{"slug":"LIT0490Malke","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT0490Malke","title":"Image of Three Youths","author":"Anonymous","genre":"poetry","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"unknown","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:21:44Z","cost_usd":0.00218},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT0490Malke","work_id":"LIT0490Malke","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke"},"stats":{"passages":3,"english_words":401,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":17,"commentary_kinds":6,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":6,"work_notes":5,"external_links":1,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT0490Malke","abstract":"The 'Image of Three Youths' is an anonymous Geʿez poetic encomium (malkeʾ) praising Hananya, Azarya, and Mishael from the Book of Daniel. It follows the formal structure of Ethiopic malkeʾ hymns, with stanzas beginning 'Malkeʾa…' ('Image of…'). The text survives in Ethiopic manuscripts, often in collections of malkeʾ hymns for various saints, and its transmission is tied to the hagiographic and liturgical tradition of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The work is undated, with composition likely in the later period of Geʿez hymnody (15th–18th centuries). The three youths are venerated as saints in Ethiopia, and this malkeʾ is used liturgically, especially on their feast day (Tahsas 23). This edition is based on a single source (betmas) without critical apparatus.","historical_context":"The work is an anonymous Geʿez malkeʾ hymn, a genre of poetic encomium that flourished in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church from the 15th to 18th centuries. The three youths—Hananya, Azarya, and Mishael (also known by their Babylonian names Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago)—are biblical figures from Daniel 3, venerated as saints in Ethiopian tradition for their faith under persecution. The hymn follows the standard malkeʾ structure, opening with a prayer to Christ and Mary, then narrating the youths' story, and concluding with salutation stanzas. The text survives in manuscripts often collected with other malkeʾ hymns, indicating its use in liturgical contexts, particularly on the feast day of the three youths (Tahsas 23). The place name 'ʾAntǝgō' in the text likely refers to Antioch, a city associated with the cult of the three youths in some Ethiopic sources. The edition is based on a single manuscript (betmas), and textual variants in other witnesses remain unexamined.","significance":"This malkeʾ hymn is significant as a witness to the Ethiopian Orthodox veneration of the three youths, illustrating how biblical figures were integrated into local hagiographic and liturgical traditions. It exemplifies the formal structure of Geʿez hymnody and its role in communal worship. The work also contributes to understanding the transmission and manuscript culture of Ethiopic Christian literature, though its anonymity and uncertain dating limit precise historical conclusions.","timeline":[{"date":"6th c. BCE","event":"Biblical story of the three youths in the fiery furnace (Daniel 3) composed."},{"date":"4th–5th c.","event":"Geʿez emerges as a literary language in the Aksumite kingdom."},{"date":"15th–18th c.","event":"Probable period of composition for this malkeʾ hymn, based on genre development."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Manuscript transmission of the work in Ethiopic collections, often with other malkeʾ hymns."},{"date":"Modern","event":"Edition based on a single source (betmas) published without critical apparatus."}],"relations":[{"work":"Malkeʾa Śǝllāse (Image of the Trinity)","relation":"Same genre of Ethiopic malkeʾ hymn, often found in similar manuscript collections.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Homily on the Three Youths (Dǝrsāna Śǝllastu Daqiq)","relation":"Related hagiographic text in Geʿez, possibly sharing liturgical context.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Book of Daniel (Ethiopic version)","relation":"Biblical source for the figures and narrative of the three youths.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Synaxarium (Ethiopic)","relation":"Mentions the feast day of the three youths (Tahsas 23), when this hymn is used.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Malkeʾa Qǝddusān (Image of the Saints)","relation":"Another malkeʾ hymn collection, indicating the genre's broader hagiographic context.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0490Malke","label":"Edition of the work (betmas)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke","reason":"Primary source for this edition, though without critical apparatus."}],"cautions":["The work is anonymous and undated; composition is speculative, likely 15th–18th centuries based on genre development.","This edition is based on a single manuscript (betmas) without critical apparatus; textual variants in other witnesses remain unexamined.","The first line of the Geʿez text is marked as missing in the source edition, which may affect interpretation of the opening prayer sequence.","Attribution to a specific author or century is not supported by available evidence."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000586,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:21:44Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT0490Malke","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":3,"translated":3,"commentary_passages":3,"commentary_units":17,"english_words":401,"source_letters":983,"commentary_kinds":6},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a poetic encomium (malkeʾ) in Geʿez, praising the three youths (Hananya, Azarya, Mishael) of the Book of Daniel. It follows the formal structure of Ethiopic malkeʾ hymns, with stanzas each beginning with “Malkeʾa…” (“Image of…”).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0490Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Three Youths","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives in Ethiopic manuscripts, often in collections of malkeʾ hymns for various saints. Its transmission is tied to the broader hagiographic and liturgical tradition of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-maqabyan","label":"gap dossier: The Three Ethiopian Books of Maccabees (1, 2 and 3 Mäqabǝyan)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-maqabyan"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is anonymous and undated. Its composition likely falls within the later period of Geʿez hymnody (15th–18th centuries), but no firm evidence exists. Attribution to a specific author or century is speculative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT0490Malke","label":"source edition: Image of Three Youths","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The three youths are venerated as saints in the Ethiopian tradition, and this malkeʾ is used in liturgical contexts, especially on their feast day (Tahsas 23). The hymn reinforces their role as models of faith under persecution.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990121072110203941","label":"The Alexiad","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990121072110203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings from multiple manuscripts. The text is based on a single source (betmas), and textual variants in other witnesses remain unexamined.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0490Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Three Youths","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: poetry in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 3 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":3},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT0490Malke":{"label":"betmas: Image of Three Youths","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke"},"ed:LIT0490Malke":{"label":"source edition: Image of Three Youths","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-maqabyan":{"label":"gap dossier: The Three Ethiopian Books of Maccabees (1, 2 and 3 Mäqabǝyan)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-maqabyan"},"hollis:alma990121072110203941":{"label":"The Alexiad","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990121072110203941"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ኀበ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ አምላኪየ፡ ኣቀድም፡ ጸልዮ፨ ወኀበ፡ ማርያም፡ እስእል፡ በእንተ፡ ጌጋይየ፡ አስተሥርዮ፨ ድርሳነ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡ ከመ፡ እንግር፡ በተጋንዮ፨ እደ፡ ኅሊናየ፡ ይጽብት፡ ለመጽሐፍ፡ ቀላዮ፨ [This line is missing.]\n\nበከመ፡ ድኅንክሙ፡ ቅድመ፡ እምእቶነ፡ እሳት፡ ነዳዲ፨ በትእዛዘ፡ አምላክ፡ እብኖዲ፨ አናንያ፡ ወአዛርያ፡ ወሚሳኤል፡ ዓዲ፨ አድኅኑኒ፡ ወባልሑኒ፡ እመሥገርተ፡ ሰይጣን፡ ረዋዲ፨ በቀለ፡ አቡየ፡ ወእምየ፡ እፍዲ፨\n\nሰላም፡ እብል፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምክሙ፡ በኢያንትጎ፨ ለልብየ፡ መዋቲ፡ ሐብለ፡ ፍቅርክሙ፡ እስመ፡ መዘጎ፨ ሲድራቅ፡ ወሚሳቅ፡ ወአብደናጎ፨ ከመ፡ ዐቀብክሙ፡ ለልዑል፡ ሕጎ፨ ኰነነ፡ ጸሎትክሙ፡ ሰማየ፡ ዐሪጎ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለሥዕርተ፡ ርእስክሙ፡ ነደ፡ እሳት፡ ዘኢለከፎ፨ ወለርእስክሙ፡ ሰላም፡ ርስነ፡ ነበልባል፡ ዘኢቀሰፎ፨ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡ ቅጥቀጥተ፡ ርእሱ፡ ለግልፎ፨ ገብርኤል፡ መልአክክሙ፡ ነደነክሙ፡ አክናፎ፨ ከመ፡ ዘይከድኖ፡ ለንህብ፡ እደ፡ ሰብእ፡ ቀፎ፨","english":"To Christ my God I first offer prayer, and to Mary I plead for the forgiveness of my sins. The homily of the Three Youths, as I recount it with joy, may my intellect guide the writing of the book of the furnace. As you were saved before from the burning fire by the command of God, the builder, Ananias, Azarias, and Misael again, save me and deliver me from the deceitful snare of Satan, the seducer, by the prayer of my father and from me, the redeemer.\n\nI offer salutation to the memory of your name in Antioch; to my heart, which is mortal, bind the cord of your love, for it is bitter. Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago, as you preserved the high law, your prayer ascended to heaven, having been established.\n\nSalutation to the hair of your head, which the fire's flame touched, and to your head, salutation, which the burning ember struck. The Three Youths, the shorn heads of the martyr, your angel Gabriel cooled you with his wings, as one who extinguishes a coal with the hand of a man.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a prayer to Christ and Mary, then shifts to a narrative of the Three Youths, followed by two salutation stanzas. This tripartite structure is typical of Ethiopic malkeʿ hymns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0490Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Three Youths","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ድርሳነ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ድርሳነ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡' (dǝrsāna śǝllastu daqiq) means 'homily of the Three Youths,' referring to the biblical story of Ananias, Azarias, and Misael in the fiery furnace (Daniel 3).","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT0490Malke","label":"source edition: Image of Three Youths","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አናንያ፡ ወአዛርያ፡ ወሚሳኤል፡","severity":"info","text":"The names Ananias, Azarias, and Misael are the Hebrew names of the three youths from Daniel 3, also known by their Babylonian names Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago later in the text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያንትጎ","severity":"info","text":"The place name 'ኢያንትጎ' (ʾAntǝgō) likely refers to Antioch, a city significant in early Christian tradition and associated with the cult of the Three Youths in some Ethiopic sources.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-maqabyan","label":"gap dossier: The Three Ethiopian Books of Maccabees (1, 2 and 3 Mäqabǝyan)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-maqabyan"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This anonymous poem is part of the Ethiopic malkeʿ genre, a hymn of praise. The manuscript tradition (e.g., betmas) shows it was copied and used in liturgical contexts, reflecting the enduring veneration of the Three Youths in Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0490Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Three Youths","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke"},{"key":"hollis:alma990121072110203941","label":"The Alexiad","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990121072110203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The first line of the Geʿez text is marked as missing in the source edition, which may affect the interpretation of the opening prayer sequence. The English draft's rendering of 'the redeemer' (እፍዲ) is ambiguous; it could refer to the speaker or to Christ.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0490Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Three Youths","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The first line of the Geʿez is missing, leaving the opening incomplete.","The term 'እፍዲ' (ʾǝfdǝ) in line 2 could mean 'redeemer' (as in the English draft) or be a form of 'fǝdǝ' (to ransom); the intended subject is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ሰላም፡ ለመቃብሪክሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ሖርክሙ፡ ምድረ፡ ጽማዌ፨ ዳንኤል፡ ነቢይ፡ አመ፡ ቀተሎ፡ ለአርዌ፨ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡ ምሉኣነ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወልባዌ፨ አድኅኑኒ፡ ወባልሑኒ፡ እመሥገርተ፡ ሕማም፡ ምንሳዌ፨ በላዕለ፡ እምየ፡ ዘአምጽአ፡ ደዌ፨\n\nይደልዎሙ፡ ብፅዐ፡ ወመሐና፡ ለዘሰመዩ፨ ወኪያክሙ፡ ዘፈረዩ፨ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡ በእንቲአየ፡ ጸልዩ፨ እምልብየ፡ ወእምኅሊናየ፡ ሦከ፡ ኀጢአት፡ ጻሕይዩ፨ ከመ፡ በዲቤሁ፡ ኢይፍረይ፡ ለስሕተት፡ ጌጋዩ፨\n\nአምኃ፡ ሰላም፡ ወፍቅር፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ ልቡና፡ ወፈውስ፨ በዝ፡ ብሔር፡ ወበዝመቅደስ፨ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡ ነቢያተ፡ ነነዌ፡ ወፋርስ፨ ጸሪቀ፡ መበለት፡ አሐቲ፡ በከመ፡ ተወክፈ፡ ክርስቶስ፨ ተወከፍ፡ ጸሎትየ፡ እንተ፡ ባሕር፡ ወየብስ፨\n\nሰማዕታተ፡ አምላክ፡ ልዑል፡ ዘኢሰገድክሙ፡ ለምስል፨ ወዘአቍረርክሙ፡ ርስነ፡ ነበልባል፨ አናንያ፡ ወአዛርያ፡ ወሚሳኤል፨\n\nለእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክ፡ በይነ፡ ዘዐቀብክሙ፡ ሕጎ፨ በነደ፡ እሳት፡ ተወድዩ፡ በከርሠ፡ ነሪጎ፨ ሲድራቅ፡ ወሚሳቅ፡ ወአብደናጎ፨","english":"Peace to your tomb, where you went to the land of drought. Daniel the prophet, when he slew the serpent. The three youths, full of wisdom and heart, save me and deliver me from the prison of pain and affliction, from the malady that has come upon me.\n\nThey are worthy of abundance and grace for those who named them, and for you who chose them. The three youths, pray for me. From my heart and my mind, remove sins and cleanse them, as if by his hand he may not judge the error of transgression.\n\nOfferings of peace and love, a sacrifice of heart and spirit. In this land and in this sanctuary. The three youths, prophets of Nineveh and Persia. The widow who was left alone, as Christ accepted, accept my prayer, which is of sea and land.\n\nMartyrs of God Most High, who did not bow to an image, and who extinguished the flame of fire: Ananias, Azarias, and Misael.\n\nTo the Lord God, because you kept his law, in the fire you were cast, in the belly of the furnace: Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage alternates between direct address to the three youths and petitions for intercession, following a pattern common in Ethiopic malkeʿ hymns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0490Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Three Youths","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰላም፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሰላም፡ (salām) here functions as a liturgical greeting or salutation, not merely 'peace', and is typical of the malkeʿ genre.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0490Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Three Youths","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዳንኤል፡ ነቢይ፡ አመ፡ ቀተሎ፡ ለአርዌ፨","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Daniel slaying the serpent alludes to the apocryphal story of Bel and the Dragon (Daniel 14), not the canonical book of Daniel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The three youths are identified both by their Hebrew names (Ananias, Azarias, Misael) and by their Babylonian names (Sidrach, Misach, Abdenago), reflecting the dual naming tradition in Daniel 1:7.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-maqabyan","label":"gap dossier: The Three Ethiopian Books of Maccabees (1, 2 and 3 Mäqabǝyan)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-maqabyan"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The youths are called 'prophets of Nineveh and Persia', a conflation that may reflect later Ethiopic hagiographic traditions linking them to broader prophetic roles beyond the biblical furnace narrative.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990121072110203941","label":"The Alexiad","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990121072110203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the widow who was left alone' is ambiguous; it may refer to a specific figure (e.g., the Virgin Mary) or be a generic metaphor for the supplicant's isolation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the widow who was left alone' is unclear; it may be a reference to Mary or a symbolic self-designation.","The phrase 'as if by his hand he may not judge the error of transgression' is syntactically obscure in Geʿez."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"በይነ፡ ዘአቅረብኩ፡ ለክሙ፡ ድርሳነ፨ ኵሎ፡ ዕለተ፡ ወዘመነ፨ ሠለስቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡ ሀቡኒ፡ ኪዳነ፨ ምስሌክሙ፡ ከመ፡ እንበር፡ አነ፨","english":"the homily which I have prepared for you, all the days and times. O three youths, grant me a covenant, that I may be with you as I am.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ድርሳነ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term dǝrsān (homily) marks this as a liturgical composition, likely part of a malkǝʿ (eulogy) genre. The passage concludes the poem with a direct petition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT0490Malke","label":"betmas: Image of Three Youths","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT0490Malke"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኪዳነ","severity":"info","text":"Kǝdan (covenant) here carries the sense of a binding promise or pact, often with divine or saintly intercessors. It echoes biblical covenant language but is adapted to personal petition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሠለስቱ ደቂቅ","severity":"info","text":"The 'three youths' (Ananias, Azarias, Misael) are from Daniel 3. Their deliverance from the fiery furnace is a type of salvation from affliction, invoked here for healing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This poem is part of a broader Ethiopic tradition venerating the three youths as intercessors against illness and imprisonment, attested in multiple manuscript witnesses.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-maqabyan","label":"gap dossier: The Three Ethiopian Books of Maccabees (1, 2 and 3 Mäqabǝyan)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-maqabyan"},{"key":"hollis:alma990121072110203941","label":"The Alexiad","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990121072110203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ እንበር አነ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'as I am' is ambiguous: it may mean 'as I am now (in suffering)' or 'as I am (a mortal)'. The English draft smooths over this ambiguity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ከመ እንበር አነ' could mean 'as I am' (present state) or 'as I exist' (ontological). The English draft takes the former, but the latter is possible.","The identity of the speaker (the poet or a generic supplicant) is not specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}