{"slug":"LIT0492Malke","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT0492Malke","title":"Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","author":"Anonymous","genre":"poetry","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"unknown","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:27:39Z","cost_usd":0.002412},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT0492Malke","work_id":"LIT0492Malke","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0492Malke"},"stats":{"passages":3,"english_words":602,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":18,"commentary_kinds":6,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":6,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT0492Malke","abstract":"The Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol is an anonymous Geʿez malkǝʿ (praise poem) that opens each stanza with the acclamation 'Buruka ʾAmlāk' ('Blessed is God'). It follows the standard malkǝʿ structure for a saint or holy figure, but its subject is unclear—possibly the founder or patron of Dabra Kol monastery in the Lake Ṭana region. The poem survives in a single manuscript from Dabra Kol, with no colophon or external witness to provide a firm date. It likely originates from the later Solomonic period (15th–18th centuries) and appears to have been used only locally, not adopted into the broader Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo liturgy. The edition in betmas lacks a critical apparatus, so scribal errors or emendations cannot be verified.","historical_context":"The poem is preserved in a single manuscript from Dabra Kol, a monastery on an island in Lake Ṭana, a major center of Ethiopian monasticism and manuscript production. The region was particularly active during the Solomonic period (1270–1769), when many hagiographical and liturgical texts were composed. The malkǝʿ genre, a series of stanzas each beginning with a fixed acclamation, was widely used for saints and angels in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. The title 'Buruka ʾAmlāk' ('Blessed is God') is unusual; it may refer to a local saint or to God directly, but the poem's content suggests a human figure, possibly the monastery's founder. The lack of a colophon and the poem's absence from broader liturgical collections indicate it was a local composition, perhaps for a festal celebration at Dabra Kol. The manuscript's provenance and the poem's orthographic variants (e.g., ኢየሩሳሌም for Jerusalem) suggest a scribe working in a regional scriptorium, possibly in the 17th or 18th century.","significance":"This poem provides rare evidence of local liturgical creativity in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, showing how a specific monastic community adapted the malkǝʿ genre for its own patron or festal use. It also illustrates the textual fluidity of Geʿez poetry, with orthographic variants and possible scribal errors that offer insights into regional manuscript culture. The work's survival in a single witness underscores the fragility of such local texts and the importance of manuscript preservation.","timeline":[{"date":"1270–1769","event":"Solomonic period, when many Ethiopian hagiographical and liturgical texts were composed"},{"date":"15th–18th c.","event":"Probable date range for the composition of the poem, based on manuscript evidence and genre conventions"},{"date":"17th–18th c.","event":"Likely period for the copying of the sole surviving manuscript at Dabra Kol"},{"date":"20th–21st c.","event":"Edition of the poem in betmas, without critical apparatus"}],"relations":[{"work":"Malkǝʿ of Saint Täklä Haymanot","relation":"Same genre (malkǝʿ) and similar stanza structure","key":"betmas:LIT0492Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0492Malke"},{"work":"Gadla Samuel of Dabra Halleluya","relation":"Another local hagiographical text from the Lake Ṭana region","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-gadla-samuel-dabra-halleluya","label":"gap dossier: Life of Sāmuʾel of Dabra Hālleluyā","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-gadla-samuel-dabra-halleluya"},{"work":"Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo Liturgy","relation":"Broader liturgical tradition from which this poem is absent","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","relation":"Edition in betmas","key":"ed:LIT0492Malke","label":"source edition: Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0492Malke"}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The date of composition is uncertain; only a broad range (15th–18th c.) can be inferred from genre and manuscript provenance.","The subject of the poem ('Buruka ʾAmlāk') is unclear; it may refer to a saint, a local founder, or to God.","The sole manuscript witness lacks a colophon, so authorship, exact date, and scribal context are unknown.","The edition in betmas has no critical apparatus, so textual variants or errors cannot be assessed."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000522,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:27:39Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT0492Malke","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":3,"translated":3,"commentary_passages":3,"commentary_units":18,"english_words":602,"source_letters":1397,"commentary_kinds":6},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a malkǝʿ (praise poem) in Geʿez, structured as a series of stanzas each beginning with the acclamation 'Buruka ʾAmlāk' ('Blessed is God'). It follows the standard malkǝʿ form for a saint or holy figure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0492Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0492Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The dating of this anonymous poem is uncertain. It likely originates from the later Solomonic period (15th–18th centuries), but no colophon or external witness provides a firm date.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-gadla-samuel-dabra-halleluya","label":"gap dossier: Life of Sāmuʾel of Dabra Hālleluyā","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-gadla-samuel-dabra-halleluya"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sole known witness is the manuscript used for the edition in betmas. Its provenance is Dabra Kol, a monastery in the Lake Ṭana region, suggesting a local liturgical context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0492Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0492Malke"},{"key":"hollis:alma990026441740203941","label":"Vie de Sāmʼuēl de Dabra Hāllēluyā","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990026441740203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The poem is not known to have been adopted into the broader Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo liturgy. Its use appears confined to the Dabra Kol community, possibly as a local festal hymn.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-gadla-samuel-dabra-halleluya","label":"gap dossier: Life of Sāmuʾel of Dabra Hālleluyā","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-gadla-samuel-dabra-halleluya"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition in betmas does not include a critical apparatus or variant readings. The text may contain scribal errors or emendations that cannot be verified without further manuscript evidence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT0492Malke","label":"source edition: Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0492Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: poetry in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 3 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":3},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT0492Malke":{"label":"betmas: Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0492Malke"},"dossier:ethiopic-anon-gadla-samuel-dabra-halleluya":{"label":"gap dossier: Life of Sāmuʾel of Dabra Hālleluyā","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-gadla-samuel-dabra-halleluya"},"ed:LIT0492Malke":{"label":"source edition: Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0492Malke"},"hollis:alma990026441740203941":{"label":"Vie de Sāmʼuēl de Dabra Hāllēluyā","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990026441740203941"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ መሠረተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወምድር፨ ወጠፈረ፡ ዓለም፡ እወጥን፡ ሕንጻ፡ መነኮሳት፡ አድባር፨ ሐመረ፡ ኅሊናየ፡ ሐድፍ፡ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ መምህር፨ ለጥበብ፡ ወአእምሮ፡ ነጋድያነ፡ ዕሙቅ፡ ምሥጢር፨ ከመ፡ ትጕሥኦሙ፡ ልቡናየ፡ ባሕር፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለፅንሰትከ፡ አመ፡ ሰብዑ፡ ለነሐሴ፨ ፅንሰተ፡ ማርያም፡ ወፍልሰታ፡ ወክብረ፡ በዓሎሙ፡ ለሥላሴ፨ በረከተ፡ አውሴ፡ ወኤፍሬም፡ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ መትልወ፡ ሙሴ፨ ጸግወኒ፡ እንብብ፡ ውዳሴከ፡ ምስለ፡ ዘማርያም፡ ውዳሴ፨ አምጣነ፡ እስራኤል፡ አንተ፡ ወአነ፡ ምናሴ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምከ፡ ዘያስትፌሥሑ፡ ወይሴብሕዑ፡ ልስሙ፨ ካህናተ፡ ዓለም፡ ታቦር፡ ወአርሞንኤም፡ ሥነ፡ ገዳሙ፨ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ ማያት፡ አመ፡ በደመናት፡ ጸልሙ፨ ኀይለከ፡ አንሥእ፡ እደዊከ፡ ገጸ፡ ዚአነ፡ ይኅትሙ፨ ከመ፡ ኀተሞ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ ቀዲሙ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለዕርገትከ፡ ኀበ፡ መንበረ፡ አብ፡ ተሰፍሐ፨ ወኀበ፡ ተለዐለ፡ ወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ተሰብሐ፨ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ በለነ፡ እምአርያም፡ እስከ፡ ትለብሱ፡ ኀይለ፡ ጽርሓ፨ ንበሩ፡ ደርገ፡ ለደብርየ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ኀቤሃ፨ እፌኑ፡ ለክሙ፡ ጰራቅሊጦስሃ፨","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, who laid the foundation of heaven and earth, and who created the world. I shall prepare the building of the monks of the monasteries. The ink of my intellect is a drop; Buruka ʾAmlāk is the teacher. For wisdom and understanding, the merchants of deep mystery, as the sea of my heart may be moved.\n\nSalutation to your conception, when the seventh of Naḥāse, the conception of Maryam and her assumption, and the glory of the feast of the Trinity. The blessing of ʾAwse and ʾEfrēm, Buruka ʾAmlāk, the equal of Musē. Grant me to read your praise together with that of Maryam. When you are ʾEsrāʾēl and I am Menāsē.\n\nSalutation to the memory of your name, which makes the priests of the world rejoice and praise it, Tābor and ʾArmonēm, the beauty of their monastery. Buruka ʾAmlāk, the waters when they were shaded by clouds. Raise your power, your hands, to cover our face, as Yaʿqob formerly covered ʾEfrēm.\n\nSalutation to your ascension to the throne of the Father, where you were spread out, and to where the Son and the Holy Spirit ascended, you were praised. Buruka ʾAmlāk, tell us from ʾAryām until you put on the power of the storm. Dwell in order for my monastery, to ʾAyārusālem, to her. I send you her Paraclete.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም ለፅንሰትከ","severity":"info","text":"The poem follows the malkǝʾ genre structure, with each stanza beginning with ሰላም ለ- (salutation to-) and addressing a stage of the saint's life.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0492Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0492Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ቡሩክ አምላክ","severity":"info","text":"Buruka ʾAmlāk (ቡሩክ አምላክ) is a title meaning 'blessed god' or 'blessed deity', here referring to a monastic teacher or saint, possibly the founder of Dabra Kol.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ነሐሴ","severity":"info","text":"Naḥāse (ነሐሴ) is the twelfth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding to August. The seventh of Naḥāse is the feast of the Assumption of Mary (Filseṭā).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ኀተሞ ያዕቆብ ለኤፍሬም ቀዲሙ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Jacob covering Ephrem alludes to the biblical story of Jacob blessing Ephraim (Genesis 48), here used as a type for the saint's protective gesture.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ደብርየ","severity":"info","text":"Dabra Kol (ደብርየ) is a monastery associated with the saint; the poem's request for the saint to 'dwell in order for my monastery' reflects its liturgical use in monastic settings.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-gadla-samuel-dabra-halleluya","label":"gap dossier: Life of Sāmuʾel of Dabra Hālleluyā","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-gadla-samuel-dabra-halleluya"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሩሳሌም","severity":"caution","text":"The spelling ኢየሩሳሌም (with initial ʾAlf and Wāwe) is an unusual orthographic variant for ʾAyārusālem (Jerusalem), possibly a scribal error or archaism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Buruka ʾAmlāk is not specified; it may be a title for a saint or a monastic founder, but the text does not provide a proper name.","The phrase 'from ʾAryām until you put on the power of the storm' is obscure; ʾAryām may be a place or a person, and the storm imagery is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ናሁ፡ ሠናይ፡ ወናሁ፡ አዳም፨ ፍልሰተ፡ ማርያም፡ ድንግል፡ ወዕርገተ፡ ቡሩክ፡ አኃወ፡ ጾም፨ ሶበ፡ ይሄልዉ፡ ኅቡረ፡ እግዚአ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ፍልሰተ፡ አፅም፨ አምጣነ፡ ህየ፡ አዘዘ፡ በረከቶ፡ ወይባርኩነ፡ ዮም፨ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ አበ፡ ኵሉ፡ ወድንግል፡ እም፨\n\nአምኃ፡ ሰላም፡ አቅረብኩ፡ በቃለ፡ መዐርዒር፡ ጕርዔ፨ ለልደተ፡ ድንግል፡ ንግሥት፡ ወንጉሠ፡ ዓለም፡ ትንሣኤ፨ ለስብሐተ፡ ሥሉስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ ቀርነ፡ ጽዋዔ፨ አስተጋብአነ፡ ንስብክ፡ ወንዜኑ፡ ማእከለ፡ ደብረ፡ ኮል፡ ጉባኤ፨ ትንሣኤ፡ ወልደ፡ አብ፡ ወንግበር፡ ልደታተ፡ ክልኤ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለጽዋዔ፡ ስምዕከ፡ እምዘ፡ ወለደት፡ እልፈ፡ ወአእላፈ፨ ደብረ፡ ማርያም፡ ዝየ፡ ኀበ፡ ዕረፍት፡ ተነጽፈ፨ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ ረድእ፡ ፊልሞና፡ ዘአስተናበብከ፡ አእዋፈ፨ ቀላያተ፡ እመ፡ ወረድኩ፡ ኩነኒ፡ ኀዳፈ፨ ወእመ፡ ዐረጉ፡ ሰማያተ፡ ዘኪሩቤል፡ ክንፈ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለጥብዐተ፡ ስምዕከ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ መነ፡ ተኀሥሡ፨ ለሐራ፡ ሠገራት፡ ዘወፅአ፡ ወኢፈርሀ፡ ፀአተ፡ ነፍሱ፨ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ ብፁዕ፡ ወኅሩይ፡ ዘአፍቀረከ፡ እምንእሱ፨ እስመ፡ በስሐት፡ የዐርግ፡ ደብረ፡ ኮል፡ ወገነታቲሃ፡ ያንሶሱ፨ ወእንተ፡ መከረ፡ ብከ፡ መከረ፡ በርእሱ፨","english":"Now the good, and now Adam. The Flight of Mary the Virgin, and the Ascension of Buruk, the brother of the Fast. When they are together, the Lord George, the Flight of the Bones. Then he commanded his blessing there, and they bless us today. Buruka ʾAmlāk, father of all, and the Virgin mother.\n\nI have offered a hundred salutations with the word of the lyre of the tabot, for the Nativity of the Virgin Queen and the King of the world, the Resurrection; for the praise of the Holy Trinity, Buruka ʾAmlāk of the horn of the tabot. Let us gather together, let us preach and celebrate in the midst of Dabra Kol, the assembly: the Resurrection of the Son of the Father, and let us make the two nativities.\n\nSalutation to the tabot: hear me, from the one who gave birth to thousands and myriads. Dabra Māryām here, where the resting place is adorned. Buruka ʾAmlāk, the companion of Philmon, who caused the birds to sing. I descended the slopes of the mother and became a helper of the orphan. And if the cherubim ascended to the heavens with wings.\n\nSalutation to the seal: hear me, while it says, \"Who will be troubled?\" For the freeborn one who went out and did not fear the going out of his soul. Buruka ʾAmlāk, blessed and chosen, who loved you from his youth. For with joy he ascends Dabra Kol and its gardens he tends. And whoever counselled with you counselled with himself.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡","severity":"info","text":"Buruka ʾAmlāk, meaning 'Blessed God,' is a title or epithet for a saintly figure, possibly the founder or patron of Dabra Kol, distinct from the divine name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0492Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0492Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጽዋዔ","severity":"info","text":"Ṣwāʿe (tabot) refers to the Ark of the Covenant or a processional tabot, a central liturgical object in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, here linked to the lyre (maʿarʿir) in poetic praise.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0492Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0492Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ደብረ፡ ኮል፡","severity":"info","text":"Dabra Kol is a monastery site, likely associated with the saint Buruka ʾAmlāk, serving as the setting for the assembly and celebration described in the poem.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-gadla-samuel-dabra-halleluya","label":"gap dossier: Life of Sāmuʾel of Dabra Hālleluyā","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-gadla-samuel-dabra-halleluya"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a narrative opening to a series of salutations (ሰላም), each addressing a sacred object or figure (tabot, seal, Dabra Māryām), framing the liturgical celebration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምዘ፡ ወለደት፡ እልፈ፡ ወአእላፈ፨","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'from the one who gave birth to thousands and myriads' echoes Marian titles of abundant intercession, common in Geʿez hymnody, though not a direct biblical quote.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This poem is part of a malkeʿ genre, a series of hymns in honor of a saint, here Buruka ʾAmlāk, reflecting its liturgical use in Ethiopian Orthodox monasteries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT0492Malke","label":"source edition: Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0492Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Buruka ʾAmlāk is ambiguous: possibly a saint, a monastic founder, or a title for Christ; the text treats him as a distinct figure with a companion (Philmon).","The phrase 'Flight of the Bones' (ፍልሰተ፡ አፅም) is obscure, possibly a relic tradition or a scribal error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ሰላም፡ ሰላም፡ ለፍጻሜ፡ ስምዕከ፡ እብሎ፨ በአንቅዖ፡ ደም፡ ወማይ፡ ለወልደ፡ ማርያም፡ ዘተመሰሎ፨ ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ፡ ቶማስ፡ ዘመርአስ፡ ፈጻሜ፡ ስምዕ፡ ወተጋድሎ፨ እስመ፡ ለስምዕከ፡ ኢዮብ፡ በደመና፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ተሰአሎ፨ ወሰማየ፡ ለነፍስከ፡ ኤልያስ፡ አልዐሎ፨\n\nስብሐት፡ ለአብ፡ ለዘአንቅሐኒ፡ ለወጢን፨ ወስብሐት፡ ለወልድ፡ ዘአፈጸመኒ፡ በዛኅን፨ ወስብሐት፡ ለመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ዘአጽንዐኒ፡ እምርስዓን፨ ወበአኅብሮ፡ ይበሉ፡ ካህናት፡ ምስለ፡ መላእክት፡ ወጻድቃን፨ አኰቴት፡ ወክብር፡ ለአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ይእዜኒ፡ ወዘልፈኒ፡ ወለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን፨","english":"Salutation, salutation to my end: hear me, I say. By the mingling of blood and water for the Son of Mary, who was made like him. Buruka ʾAmlāk, Thomas, who saw my end: hear and his struggle. For to hear you, Job, in a cloud, the Lord was entreated. And the heaven for your soul, Elijah, ascended.\n\nPraise to the Father, who mingled me for the womb. And praise to the Son, who perfected me in purity. And praise to the Holy Spirit, who strengthened me from infancy. And together they say, the priests with the angels and the righteous. Adoration and glory to the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, now and forever and for eternity, amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ሰላም፡ ለፍጻሜ","severity":"info","text":"The opening 'Salutation, salutation to my end' marks a malkeʾ-hymn structure, where each stanza begins with a salutation to a saint or aspect.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0492Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Buruka ʾAmlāk of Dabra Kol","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0492Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ቡሩክ፡ አምላክ","severity":"info","text":"Buruka ʾAmlāk is a title meaning 'Blessed God' or 'the Blessed One of God', likely referring to a saint or a divine epithet in this context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮብ፡ በደመና፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ተሰአሎ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Job in a cloud and the Lord being entreated echoes the biblical story of Job's trials and divine response (Job 38:1).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልያስ፡ አልዐሎ","severity":"info","text":"Elijah's ascension to heaven alludes to 2 Kings 2:11, where Elijah is taken up in a whirlwind.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘአንቅሐኒ፡ ለወጢን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'who mingled me for the womb' may refer to the Incarnation, where the Father prepared the body of Christ in Mary's womb, a common theme in Geʿez Christological poetry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አኰቴት፡ ወክብር፡ ለአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ","severity":"info","text":"The doxological conclusion praising the Trinity reflects liturgical use, likely in Ethiopian Orthodox worship, where such hymns are recited.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990026441740203941","label":"Vie de Sāmʼuēl de Dabra Hāllēluyā","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990026441740203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Buruka ʾAmlāk' is ambiguous; it may be a saint or a divine title. The reading here follows the glossary as a title.","The phrase 'my end' (ፍጻሜ) could refer to the poet's death or the conclusion of the hymn; the translation opts for the latter."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}