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In duodecim apostolos

John Chrysostom · khazarzar

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machine-draft · no human review 5 passages · 1,199 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

This homiletic or catechetical piece on the twelve apostles, attributed to John Chrysostom, is liturgical and parenetic in register, not historical or biographical. It survives only in later manuscripts, and its attribution to Chrysostom is traditional but not securely attested in early witnesses. The khazarzar edition provides no critical apparatus, translation, or commentary, requiring direct consultation of the Greek text. If authentic, the work dates to the late 4th century, but it may be a later compilation under Chrysostom's name. The text likely served a feast of the Twelve Apostles, possibly Pentecost-related, and employs common patristic tropes such as the apostles as 'immovable pillars' and Judas' betrayal for thirty pieces of silver.

The work exemplifies the liturgical and parenetic use of apostolic themes in late antique Christianity, emphasizing the apostles as models of faith and orthodoxy. It relates to broader patristic traditions of apostolic veneration and Chrysostom's homiletic style, though its disputed authorship cautions against overreliance. It offers insight into how apostolic figures were rhetorically deployed in Byzantine liturgy.

Historical context

The work is attributed to John Chrysostom (c. 347–407), a prominent Greek Church Father and Archbishop of Constantinople, known for his eloquent homilies and moral exhortations. If authentic, it would date to the late 4th century, likely composed in Antioch or Constantinople for a liturgical celebration of the apostles. The text reflects the growing veneration of apostolic figures in late antique Christianity, often linked to Pentecost or the feast of the Twelve Apostles (June 30 in Eastern tradition). Its survival only in later manuscripts, without early witnesses, raises doubts about Chrysostom's authorship; it may be a later compilation or pseudepigraphon. The khazarzar edition does not specify its manuscript base, limiting historical precision. The work's genre aligns with Chrysostom's homiletic corpus, but its attribution remains uncertain.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

30 commentary units 7 scripture7 background5 structure4 reception3 sense2 caution2 term 0 derived notes 9 open questions 5 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • coverageNo English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed.
  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: other in ancient Greek; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 5 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: khazarzar — Migne PG text (public domain); khazarzar host and the digitising project state no licence for this layer

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
khazarzar-john-chrysostom-in-duodecim-apostolos:1 · narrativehigh
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Εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους δώδεκα ἀποστόλους. Εἰκότως καὶ τήμερον ἐπὶ φοιτήσει τοῦ ἁγίου Πνεύματος ἡ τῶν ἁλιέων αὕτη πεπλήρωται σαγήνη, αὐτοκελεύστως ἐν αὐτῇ τῶν λογικῶν ἰχθύων ἡμῶν εἰσπηδώντων. Ὁ γὰρ λόγος τοῦ Λόγου τοὺς ἀγραμμάτους σοφίσας, καὶ γλώσσαις πυρίναις τοὺς βραδυγλώσσους στομώσας, τὴν τέχνην αὐτῶν μετέθηκε ἐπὶ τὸ θειότερον, λέγων, Δεῦτε ὀπίσω μου, καὶ ποιήσω ὑμᾶς ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων. Εἶπε, Δεῦτε ὀπίσω μου, καὶ πάντα πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον εὐθὺς μετεβλήθη. Δώδεκα ἐπιλεχθέντες ἐτύγχανον ἀθληταὶ, καὶ τούτων οὐδαμῶς οὐδεὶς ἔμεινεν ἀστεφάνωτος. Ἡ γὰρ μία χάρις τοῖς ἅπασι συνῆλθε καὶ συνέτρεχε, καὶ τὴν ἑκάστου νίκην δοκιμωτέραν ἐδείκνυε. Μόνος ὁ τάλας Ἰούδας τῆς τοιαύτης ἀγκύρας ἑαυτὸν ἀπεσχοίνισε, φιλήματι τοῖς λύκοις ὑποδείξας τὸ πρόβατον, καὶ τριάκοντα ἀργυρίων πωλήσας τὸν Κύριον· οὗ τὸ αἷμα τὸν κόσμον ἠγόρασεν. Ἀλλ' ὢ τῆς ὑμῶν, ἀπόστολοι, μακαρίας καὶ λαμπρᾶς ξυνωρίδος! ὅτι τὰ πάντα τοῖς πᾶσι γεγόνατε χάριτι, οὐ καλάμῳ, ἀλλὰ λόγῳ τὰς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀγέλας ἐμπείρως ζωγρήσαντες. Ὑμεῖς γάρ ἐστε τῆς ὀρθοδοξίας ἀμετάθετοι στῦλοι, τῆς Ἐκκλησίας πέτρα, τῆς βασιλείας σκῆπτρα, καὶ τοῦ ποιμνίου μάλιστα τούτου ἄγρυπνοι προστάται, τῆς νοσούσης ἀνθρωπότητος ἄμισθοι ἰατροὶ, καὶ τῆς ἡμῶν μετανοίας πρὸς Θεὸν ἀνάδοχοι συμπαθεῖς. Ὡς γὰρ ἄκμονές τινες ἔμψυχοι τυγχάνοντες, ἐν τῷ τύπτεσθαι τοὺς τύπτοντας ἐχαλκεύσατε πρὸς ἐπίγνωσιν. Πέτρος ἐντεῦθεν μαθητεύει τὴν Ῥώμην. Παῦλος ἐκεῖθεν εὐαγγελίζεται κόσμον. Ἀνδρέας τῆς Ἑλλάδος σοφοὺς διορθοῦται· Σίμων διδάσκει τὸν Θεὸν τοὺς βαρβάρους·
English
On the Holy Twelve Apostles. Rightly and today, at the visitation of the Holy Spirit, this net of fishermen has been filled, as the rational fish of us leap into it of their own accord. For the Word of the Logos, having made the unlettered wise and having sharpened the slow-tongued with fiery tongues, transformed their craft into something more divine, saying, "Come after me, and I will make you fishers of men." He said, "Come after me," and everything was immediately changed for the better. Twelve chosen athletes there were, and of these not one remained uncrowned. For the single grace came together and ran with them all, and made each one's victory more proven. Only the wretched Judas cut himself loose from such an anchor, pointing out the sheep to the wolves with a kiss, and selling the Lord for thirty pieces of silver—whose blood purchased the world. But O the blessed and glorious pair of you, apostles! For you have become all things to all people by grace, having skillfully captured the flocks of men not with a reed but with the word. For you are the immovable pillars of orthodoxy, the rock of the Church, the scepter of the kingdom, and especially the sleepless guardians of this flock, the unpaid physicians of ailing humanity, and the compassionate guarantors of our repentance before God. For, being like living anvils, in being struck you forged those who strike you toward knowledge. Peter from here teaches Rome. Paul from there evangelizes the world. Andrew corrects the wise of Greece; Simon teaches the barbarians about God.
khazarzar-john-chrysostom-in-duodecim-apostolos:2 · narrativehigh
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Θωμᾶς διὰ βαπτίσματος λευκαίνει τοὺς Αἰθίοπας· Ἰακώβου τὴν καθέδραν ἡ Ἰουδαία τιμᾷ· Μάρκου τὸν θρόνον Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ παρὰ Νεῖλον ἀσπάζεται· Λουκᾶς καὶ Ματθαῖος γράφουσι τὰ Εὐαγγέλια· Ἰωάννης ἔτι θεολογῶν, καὶ μετὰ τέλος ὡς ζῶν θεραπεύει τὴν Ἔφεσον· Βαρθολομαῖος παιδαγωγεῖ σωφρονεῖν τοὺς Λυκάονας· Φίλιππος θαυματουργῶν σώζει τὴν Ἱεράπολιν. Ἅπαντες ἁπανταχοῦ πάντας εὐεργετοῦντες οὐ παύονται· κόνιν ἀθάνατον ἐν τάφοις καταλελοίπασι, νῦν μὲν θεραπευταὶ, μετ' ὀλίγον δὲ δικασταὶ τοῦ κόσμου προκαθήμενοι. Τούτῳ προσπελάσας χωλὸς, ἀρτίπους ἀνέλυσεν· ἐκείνῳ συντυχὼν παράλυτος, κλινοφορεῖν ἐκελεύετο· ἄλλος ἐκάλει νεκροὺς, καὶ τούτους εἶχεν εὐθὺς ὑπακούοντας· ἑτέρου καὶ σκιὰ μόνη τὰς νόσους ἐδίωκεν· ἄλλου τὴν ἐπίκλησιν οἱ δαίμονες ἔφριττον, καὶ τὰ σουδάρια τούτων ἀπέσταζον ἴασιν. Μαθηταὶ γὰρ ὑπῆρχον ἐκείνου, οὗπερ τὸ κράσπεδον κλαπὲν τῆς αἱμοῤῥοούσης ἁφῇ τὴν ἐρυθρὰν τῶν αἱμάτων ἀπεξήρανε θάλασσαν. Ἀλλ' ἐγὼ πρὸς τοὺς κορυφαίους τῶν ἀποστόλων ἐπάνειμι τῷ λόγῳ, καὶ τῆς προφητικῆς ἐκείνης ἐπιμέμνημαι φωνῆς· Ἰδοὺ δὴ τί καλὸν, ἢ τί τερπνὸν, ἀλλ' ἢ τὸ κατοικεῖν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό; Ἡγείσθω τοίνυν τοῦ λόγου Πέτρος, ἐπειδὴ καὶ πρότερος εἰς τὸν ἀμπελῶνα τοῦ Κυρίου μεμίσθωται, Πέτρος τῆς τοῦ καλοῦ ποιμένος ἀγέλης τὸ πρωτότοκον πρόβατον, Πέτρος ὁ ἀπὸ λίμνης εἰς οὐρανὸν ἀναβὰς, ὁ τοὺς ναύτας ἀφεὶς, καὶ συλλαλεῖν ἀγγέλοις ἀξιωθεὶς, ὁ τὴν ὁλκάδα καταλιπὼν, καὶ τὴν Ἐκκλησίαν παραλαβὼν εἰς κυβέρνησιν· ὁ κλειδοῦχος τῶν οὐρανῶν προσκληθεὶς, καὶ τὸ δεσμοῦν καὶ λύειν ἐπὶ γῆς ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ δεξάμενος·
English
Thomas whitens the Ethiopians through baptism; Judea honors James’s seat; Alexandria by the Nile greets Mark’s throne; Luke and Matthew write the Gospels; John, still theologizing, even after his end as if living, heals Ephesus; Bartholomew teaches the Lycaonians to be temperate; Philip, working wonders, saves Hierapolis. All of them, everywhere, never cease benefiting everyone; they have left immortal dust in tombs, now healers, soon to be judges presiding over the world. A lame man, approaching this one, departed with sound feet; a paralytic, meeting that one, was ordered to carry a bed; another called the dead, and they immediately obeyed him; another’s mere shadow drove away diseases; at another’s invocation the demons shuddered, and their handkerchiefs dripped healing. For they were disciples of him whose stolen hem of the hemorrhaging woman dried up the red sea of blood by its touch. But I return in my discourse to the leaders of the apostles, and I recall that prophetic voice: Behold, what is good or pleasant, if not for brothers to dwell together? Let Peter, then, lead the discourse, since he was also hired first into the Lord’s vineyard, Peter the firstborn sheep of the good shepherd’s flock, Peter who ascended from a lake to heaven, who left the sailors and was deemed worthy to converse with angels, who abandoned the ship and took over the Church for steering; who was called the key-bearer of the heavens and received authority to bind and loose on earth.
khazarzar-john-chrysostom-in-duodecim-apostolos:3 · narrativehigh
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ὁ πρὸς τὴν κλῆσιν ταχὺς, καὶ πρὸς τὴν πίστιν ἀνενδοίαστος, καὶ περὶ πάντα θερμὸς τοῦ Διδασκάλου συνήγορος, Σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς, ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος, φθεγξάμενος· ὁ συναποθνήσκειν τῷ Δεσπότῃ προθέμενος, καὶ μέχρι τῆς αὐλῆς τοῦ Καϊάφα τῷ δεδεμένῳ λυτρωτῇ συνεισερχόμενος· ὁ καὶ ἀρνούμενος συγγνωστὸς, καὶ μεταμελόμενος θαυμαστός. Οὐδὲ γὰρ μέμψεως τοσοῦτον διὰ τὴν ἄρνησιν, ὅσον μακαρισμοῦ διὰ τὴν μετάνοιαν ἄξιος. Ἡμῖν γὰρ καὶ σφαλλόμενος ὠφέλιμος, ὅτι ταχὺ δακρύσας τὸ πταῖσμα κατέκλυσε, καὶ πρὸς μικρὸν σαλευθεὶς, εἰς αἰῶνα τῶν πιστῶν εὑρέθη θεμέλιος. Ἂν γὰρ σκοπήσῃς, ἀγαπητὲ, τὸν τότε καιρὸν τῆς εὐκαίρου δειλίας, οὐκ ἂν εὕροις πολὺ τὸν Πέτρον πρὸς τὴν μέμψιν ὑπεύθυνον. Ὅτε γὰρ ἥλιος ἔφυγεν, οὐρανὸς ἐκρύπτετο, γῆ ἐσαλεύετο, πέτραι διεθρύπτοντο, οὐ δυνάμεναι φέρειν τὴν ὕβριν τοῦ κτίσαντος· τότε Πέτρος ὤκλασε, τότε ὁ κορυφαῖος ἠρνήσατο· καὶ τὸν ἄλογον τῆς ἡμέρας ἄγγελον, ἔλεγχον εὐθὺς εὗρε τῆς προῤῥηθείσης ἀρνήσεως· Πρὶν ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι, ἀπαρνήσῃ με τρίς. Ἀλλὰ πρῶτος ἀρνησάμενος, πρῶτος ἐπὶ τὸν τάφον ἔδραμε, πρῶτος εἶδεν ἀναστάντα τὸν ζωοδότην τῶν νεκρῶν, παρὰ Μαρίας μαθὼν ὅπερ αὐτῷ οὐκ ἐθάῤῥησεν ὁ ἐπάνω τοῦ λίθου καθήμενος ἄγγελος.
English
Swift to his calling, unwavering in faith, and ardent in all things as the Teacher’s advocate, you are the one who declared, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God”; who resolved to die with the Master and entered the court of Caiaphas together with the bound Redeemer; who, though denying, is pardonable, and, though repenting, is admirable. For he is worthy not so much of blame for the denial as of blessing for the repentance. Even in his error he is beneficial to us, because he quickly drowned the fault with tears, and though shaken for a moment, he was found to be a foundation of the faithful for eternity. For if you consider, beloved, the time of that timely timidity, you would not find Peter very liable to blame. For when the sun fled, the sky was hidden, the earth was shaken, rocks were shattered, unable to bear the outrage against the Creator—then Peter faltered, then the foremost denied; and the irrational messenger of the day immediately found the proof of the foretold denial: “Before the rooster crows, you will deny me three times.” But having denied first, he ran first to the tomb, first saw the risen Giver of Life to the dead, having learned from Mary what the angel sitting on the stone did not dare to tell him.
khazarzar-john-chrysostom-in-duodecim-apostolos:4 · narrativehigh
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Ἀλλ' ἔλθῃ μετ' αὐτὸν εἰς μέσον Παῦλος ὁ πάνσοφος τῆς οἰκουμένης ῥήτωρ, ὁ ἀπὸ λύκου ἀμνὸς, ὁ ἐξ ἀκανθῶν βότρυς, ὁ ἐκ ζιζανίων σῖτος, ὁ ἀπὸ ἐχθροῦ φίλος, ὁ ἀπὸ Ἑβραίων μένων Ἑβραῖος, ὁ παρ' ἐκείνοις Σαῦλος ἐμπνέων ἀπειλῆς καὶ φόνου, παρ' ἡμῖν δὲ Παῦλος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος, ὁ ἀπὸ βλασφήμου θεολόγος, ὁ ἀπὸ διώκτου εὐαγγελιστὴς, ὁ ἀπὸ πειρατοῦ κυβερνήτης, ὁ ἀπὸ προδότου στρατιώτης· ὁ μετὰ Πέτρου τὴν Ῥώμην λαχὼν εἰς ταφὴν, καὶ μετ' αὐτοῦ καὶ ταύτην μὴ παρορῶν τὴν Συχέμ· ὁ κατὰ τὸν Βενιαμὶν τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ ἀδελφὸς, καὶ κατὰ τὴν Θέκλαν καὶ τῶν παίδων πατὴρ καὶ διδάσκαλος· ὁ πρὸ τῆς Δαμασκοῦ τυφλὸς, καὶ καθ' ἑκάστην πόλιν τοῦ κηρύγματος ὀφθαλμός· ὁ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ κληθεὶς, καὶ εἰς οὐρανὸν ἁρπαγείς· ὁ θεωρήσας τὸν παράδεισον πρὸ τῆς ἐντεῦθεν ἀφίξεως, καὶ τὸν στέφανον τῆς νίκης ἔτι παλαίων λαβὼν, καὶ πάλιν, ὡς λέγει, χρεωστούμενον. Τί γάρ φησιν; Ὃν ἀποδώσει μοι Κύριος ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ. Παῦλος ὁ ἐξ ἐσχάτων πρῶτος, ὁ ἀπὸ ἐκτρωμάτων τέλειος ἀνὴρ, ὁ καὶ διώκων ἡδὺς, καὶ διωκόμενος γλυκύς· ὁ Ῥωμαῖος, καὶ Φαρισαῖος, καὶ πάντα τοῖς πᾶσι διὰ πίστιν γενόμενος. Ὁ Χριστὸς γὰρ ὁ εἰπὼν Πέτρῳ, Δεῖ σε παθεῖν, εἶπε καὶ περὶ Παύλου, ὅσα αὐτὸν ἔδει ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ παθεῖν, ἵνα ὁ μὲν σταυρούμενος, ὁ δὲ τὴν κεφαλὴν τεμνόμενος, μίαν πίστιν κηρύξαντες, ἕνα δρόμον τελέσαντες, μάρτυρες ἀληθεῖς τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἔσωνται τοῦ παθόντος καὶ ταφέντος καὶ ἀναστάντος, ὡς εἶδε, καὶ εἰς τὸν κόλπον τοῦ Πατρὸς φθάσαντος, ὅνπερ οὐδέποτε καταλέλοιπε. Πρὸς οὓς αὐτὸς ὁ Δεσπότης προφητικῶς διαλέγεται·
English
But after him comes Paul, the all-wise orator of the world, the lamb from the wolf, the cluster of grapes from the thorns, the wheat from the tares, the friend from the enemy, the Hebrew remaining a Hebrew among them, among them Saul breathing threat and murder, but among us Paul, the called apostle of Jesus Christ, the theologian from the blasphemer, the evangelist from the persecutor, the helmsman from the pirate, the soldier from the traitor; he who with Peter obtained Rome for burial, and with him does not overlook this Shechem; he who is like Benjamin, brother of Joseph, and like Thecla, father and teacher of children; he who was blind before Damascus, and the eye of the proclamation in every city; he who was called from heaven and snatched up to heaven; he who beheld paradise before his departure from here, and received the crown of victory while still struggling, and again, as he says, owed. For what does he say? The one whom the Lord will give me on that day. Paul, the first from the last, the perfect man from the miscarried, both sweet when persecuting and sweet when persecuted; the Roman, and the Pharisee, and everything to everyone through faith. For Christ, who said to Peter, "You must suffer," also said concerning Paul all that he had to suffer for his name, so that the one being crucified and the other having his head cut off, having proclaimed one faith and completed one course, they might be true witnesses of the resurrection of the one who suffered, was buried, and rose, as he saw, and who reached the bosom of the Father, whom he never left. To them the Master himself speaks prophetically.
khazarzar-john-chrysostom-in-duodecim-apostolos:5 · narrativehigh
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Κυκλώσατε τὴν νέαν ταύτην Σιὼν, καὶ περιλάβετε αὐτήν· τουτέστι, Φυλάξατε, τειχίσατε, ταῖς εὐχαῖς ὀχυρώσατε, ἵνα, ὅταν εὐκαίρως ὀργίζωμαι, καὶ σαλεύω τὴν σύμπασαν, βλέπων τὸν ὑμῶν ἀτελεύτητον τάφον, καὶ ἅπερ ἑκουσίως δι' ἐμὲ βαστάζετε στίγματα, νικῶ τὸν θυμὸν εὐσπλαγχνίᾳ, καὶ προλαμβάνω τὴν ὑμῶν διὰ ταύτην πρεσβείαν. Ἱερωσύνην γὰρ καὶ βασιλείαν ὅταν ἴδω δακρύουσαν, εὐθὺς πρὸς οἶκτον ὡς συμπαθὴς ἐπικάμπτομαι, καὶ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐκείνης φωνῆς ἐπιμέμνημαι· Ὑπερασπιῶ τῆς πόλεως ταύτης διὰ Δαυῒδ τὸν δοῦλόν μου, καὶ Ἀαρὼν τὸν ἅγιόν μου· οἵτινες ὡς ὑμεῖς ὁμονοήσαντες τῇ πίστει, καὶ τὰς ἀξίας αὐθαιρέτῳ ταπεινοφροσύνῃ καλύψαντες, καὶ τῇ στολῇ δείξαντες τῆς ψυχῆς τὴν ταπείνωσιν, πολλάς μοι τῶν μαθητῶν μυριάδας προσήνεγκαν, ἐμὲ φερούσας, καὶ παρ' ἐμοῦ τῷ κόσμῳ τὸν ἱλασμὸν αἰτούσας. Εἶπον γὰρ, Αἰτεῖτε, καὶ δοθήσεται ὑμῖν· ζητεῖτε, καὶ εὑρήσετε. Αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ, εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.
English
Surround this new Zion, and encompass it; that is, guard it, wall it, fortify it with prayers, so that, when I am seasonably angered and shake the whole world, seeing your unending tomb and the marks you willingly bear for me, I may overcome my wrath with compassion and anticipate your intercession on this account. For when I see priesthood and royalty weeping, I am immediately bent to pity as one sympathetic, and I recall that voice of mine: I will defend this city for the sake of my servant David and my holy Aaron, who, like you, being of one mind in faith, and having concealed their dignities with voluntary humility, and having shown the humility of the soul through their attire, brought to me many myriads of disciples, bearing me and asking from me atonement for the world. For I said, Ask, and it shall be given to you; seek, and you shall find. To him is the glory and the power, now and always, unto the ages of ages. Amen.
Citation. Tergwame, “In duodecim apostolos”, khazarzar-john-chrysostom-in-duodecim-apostolos:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/khazarzar-john-chrysostom-in-duodecim-apostolos#s1
Colophon. Source: khazarzar · licence: Migne PG text (public domain); khazarzar host and the digitising project state no licence for this layer · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0031 · generated 2026-11-15.