Work dossier · summary and historical context
Bel and the Dragon is a Greek deuterocanonical addition to the book of Daniel, preserved in the Septuagint tradition. It comprises two episodes: Daniel exposes the fraud of the idol Bel and later kills a dragon worshipped by the Babylonians. The work survives in Codex Chisianus and the Syro-Hexaplar version, with no earlier witnesses. Its original language may be Semitic, but only the Greek translation is extant. The narrative reflects Hellenistic Jewish polemic against idolatry and was accepted in Greek and Latin Christian canons but excluded from the Hebrew Bible.
Bel and the Dragon is a key witness to Hellenistic Jewish storytelling and anti-idolatry polemic. It illustrates how biblical figures were adapted to engage Greco-Roman culture. Its inclusion in the Septuagint and Vulgate shaped Christian deuterocanon, while its exclusion from the Hebrew canon highlights divergent Jewish and Christian scriptural boundaries.
Bel and the Dragon was likely composed in the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE, though external evidence is lacking. The work originated in a Hellenistic Jewish community, possibly in Alexandria or Palestine, where stories defending monotheism against pagan idolatry were popular. It was transmitted as part of the Greek Septuagint, appended to Daniel. The earliest manuscripts are medieval: Codex Chisianus (5th–6th c.) and the Syro-Hexaplar (7th c.). The text differs from the Old Greek fragments of Papyrus 967 (3rd c.) and the Theodotionic recension, indicating a complex transmission history. Jerome included it in the Vulgate, ensuring its place in Latin Christianity.
Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded
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