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Image of Three Youths

Anonymous · betmas

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machine-draft · no human review 3 passages · 401 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

The 'Image of Three Youths' is an anonymous Geʿez poetic encomium (malkeʾ) praising Hananya, Azarya, and Mishael from the Book of Daniel. It follows the formal structure of Ethiopic malkeʾ hymns, with stanzas beginning 'Malkeʾa…' ('Image of…'). The text survives in Ethiopic manuscripts, often in collections of malkeʾ hymns for various saints, and its transmission is tied to the hagiographic and liturgical tradition of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The work is undated, with composition likely in the later period of Geʿez hymnody (15th–18th centuries). The three youths are venerated as saints in Ethiopia, and this malkeʾ is used liturgically, especially on their feast day (Tahsas 23). This edition is based on a single source (betmas) without critical apparatus.

This malkeʾ hymn is significant as a witness to the Ethiopian Orthodox veneration of the three youths, illustrating how biblical figures were integrated into local hagiographic and liturgical traditions. It exemplifies the formal structure of Geʿez hymnody and its role in communal worship. The work also contributes to understanding the transmission and manuscript culture of Ethiopic Christian literature, though its anonymity and uncertain dating limit precise historical conclusions.

Historical context

The work is an anonymous Geʿez malkeʾ hymn, a genre of poetic encomium that flourished in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church from the 15th to 18th centuries. The three youths—Hananya, Azarya, and Mishael (also known by their Babylonian names Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago)—are biblical figures from Daniel 3, venerated as saints in Ethiopian tradition for their faith under persecution. The hymn follows the standard malkeʾ structure, opening with a prayer to Christ and Mary, then narrating the youths' story, and concluding with salutation stanzas. The text survives in manuscripts often collected with other malkeʾ hymns, indicating its use in liturgical contexts, particularly on the feast day of the three youths (Tahsas 23). The place name 'ʾAntǝgō' in the text likely refers to Antioch, a city associated with the cult of the three youths in some Ethiopic sources. The edition is based on a single manuscript (betmas), and textual variants in other witnesses remain unexamined.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

17 commentary units 3 structure3 term3 scripture3 reception3 caution2 background 1 derived notes 6 open questions 3 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: poetry in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 3 narrative.
  • caution1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note.
  • sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
LIT0490Malke:1 · narrativemedium
Source
ኀበ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ አምላኪየ፡ ኣቀድም፡ ጸልዮ፨ ወኀበ፡ ማርያም፡ እስእል፡ በእንተ፡ ጌጋይየ፡ አስተሥርዮ፨ ድርሳነ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡ ከመ፡ እንግር፡ በተጋንዮ፨ እደ፡ ኅሊናየ፡ ይጽብት፡ ለመጽሐፍ፡ ቀላዮ፨ [This line is missing.] በከመ፡ ድኅንክሙ፡ ቅድመ፡ እምእቶነ፡ እሳት፡ ነዳዲ፨ በትእዛዘ፡ አምላክ፡ እብኖዲ፨ አናንያ፡ ወአዛርያ፡ ወሚሳኤል፡ ዓዲ፨ አድኅኑኒ፡ ወባልሑኒ፡ እመሥገርተ፡ ሰይጣን፡ ረዋዲ፨ በቀለ፡ አቡየ፡ ወእምየ፡ እፍዲ፨ ሰላም፡ እብል፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምክሙ፡ በኢያንትጎ፨ ለልብየ፡ መዋቲ፡ ሐብለ፡ ፍቅርክሙ፡ እስመ፡ መዘጎ፨ ሲድራቅ፡ ወሚሳቅ፡ ወአብደናጎ፨ ከመ፡ ዐቀብክሙ፡ ለልዑል፡ ሕጎ፨ ኰነነ፡ ጸሎትክሙ፡ ሰማየ፡ ዐሪጎ፨ ሰላም፡ ለሥዕርተ፡ ርእስክሙ፡ ነደ፡ እሳት፡ ዘኢለከፎ፨ ወለርእስክሙ፡ ሰላም፡ ርስነ፡ ነበልባል፡ ዘኢቀሰፎ፨ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡ ቅጥቀጥተ፡ ርእሱ፡ ለግልፎ፨ ገብርኤል፡ መልአክክሙ፡ ነደነክሙ፡ አክናፎ፨ ከመ፡ ዘይከድኖ፡ ለንህብ፡ እደ፡ ሰብእ፡ ቀፎ፨
English
To Christ my God I first offer prayer, and to Mary I plead for the forgiveness of my sins. The homily of the Three Youths, as I recount it with joy, may my intellect guide the writing of the book of the furnace. As you were saved before from the burning fire by the command of God, the builder, Ananias, Azarias, and Misael again, save me and deliver me from the deceitful snare of Satan, the seducer, by the prayer of my father and from me, the redeemer. I offer salutation to the memory of your name in Antioch; to my heart, which is mortal, bind the cord of your love, for it is bitter. Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago, as you preserved the high law, your prayer ascended to heaven, having been established. Salutation to the hair of your head, which the fire's flame touched, and to your head, salutation, which the burning ember struck. The Three Youths, the shorn heads of the martyr, your angel Gabriel cooled you with his wings, as one who extinguishes a coal with the hand of a man.
LIT0490Malke:2 · narrativemedium
Source
ሰላም፡ ለመቃብሪክሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ሖርክሙ፡ ምድረ፡ ጽማዌ፨ ዳንኤል፡ ነቢይ፡ አመ፡ ቀተሎ፡ ለአርዌ፨ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡ ምሉኣነ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወልባዌ፨ አድኅኑኒ፡ ወባልሑኒ፡ እመሥገርተ፡ ሕማም፡ ምንሳዌ፨ በላዕለ፡ እምየ፡ ዘአምጽአ፡ ደዌ፨ ይደልዎሙ፡ ብፅዐ፡ ወመሐና፡ ለዘሰመዩ፨ ወኪያክሙ፡ ዘፈረዩ፨ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡ በእንቲአየ፡ ጸልዩ፨ እምልብየ፡ ወእምኅሊናየ፡ ሦከ፡ ኀጢአት፡ ጻሕይዩ፨ ከመ፡ በዲቤሁ፡ ኢይፍረይ፡ ለስሕተት፡ ጌጋዩ፨ አምኃ፡ ሰላም፡ ወፍቅር፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ ልቡና፡ ወፈውስ፨ በዝ፡ ብሔር፡ ወበዝመቅደስ፨ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡ ነቢያተ፡ ነነዌ፡ ወፋርስ፨ ጸሪቀ፡ መበለት፡ አሐቲ፡ በከመ፡ ተወክፈ፡ ክርስቶስ፨ ተወከፍ፡ ጸሎትየ፡ እንተ፡ ባሕር፡ ወየብስ፨ ሰማዕታተ፡ አምላክ፡ ልዑል፡ ዘኢሰገድክሙ፡ ለምስል፨ ወዘአቍረርክሙ፡ ርስነ፡ ነበልባል፨ አናንያ፡ ወአዛርያ፡ ወሚሳኤል፨ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክ፡ በይነ፡ ዘዐቀብክሙ፡ ሕጎ፨ በነደ፡ እሳት፡ ተወድዩ፡ በከርሠ፡ ነሪጎ፨ ሲድራቅ፡ ወሚሳቅ፡ ወአብደናጎ፨
English
Peace to your tomb, where you went to the land of drought. Daniel the prophet, when he slew the serpent. The three youths, full of wisdom and heart, save me and deliver me from the prison of pain and affliction, from the malady that has come upon me. They are worthy of abundance and grace for those who named them, and for you who chose them. The three youths, pray for me. From my heart and my mind, remove sins and cleanse them, as if by his hand he may not judge the error of transgression. Offerings of peace and love, a sacrifice of heart and spirit. In this land and in this sanctuary. The three youths, prophets of Nineveh and Persia. The widow who was left alone, as Christ accepted, accept my prayer, which is of sea and land. Martyrs of God Most High, who did not bow to an image, and who extinguished the flame of fire: Ananias, Azarias, and Misael. To the Lord God, because you kept his law, in the fire you were cast, in the belly of the furnace: Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago.
LIT0490Malke:3 · narrativehigh
Source
በይነ፡ ዘአቅረብኩ፡ ለክሙ፡ ድርሳነ፨ ኵሎ፡ ዕለተ፡ ወዘመነ፨ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡ ሀቡኒ፡ ኪዳነ፨ ምስሌክሙ፡ ከመ፡ እንበር፡ አነ፨
English
the homily which I have prepared for you, all the days and times. O three youths, grant me a covenant, that I may be with you as I am.
Citation. Tergwame, “Image of Three Youths”, LIT0490Malke:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT0490Malke#s1
Colophon. Source: betmas · licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0022 · generated 2026-11-15.