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Ethiopic · Poetry ·

Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol

Anonymous · betmas

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machine-draft · no human review 3 passages · 602 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

The Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol is an anonymous Geʿez malkǝʿ (praise poem) that opens each stanza with the acclamation 'Buruka ʾAmlāk' ('Blessed is God'). It follows the standard malkǝʿ structure for a saint or holy figure, but its subject is unclear—possibly the founder or patron of Dabra Kol monastery in the Lake Ṭana region. The poem survives in a single manuscript from Dabra Kol, with no colophon or external witness to provide a firm date. It likely originates from the later Solomonic period (15th–18th centuries) and appears to have been used only locally, not adopted into the broader Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo liturgy. The edition in betmas lacks a critical apparatus, so scribal errors or emendations cannot be verified.

This poem provides rare evidence of local liturgical creativity in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, showing how a specific monastic community adapted the malkǝʿ genre for its own patron or festal use. It also illustrates the textual fluidity of Geʿez poetry, with orthographic variants and possible scribal errors that offer insights into regional manuscript culture. The work's survival in a single witness underscores the fragility of such local texts and the importance of manuscript preservation.

Historical context

The poem is preserved in a single manuscript from Dabra Kol, a monastery on an island in Lake Ṭana, a major center of Ethiopian monasticism and manuscript production. The region was particularly active during the Solomonic period (1270–1769), when many hagiographical and liturgical texts were composed. The malkǝʿ genre, a series of stanzas each beginning with a fixed acclamation, was widely used for saints and angels in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. The title 'Buruka ʾAmlāk' ('Blessed is God') is unusual; it may refer to a local saint or to God directly, but the poem's content suggests a human figure, possibly the monastery's founder. The lack of a colophon and the poem's absence from broader liturgical collections indicate it was a local composition, perhaps for a festal celebration at Dabra Kol. The manuscript's provenance and the poem's orthographic variants (e.g., ኢየሩሳሌም for Jerusalem) suggest a scribe working in a regional scriptorium, possibly in the 17th or 18th century.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

18 commentary units 4 term4 scripture3 structure3 background3 reception1 caution 0 derived notes 6 open questions 3 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: poetry in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 3 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
LIT0492Malke:1 · narrativemedium
Source
በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ መሠረተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወምድር፨ ወጠፈረ፡ ዓለም፡ እወጥን፡ ሕንጻ፡ መነኮሳት፡ አድባር፨ ሐመረ፡ ኅሊናየ፡ ሐድፍ፡ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ መምህር፨ ለጥበብ፡ ወአእምሮ፡ ነጋድያነ፡ ዕሙቅ፡ ምሥጢር፨ ከመ፡ ትጕሥኦሙ፡ ልቡናየ፡ ባሕር፨ ሰላም፡ ለፅንሰትከ፡ አመ፡ ሰብዑ፡ ለነሐሴ፨ ፅንሰተ፡ ማርያም፡ ወፍልሰታ፡ ወክብረ፡ በዓሎሙ፡ ለሥላሴ፨ በረከተ፡ አውሴ፡ ወኤፍሬም፡ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ መትልወ፡ ሙሴ፨ ጸግወኒ፡ እንብብ፡ ውዳሴከ፡ ምስለ፡ ዘማርያም፡ ውዳሴ፨ አምጣነ፡ እስራኤል፡ አንተ፡ ወአነ፡ ምናሴ፨ ሰላም፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምከ፡ ዘያስትፌሥሑ፡ ወይሴብሕዑ፡ ልስሙ፨ ካህናተ፡ ዓለም፡ ታቦር፡ ወአርሞንኤም፡ ሥነ፡ ገዳሙ፨ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ ማያት፡ አመ፡ በደመናት፡ ጸልሙ፨ ኀይለከ፡ አንሥእ፡ እደዊከ፡ ገጸ፡ ዚአነ፡ ይኅትሙ፨ ከመ፡ ኀተሞ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ ቀዲሙ፨ ሰላም፡ ለዕርገትከ፡ ኀበ፡ መንበረ፡ አብ፡ ተሰፍሐ፨ ወኀበ፡ ተለዐለ፡ ወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ተሰብሐ፨ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ በለነ፡ እምአርያም፡ እስከ፡ ትለብሱ፡ ኀይለ፡ ጽርሓ፨ ንበሩ፡ ደርገ፡ ለደብርየ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ኀቤሃ፨ እፌኑ፡ ለክሙ፡ ጰራቅሊጦስሃ፨
English
In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, who laid the foundation of heaven and earth, and who created the world. I shall prepare the building of the monks of the monasteries. The ink of my intellect is a drop; Buruka ʾAmlāk is the teacher. For wisdom and understanding, the merchants of deep mystery, as the sea of my heart may be moved. Salutation to your conception, when the seventh of Naḥāse, the conception of Maryam and her assumption, and the glory of the feast of the Trinity. The blessing of ʾAwse and ʾEfrēm, Buruka ʾAmlāk, the equal of Musē. Grant me to read your praise together with that of Maryam. When you are ʾEsrāʾēl and I am Menāsē. Salutation to the memory of your name, which makes the priests of the world rejoice and praise it, Tābor and ʾArmonēm, the beauty of their monastery. Buruka ʾAmlāk, the waters when they were shaded by clouds. Raise your power, your hands, to cover our face, as Yaʿqob formerly covered ʾEfrēm. Salutation to your ascension to the throne of the Father, where you were spread out, and to where the Son and the Holy Spirit ascended, you were praised. Buruka ʾAmlāk, tell us from ʾAryām until you put on the power of the storm. Dwell in order for my monastery, to ʾAyārusālem, to her. I send you her Paraclete.
LIT0492Malke:2 · narrativemedium
Source
ናሁ፡ ሠናይ፡ ወናሁ፡ አዳም፨ ፍልሰተ፡ ማርያም፡ ድንግል፡ ወዕርገተ፡ ቡሩክ፡ አኃወ፡ ጾም፨ ሶበ፡ ይሄልዉ፡ ኅቡረ፡ እግዚአ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ፍልሰተ፡ አፅም፨ አምጣነ፡ ህየ፡ አዘዘ፡ በረከቶ፡ ወይባርኩነ፡ ዮም፨ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ አበ፡ ኵሉ፡ ወድንግል፡ እም፨ አምኃ፡ ሰላም፡ አቅረብኩ፡ በቃለ፡ መዐርዒር፡ ጕርዔ፨ ለልደተ፡ ድንግል፡ ንግሥት፡ ወንጉሠ፡ ዓለም፡ ትንሣኤ፨ ለስብሐተ፡ ሥሉስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ ቀርነ፡ ጽዋዔ፨ አስተጋብአነ፡ ንስብክ፡ ወንዜኑ፡ ማእከለ፡ ደብረ፡ ኮል፡ ጉባኤ፨ ትንሣኤ፡ ወልደ፡ አብ፡ ወንግበር፡ ልደታተ፡ ክልኤ፨ ሰላም፡ ለጽዋዔ፡ ስምዕከ፡ እምዘ፡ ወለደት፡ እልፈ፡ ወአእላፈ፨ ደብረ፡ ማርያም፡ ዝየ፡ ኀበ፡ ዕረፍት፡ ተነጽፈ፨ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ ረድእ፡ ፊልሞና፡ ዘአስተናበብከ፡ አእዋፈ፨ ቀላያተ፡ እመ፡ ወረድኩ፡ ኩነኒ፡ ኀዳፈ፨ ወእመ፡ ዐረጉ፡ ሰማያተ፡ ዘኪሩቤል፡ ክንፈ፨ ሰላም፡ ለጥብዐተ፡ ስምዕከ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ መነ፡ ተኀሥሡ፨ ለሐራ፡ ሠገራት፡ ዘወፅአ፡ ወኢፈርሀ፡ ፀአተ፡ ነፍሱ፨ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ ብፁዕ፡ ወኅሩይ፡ ዘአፍቀረከ፡ እምንእሱ፨ እስመ፡ በስሐት፡ የዐርግ፡ ደብረ፡ ኮል፡ ወገነታቲሃ፡ ያንሶሱ፨ ወእንተ፡ መከረ፡ ብከ፡ መከረ፡ በርእሱ፨
English
Now the good, and now Adam. The Flight of Mary the Virgin, and the Ascension of Buruk, the brother of the Fast. When they are together, the Lord George, the Flight of the Bones. Then he commanded his blessing there, and they bless us today. Buruka ʾAmlāk, father of all, and the Virgin mother. I have offered a hundred salutations with the word of the lyre of the tabot, for the Nativity of the Virgin Queen and the King of the world, the Resurrection; for the praise of the Holy Trinity, Buruka ʾAmlāk of the horn of the tabot. Let us gather together, let us preach and celebrate in the midst of Dabra Kol, the assembly: the Resurrection of the Son of the Father, and let us make the two nativities. Salutation to the tabot: hear me, from the one who gave birth to thousands and myriads. Dabra Māryām here, where the resting place is adorned. Buruka ʾAmlāk, the companion of Philmon, who caused the birds to sing. I descended the slopes of the mother and became a helper of the orphan. And if the cherubim ascended to the heavens with wings. Salutation to the seal: hear me, while it says, "Who will be troubled?" For the freeborn one who went out and did not fear the going out of his soul. Buruka ʾAmlāk, blessed and chosen, who loved you from his youth. For with joy he ascends Dabra Kol and its gardens he tends. And whoever counselled with you counselled with himself.
LIT0492Malke:3 · narrativemedium
Source
ሰላም፡ ሰላም፡ ለፍጻሜ፡ ስምዕከ፡ እብሎ፨ በአንቅዖ፡ ደም፡ ወማይ፡ ለወልደ፡ ማርያም፡ ዘተመሰሎ፨ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ ቶማስ፡ ዘመርአስ፡ ፈጻሜ፡ ስምዕ፡ ወተጋድሎ፨ እስመ፡ ለስምዕከ፡ ኢዮብ፡ በደመና፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ተሰአሎ፨ ወሰማየ፡ ለነፍስከ፡ ኤልያስ፡ አልዐሎ፨ ስብሐት፡ ለአብ፡ ለዘአንቅሐኒ፡ ለወጢን፨ ወስብሐት፡ ለወልድ፡ ዘአፈጸመኒ፡ በዛኅን፨ ወስብሐት፡ ለመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ዘአጽንዐኒ፡ እምርስዓን፨ ወበአኅብሮ፡ ይበሉ፡ ካህናት፡ ምስለ፡ መላእክት፡ ወጻድቃን፨ አኰቴት፡ ወክብር፡ ለአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ይእዜኒ፡ ወዘልፈኒ፡ ወለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን፨
English
Salutation, salutation to my end: hear me, I say. By the mingling of blood and water for the Son of Mary, who was made like him. Buruka ʾAmlāk, Thomas, who saw my end: hear and his struggle. For to hear you, Job, in a cloud, the Lord was entreated. And the heaven for your soul, Elijah, ascended. Praise to the Father, who mingled me for the womb. And praise to the Son, who perfected me in purity. And praise to the Holy Spirit, who strengthened me from infancy. And together they say, the priests with the angels and the righteous. Adoration and glory to the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, now and forever and for eternity, amen.
Citation. Tergwame, “Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol”, LIT0492Malke:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT0492Malke#s1
Colophon. Source: betmas · licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0024 · generated 2026-11-15.