ት Tergwame Greek · Coptic · Ethiopic · Syriac · Armenian · Georgian · Latin

Syriac · Other · mid-4th century

Nisibis 38

Ephrem the Syrian · syriac

BothSourceEnglish
JSON Dossier
machine-draft · no human review 4 passages · 860 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

Nisibis 38 is a memrā (metrical homily) attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, part of the Nisibis cycle, likely composed in the mid-4th century. The work explores themes of death, resurrection, and the inversion of earthly order, using paradoxical imagery such as a dead man rising to overturn a speaker in Sheol. It references Paradise and Christ's descent into Sheol, reflecting Christian typology. The text survives in multiple Syriac manuscripts with significant stanza variation, indicating a fluid transmission. It was later incorporated into East Syriac liturgical cycles for the season of Nineveh as a penitential reading. The edition does not collate all known witnesses, and some variant readings are omitted.

Nisibis 38 exemplifies Ephrem's rhetorical style, using paradoxical inversions to explore eschatological themes. Its incorporation into East Syriac liturgy underscores its enduring role in penitential practice. The work relates to broader Christian literature on Christ's descent into Sheol and the redemption of the righteous, and its textual fluidity highlights the challenges of reconstructing early Syriac poetry.

Historical context

The memrā belongs to the Nisibis cycle, a collection of verse homilies attributed to Ephrem the Syrian (c. 306–373 CE), a prominent theologian and poet of the Syriac tradition. The cycle is associated with the city of Nisibis (modern Nusaybin, Turkey), where Ephrem served as a deacon and teacher until its cession to the Sasanian Empire in 363 CE. Internal references to Nisibis suggest composition before that date, but later redaction is possible. The work was composed in Syriac, a dialect of Aramaic, within the context of the early Syriac-speaking church, which was shaped by Persian and Greco-Roman influences. The text's fluid transmission, with significant variation in stanza order across manuscripts, reflects its use in liturgical and pedagogical settings. It was later incorporated into East Syriac liturgical cycles, particularly for the season of Nineveh, a period of penitence and fasting.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

23 commentary units 5 term4 background4 structure4 caution3 sense3 scripture 0 derived notes 9 open questions 4 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: other in classical Syriac; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 4 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: syriac — CC BY 4.0

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
dsc-292:1 · narrativemedium
Source
ܕ ܒܰܪ ܩܳܠܶܗ ܡܰܬܩܰܢ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܠܺܝ ܟܽܘܪܣܳܝ ܒܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܘܩܳܡ ܚܰܕ ܡܺܝܬܳܐ ܣܰܚܦܰܢܝ̱ ܡܶܢܶܗ ܟܽܠܢܳܫ ܡܶܢܝ̱ ܗܽܘ ܕܚܶܠ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕ ܘܶܐܢܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܐ̱ܢܳܫ ܠܳܐ ܕܶܚܠܶܬ ܩܶܢܛܳܐ ܘܨܶܦܬܳܐ ܒܶܝܬ ܚܰܝ̈ܶܐ ܫܠܳܡܳܐ ܘܫܰܝܢܳܐ ܒܶܝܬ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܒܓܰܒܪܳܐ ܩܛܺܝܠܳܐ ܗܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܠܳܗ̇ ܫܶܒܝܳܐ ܠܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܐܶܢܳܐ ܠܟܽܠܢܳܫ ܫܳܒܶܐ ܗܘܺܝܬ ܒܰܪ ܫܰܒܝܳܐ ܕܰܫܒܺܝܬ ܫܒܳܢܝ̱ ܕܰܫܒܺܝܬܶܗ ܕܰܒܪܳܗ̇ ܘܶܐܙܰܠ ܠܦܰܪܕܰܝܣܳܐ ܥܽܘܢܺܝܬܳܐ: ܒܪܺܝܟ ܕܰܐܚܺܝ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܕܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܒܰܨܠܺܝܒܶܗ ܟܽܠܢܳܫ ܡܶܢܝ̱ ܗܽܘ ܩܰܒܶܠ ܣܰܓܺܝ ܘܶܐܢܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܚܰܕ ܩܰܒܠܶܬ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕ ܡܼܰܢܽܘ ܒܰܒ̈ܢܰܝ ܐ̱ܢܳܫܳܐ ܕܰܟܐܶܝܢ ܐܰܟܘܳܬܝ̱ ܘܰܡܛܳܗ̇ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܠܰܬܪܺܝܨܽܘܬܝ̱ ܐܶܢܳܐ ܠܟܽܠܢܳܫ ܪܳܚܶܡ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܘܰܕܣܳܢܶܐ ܠܺܝ ܗܼܽܘ ܝܳܕܰܥ ܠܳܐ ܝܳܕܰܥ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܡܶܢ ܝܰܘܡ̈ܰܝ ܫܽܘܚܕܳܐ ܡܰܢܽܘ ܒܰܐܦ̈ܰܝ ܡܰܠܟ̈ܶܐ ܠܳܐ ܢܶܣ̇ܒܶܬ ܒܺܝ ܡܶܬܟܰܪܙܳܐ ܫܰܘܝܽܘܬܳܐ ܕܰܠܥܰܒܼܕܳܐ ܘܡܳܪܶܗ ܒܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܡܫܰܘܶܐ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܀܀܀
English
The sound of his voice was setting a throne for me in Sheol, and a dead man rose up and overturned me from it. Everyone who had been afraid alone came to me, and I came to everyone without fear. A razor and a shaving-knife among the living, peace and quiet among the dead. On a slain man, behold, captivity has entered Sheol. I came to everyone, I was equal. The son of captivity whom I took captive, I took captive her son and he went to Paradise. The persecuted: blessed is he who brings the dead of Sheol to life by his cross. Everyone came to me, I received many, and I came to one, I received alone. How much among the eyes of men who are like me, and her time brings a gift to my uprightness. I came to everyone, I love man, and he who errs against me knows that. Man does not know from my days. How much shame on the faces of kings I did not take. In me is proclaimed equality, that for a slave and his master in Sheol man is equal.
dsc-292:2 · narrativemedium
Source
ܩܕܳܡ ܐܰܠܳܗܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܡܫܰܡܶܫ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܕܠܰܝܬ ܠܘܳܬܶܗ ܡܰܣܰܒ ܒܰܐܦ̈ܶܐ ܡܰܢܽܘ ܐ̱ܚܪܺܢܳܐ ܕܰܢܣܰܝܒܰܪ ܐܰܟܘܳܬܝ̱ ܕܰܡܨܶܛܚܳܐ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܘܰܡܛܰܐܶܒ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܗܳܦܟܳܐܺܝܬ ܡܶܬܦܢܶܝܢ ܠܺܝ ܚܽܘܒ̈ܳܠܶܐ ܛܳܒ̈ܶܐ ܕܪܳܡܶܐ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܣܽܘܥܪ̈ܳܢܰܝ ܫܰܦܺܝܪ̈ܺܝܢ ܫܶܡܝ̱ ܠܳܐ ܫܰܦܺܝܪ ܡܢܳܚ ܗܽܘ ܪܶܥܝܳܢܝ̱ ܒܰܫܪܳܪܶܗ ܒܰܐܠܳܗܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܡܶܬܒܰܝܰܐ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܕܟܰܕ ܛܳܒܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܛܠܺܝܡ ܗ̱ܽܘ ܟܽܠܝܽܘܡ ܘܰܡܣܰܝܒܰܪ ܠܣ̈ܳܒܶܐ ܚ̇ܶܣܟܰܬ ܡܶܢ ܟܽܠ ܟܺܐܒܰܝ̈ܢ ܐܳܦ ܠܰܛܠܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܡܶܢ ܟܽܠ ܚܰܘܒܰܝ̈ܢ ܩܪ̈ܳܒܶܐ ܟܣܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܡܰܫܠܶܐ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܒܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܒܰܐܬܪܰܢ ܥܰܘܠܳܐ ܠܳܐ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܫܝܽܘܠ ܗ̱ܽܘ ܘܰܫܡܰܝܳܐ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕ ܕܰܚܣܺܝ̈ܟܳܢ ܡܶܢ ܟܽܠ ܚܰܘ̈ܒܺܝܢ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܐܰܪܥܳܐ ܕܒܰܡܨܰܥܬܳܐ ܥܰܘܠܳܐ ܫܪܶܐ ܒܳܗ̇ ܒܰܕܓܽܘܢ ܐܰܝܢܳܐ ܕܦܳܪܽܘܫܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܐܰܘ ܠܰܫܡܰܝܳܐ ܢܰܣܶܩ ܠܶܗ ܘܶܐܢ ܥܶܛܠܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܢܶܚܽܘܬ ܠܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܕܰܦܫܺܝܩܳܐ ܠܚܰܕ ܒܰܪܢܳܫܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܚܰܕ ܡܺܝܬܶܐ ܟܽܠܢܳܫ ܪܳܗܶܛ ܠܰܡܒܰܝܰܐܘ ܐܶܢܳܐ ܕܶܝܢ ܕܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܐܶܐ ܚܼܰܝܰܘ ܠܺܝ ܠܰܝܬ ܕܥܳܐܶܠ ܘܰܡܒܰܝܰܐ ܠܺܝ ܥܰܠ ܣܳܛܳܢܳܐ ܕܶܐܬܪܰܥܰܡ ܫܰܒܥܳܐ ܠܶܗ ܘܳܝ̈ܳܝܢ ܐܳܦ ܠܶܗ ܟܰܕ ܛܳܒ ܕܳܫܶܗ ܒܰܪ ܡܰܪܝܰܡ ܪܳܡܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܪܽܘܚܶܗ ܚܶܘܝܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܕܰܡܥܳܙܳܐ ܘܰܪܨܺܝܨ ܀܀܀
English
Before God he serves the altar, who has nothing to take in his face. He made another razor, which endured like me, that I might be shaved and wearied; it is turned about and applied to me. Good services that I cast, when my locks are fair, my name is not fair. That thought of mine struck me with his truth. In God he is revealed to me, that when he is good, that one is stained, and he endures. For the old men I spared from all pains, and also for the young men from all sins. Hidden battles I cease in Sheol. In the land of iniquity there is no Sheol; it is Sheol and heaven together, that are withheld from all sins. This earth in the midst, iniquity dwelt in it with deceit. Where is the separator, either to heaven he ascended, or to Sheol he descended? For it is easy for one human over one dead. Everyone runs to show me, but the many dead have lived for me. There is none who enters and shows me over the satan who was thundering. He lamented seven woes, and also he, when the son of Mary trod well, high is his spirit; he was a serpent of the strong and crushed.
dsc-292:3 · narrativemedium
Source
ܦܰܩܳܚ ܠܺܝ ܕܶܐܦܶܠ ܘܶܐܣܓܽܘܕ ܩܕܳܡ ܝܶܫܽܘܥ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܕܙܰܟܳܢܝ̱ ܒܰܨܠܺܝܒܶܗ ܡܳܐ ܕܥܳܐܶܠ ܒܶܗ ܒܬܰܪܥܳܐ ܕܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܚܠܳܦ ܝܽܘܚܰܢܳܢ ܐܰܟܪܶܙ ܩܽܘܕܡܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܘܶܐܩܥܳܐ ܕܗܳܐ ܡܰܚܶܐ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܡܰܛܺܝ ܥܼܰܒܕܳܟ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܡܶܟܺܝܠ ܝܶܫܽܘܥ ܡܶܛܽܠ ܦܰܓܪܳܟ ܫܟܰܪܬܳܟ ܕܚܰܦܺܝܬܳܗ̇ ܠܰܐܠܳܗܽܘܬܳܟ ܠܳܐ ܬܶܪܓܰܙ ܐܰܘ ܒܰܪ ܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܓܺܙܰܒܪܳܟ ܒܦܽܘܩܕܳܢܳܟ ܦܶܬܚܶܬ ܘܶܐܚܕܶܬ ܟܰܕ ܛܳܒ ܓܶܦ̈ܰܝ ܩܰܠܺܝܠܺܝܢ ܒܝܰܕ ܪܶܡܙܳܟ ܗܰܘ ܪܳܗܶܛ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܠܟܽܠ ܓܰܒܺܝ̈ܢ ܟܽܠ ܕܶܐܬܢܰܚܰܡܘ̱ ܠܳܐ ܗ̱ܘܰܘ ܒܽܘܟܪ̈ܶܐ ܕܡܳܪܰܢ ܐܺܝܬܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܒܽܘܟܪܳܐ ܕܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܡܶܫܟܰܚ ܡܺܝܬܶܐ ܩܕܳܡ ܠܶܗ ܠܗܰܘ ܚܰܝܠܳܐ ܕܒܶܗ ܐܶܬܢܰܚܰܡ ܐܺܝܬ ܐ̱ܚܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܕܰܩܕܳܡܺܝܝܢ ܘܰܙܥܽܘܪ̈ܶܐ ܕܰܗܘܰܘ ܒܽܘܟܪ̈ܶܐ ܡܢܳܫܳܐ ܓܶܝܪ ܕܒܽܘܟܪܳܐ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܐܶܫܟܰܚ ܕܰܐܦܪܶܝܡ ܢܣܰܒ ܒܽܘܟܪܽܘܬܶܗ ܘܶܐܢ ܝܰܠܕܳܐ ܐ̱ܚܪܳܝܳܐ ܩܕܳܡܶܗ ܟܡܳܐ ܢܶܩܕܽܘܡ ܡܳܪܳܐ ܘܰܒܪܳܐ ܒܢܽܘܚܳܡܶܗ ܗܳܐ ܝܽܘܚܰܢܳܢ ܐܰܝܟ ܟܳܪܽܘܙܳܐ ܡܦܺܝܣ ܕܰܐܚܪܳܝܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܟܰܕ ܗܽܘ ܩܰܫܺܝܫ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܓܶܝܪ ܕܗܳܐ ܓܰܒܪܳܐ ܐܶܬܳܐ ܒܳܬܰܪܝ̱ ܘܰܗܘܳܐ ܠܶܗ ܠܰܡ ܩܕܳܡܰܝ ܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܓܶܝܪ ܩܰܕܶܡ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܠܶܗ ܀܀܀
English
He opened for me, and I fell and worshipped before Jesus, this one of Zacchaeus, by his cross. What enters into it through the gate of Sheol instead of John, he proclaimed before him, and I cried out, “Behold, he who raises the dead has arrived!” Your servant now asks, Jesus, because of your body, your form, which hid your divinity, do not be angry, O king’s son, with your treasurer. By your command I opened and took hold, while my wings were few, by your sign that one runs, your servant, to all the chosen. All who were conceived were not firstborn, for the Lord is the firstborn of Sheol. How can the dead find before him that power by which he was conceived? There are others before me, and little ones who were firstborn, for the conception was in the firstborn. How can Ephrem take his firstborn status, and the last-born before him? How much does the Lord and the Son precede in his conception? Behold, John, like a herald, persuades that he is the last, while he is old. For he said, “Behold, a man has come after me, and he has become before me.” For how did he precede him?
dsc-292:4 · narrativemedium
Source
ܠܗܰܘ ܚܰܝܠܳܐ ܕܒܶܗ ܡܰܟܪܶܙ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܟܽܠ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܓܶܝܪ ܕܰܗܘܳܐ ܡܶܛܽܠ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܐ̱ܚܪܳܝܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܐܳܦܶܢ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܥܶܠܬܳܐ ܓܶܝܪ ܗܳܝ ܕܩܰܪܬܶܗ ܩܰܫܺܝܫܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܐܳܦ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܳܐ ܒܟܽܠ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܥܶܠܬܶܗ ܕܳܐܕܳܡ ܩܰܫܺܝܫܳܐ ܗܘܳܬ ܡܶܢ ܒܶܪ̈ܝܳܬܳܐ ܕܠܶܗ ܐܰܬܬܩܶܢ ܒܶܗ ܓܶܝܪ ܒܳܐܕܳܡ ܚܳܐܰܪ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܟܽܠܫܳܥ ܒܳܪܽܘܝܳܐ ܟܰܕ ܗܳܐ ܒܪܳܐ ܘܶܐܢ ܐܳܕܳܡ ܥܰܕ ܠܳܐ ܢܶܗܘܶܐ ܩܰܫܺܝܫ ܗܽܘ ܡܶܢ ܒܶܪ̈ܝܳܬܳܐ ܟܡܳܐ ܗܳܟܺܝܠ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܬܶܬܩܰܫܰܫ ܗܳܝ ܐ̱ܢܳܫܽܘܬܳܟ ܒܰܐܠܳܗܽܘܬܳܟ ܗܳܝ ܕܺܐܝܬܶܝܗ̇ ܡܶܢ ܥܳܠܰܡ ܥܰܡ ܝܰܠܽܘܕܳܟ ܠܳܟ ܫܽܘܒܚܳܐ ܘܒܺܐܝܕܳܟ ܠܰܐܒܽܘܟ ܡܶܢ ܟܽܠܰܢ ܠܳܟ ܬܶܫܒܽܘܚܬܳܐ ܕܰܐܢ̱ܬ ܗܽܘ ܩܕܳܡܰܝ ܒܰܐܠܳܗܽܘܬܳܟ ܘܰܒܐ̱ܢܳܫܽܘܬܳܟ ܐܳܦܶܢ ܓܶܝܪ ܩܰܕܶܡ ܐܶܠܺܝܳܐ ܘܰܣܠܶܩ ܠܳܐ ܡܨܶܐ ܩܕܳܡ ܠܶܗ ܠܰܐܝܢܳܐ ܕܡܶܛܽܠܳܬܶܗ ܐܶܣܬܰܠܰܩ ܕܰܬܠܶܐ ܗܽܘ ܪܳܙܶܗ ܒܰܫܪܳܪܳܟ ܘܳܐܦܶܢ ܩܕܳܡܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܓܰܠܝܳܐܺܝܬ ܐ̱ܪ̈ܳܙܶܐ ܠܩܽܘܫܬܳܟ ܩܕܳܡܰܝ ܗܽܘ ܠܗܽܘܢ ܟܰܣܝܳܐܺܝܬ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܗ̱ܝ ܒܶܪ̈ܝܳܬܳܐ ܠܳܐܕܳܡ ܩܕܺܝܡ ܗܽܘ ܠܗܶܝܢ ܕܡܶܛܽܠܳܬܶܗ ܐܰܬܬܩܶܢ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܥܒܰܕ ܠܺܝ ܗܰܘ ܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܀܀܀ ܠܳܐ ܕܰܩܛܺܝܪܳܟ ܐܶܠܳܐ ܕܚܽܘܒܳܟ ܩܛܺܝܪܳܟ ܐܳܦ ܠܚ̈ܰܛܳܝܶܐ ܡܰܚܶܐ ܪܳܥܶܐ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܬܽܘܒ ܐܶܣܟܰܪܝܽܘܛܳܐ ܕܢܶܓܒܶܐ ܠܶܗ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܕܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܛܳܒ ܡܶܢ ܚ̈ܰܝܶܐ ܕܓܺܗܰܢܳܐ ܥܒܼܶܕ ܠܺܝ ܗܳܟܺܝܠ ܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܗܰܘ ܕܰܚܢܳܢܳܟ ܘܶܐܠܳܐ ܫܳܒܩܳܐ ܟܺܐܢܽܘܬܳܟ ܐܺܝܬ ܠܳܗ̇ ܥܶܠܬܳܐ ܠܛܰܝܒܽܘܬܳܟ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕ ܬܥܰܗܶܕ ܠܺܝ ܕܒܳܗ̇ ܛܶܦܣܶܬ
English
the power by which he was proclaiming, for everything that happened because of something was last and also first, for the cause of its end was old, and also first in everything. The cause of Adam was old from the creatures to which he was established, for in Adam he was always looking, the Creator, when he was creating, and Adam, before he existed, was old from the creatures. How then, my Lord, will you make old that your divinity is your humanity, which is from eternity with your begetter? To you is praise, and in your hand is your father from all. To you is glory, that you are the first in your divinity and in your humanity. For also Elijah went up before, and he was not able to go before the sign because of which he ascended, that he might hang his mystery on your truth, and also before him openly mysteries to your truth, before him he was hiddenly. Before him, the creatures to Adam were prior to those because of which he was established. My Lord, make for me that command. Not of your hatred, but of your love. Your love also brings sinners to life. He was a shepherd again, Iscariot, who chose death for himself from Sheol, better than the life of Gehenna. Make for me, then, a command, that of your need, and not the remission of your anger. There is cause for your goodness. This alone remind me, that in it I sinned.
Citation. Tergwame, “Nisibis 38”, dsc-292:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/dsc-292#s1
Colophon. Source: syriac · licence: CC BY 4.0 · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0030 · generated 2026-11-15.