{"slug":"LIT3513Epistle","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3513Epistle","title":"መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"translated-elsewhere","coverage_claim":{"status":"translated-elsewhere","reference":"","text":"An English translation of this work is reported: citation not established. The citation comes from a language model and was not confirmed in a catalogue."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:06Z","cost_usd":0.002786},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3513Epistle","work_id":"LIT3513Epistle","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"},"stats":{"passages":4,"english_words":810,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":24,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":5,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT3513Epistle","abstract":"The Geʿez text of the Epistle of Jude, titled መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡ (Epistle of Jude, brother of James), is presented in this edition (betmas) as transmitted in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. The canonical New Testament letter, originally Greek and dated to the late 1st or early 2nd century CE, is here given in Geʿez without critical apparatus, translation, or commentary. The edition does not specify the manuscript's age or provenance, limiting assessment of variant readings. The work is part of the Ethiopian Orthodox canon (ግዕዝ አዲስ ኪዳን) and used liturgically, reflecting its authoritative status. The Geʿez translation's date remains uncertain, though it likely emerged within the broader Ethiopic biblical translation tradition, possibly from the Aksumite period onward.","historical_context":"The Epistle of Jude is a short New Testament letter attributed to Jude, traditionally identified as a brother of James the Just and a relative of Jesus. The original Greek text is generally dated to the late 1st or early 2nd century CE, likely composed in a Jewish-Christian milieu in Palestine or Syria. The letter combats false teachings, citing Jewish apocalyptic traditions (e.g., the Assumption of Moses, 1 Enoch). The Geʿez translation belongs to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's scriptural corpus, which includes a broader canon than many other traditions. The translation's date is uncertain; it may have been produced during the Aksumite period (4th–7th centuries) or later, as part of the translation of the Bible into Geʿez. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church accepts Jude as canonical, and the letter is read in liturgical contexts. The edition (betmas) provides the Geʿez text from an unspecified manuscript, without critical notes, so the textual history and variant readings are not accessible from this source alone.","significance":"This edition presents the Geʿez text of the Epistle of Jude as received in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, offering a window into the transmission of New Testament literature in an ancient non-Greek Christian context. The work is significant for studying the Ethiopian biblical canon, liturgical use, and the reception of Jewish-Christian apocalyptic themes. It also illustrates the broader history of biblical translation in the Horn of Africa.","timeline":[{"date":"late 1st–early 2nd c. CE","event":"Original Greek Epistle of Jude composed, likely in Palestine or Syria."},{"date":"4th–7th c. CE","event":"Possible period for translation of the New Testament into Geʿez during the Aksumite kingdom."},{"date":"medieval period","event":"Manuscript transmission of the Geʿez text within Ethiopian monastic scriptoria."},{"date":"modern era","event":"Publication of the Geʿez text in the betmas edition, without critical apparatus."}],"relations":[{"work":"Epistle of Jude (Greek New Testament)","relation":"source text for the Geʿez translation","key":"wikipedia:Epistle of Jude","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"1 Enoch","relation":"cited in the Epistle of Jude (v. 14-15)","key":"wikipedia:Book of Enoch","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Assumption of Moses","relation":"cited in the Epistle of Jude (v. 9)","key":"wikipedia:Assumption of Moses","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopic New Testament (ግዕዝ አዲስ ኪዳን)","relation":"part of the same canonical collection","key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Biblical canon","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The date of the Geʿez translation is uncertain; it cannot be precisely assigned to a specific century from the edition alone.","The edition (betmas) does not specify the manuscript source or its age, limiting textual criticism.","Authorship of the original Greek letter is traditionally attributed to Jude, but modern scholarship debates this.","The Geʿez text may contain later scribal additions or adaptations not present in the Greek original."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.00054,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:38:48Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3513Epistle","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":4,"translated":4,"commentary_passages":4,"commentary_units":24,"english_words":810,"source_letters":2025,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez title መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡ identifies this as the Epistle of Jude, brother of James, a canonical New Testament letter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The source edition (betmas) presents the Geʿez text of the Epistle of Jude as transmitted in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, likely from a manuscript witness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In the Ethiopian Orthodox canon, the Epistle of Jude is part of the broader New Testament (ግዕዝ አዲስ ኪዳን) and is read liturgically, reflecting its acceptance as authoritative scripture.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The original Greek text of Jude is typically dated to the late 1st or early 2nd century CE, but the Geʿez translation's date is uncertain; the edition does not specify the manuscript's age.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition (betmas) provides the Geʿez text without critical apparatus, translation, or commentary; readers cannot assess variant readings or the manuscript basis from this source alone.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"caution","text":"An English translation of this work is reported: citation not established. The citation comes from a language model and was not confirmed in a catalogue."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 4 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":4},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3513Epistle":{"label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"በእንተ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ዘለቅዱሳን\n\nእምይሁዳ፡ ገብረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ። ለእለ፡ ያፈቅርዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አብ፡ ስሙያን፡ ወጽዉዓን፡ በኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለክሙ፡ ወተፋቅሮ፡ ወሣህል፡ ይብዛኅ፡ ማእከሌክሙ።\n\nአኀዊነ፡ በኵሉ፡ አስተፋጠንኩ፡ ከመ፡ እጽሐፍ፡ ለክሙ፡ በእንተ፡ ሕይወተ፡ ኵልነ። እስመ፡ ጥቀ፡ እጽሕፍ፡ ለክሙ፡ ጽሑቀ። ወአስተበቊዐክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ትትቀነይዋ፡ ለእንተ፡ ተውህበት፡ ለቅዱሳን፡ ሃይማኖት።\n\nእስመ፡ ተደመሩ፡ ብክሙ፡ ሰብእ፡ ረሲዓን፡ እለ፡ ጽሑፋን፡ ቀዲሙ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ደይን። እለ፡ ያፈልስዋ፡ ለጸጋ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ውስተ፡ ዝሙቶሙ። ወይክሕድዎ፡ ለዘውእቱ፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ ንጉሥ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። በእንተ፡ አዘክሮተ፡ ቀዳማይ\n\nወተአምሩ፡ ምዕረሰ፡ ከመ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ አድኀነ፡ ሕዝቦ፡ እምድረ፡ ግብጽ። ወበዳግምሰ፡ ለእለ፡ ኢአምኑ፡ አጥፍኦሙ።\n\nወለመላእክቲሁኒ፡ እለ፡ ኢዐቀቡ፡ ፍጥረቶሙ፡ ወኀደግዋ፡ ለሥርዐቶሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ደይን። አንበሮሙ፡ ወተዐሰሩ፡ ለዕለት፡ ዐባይ፡ በዘለሊሆሙ፡ አቅነዩ፡ ርእሶሙ።","english":"Concerning the Faith of the Saints\n\nFrom Judas, servant of the Lord and of Jesus Christ, brother of James, to those who love the Lord God the Father, called and summoned in Jesus Christ.\n\nPeace to you, and may love and mercy increase among you.\n\nOur brothers, I have hastened in every way to write to you concerning the life of all of us, for I write to you a letter, and I have exhorted you that you should receive the faith which was given to the Saints.\n\nFor wicked men have gathered among you, who previously wrote concerning this judgment, those who pervert the grace of God in their conduct, and who deny the one and only King, our Lord Jesus Christ, concerning the remembrance of the first.\n\nAnd they were amazed at the miracle, how Jesus saved his people from the land of Egypt, and again, for those who believed, he destroyed them.\n\nAnd also his angels, who guarded their creation and abandoned their ordinance in judgment, he placed them, and they were bound for the great day, because of their pride they bowed their heads.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በእንተ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ዘለቅዱሳን","severity":"info","text":"The superscription 'Concerning the Faith of the Saints' functions as a title, marking the letter's thematic focus on faith as a legacy of the saints.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሃይማኖት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሃይማኖት (haymanot) denotes 'faith' in a confessional sense, often tied to orthodox doctrine and the apostolic tradition received by the saints.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ፡ አድኀነ፡ ሕዝቦ፡ እምድረ፡ ግብጽ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Jesus saving his people from Egypt alludes to the Exodus narrative, possibly conflating Joshua (Jesus) with Moses, a typology found in early Christian literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እለ፡ ያፈልስዋ፡ ለጸጋ፡ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The accusation that wicked men 'pervert the grace of God' reflects a concern with antinomian or gnosticizing interpretations of grace, common in early Christian polemics against heresy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"እምይሁዳ፡ ገብረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ","severity":"info","text":"The letter's self-identification as from 'Judas, brother of James' aligns with the canonical Epistle of Jude, but the Geʿez version expands the address and doctrinal content, indicating a later reception in Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተዐሰሩ፡ ለዕለት፡ ዐባይ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they were bound for the great day' is ambiguous: it may refer to eschatological binding of fallen angels or to a specific judgment scene; the Geʿez syntax does not clarify the subject's identity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'wicked men' and the precise nature of their 'judgment' (ደይን) are not specified; the text may allude to a known controversy or heresy.","The phrase 'remembrance of the first' (አዘክሮተ፡ ቀዳማይ) is obscure, possibly referring to a prior event or a lost source."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወከማሁ፡ ሰዶምኒ፡ ወገሞራ፡ ወአህጉርኒ፡ እለ፡ ምስሌሆን፡ ወበአርአያሆን፡ ዘመዋ። ወተለዋሆን፡ በፍትወተ፡ ዝሙት። ሤሞሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ደይን፡ ዘለዓለም፡ ወተመጠዋ፡ ኵነኔሆን።\n\nወከማሁ፡ እሉኒ፡ እለ፡ በሕልሞሙ፡ ያጌምኑ፡ ሥጋሆሙ። ወይክሕድዎ፡ ለእግዚኦሙ፡ ወይፀርፉ፡ ላዕለ፡ ስብሐቲሁ። በእንተ፡ ተግሣጽ፡ ወምክር፡ ለኃጥኣን\n\nወሚካኤልኒ፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ አመ፡ ይትባሀሎ፡ ለሰይጣን፡ በእንተ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ለሙሴ። ኢተኀበለ፡ ቃለ፡ ፅርፈት፡ ይንብብ፡ አላ፡ ይቤሎ፡ ይሒስከ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወእሉሰ፡ እለ፡ ይፀርፉ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ይኤብሱ፡ በዘኢየአምሩ። ወኅሊናተሰ፡ ዘሥጋ፡ የአምሩ፡ ከመ፡ እንስሳ፡ ወባቲ፡ ይሤረዉ።\n\nአሌ፡ ሎሙ፡ እስመ፡ በፍኖተ፡ ቃየል፡ ሖሩ። ወበዐስበ፡ ጌጋዩ፡ ለበለዓም፡ ውዕዩ፡ ወበካሕዱ፡ ለቆሬ፡ ወእለ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ተሀጕሉ።\n\nእሉ፡ እሙንቱ፡ እለ፡ በፍቅር፡ አፍቀሩክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ያስሕቱክሙ፡ ተባዕያን፡ ለኀጢአቶሙ። ወየሐውሩ፡ በፍትወተ፡ ልቦሙ፡ ወዘእንበለ፡ ፍርሀት፡ ይሬእዩ፡ ርእሶሙ። ወከመ፡ ደመና፡ እሙንቱ፡ እንተ፡ አልባቲ፡ ዝናም፡ እንተ፡ ትትሀወክ፡ እምነፋስ። ወከመ፡ ዕፀዋትኒ፡ ይቡሳት፡ እለ፡ አልቦን፡ ፍሬ፡ እለ፡ ካዕበ፡ ሞታ፡ ወተሠረዋ።","english":"And like Sodom and Gomorrah, and the cities that were with them, and in their appearance, they were changed and transformed by the desire of fornication; their names were placed in eternal judgment, and their punishment was completed.\n\nAnd like these are those who, in their dreams, defile their bodies and deny their Lord and blaspheme against His glory, concerning the rebuke and counsel for sinners.\n\nAnd Michael, the chief of the angels, when he was disputing with Satan concerning the body of Moses, did he not utter a word of blasphemy? Rather, he said to him, \"God will heal you.\"\n\nAnd these who blaspheme, they themselves are ashamed of what they do not know; and the thoughts of the flesh they know like beasts, and they are cut off.\n\nWoe to them, for they have gone in the path of Cain, and have entered into the error of Balaam, and have denied Korah and those who were with him.\n\nThese are they who have loved you with a love that will cause you to err, like beasts, for their sins; and they walk according to the desire of their heart, and without fear they see themselves; and they are like a cloud that has no rain, which is driven by the wind; and like trees that are dry, which have no fruit, which are already dead and cut down.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰዶምኒ ወገሞራ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Sodom and Gomorrah echoes Genesis 19, where these cities are destroyed for their sins, a common trope in Ethiopic paraenesis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሚካኤልኒ ሊቀ መላእክት","severity":"info","text":"The dispute between Michael and Satan over Moses’ body is known from the Assumption of Moses tradition, influential in Ethiopic Christianity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በፍኖተ ቃየል","severity":"info","text":"Cain’s path alludes to Genesis 4, where Cain murders Abel, symbolizing sin and rejection of God.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በዐስበ ጌጋዩ ለበለዓም","severity":"info","text":"Balaam’s error refers to Numbers 22–24, where Balaam is led astray by Balak’s promises, a figure of moral failure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቆሬ","severity":"info","text":"Korah’s rebellion is from Numbers 16, where he and his followers are swallowed by the earth for opposing Moses and Aaron.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወከማሁ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'And like' (ወከማሁ) structures the passage as a series of analogies, linking biblical exempla to contemporary sinners.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ይሒስከ እግዚአብሔር' (God will heal you) in Michael’s response to Satan is ambiguous: it may be a rebuke or a promise, and the text does not clarify the intended tone."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ወከመ፡ ሞገዳተ፡ ባሕር፡ እሙንቱ፡ እቡዳት፡ እለ፡ ያፈልሕዋ፡ ለኀሳሮሙ። ወከመ፡ ከዋክብት፡ ጽልሙታን፡ እለ፡ ለፍጻሜ፡ ጽልመቶሙ፡ ደይን፡ ይጸንሖሙ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም።\n\nበከመ፡ ተነበየ፡ ሄኖክ፡ በእንቲኣሆሙ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ሳብዕ፡ እምአዳም፡ ወይቤ። ናሁ፡ ይመጽእ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በአእላፊሁ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ መላእክት፡ ከመ፡ ይግበር፡ ኵነኔ።\n\nወይፈድዮ፡ ለኵሉ፡ በከመ፡ ምግባሩ። ወይዛለፎሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ኃጥኣን፡ በእንተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ግብረ፡ ኀጣውኢሆሙ፡ ዘአበሱ። ወበእንተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘነበቡ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ዘኢይከውን፡ ቃለ፡ ኃጥኣን፡ ወጽልሕዋን።\n\nእሉ፡ እሙንቱ፡ እለ፡ ያንጐረጕሩ፡ እስመ፡ ቅቡጻን፡ ተስፋሆሙ፡ እለ፡ የሐውሩ፡ በፍትወተ፡ ልቦሙ። ወአፉሆሙኒ፡ ይነብብ፡ ትዕቢተ፡ ወያስተብዕሉ፡ ወያደልዉ፡ ለገጽ። ወዝ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘይገብሩ፡ ከመ፡ ይርብሖሙ።\n\nወአንትሙሰ፡ አኀዊነ፡ ተዘከሩ። ቃለ፡ ዘነገሩክሙ፡ ቀዲሙ፡ ሐዋርያቲሁ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወዘይቤሉክሙ።\n\nከመ፡ በደኃሪ፡ መዋዕል፡ ይመጽኡ፡ መስሕታን። እለ፡ ይሜህሩ፡ በፍትወተ፡ ልቦሙ፡ ወያስሕቱ፡ በኀጣውኢሆሙ።","english":"and like the waves of the sea, they are the wicked who increase their deficiency; and like the stars of darkness, which for the end of their darkness, judgment will pursue them forever and ever.\n\nAs Enoch, who is the seventh from Adam, prophesied concerning them, and said: Behold, the Lord will come with his thousands of holy angels to execute judgment.\n\nAnd he will judge everyone according to his deed; and he will cast down all sinners for all the deeds of their sin which they have done; and for all that they have spoken against him, which cannot be the word of sinners and transgressors.\n\nThese are they who murmur, for their hope is cut off, who walk according to the desire of their heart; and their mouth speaks pride, and they boast and mock the face; and all that they do is to cause them to tremble.\n\nAnd you, our brothers, remember the word which the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ told you before, and which they will tell you.\n\nThat in the last days, deceivers will come who teach according to the desire of their heart and lead astray by their sin.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወከመ፡ ሞገዳተ፡ ባሕር፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from the preceding simile of Sodom and Gomorrah to a new set of similes comparing sinners to waves of the sea and stars of darkness, marking a structural break.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሄኖክ፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Enoch as the seventh from Adam who prophesied judgment echoes 1 Enoch, a text authoritative in Ethiopic tradition but not canonical in most other Christian canons.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መስሕታን፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መስሕታን (masḥətan) means 'deceivers' or 'seducers,' likely referring to false teachers in the last days, a key concept in the epistle's eschatological warning.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሳብዕ፡ እምአዳም፡","severity":"info","text":"Enoch is described as the seventh from Adam, a genealogy found in Genesis 5 and elaborated in 1 Enoch, reflecting Ethiopic Christianity's high regard for Enochic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ በደኃሪ፡ መዋዕል፡ ይመጽኡ፡ መስሕታን።","severity":"info","text":"The warning about deceivers in the last days parallels New Testament passages such as 2 Peter 2 and 1 Timothy 4, which caution against false teachers leading the faithful astray.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኢይከውን፡ ቃለ፡ ኃጥኣን፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'which cannot be the word of sinners and transgressors' is ambiguous: it may mean the sinners' words are invalid or that the judgment is inescapable; the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ዘኢይከውን፡ ቃለ፡ ኃጥኣን፡' (which cannot be the word of sinners) is syntactically unclear: it may modify the preceding clause about what sinners spoke, or stand as a separate assertion about the nature of their speech."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"እሉ፡ እሙንቱ፡ እለ፡ ይስሕቡ፡ በጌጋዮሙ። ወያስሕቱ፡ በፍትወተ፡ ነፍሶሙ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አልቦሙ።\n\nወአንትሙሰ፡ አኀዊነ፡ ሕንጹ፡ ርእሰክሙ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ቅድስት፡ ወበመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ጸልዩ።\n\nወበፍቅሩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ተዐቀቡ። ወተሰፈውዋ፡ ለምሕረቱ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እንተ፡ ሕይወት፡ ዘለዓለመ፡ ዓለም።\n\nእስመ፡ ቦ፡ ለዘትዘልፍዎ፡ በእንተ፡ ኀጢአቱ፡ ወቦ፡ ለዘትምሕርዎ።\n\nወቦ፡ ለዘታድኅንዎ፡ እምውስተ፡ እሳት፡ ወትባልሕዎ። ወቦ፡ ዘይድኅን፡ ፈሪሆ፡ ወነሲሖ። ወቦ፡ እለ፡ ጸሊኦሙ፡ ዘቀዲሙ፡ ጌጋዮሙ፡ ኀደጉ፡ ዐራዘ፡ ጥልቀተ፡ ዝሙቶሙ።\n\nወይክል፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መድኀኒነ፡ ዐቂቦተክሙ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ጌጋይ። ወአቅሞተክሙ፡ ቅድመ፡ ስብሐቲሁ፡ ንጹሓኒክሙ፡ በትፍሥሕት።\n\nበእደዊሁ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ወመድኀኒነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። ዘሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ ወዕበይ፡ ወኀይል፡ ወሥልጣን፡ እምቅድመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ፍጥረተ፡ ዓለም፡ ይእዜኒ፡ ወዘልፈኒ። ወለኵሉ፡ ዓለማት፡ ዘይመጽእ፡ አሜን።","english":"These are they who err in their errors and cause error in the desire of their souls, and the Holy Spirit is not with them.\n\nAnd you, our brothers, build your head upon holy faith and pray with the Holy Spirit.\n\nAnd abide in the love of the Lord, and hope for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ, which is the life of the eternal world.\n\nFor there is one who will forgive him for his sin, and there is one who will have mercy on him.\n\nAnd there is one who will save him from the fire and make him pass through; and there is one who will be saved, having feared and repented; and there are those who, having prayed, have abandoned their former errors, the path of the depth of their wickedness.\n\nAnd the Lord, our Savior, can accept your repentance without error, and set your standing before His praise, your purity in joy.\n\nIn the hands of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, to whom belong praise, greatness, power, and authority before all creation of the world, now and forever. And for all the worlds that are to come, Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a description of the erring to direct exhortation of the audience, then to a series of conditional statements about salvation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጌጋይ","severity":"info","text":"ጌጋይ (gägay) means 'error' or 'transgression'; the phrase 'err in their errors' (ይስሕቡ በጌጋዮሙ) emphasizes the self-perpetuating nature of sin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መንፈስ ቅዱስ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the Holy Spirit is not with them' echoes a common New Testament theme of the Spirit as guide (e.g., Acts 2:38, 1 Cor 12:3), though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The exhortation to 'build your head upon holy faith' likely reflects a monastic or catechetical context, emphasizing steadfastness in orthodoxy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The series 'there is one who will forgive... have mercy... save from the fire' parallels the threefold divine mercy motif found in other Ethiopic homiletic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The closing doxology, attributing praise, greatness, power, and authority to Christ 'before all creation,' reflects the liturgical and theological emphasis of the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3513Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እኁሁ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3513Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'make him pass through' (ትባልሕዎ) is ambiguous: it may mean 'make him pass through (the fire)' as a test or purification, or 'make him pass over' as in escape; the reading taken is purification."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}