ ትትሀወክ፡ እምነፋስ። ወከመ፡ ዕፀዋትኒ፡ ይቡሳት፡ እለ፡ አልቦን፡ ፍሬ፡ እለ፡ ካዕበ፡ ሞታ፡ ወተሠረዋ።
English
And like Sodom and Gomorrah, and the cities that were with them, and in their appearance, they were changed and transformed by the desire of fornication; their names were placed in eternal judgment, and their punishment was completed. And like these are those who, in their dreams, defile their bodies and deny their Lord and blaspheme against His glory, concerning the rebuke and counsel for sinners. And Michael, the chief of the angels, when he was disputing with Satan concerning the body of Moses, did he not utter a word of blasphemy? Rather, he said to him, "God will heal you." And these who blaspheme, they themselves are ashamed of what they do not know; and the thoughts of the flesh they know like beasts, and they are cut off. Woe to them, for they have gone in the path of Cain, and have entered into the error of Balaam, and have denied Korah and those who were with him. These are they who have loved you with a love that will cause you to err, like beasts, for their sins; and they walk according to the desire of their heart, and without fear they see themselves; and they are like a cloud that has no rain, which is driven by the wind; and like trees that are dry, which have no fruit, which are already dead and cut down.
LIT3513Epistle:3 · narrativehigh
Source
ወከመ፡ ሞገዳተ፡ ባሕር፡ እሙንቱ፡ እቡዳት፡ እለ፡ ያፈልሕዋ፡ ለኀሳሮሙ። ወከመ፡ ከዋክብት፡ ጽልሙታን፡ እለ፡ ለፍጻሜ፡ ጽልመቶሙ፡ ደይን፡ ይጸንሖሙ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም። በከመ፡ ተነበየ፡ ሄኖክ፡ በእንቲኣሆሙ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ሳብዕ፡ እምአዳም፡ ወይቤ። ናሁ፡ ይመጽእ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በአእላፊሁ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ መላእክት፡ ከመ፡ ይግበር፡ ኵነኔ። ወይፈድዮ፡ ለኵሉ፡ በከመ፡ ምግባሩ። ወይዛለፎሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ኃጥኣን፡ በእንተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ግብረ፡ ኀጣውኢሆሙ፡ ዘአበሱ። ወበእንተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘነበቡ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ዘኢይከውን፡ ቃለ፡ ኃጥኣን፡ ወጽልሕዋን። እሉ፡ እሙንቱ፡ እለ፡ ያንጐረጕሩ፡ እስመ፡ ቅቡጻን፡ ተስፋሆሙ፡ እለ፡ የሐውሩ፡ በፍትወተ፡ ልቦሙ። ወአፉሆሙኒ፡ ይነብብ፡ ትዕቢተ፡ ወያስተብዕሉ፡ ወያደልዉ፡ ለገጽ። ወዝ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘይገብሩ፡ ከመ፡ ይርብሖሙ። ወአንትሙሰ፡ አኀዊነ፡ ተዘከሩ። ቃለ፡ ዘነገሩክሙ፡ ቀዲሙ፡ ሐዋርያቲሁ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወዘይቤሉክሙ። ከመ፡ በደኃሪ፡ መዋዕል፡ ይመጽኡ፡ መስሕታን። እለ፡ ይሜህሩ፡ በፍትወተ፡ ልቦሙ፡ ወያስሕቱ፡ በኀጣውኢሆሙ።
English
and like the waves of the sea, they are the wicked who increase their deficiency; and like the stars of darkness, which for the end of their darkness, judgment will pursue them forever and ever. As Enoch, who is the seventh from Adam, prophesied concerning them, and said: Behold, the Lord will come with his thousands of holy angels to execute judgment. And he will judge everyone according to his deed; and he will cast down all sinners for all the deeds of their sin which they have done; and for all that they have spoken against him, which cannot be the word of sinners and transgressors. These are they who murmur, for their hope is cut off, who walk according to the desire of their heart; and their mouth speaks pride, and they boast and mock the face; and all that they do is to cause them to tremble. And you, our brothers, remember the word which the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ told you before, and which they will tell you. That in the last days, deceivers will come who teach according to the desire of their heart and lead astray by their sin.
LIT3513Epistle:4 · narrativehigh
Source
እሉ፡ እሙንቱ፡ እለ፡ ይስሕቡ፡ በጌጋዮሙ። ወያስሕቱ፡ በፍትወተ፡ ነፍሶሙ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አልቦሙ። ወአንትሙሰ፡ አኀዊነ፡ ሕንጹ፡ ርእሰክሙ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ቅድስት፡ ወበመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ጸልዩ። ወበፍቅሩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ተዐቀቡ። ወተሰፈውዋ፡ ለምሕረቱ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እንተ፡ ሕይወት፡ ዘለዓለመ፡ ዓለም። እስመ፡ ቦ፡ ለዘትዘልፍዎ፡ በእንተ፡ ኀጢአቱ፡ ወቦ፡ ለዘትምሕርዎ። ወቦ፡ ለዘታድኅንዎ፡ እምውስተ፡ እሳት፡ ወትባልሕዎ። ወቦ፡ ዘይድኅን፡ ፈሪሆ፡ ወነሲሖ። ወቦ፡ እለ፡ ጸሊኦሙ፡ ዘቀዲሙ፡ ጌጋዮሙ፡ ኀደጉ፡ ዐራዘ፡ ጥልቀተ፡ ዝሙቶሙ። ወይክል፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መድኀኒነ፡ ዐቂቦተክሙ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ጌጋይ። ወአቅሞተክሙ፡ ቅድመ፡ ስብሐቲሁ፡ ንጹሓኒክሙ፡ በትፍሥሕት። በእደዊሁ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ወመድኀኒነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። ዘሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ ወዕበይ፡ ወኀይል፡ ወሥልጣን፡ እምቅድመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ፍጥረተ፡ ዓለም፡ ይእዜኒ፡ ወዘልፈኒ። ወለኵሉ፡ ዓለማት፡ ዘይመጽእ፡ አሜን።
English
These are they who err in their errors and cause error in the desire of their souls, and the Holy Spirit is not with them. And you, our brothers, build your head upon holy faith and pray with the Holy Spirit. And abide in the love of the Lord, and hope for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ, which is the life of the eternal world. For there is one who will forgive him for his sin, and there is one who will have mercy on him. And there is one who will save him from the fire and make him pass through; and there is one who will be saved, having feared and repented; and there are those who, having prayed, have abandoned their former errors, the path of the depth of their wickedness. And the Lord, our Savior, can accept your repentance without error, and set your standing before His praise, your purity in joy. In the hands of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, to whom belong praise, greatness, power, and authority before all creation of the world, now and forever. And for all the worlds that are to come, Amen.
Citation. Tergwame, “መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡”, LIT3513Epistle:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT3513Epistle#s1
Colophon. Source: betmas · licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0028 · generated 2026-11-15.