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Syriac · Other · mid-4th century

Nativity 19

Ephrem the Syrian · syriac

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machine-draft · no human review 3 passages · 814 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

Nativity 19 is a madrāšâ (verse homily) attributed to Ephrem the Syrian (d. 373), part of a cycle on the Nativity. The Syriac text survives in manuscripts from the 5th–6th centuries, with the base manuscript from DSC 567. The hymn was incorporated into the East Syriac liturgical cycle for the Feast of the Nativity, chanted during the vigil office. Its dense symbolism and wordplay, typical of Ephrem, require consultation of the Syriac for full theological resonance. The edition does not include a full critical apparatus; Beck's CSCO edition remains the standard for textual criticism.

Nativity 19 exemplifies Ephrem's symbolic and typological theology, using dense wordplay to connect Old Testament figures (e.g., Ahaz, Uzziah) to the virgin birth. Its incorporation into the East Syriac liturgy underscores its role in shaping communal worship and Christological reflection. The hymn also illustrates the transmission and adaptation of Ephrem's corpus in later centuries.

Historical context

Ephrem the Syrian (c. 306–373) was a deacon, poet, and theologian in Nisibis and later Edessa, writing in Syriac. The madrāšê on the Nativity are traditionally attributed to him, but may include later additions. The 4th-century dating is plausible but not securely established. The hymn reflects the Syriac-speaking Christian community's liturgical and theological concerns, particularly typological exegesis linking Old Testament prophecies to Christ's birth. Nativity 19 was transmitted in East Syriac hymnaries, indicating its enduring authority in the liturgical tradition. The earliest manuscript witnesses date to the 5th–6th centuries, suggesting a relatively early stabilization of the text.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

18 commentary units 3 term3 background3 scripture2 parallel2 structure2 caution2 sense1 reception 0 derived notes 7 open questions 3 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: other in classical Syriac; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 3 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: syriac — CC BY 4.0

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
dsc-567:1 · narrativemedium
Source
ܕܰܬܪܶܥܣܰܪ̈ ܒܰܪ ܩܳܠܶܗ ܚܳܒܘ ܥܽܘܙܺܝܳܐ ܘܝܽܘܬܳܡ ܘܐܳܚܳܙ ܒܰܩܪ̈ܳܒܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܚܠܳܦ ܓܳܠܽܘܬܳܐ ܕܢܶܚܬܰܬ ܠܐܳܬܽܘܪ ܡܓܽܘ̈ܫܶܐ ܐܶܬܰܘ ܠܰܢ ܒܰܫܺܝܪ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܦܳܚ ܒܫܽܘ̈ܩܰܝܢ ܪܺܝܚܳܐ ܛܳܒܳܐ ܕܒܶܣ̈ܡܳܢܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܥܽܘܢܺܝܬܳܐ : ܠܳܟ ܬܶܫܒܽܘܚܬܳܐ ܒܰܪ ܡܳܪܶܐ ܟܽܠ ܕܰܠܟܽܠ ܡܰܚܶܐ ܕܒܰܪ ܚܰܢܳܢܳܐ ܐܰܢܬ ܚܰܢܬ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܒܰܣܺܝܡܽܘܬܳܟ ܕܒܰܪ ܛܰܢܳܢܳܐ ܐܰܢܬ ܬܶܒܥܰܬ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܥܙܺܝܙܽܘܬܳܟ ܕܒܰܪ ܥܰܬܺܝܪܳܐ ܐܰܢܬ ܐܰܝܟ ܪܶܚܡܰܬܗܽܘܢ ܦܪܰܥܘ ܚܽܘ̈ܒܠܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܒܩܽܘܪ̈ܒܳܢܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܡܶܙܓܰܬ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܕܠܳܐ ܠܰܢ ܬܰܟܪܺܝ ܘܰܠܗܽܘܢ ܬܺܚܶܐ ܕܰܫܒܰܘ ܟܶܣܦܰܢ ܐܰܝܬܺܝܘ ܕܰܗܒܳܐ ܕܡܰܚܺܝܘ ܓܽܘܫܡܰܢ ܐܰܝܬܺܝܘ ܡܽܘܪܳܐ ܕܐܰܘܩܶܕܘ ܩܽܘܕܫܰܢ ܠܒܽܘܢܬܳܐ ܩܰܪܺܒܘ ܠܐܰܠܳܗܽܘܬܳܟ ܡܽܘܪܗܽܘܢ ܒܳܥܶܐ ܥܰܠ ܣܰܝ̈ܦܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܕܰܒܗܽܘܢ ܩܛܰܠܽܘܢ ܕܰܗܒܗܽܘܢ ܒܳܥܶܐ ܥܰܠ ܣܺܝ̈ܡܳܬܰܢ ܕܒܰܙܘ ܗܘܰܘ ܓ̈ܰܙܶܐ ܕܒܶܝܬ ܚܶܙܰܩܝܳܐ ܠܒܽܘܢܬܗܽܘܢ ܡܪܰܥܝܳܐ ܠܐܰܠܳܗܽܘܬܳܟ ܕܐܰܪܓܶܙܘ ܠܐܰܒܽܘܟ ܕܰܫܠܰܚ ܐܳܚܳܙ ܠܐܳܬܽܘܪܳܝܳܐ ܕܣܰܩ ܘܰܦܪܽܘܩܰܝܢܝ ܕܐܶܫܬܰܦܰܠܘ ܗܘܰܘ ܒܳܟ ܐܶܬܪܰܡܪܰܡܘ ܠܘܳܬܳܟ ܐܶܬܰܘ ܒܰܗܡܺܝܪ̈ܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܚܠܳܦ ܝܽܘܟܳܢܝܳܐ ܗܡܰܝܪܳܐ ܕܰܫܒܰܘ ܡܶܢ ܒܶܝܬ ܕܰܘܺܝܕ ܕܒܺܐܝ̈ܙܓܰܕܰܘܗܝ ܫܰܥܒܶܕ ܐܳܚܳܙ ܢܰܦܫܶܗ ܠܐܳܬܽܘܪ ܒܳܟ ܐܶܫܬܰܥܒܰܕܘ ܒܐܺܝܙ̈ܓܰܕܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܕܰܣܓܶܕ ܫܰܒܛܶܗ ܕܓܽܘܪܝܳܐ ܕܐܰܪܝܳܐ ܠܳܟ ܗܽܘ ܣܓܺܝܕܳܐ ܣܓܶܕܘ ܥܰܙܺܝ̈ܙܶܐ ܕܡܶܣܬܰܓܕܺܝܢ ܗܘܰܘ ܕܰܣܥܰܘ ܘܰܣܠܶܩܘ ܐܳܪܳܡ ܘܐܰܦܪܶܝܡ ܕܶܚܠܰܬ ܨܶܗܝܽܘܢ ܕܠܳܐ ܬܰܪܡܶܠ ܠܳܗܿ ܡܶܢ ܒܶܝܬ ܕܰܘܺܝܕ ܕܰܫܒܰܩ ܐܳܚܳܙ ܘܰܥܪܰܩ ܘܰܢܦܰܩ ܗܽܘ ܐܶܫܰܥܝܳܐ ܣܒܰܪܬܳܟ ܝܰܗܒ ܠܳܗܿ ܕܥܰܡܰܢ ܗܽܘ ܐܺܝܠ ܗܳܐ ܒܬܽܘܠܬܳܐ ܠܰܡ ܬܶܒܛܰܢ ܬܺܐܠܰܕ ܕܠܳܐ ܙܽܘܘܳܓܳܐ ܚܶܠܡܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܠܺܝ ܟܰܝ
English
The twelve sons of his voice Saw Uzziah, Jotham, and Ahaz In their battles instead of captivity That came down to Assyria; magicians came to you In the streets, a sweet fragrance blew The good scent of their spices Uzziah: To you is praise, Son of the Lord of All, Who gives life to all That you, the son of a deceiver, placed a sign In your gentleness; that you, the son of a deceiver, Sought a sign in your strength That you, the son of a rich man, like their mercy They repaid their debts in their battles A mixture came that will not forget you And for them, let the one who left silver live They brought gold that killed their bodies They brought myrrh that burned their sanctity They offered a petition to your divinity Their myrrh seeks over their swords With which they killed; their gold seeks Over the treasures they had plundered The treasures of the house of Hezekiah; their petition is a shepherd To your divinity, for they angered your father For Ahaz sent to the Assyrian Who went up and redeemed them; they who had been humbled Were exalted in you; they came to you With their asses instead of Jeconiah The ass that they left from the house of David Through whose messengers Ahaz enslaved Himself to Assyria; in you they were enslaved Through whose messengers the tribe worshipped Of the lion's cub; to you it is worshipped The mighty ones who used to be worshipped worshipped Aram and Ephraim went up and departed The fear of their thirst, that it might not widow her From the house of David, which Ahaz left And fled; and he who went out was Isaiah He gave your good news to her who was with child by the house of Eli Behold, the virgin will not delay; she will give birth Without a spouse; a dream is to me like this
dsc-567:2 · narrativemedium
Source
ܐܳܘ ܥܠܽܘܠܳܐ ܕܗܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܒܽܘܪ̈ܟܰܝ ܥܰܡܰܢܽܘܐܶܝܠ ܐܰܒܛܶܠ ܡܶܢ ܟܽܠ ܘܰܠܡܳܪܶܐ ܟܽܠ ܐܰܘܕܳܐ ܒܟܽܘܠ ܝܽܘܡ ܘܕܰܒܬܽܘ̈ܠܘܳܬܳܐ ܒܨܶܗܝܽܘܢ ܨܰܥܰܪܘ ܠܐܶܡܳܟ ܝܰܩܰܪܘ ܝܰܠܕܳܐ ܒܬܽܘܠܳܐ ܕܰܠܒܶܫ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܒܬܽܘ̈ܠܶܐ ܕܐܶܡܶܗ ܘܰܢܦܰܩ ܥܰܡܶܗ ܐܰܢܬ ܠܺܝ ܝܰܠܕܳܐ ܡܟܺܝܪܳܐ ܘܰܒܪܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܒܳܒܠܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܣܠܶܩܘ ܗܘܰܘ ܫܰܩܶܦܘ ܫܰܒܪ̈ܶܐ ܒܺܝܗܽܘܕ ܒܳܟ ܝ̈ܰܠܽܘܕܶܐ ܐܶܫܬܰܝܰܢܘ ܗܘܰܘ ܕܒܳܟ ܣܳܪ̈ܽܘܚܶܐ ܗܘܰܘ ܣܳܓܽܘ̈ܕܶܐ ܕܨܰܥܰܪܘ ܣܳܒ̈ܶܐ ܝܰܩܰܪ ܛܰܠܝܳܐ ܕܡܶܢ ܟܽܠ ܩܰܫܺܝܫ ܫܰܕܪܰܬ ܒܳܒܶܠ ܐܳܦ ܩܽܘܪ̈ܒܳܢܶܐ ܠܗܰܘ ܚܶܙܰܩܝܳܐ ܬܡܰܗܘ ܐܺܝ̈ܙܓܰܕܶܐ ܕܰܚܙܰܘ ܓܰܙ̈ܰܘܗܝ ܡܳܢܳܐ ܚܰܘܺܝܬ ܐܰܢܬ ܠܰܡܓܽܘܫ̈ܶܐ ܬܶܗܪܳܐ ܚܰܘܺܝܬ ܕܰܣܓܶܕܘ ܗܘܰܘ ܠܳܟ ܟܰܕ ܡܶܣܟܺܝܢ ܐܰܢܬ ܐܳܦܶܢ ܪܰܒ ܗܘܳܐ ܗܰܝܟܰܠ ܫܶܢܳܐ ܕܰܡ̈ܠܰܟܝ ܥܰܡܰܢ ܪܰܒ ܗܽܘ ܡܶܢܶܗ ܘܰܦܐܶܐ ܡܶܢܶܗ ܓܦܺܝܦܳܐ ܙܥܽܘܪܳܐ ܕܒܶܗ ܐܺܝܠܶܕܬܳܟ ܒܓܰܘ ܥܰܙܪܽܘܪ̈ܶܐ ܚܙܰܘ ܬܶܫܒܽܘܚܬܳܟ ܪ̈ܳܥܰܘܳܬܳܐ ܟܝܳܢܳܐ ܙܥܽܘܪܳܐ ܐܶܢ ܣܳܡ ܬܳܓܳܐ ܒܬܳܓܳܐ ܝܺܪܶܒ ܟܝܳܢܳܟ ܪܰܒ ܗܽܘ ܒܰܪ ܡܶܣ̈ܟܺܢܶܐ ܘܒܳܟ ܗܽܘ ܝܳܪܶܒ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܕܰܙܥܽܘܪ ܘܐܶܢ ܐܢܳܫ ܟܰܘ̈ܒܶܐ ܢܣܺܝܡ ܒܪܺܫܳܟ ܐܰܝܟ ܬܳܓܳܐ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܓܽܘܫܡܳܐ ܫܺܝܛܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܡܶܨܛܰܒܰܬ ܡܶܢ ܒܶܪ̈ܽܘܠܶܐ ܒܳܟ ܝܰܩܺܝܪܳܐ ܐܳܦ ܫܺܝ̈ܛܳܬܳܐ ܗܘܺܝ ܦܰܐܝ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܕܢܰܩܦܳܟ ܪܰܒ ܗܽܘ ܕܐܳܦܶܢ ܟܺܐܦܳܐ ܐܢܳܫ ܢܶܫܕܶܐ ܒܳܟ ܡܰܪܓܳܢܺܝܬܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܘܐܳܦ ܗܺܝ ܕܽܘܥܬܳܟ ܠܐܰܝܢܳܐ ܕܰܫܘܳܐ ܡܰܥܡܽܘܕܺܝܬܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܘܰܚܠܶܐ ܕܢܰܚ̈ܬܰܝܟ ܠܐܰܝܢܳܐ ܕܰܟܪܺܝܗ ܢܶܒܥܶܐ ܗܽܘ ܪܰܒܳܐ ܕܟܽܘܠ ܥܽܘܕܪ̈ܳܢܺܝܢ ܘܐܳܦܶܢ ܪܽܘܩܳܟ ܢܶܡܛܶܐ ܠܐܰܦ̈ܶܐ ܡܰܢܗܰܪ ܥܰܝ̈ܢܶܐ ܗܽܘ ܐܶܢ ܥܰܠ ܟܺܐܦܳܐ ܬܶܣܡܽܘܟ ܪܺܫܳܟ
English
O the wheel that came upon the knees, Amasyael abolished from all, And to the Lord of all he gave thanks every day, And the virgins in the brightness of their youth, To your mother honor, the child of a virgin, Who put on the form of the virgins of his mother, And went out with him; you gave me a child, A purchased one and a son, also a god. Also the Babylonians had ascended to the walls, The youths in Judah, in you the children, They were astonished, for in you the scribes, They were the elders who honored the youths, The youth was honored more than all the old. Babylon sent also the sacrifices, To that Hezekiah, the messengers marveled, For they saw his treasures, what I showed. You showed to the magicians a wonder, For they worshipped you when you were poor. Also the great temple of Sheol, Of the kings with Amas, great was he from it, And from it a small, despised one came forth, In whom you were born among the poor. They saw your glory, the shepherds, A small child placed a crown, In the crown your great lineage increased, The son of the poor, and in you it increased, Something small, and a star shone, Placed on your head like a crown of form, A scattered body that is assembled, From the limbs in you, honored. Also the scattered ones become fitting, That your greatness is great, and also a stone, A star shone in you, a pearl it is, And also your knowledge is for a place that is equal, A pillar it is, and the wounds of your sides, For a place that is sick, the great one seeks, Of all the clouds, and also your spittle, Reaches the faces, it is a healer of eyes. If upon a stone you rest your head.
dsc-567:3 · narrativemedium
Source
ܦܠܰܓܘ ܚܰܛܦܽܘܗܿ ܘܐܶܢ ܗܽܘ ܕܬܶܕܡܰܟ ܥܰܠ ܩܺܩܰܠܬܳܐ ܗܘܳܬ ܠܳܗܿ ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܠܰܨ̈ܠܰܘܳܬܳܐ ܘܐܶܢ ܬܶܩܨܶܐ ܬܽܘܒ ܠܰܚܡܳܐ ܫܚܺܝܡܳܐ ܠܰܢ ܣܰܡ ܚ̈ܰܝܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܡܰܢܽܘ ܢܨܰܚܶܝܟ ܕܐܳܦ ܨܽܘܚܺܝܬܳܟ ܒܽܘܪܟܰܬ ܥܰܡ̈ܡܶܐ ܗܺܝ ܡܰܢܽܘ ܢܡܺܝܬܳܟ ܕܐܳܦ ܡܺܝܬܽܘܬܳܟ ܡܶܠܰܬ ܚ̈ܰܝܶܐ ܗܺܝ ܠܰܒ̈ܢܰܝ ܐܢܳܫܳܐ ܘܐܳܦܶܢ ܩܰܝܣܳܐ ܬܶܣܰܩ ܬܶܪܟܰܒ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܦܶܨܚܳܐ ܐܰܢܬ ܕܪܰܒ ܗܽܘ ܛܽܘܪܳܟ ܡܶܢ ܝܳܠܶܕܬܳܟ ܐܶܬܶܒ ܐܶܢܽܘܚ ܗܘܺܝ ܠܺܝ ܠܡܺܐܢܳܐ ܘܐܶܬܓܰܘܰܣ ܒܳܟ ܟܝܳܢܳܐ ܪܰܒܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܡܶܬܬܰܪܓܰܡ ܐܰܦܶܣ ܠܐܶܡܳܟ ܕܬܶܫܬܽܘܩ ܡܶܢܳܟ ܕܰܠܐܺܝ ܦܽܘܡܳܗܿ ܟܠܺܝ ܡܰܘܗܰܒܬܳܟ ܡܶܢ ܟܶܢܳܪܳܟ ܕܰܢܢܽܘܚ ܩܰܠܺܝܠ ܕܐܰܢܬ ܐܰܠܶܦܬܳܢܝ ܟܽܘܠ ܡܳܐ ܕܐܶܡܪܶܬ ܐܰܢܬ ܐܰܠܶܦܰܝܢܝ ܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܐܶܫܬܽܘܩ ܕܐܰܢܬ ܐܰܠܐܺܝܬܳܢܝ ܐܰܢܬ ܐܰܢܺܝܚܰܢܝ ܫܽܘܒܚܳܐ ܠܐܰܒܽܘܟ
English
They divided and snatched her, and who is it that would sleep? Upon the skull was her church. To prayers, and who would again be hidden? To the stale bread, he placed the living. They diminished your cries, so that even your cry is the blessing of the peoples; they diminished your death, so that even your death is the word of the living. To the sons of the physician and to the wood, ascend, mount; say, "The Passover has come," for your mountain is great from your mother. Sit, be silent; be to me a womb, and I will be clothed in you, a great nature that cannot be translated; but cease from your mother, that she may be silent from you, for she has no mouth. Withhold your gift from your altar, that you may be silent a little, for you are my teacher. Everything that I have said, you are my teacher. How shall I be silent, for you are my silence? You are my refreshment; glory to your father.
Citation. Tergwame, “Nativity 19”, dsc-567:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/dsc-567#s1
Colophon. Source: syriac · licence: CC BY 4.0 · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0024 · generated 2026-11-15.