Work dossier · summary and historical context
The 'Image of Three Youths' is an anonymous Geʿez poetic encomium (malkeʾ) praising Hananya, Azarya, and Mishael from the Book of Daniel. It follows the formal structure of Ethiopic malkeʾ hymns, with stanzas beginning 'Malkeʾa…' ('Image of…'). The text survives in Ethiopic manuscripts, often in collections of malkeʾ hymns for various saints, and its transmission is tied to the hagiographic and liturgical tradition of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The work is undated, with composition likely in the later period of Geʿez hymnody (15th–18th centuries). The three youths are venerated as saints in Ethiopia, and this malkeʾ is used liturgically, especially on their feast day (Tahsas 23). This edition is based on a single source (betmas) without critical apparatus.
This malkeʾ hymn is significant as a witness to the Ethiopian Orthodox veneration of the three youths, illustrating how biblical figures were integrated into local hagiographic and liturgical traditions. It exemplifies the formal structure of Geʿez hymnody and its role in communal worship. The work also contributes to understanding the transmission and manuscript culture of Ethiopic Christian literature, though its anonymity and uncertain dating limit precise historical conclusions.
The work is an anonymous Geʿez malkeʾ hymn, a genre of poetic encomium that flourished in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church from the 15th to 18th centuries. The three youths—Hananya, Azarya, and Mishael (also known by their Babylonian names Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago)—are biblical figures from Daniel 3, venerated as saints in Ethiopian tradition for their faith under persecution. The hymn follows the standard malkeʾ structure, opening with a prayer to Christ and Mary, then narrating the youths' story, and concluding with salutation stanzas. The text survives in manuscripts often collected with other malkeʾ hymns, indicating its use in liturgical contexts, particularly on the feast day of the three youths (Tahsas 23). The place name 'ʾAntǝgō' in the text likely refers to Antioch, a city associated with the cult of the three youths in some Ethiopic sources. The edition is based on a single manuscript (betmas), and textual variants in other witnesses remain unexamined.
Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded
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