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Syriac · Other · mid-4th century

Nisibis 37

Ephrem the Syrian · syriac

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machine-draft · no human review 4 passages · 880 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

Nisibis 37 is a madrāšā (teaching hymn) by Ephrem the Syrian, composed during or shortly after the Persian siege of Nisibis in 350 CE. The poem personifies Sheol and Death, weaving biblical allusions—especially to Isaiah—into a dramatic dialogue that celebrates the triumph of Christ over the underworld. Its refrain and strophic structure indicate antiphonal performance by a choir or congregation. The Syriac text survives in manuscripts from the 6th century onward, with scribal and liturgical modifications. The work was incorporated into the East Syriac Lenten liturgy, reflecting its enduring catechetical and devotional use.

Nisibis 37 exemplifies Ephrem’s poetic theology, using typology and personification to articulate Christ’s victory over death. It bridges Syriac hymnody, biblical exegesis, and communal identity under imperial pressure. The madrāšā’s liturgical reuse shows how early Christian poetry shaped later East Syriac worship and catechesis.

Historical context

Ephrem (c. 306–373 CE) lived in Nisibis (modern Nusaybin, Turkey) until its cession to Persia in 363, after which he moved to Edessa. Nisibis 37 belongs to his cycle of madrāšê on the city’s sieges, especially the Persian siege of 350 CE, which the community interpreted as a test of faith. The poem was composed in Syriac, a dialect of Aramaic, for liturgical performance in the Nisibene church. Its transmission relied on East Syriac monastic and cathedral manuscripts; the earliest surviving witnesses date to the 6th century. Scribal emendations and liturgical adaptation likely altered some stanzas. The work was later incorporated into the East Syriac Lenten lectionary, ensuring its survival. Beck’s CSCO edition provides the critical text, but the present edition lacks a full apparatus of variants.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

22 commentary units 4 term4 scripture4 background4 structure2 caution2 sense1 parallel1 reception 1 derived notes 9 open questions 4 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • coverageNo English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed.
  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: other in classical Syriac; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 4 narrative.
  • caution1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note.
  • sourceSource edition: syriac — CC BY 4.0

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
dsc-291:1 · narrativemedium
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ܓ ܡܶܢܶܗ ܒܰܪ ܩܳܠܶܗ ܡܶܒܟܳܐ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܠܳܗ̇ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܠܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܕܰܚܼܙܳܐ ܓܰܙܶܝ̈ܗ̇ ܕܶܐܣܬܰܪܰܩܘ̱ ܗ̱ܘܰܘ ܘܶܐܡܰܪ ܡܰܢܽܘ ܟܰܝ ܚܳܠܶܨ ܥܽܘܬܪܶܟܝ̱ ܓܢܼܰܒ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܓܶܚܙܺܝ ܘܶܐܬܦܰܪܣܺܝ ܐܶܢܳܐ ܕܟܽܠܝܽܘܢ ܓܳܢܶܒ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܓܢܽܘܒܬܳܐ ܥܰܠܝ̱ ܠܳܐ ܐܶܬܬܚܰܕܰܬ ܡܶܫܬܰܕܰܪ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܡ̈ܰܠܟܶܐ ܒܟܽܘܪ̈ܗܳܢܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܟܪ̈ܺܝܟܺܝܢ ܠܗܽܘܢ ܢܳܛܽܘܪ̈ܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܟܰܕ ܢܳܛܽܘܪ̈ܶܐ ܥܰܠ ܬܰܪܥܳܐ ܢܰܦܫܳܐ ܕܡ̈ܰܠܟܶܐ ܡܥܰܕܶܐ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܘܢܳܦܶܩ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܥܽܘܢܺܝܬܳܐ: ܒܪܺܝܟ ܕܬܰܒܰܪ ܥܽܘܩܣܳܗ̇ ܕܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܒܰܨܠܺܝܒܶܗ ܡ̈ܥܳܩܳܢ ܐܶܢܶܝܢ ܟܽܠ ܥܰܩܪ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܫܝܽܘܠ ܚܰܕܽܘܬܳܗ̇ ܥܰܠ ܥܰܩܪܽܘܬܳܗ̇ ܗܘܼܳܬ ܠܳܗ̇ ܨܕܺܝܬܳܐ ܐܶܢ ܗܽܘ ܕܝܶܠܕܰܬ ܚܰܝܠܳܐ ܥܳܨܶܐ ܟܽܠ ܐܰܠܨܶܗ ܠܥܽܘܒܳܐ ܥܶܩܳܪܳܐ ܘܩܰܪܺܝܪܳܐ ܘܰܦܢܺܝ ܝܰܗ̱ܒ ܟܰܕ ܛܠܽܘܡܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܪܳܦܩܳܐ ܕܳܐܠܨܽܘܗ̇ ܬܪ̈ܶܝܢ ܥܽܘ̈ܠܺܝܢ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܫܶܐܠܰܬ ܟܡܳܐ ܟܰܝ ܪܰܒ ܟܺܐܒܳܗ̇ ܕܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܕܡܰܚܐܽܘܗ̇ ܚܒ̈ܳܠܶܐ ܚ̈ܰܕܬܶܐ ܕܠܰܘ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܘܨܳܪܘ̱ ܘܰܢܦܼܰܩܘ̱ ܡܶܢ ܓܰܘܳܗ̇ ܕܳܡ ܟܰܝ ܗܳܢܰܘ ܗܰܘ ܦܶܬܓܳܡܳܐ ܕܰܫܡܺܝܥ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܠܺܝ ܡܶܢ ܐܶܫܰܥܝܳܐ ܘܰܒܣܺܝܬ ܥܠܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܟܰܕ ܩܳܐܶܡ ܘܶܐܡܰܪ ܀܀܀
English
He wept, his voice resounded, he was weeping for her, Death, for Sheol, when he saw her treasures that had been laid bare, and he said, "How long will you endure, O rich one?" He was amazed at Gehazi and was astonished, a tree of the Kilikians, a fruit-bearing tree, a pit, over me it was not renewed, a tree was sent against the kings, in their cities, bound, to them their governors, when governors were at the gate, a tree would pass by the kings and go out. O city! Blessed is he who broke the yoke of Sheol with his cross. Distresses came, all the roots, Sheol her joy, over her rootlessness, she had a desert, if he who gave birth, a mighty force that constrains all, to Jacob, a root, cold and hot, and he gave a ransom when he was dark, a support that constrained her, two unjust ones. Death asked, "How great is the pain of Sheol, that new destructions have struck her, that the dead have cried out and come forth from her womb?" Like that word that I heard from Isaiah, and I rejoiced in it when he stood and said.
dsc-291:2 · narrativemedium
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ܕܡܼܰܢܽܘ ܠܰܡ ܫܡܼܰܥ ܐܰܝܟ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܕܰܡܚܰܒܠܳܐ ܐܰܪܥܳܐ ܒܚܰܕ ܝܽܘܡ ܘܝܰܠܕܳܐ ܥܰܡܳܐ ܚܕܳܐ ܫܳܥܶܐ ܗܳܕܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܕܰܗܘܳܬ ܐܰܘ ܕܰܠܡܳܐ ܢܛܺܝܪܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܠܰܢ ܬܽܘܒ ܘܶܐܢ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܛܰܠܳܢܺܝܬܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܕܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܐܰܝܬܰܝ ܣܰܒܰܪ ܗܘܺܝܬ ܠܳܐ ܝܶܕܥܶܬ ܕܓܽܘܥܠܳܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܢܳܛܰܪ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܬܪ̈ܶܝܢ ܕܶܝܢ ܩ̈ܳܠܶܝܢ ܕܡܰܫܓܢܺܝܢ ܗ̱ܘܰܘ ܫܶܡ̇ܥܶܬ ܡܶܢܶܗ ܕܗܰܘ ܐܶܫܰܥܝܳܐ ܐܶܡܼܰܪ ܓܶܝܪ ܕܰܒܬܽܘܠܬܳܐ ܬܶܒܛܰܢ ܬܺܐܠܰܕ ܘܶܐܡܼܰܪ ܬܽܘܒ ܕܰܐܪܥܳܐ ܬܺܐܠܰܕ ܗܳܐ ܕܶܝܢ ܝܺܠܶܕܬܶܗ ܒܬܽܘܠܬܳܐ ܘܺܐܝܠܶܕܬܶܗ ܫܝܽܘܠ ܥܩܰܪܬܳܐ ܬܪ̈ܶܝܢ ܥܽܘܒ̈ܺܝܢ ܕܠܳܐ ܒܶܟܝܳܢܳܐ ܐܶܫ̇ܬܰܚܠܰܦܘ̱ ܒܶܗ ܒܬܽܘܠܬܳܐ ܘܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܬܰܪ̈ܬܰܝܗܶܝܢ ܠܰܒܬܽܘܠܬܳܐ ܒܝܰܠܕܳܗ̇ ܚܰܕܺܝ ܠܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܕܶܝܢ ܐܰܟܡܰܪ ܘܰܐܥܺܝܩ ܒܢܽܘܚܳܡܶܗ ܚܙܺܝܬ ܒܰܦܩܰܥܬܳܐ ܠܗܰܘ ܚܰܙܩܺܝܐܶܝܠ ܕܰܐܚܺܝ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܟܰܕ ܡܶܫܬܐܶܠ ܘܰܚܙܺܝܬ ܓܰܪ̈ܡܶܐ ܕܶܐܬܒܰܠܒܰܠܘ̱ ܘܰܪܚܼܶܫܘ̱ ܗܳܘܼܶܐ ܪܰܘܒܳܐ ܕܓܰܪ̈ܡܶܐ ܒܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܕܓܰܪܡܳܐ ܡܥܰܩܶܒ ܥܰܠ ܚܰܒܪܶܗ ܘܰܫܪܺܝܬܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܒܰܪ̱ܬ ܙܰܘܓܳܗ̇ ܠܰܝܬ ܬܰܡܳܢ ܕܰܡܫܰܐܶܠ ܘܰܕܡܶܫܬܐܶܠ ܕܶܐܢ ܚܰܝ̈ܰܝܢ ܓܰܪ̈ܡܶܐ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܕܠܳܐ ܫܽܘܐܳܠ ܐܰܚܺܝ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܩܳܠܶܗ ܕܝܶܫܽܘܥ ܦܳܩܽܘܕܳܐ ܕܒܶܪ̈ܝܳܬܳܐ ܀܀܀
English
that they were silent when they heard how this destroyer, the earth, in one day and the begetter, the people, in one hour this is what was or what was not it is guarded for you again, and this is a deception that the king brought, I thought I did not know that he was a deceiver who guards the bones two voices, then, that were disturbing I heard from him that Isaiah said, for, that the virgin would bear and give birth and he said again that the earth would give birth behold, then, she gave birth to him, the virgin and she gave birth to him, Sheol the barren two wombs without weeping they were changed in him, the virgin and Sheol, both of them for the virgin rejoiced in her child for Sheol, then, she was embittered and distressed by his resurrection I saw in the fissure that Hezekiel who revived the dead when he was questioning and I saw bones that were confused and moved there was a heap of bones in Sheol where a bone follows its companion and a woman follows her husband there is no one there who asks and of those who question, these bones are alive without Sheol, I revived and stood the voice of Jesus, the commander of creatures
dsc-291:3 · narrativemedium
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ܫܝܽܘܠ ܐܶܬܟܰܡܪܰܬ ܕܰܚܙܳܬ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܠܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܟܡܺܝܪ̈ܶܐ ܕܰܦܨܺܝܚܺܝܢ ܗ̱ܘܰܘ ܒܟܳܬܶܗ ܠܳܠܥܳܙܳܪ ܟܰܕ ܢܳܦܶܩ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܙܶܠ ܒܰܫܠܳܡ ܡܺܝܬܳܐ ܚܼܰܝܳܐ ܚܢܺܝܓܳܐ ܕܰܬܪ̈ܶܝܢ ܒܶܝܬ ܒܟ̈ܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܕܰܠܒܰܪ ܘܰܠܓܰܘ ܝ̈ܺܠܠܳܬܶܗ ܕܰܐܚ̈ܘܳܬܶܗ ܒ̈ܟܶܝ ܟܰܕ ܥܳܐܶܠ ܠܩܰܒܪܶܐ ܨܶܐܕܝ̱ ܘܶܐܢܳܐ ܒܟܺܝܬܶܗ ܟܰܕ ܢܳܦܶܩ ܒܡܰܘܬܶܗ ܒܶܟܝܳܐ ܒܶܝܬ ܚ̈ܰܝܶܐ ܐܳܦ ܒܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܐܶܒܠܳܐ ܪܰܒܳܐ ܒܢܽܘܚܳܡܶܗ ܗܳܫܳܐ ܗܰܘ ܛܶܥܡܰܬ ܛܰܥܡܳܐ ܕܶܐܒܠܶܗ ܕܰܐܝܢܳܐ ܕܰܒܟܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܚܰܒܺܝܒܶܗ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܕܗܳܟܰܢ ܚܰܒܺܝ̈ܒܺܝܢ ܠܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܟܡܳܐ ܪܚܺܝܡܺܝܢ ܠܳܐܒܳܗ̈ܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܗܰܕܳܡ̈ܶܐ ܕܓܶܙܪܰܬ ܫܶܩܠܰܬ ܗܳܐ ܓܙܺܝܪ̈ܺܝܢ ܡܶܢܝ̱ ܘܰܫܩܺܝܠܺܝܢ ܐܶܢ ܐܶܢܳܐ ܗܳܟܰܢ ܚܳܫܶܬ ܥܰܠ ܦܽܘܪܫܳܢܶܗ ܕܗܰܘ ܥܠܰܝܡܳܐ [ܕܶܐܬܢܰܚܰܡ] ܒܪܺܝܟ ܗ̱ܽܘ ܕܰܚܢܳܗ̇ ܠܰܐܪܡܰܠܬܳܐ ܒܺܝܚܺܝܕܶܗ̇ ܫܰܝܶܢ ܥܽܘܡܪܳܗ̇ ܕܶܐܬܓܰܙܺܝ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܚܰܫܳܐ ܕܗܳܐ ܡܰܚܶܫ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܠܰܒ̈ܢܰܝ ܐ̱ܢܳܫܳܐ ܒܚܰܒܺܝ̈ܒܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܠܚܰܪܬܳܐ ܥܰܠܝ̱ ܗܽܘ ܟܰܢܶܫ ܠܶܗ ܠܟܽܠܳܗ̇ ܕܡܳܐ ܕܫܰܒܩܽܘܗ̇ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܠܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܠܟܽܠ ܐ̱ܢܳܫ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܘܠܺܝ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕܝ̱ ܫܽܘܢܳܩܳܐ ܘܡܰܢܽܘ ܟܰܝ ܕܰܢܣܰܝܒܰܪ ܠܺܝ ܀܀܀
English
Sheol grew bitter, for it saw the dead rejoicing, who were joyful at its expense, at Lazarus when he came forth. “Go in peace, dead one, living one, bound by both, within whose weeping there is both outside and inside, whose sisters weep when he enters the tombs. Hunt for me, and come, weep at his death, weeping in the house of the living. Even Sheol, great mourning at his resurrection. Now this one has tasted the taste of his mourning, that one who wept over his beloved. The dead, how they love their beloved for Sheol, how they love their fathers! The limbs that the isle took, behold, they are cut off from me and taken away. If this one feels thus over the separation of that young man [who was commanded], blessed is he who showed the widow, in her only one, the ruin of her dwelling that was cut off. This pain, which makes a man feel for the eyes of a man, for his beloved, in the end it is he who grieves for all of it. For what the dead left to Sheol, for every man there is resurrection, and for me alone, abandonment. And how long will you bear with me?
dsc-291:4 · narrativehigh
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ܗܳܕܶܐ ܟܽܠܳܗ̇ ܕܰܐܚܙܶܝܗ̇ ܠܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕܶܝܗ̇ ܕܗܰܘ ܩܳܠܳܐ ܕܨܳܪܝ̱ ܩܰܒܪ̈ܶܐ ܡܰܚܪܶܒ ܠܳܗ̇ ܘܡܰܦܶܩ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܶܐ ܕܰܒܓܰܘܳܗ̇ ܐܶܢ ܐ̱ܢܳܫ ܩܼܪܳܐ ܒܗܽܘܢ ܒܰܢܒ̈ܺܝܶܐ ܩܪ̈ܳܒܶܐ ܟܺܐܢ̈ܶܐ ܫܡܼܰܥ ܬܰܡܳܢ ܒܫܰܪܒܶܗ ܕܝܶܫܽܘܥ ܐܶܢ ܐ̱ܢܳܫ ܡܶܬܗܰܓܶܐ ܚܢܳܢܳܐ ܘܪ̈ܰܚܡܶܐ ܡܶܬܝܰܠܶܦ ܘܶܐܢ ܐ̱ܢܳܫ ܣܰܒܰܪ ܥܰܠ ܝܶܫܽܘܥ ܕܢܽܘܟܪܳܝܳܐ ܗ̱ܺܝ ܠܺܝ ܓܽܘܕܳܦܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܩܠܺܝܕܳܐ ܐ̱ܚܪܺܢܳܐ ܢܽܘܟܪܳܝܳܐ ܠܬܰܪܥܳܐ ܕܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܠܳܐ ܡܼܨܶܐ ܡܶܡܬܽܘܡ ܢܦܰܠ ܠܶܗ ܚܰܕ ܗ̱ܽܘ ܩܠܺܝܕܳܐ ܕܒܳܪܽܘܝܳܐ ܕܗܰܘ ܦܰܬܚܳܗ̇ ܐܳܦ ܦܳܬܰܚ ܠܳܗ̇ ܒܡܶܐܬܺܝܬܶܗ ܓܰܪ̈ܡܶܐ ܡܰܢܽܘ ܡܨܶܐ ܕܰܢܪܰܟܶܒ ܐܶܠܳܐ ܚܰܝܠܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܕܰܒܼܪܳܐ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܚܰܨ̈ܦܶܐ ܕܦܰܓܪܳܐ ܡܰܢܽܘ ܕܢܶܕܒܰܩ ܐܶܠܳܐ ܐܰܝܕܳܐ ܕܥܳܒܽܘܕܳܐ ܡܰܢܽܘ ܕܢܰܬܼܩܶܢ ܨܽܘܪ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܐܶܠܳܐ ܨܶܒܥܳܐ ܕܒܳܪܽܘܝܳܐ ܗܰܘ ܕܰܒܪܳܐ ܘܰܗܼܦܰܟ ܚܒܳܠ ܗܽܘܝܽܘ ܡܶܫܟܰܚ ܐܳܦ ܕܰܢܚܰܕܶܬ ܘܰܢܢܰܚܶܡ ܠܳܐ ܡܼܨܶܐ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܐ̱ܚܪܺܢܳܐ ܕܢܶܥܽܘܠ ܢܰܬܩܶܢ ܒܶܪ̈ܝܳܬܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܕܺܝܠܶܗ ܐܶܠܽܘ ܐܺܝܬ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܚܰܝܠܳܐ ܐ̱ܚܪܺܢܳܐ ܣܰܓܺܝ ܐܰܪܥܳܐ ܗ̇ܘܺܝܬ ܕܢܺܐܬܶܐ ܨܶܐܕܝ̱ ܒܥܽܘܒܶܝ̈ܗ̇ ܕܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܢܚܶܬ ܝܺܠܰܦ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܕܚܰܕ ܗ̱ܽܘ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܡܳܝ̈ܽܘܬܳܐ ܕܰܛܥܰܘ ܘܰܐܟܪܶܙܘ̱ ܕܺܐܝܬ ܐܰܠܳܗ̈ܶܐ ܣ̈ܰܓܺܝܐܶܐ ܗܳܐ ܒܰܫܝܽܘܠ ܚܒܺܝܫܺܝܢ ܠܺܝ ܘܰܐܠܳܗܰܝ̈ܗܽܘܢ ܥܠܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܡܶܡܬܽܘܡ ܠܳܐ ܐܰܟܪܺܝܘ ܠܚܰܕ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܝܳܕܰܥ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܠܰܢܒܺܝ̈ܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܐܳܦ ܠܰܫܠܺܝܚ̈ܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܚܳܟܶܡ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܀܀܀
English
Sheol saw all this, alone, that voice which cries out, the graves, which lay her waste and bring forth the dead from within her. If a man calls out in the midst of the thickets, he hears bitter battles, the sound of them. In the account of Jesus, if a man is astounded, he learns compassion and mercy. And if a man believed concerning Jesus that it is the key, for me it is a bolt, another key, the key of the door of Sheol cannot be moved, it falls. One is the key of the Creator, which opens her, and also opens at his coming. Bones can be made to join together, but it is the power of the Creator that is within. The fragments of the body can be made to adhere, but it is the hand of the maker. They can be made to set up forms, but it is the finger of the Creator, he who created and turned back destruction. He is able also to renew and to strengthen. No other god can enter and set up creations that are not his own. If there were another power, the earth would be much, that would come against me. In the depths of Sheol, he would have learned that one alone is God. The dead who erred and proclaimed that there are many gods, behold, they are imprisoned in Sheol, and their gods over them cannot move. For one God I know, and for his servants and his apostles I am wise.
Citation. Tergwame, “Nisibis 37”, dsc-291:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/dsc-291#s1
Colophon. Source: syriac · licence: CC BY 4.0 · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0028 · generated 2026-11-15.