machine-draft · no human review203 passages · 54,656 words
Work dossier · summary and historical context
Summary
The Heptateuchos is a late antique Latin hexameter paraphrase of the first seven books of the Old Testament, attributed conventionally to Cyprianus Gallus. It survives in a single 9th-century Carolingian manuscript (Paris, BNF, lat. 13047) with lacunae and scribal errors. The work is dated stylistically and metrically to the 5th or early 6th century. It was little known in the Middle Ages but has attracted modern scholarly interest as a witness to biblical versification and late Latin poetics. The edition reconstructs some passages conjecturally and does not provide a full apparatus of biblical source variants.
The Heptateuchos is a rare example of late antique biblical epic, offering insight into how the Old Testament was versified and interpreted in a Christian poetic tradition. It bridges classical Latin poetics and biblical exegesis, and its survival in a single manuscript highlights the fragility of such texts. It relates to works by Juvencus, Sedulius, and Arator, and contributes to the study of late Latin metrics and biblical reception.
Historical context
The Heptateuchos was composed in Latin, likely in Gaul, during the 5th or early 6th century, a period of transition from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages. The attribution to Cyprianus Gallus is conventional but not securely documented; the poet may have been a Gallo-Roman Christian familiar with classical and biblical traditions. The work survives in a single 9th-century Carolingian manuscript, indicating limited circulation. Its hexameter form reflects the late antique practice of biblical versification, seen also in works like Juvencus' Evangeliorum libri and Sedulius' Carmen paschale. The Heptateuchos was little known in the medieval period, likely due to its incomplete transmission and the dominance of prose biblical texts. Modern scholarship has focused on its poetic techniques and its relationship to the Vetus Latina and Vulgate.
background — historical or institutional context the text presupposes
term — a Coptic word and the rendering chosen for it
caution — uncertainty or a contested reading
reception — later use — liturgy, canon law, daughter versions
sense — what the passage says
parallel — a parallel in another text or tradition
dating — dating, attribution, or sequence of events
Pipeline notes
coverageNo English translation is known: a language model asked twice could name none, and the source corpus records none. That is not proof — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed.
limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
registerRegister: poetry in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
structurePassages: 203 narrative.
caution10 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note.
sourceSource edition: ogl-csel — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Term index
Coptic
Rendering
Count
First
no glossary terms recorded
stoa0104c.stoa001.opp-lat1:201 · narrativemedium
Source
amplexuque tenet toto retroque residit. ut nisu maiore ruat. dominumque precatus
ultricem traxit propria cum morte ruinam. quo pater orbatus fratresque et pignora cuncta
conueniunt functumque dolent decorantque sepulchro. [hunc sequitur Semada ducem. qui fortibus ausis
sescentos perimit et tempora laeta reducit.]
Haec inter Micia petit pergrande talentum
argenti matrem. quod sanctum femina fidens
esse docet uotumque deo. sed tempore certo
reddendum; mox celsa facit donaria sancto
et theraphin templumque deo. sinibusque repletis,
qui minor est natus, domino fert dona sacerdos. post ludam Micia legit. sedemque quaerentem
congesto secum donorum munere nectit
adsumptusque dei meruit sacraria uotis. ecce tribus Dana subito noua regna requirens
mittit oratores socio de corpore quinque. scrutantes, ut cuncta probent, quae portio terrae
sit melior, qua deinde iuuet conponere sedes. hi dum circumeunt saltusque ac deuia lustrant. ad ludam ueniunt socio sermone serentes,
quid faciat, quae sacra nouet? poscentibus ille
quae postquam exprompsit, conpulsus consulit, alti
et domini mandata dei ueniamque supernam
exhibuit, iussosque dehinc discedere laudat. haec reduces docuere suos; iamque agmine denso
English
He holds him in a full embrace and sinks back, so that he may fall with greater force. And having prayed to the Lord, he drew down a vengeful ruin together with his own death. The bereaved father, the brothers, and all the children gather, mourn the dead, and adorn his tomb. [Semada follows this leader; with bold deeds he slays six hundred and brings back happy times.] Meanwhile, Micia seeks a very large talent of silver from his mother. The faithful woman teaches that it is holy and a vow to God, but to be returned at a fixed time; soon she makes high offerings to the saint and the theraphin and a temple to God. And with the folds filled, the lesser-born priest brings gifts to the Lord. After this, Micia reads Judah, and, seeking a seat, he binds himself with the gathered gift of offerings, and, taken up, he merited the sanctuaries of God through his vows. Behold, the tribe of Dan, suddenly seeking new kingdoms, sends five spokesmen from the allied body. They investigate, to test all things, which portion of land is better, where it might then help to establish settlements. While they wander through the woods and track the byways, they come to Judah, sowing words in allied speech: what is he doing, what new rites does he institute? To those asking, after he sets forth what he does, compelled, he consults; he displayed the high commands of the Lord God and heavenly pardon, and praises the ordered ones for departing. These things the returning men taught their own; now in a dense column
stoa0104c.stoa001.opp-lat1:202 · narrativemedium
Source
sescenti ueniunt. ephudem et sculptile portant
et theraphin, secumque rogant consistere ludam. quem cum Micias profugum reuocare pararet,
pellitur; adscitus non uult remeare sacerdos. Laisa bello petitur tectisque crematis
amittit sedes et maestis denegat arces. uincentumque manus studio se conlocat illic
et nomen tribule dedit; nam Dana uocatur. Vir quidam Leuita fuit, qui coniuge nulla
concubitum de serua petit. haec dedita cessit
dissocians conmune iugum infensaque longe
auolat et spreti refugit consortia lecti. quam cum sollicite uellet reuocare maritus. conmunem famulum secum et iumenta ducebat
ad socerum ueniens natamque ex foedere oscit;
promittit blandeque fouet sensimque tenendo
inlicit, ut secum maneat. mox ille residens
uescitur et placida securus sede quiescit.
DEPERDITORUM CARMINUM RELLIQVIAE.
REGVM
denique quaesitos tetigit tamen ille penates.
English
Six hundred come. They carry the ephod and the sculpted image and the teraphim, and they ask Luda to stay with them. When Micias prepares to recall the fugitive, he is driven off; the summoned priest refuses to return. Laisa is attacked in war, and with its roofs burned, it loses its seats and denies its citadels to the grieving. The victor’s band stations itself there with zeal and gave it a tribal name; for it is called Dana. There was a certain Levite man who, having no wife, sought intercourse with a slave woman. She, yielding, gave way, sundering the common yoke, and flies far off, hostile, and shuns the spurned partner’s bed. When the husband anxiously wished to recall her, he brought a common servant and beasts of burden with him, coming to his father-in-law and kissing his daughter by agreement; he promises, soothes her gently, and by holding her gradually entices her to stay with him. Soon he, settling down, feasts and rests secure in a peaceful abode.
FRAGMENTS OF LOST POEMS.
OF THE KINGS.
Finally, he touched the sought-for household gods, nevertheless.
stoa0104c.stoa001.opp-lat1:203 · narrativemedium
Source
. praecaue nunc miser nec te dum nescis et audes
obrepit partemque secat de ueste fluenti.
KEGVM II
.. quasi uermiculus ligni tenerrimus ..
. hunc sequitur Semada ducem, qui fortibus ausis sescentos perimit et tempora laeta reducit. XXIII. Cypr. poet.
REGVM III
hinc repetita sacri gradiens per moenia templi
distento et plenam monstrantes uentre saginam.
REGVM IIII.
purpureis maior Persarum in sede tyrannis
PARALIPOMENON I
. partitusque meis iustos indico labores
iussit ut obrizo non parui ponderis auro
PARALIPOMENON II IVDITH HESTER
IOB
a lanigerae pecudes et equorum bellica pubes
INCERTAE SEDIS
Omnibus attamen his sat perstat. quod uoluisti.
Angelico monitu repetunt sed regna Canopi.
nec lupus insidians Christi deroderet agnos.
captiuamque manum deformis seruitus urget.
contulit atque seni suffragia sancta salutis.
English
Beware now, wretched man, nor, while you do not know and dare,
does it creep up and cut a part from the flowing garment.
II KINGS
... like the tenderest woodworm ...
This man follows Semada as leader, who with bold deeds
slays six hundred and brings back happy times. XXIII. Cypr. poet.
III KINGS
Then, from the repeated sacred rite, walking through the walls of the temple,
showing a full belly distended and stuffed with fat.
IV KINGS
Greater than the purple-clad tyrants in the seat of the Persians.
I PARALIPOMENON
And, having been divided among my own, I declare just labors;
he ordered that with refined gold of no small weight.
II PARALIPOMENON, JUDITH, ESTHER
JOB
Wool-bearing flocks and the warlike youth of horses.
OF UNCERTAIN PLACEMENT
Yet, despite all these, he persists sufficiently in what you wished.
By angelic warning they seek again the kingdoms of Canopus.
Nor would the treacherous wolf gnaw away Christ’s lambs.
And a captive hand is oppressed by disfiguring servitude.
He conferred holy aids of salvation upon the old man.