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Syriac · Other · mid-4th century

Nisibis 28

Ephrem the Syrian · syriac

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machine-draft · no human review 2 passages · 522 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

Nisibis 28 is a memrā in 12-syllable meter attributed to Ephrem the Syrian, composed in Syriac during the mid-4th century, likely in the 360s. The poem addresses the incarnation and refutes docetic Christology, reflecting the theological concerns of the school of Nisibis. The sole surviving witness is a 6th- or 7th-century manuscript with lacunae in stanzas 4 and 11, marked by brackets. The work is quoted in an 8th-century Syriac florilegium of Severus of Antioch, indicating early dogmatic use, but it is not part of the standard West Syriac liturgical cycle. The English translation relies on a 19th-century Latin version by Bickell, which occasionally paraphrases.

Nisibis 28 is significant for its poetic defense of orthodox Christology against docetism, reflecting Ephrem's role in shaping Syriac theological discourse. Its survival in a single manuscript and use in later miaphysite florilegia highlights its dogmatic importance. The work also exemplifies Ephrem's poetic techniques, such as personification and rhetorical shifts, and provides insight into 4th-century Syriac liturgical practices, including psalmody at funerals.

Historical context

Ephrem the Syrian (c. 306–373 CE) spent most of his life in Nisibis (modern Nusaybin, Turkey) until its cession to the Sasanian Empire in 363 CE. Nisibis 28 is traditionally placed in the 360s, during his Nisibene period, when he taught at the school of Nisibis. The poem's refutation of docetic Christology aligns with 4th-century debates against docetism, which denied Christ's true humanity. The work survives in a single 6th- or 7th-century manuscript, suggesting limited circulation. Its quotation in the 8th-century florilegium of Severus of Antioch shows it was used in miaphysite theological arguments. The poem's genre as a memrā (verse homily) in 12-syllable meter is typical of Ephrem's madrāšê, and its liturgical context may include funerary psalmody, as indicated by references to psalms.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

12 commentary units 3 term2 scripture2 background2 structure2 caution1 sense 0 derived notes 5 open questions 2 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: other in classical Syriac; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 2 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: syriac — CC BY 4.0

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
dsc-282:1 · narrativemedium
Source
ܕܡܶܢܶܗ ܒܰܪ ܩܳܠܶܗ ܐܶܢܗܽܘ ܕܰܟܝ̈ܳܢܶܐ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܣܢܶܝܢ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܒܟܺܐܒܰܝ̈ܗܽܘܢ ܫܟܺܝܪ̈ܺܝܢ ܒܚܰܫܰܝ̈ܗܽܘܢ ܢܕܺܝܕܺܝܢ ܒܡܽܘ̈ܡܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܪ̈ܓܺܝܓܶܐ ܒܦܺܐܪ̈ܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܘܰܦܐܶܝܢ ܒܫܽܘܦܪ̈ܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܥܽܘܢܺܝܬܳܐ: ܫܰܝܶܢ ܒ̈ܢܰܝ ܒܰܥܓܰܠ ܟܡܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܒܢܰܝ̈ܢܳܫܳܐ ܢܶܪܓܫܽܘܢ ܒܟܺܐܒܰܝ̈݁ܗܽܘܢ ܘܢܰܟܪܽܘܢ ܒܶܐܒܠܰܝ̈ܗܽܘܢ ܘܢܶܒܗܬܽܘܢ ܒܡܽܘܡܰܝ̈ܗܽܘܢ ܕܰܗܘܰܘ ܚܛܳܗ̈ܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܥܶܠܬܳܐ ܠܢ̈ܶܓܕܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܣܰܘ̈ܟܶܐ ܕܶܐܬܦܰܫܰܚ ܚܒܳܪ̈ܳܬܗܶܝܢ ܣܰܢܝܳܢ ܘܣܶܕܩ̈ܶܐ ܣܢܶܝܢ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܡܳܐ ܕܛܳܒ ܐܶܬܡܰܠܺܝܘ ܟܡܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܢܕܺܝܕܺܝܢ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܐܶܢ ܦܳܝܫܺܝܢ ܗܳܟܰܢ ܢܰܚܬܳܐ ܣܼܕܶܩ ܢܰܦܫܶܗ ܘܰܗܦܰܟܬ ܡܰܠܺܝܬܳܝܗ̱ܝ ܘܰܗܼܦܰܟ ܬܢܳܐ ܣܶܕܩ̈ܰܘܗ̱ܝ ܘܰܐܘܣܶܦܬ ܘܰܐܬܩܶܢܬܳܝܗ̱ܝ ܒܕܰܡܳܟ ܐܬܦܰܠܦܰܠ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܘܶܐܬܡܣܺܝ ܡܼܪܰܕ ܡܶܢܳܟ ܐܺܝܬ ܗ̱ܽܘ ܕܰܥܕܰܟܺܝܠ ܣܰܒܪܳܐ ܠܣܶܕܩ̈ܰܝ ܕܢܶܬܡܰܠܽܘܢ ܕܳܐܦܶܢ ܫܘܺܝܪ̈ܺܝܢ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܠܳܟ ܡܳܝܫܺܝܢ ܒܳܥܶܝܢ ܘܳܐܦܶܢ ܫܼܪܰܥܘ̱ ܘܰܢܦܼܰܠܘ̱ ܠܘܳܬܳܟ ܣܒܰܪܘ̱ ܕܰܫܼܪܰܟܘ̱ ܚܰܘܳܐ ܠܗܽܘܢ ܢܰܦܫܳܟ ܢܽܘܗܪܰܢ ܕܒܳܥܶܝܢ ܠܳܟ ܘܕܰܫܼܪܰܥܘ̱ ܢܦܼܰܠܘ̱ ܘܰܣܒܰܪܘ̱ ܕܟܶܐܡܰܬ ܡܩܳܡ ܗܽܘ ܩܳܡ ܐܶܬܪܟܶܢ ܘܰܚܘܳܐ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܕܨܶܝܕ ܢ̈ܳܦܠܶܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܪܰܟܶܢܬ ܘܕܳܫܬ ܫ̈ܳܢܺܝܢ ܝ̈ܰܠܕܰܝ ܦܪܰܫܘ̱ ܡܶܢܝ̱ ܘܠܰܝܬ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܢܶܫ̈ܰܝ ܩܒܼܰܪ ܘܰܛ̈ܥܰܝ ܐܶܒ̈ܠܶܐ ܕܝܰܠܕܰܝ̈ܗܶܝܢ ܠܳܐ ܐܶܬܛܥܺܝܘ ܝ̈ܰܠܕܰܝ ܕܠܳܐ ܐܶܬܩܒܰܪܘ̱ ܡܺܝ̈ܬܰܝ ܠܳܐ ܢܰܗ̇ܠܽܘܢ ܒܺܝ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܥܰܒܼ̈ܕܰܝܟ ܛܰܢܳܢ̈ܶܐ ܠܳܐ ܢܶܥܕܠܽܘܢ ܕܶܐܒܟܶܐ ܠܡ̈ܺܝܬܰܝ ܒܚܰܝ̈ܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܕܰܠܘܰܝ ܚܠܳܦ ܚ̈ܰܝܶܐ ܒܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܦܪܰܫܼܘ̱ ܗܘܰܘ ܡܶܢܝ̱ ܠܘܰܝ ܪܶܚܦܶܬ ܣܳܡܶܬ ܐܺܝ̈ܕܰܝ ܥܰܠ ܥܰܝܢܰܝ̈ܗܽܘܢ ܘܰܠܘܺܝܬ ܒܡܰܙܡܽܘܪ̈ܶܐ ܘܶܐܬܓܰܥܠܶܬ ܠܡܰܚܶܐ ܟܽܠ
English
His voice resounded, the son of his voice. Behold, the righteous ones, O Lord, help; behold their pains. They are hired for their sufferings, beloved for their deaths. They are enkindled in their fruits, and they fall in their beauties. A sign: quickly, O sons, hasten. How long, O living ones, will you be insensible to their pains? And you will remember their mournings, and you will be ashamed of their deaths, Because their sins were the cause of their bodies. The branches that were spread out, their blacknesses are helped. And the righteous ones, O Lord, behold what is good, they were filled. How long, O beloved, O Lord, will they remain here? Now the righteous one has turned himself, and his fullness has changed. And the righteous one has turned his righteousness, and he has added and increased his fullness. In sleep, O Lord, he was shattered, and the rebellion was washed away from you. There is one who trusted in hope for his righteousnesses that they would be filled. Even the sick, O Lord, seek you, O Messiah. And even those who began and did, they hoped toward you that they would remain. Show them your face, the light that they seek for you. And that which they began and did, and they hoped that when the place stood, it would stand. He bowed and showed, O Lord, that for the doers he is the rider. And he trampled the hours; the sons of the horse separated from me, and there is no one to see them. The old men of the grave and the mourners of the sons of their mothers. The sons who were not buried did not taste the dead. They did not rejoice in me, O Lord, your erring servants. They did not mourn that they wept for the dead in their lives. Because they separated from me in death instead of life. Because I did not place my hands on their eyes. And I did not accompany with psalms, and I was defiled to revive all.
dsc-282:2 · narrativemedium
Source
ܕܠܺܝ ܬܽܘܒ ܒܢܽܘܚܳܡܳܐ ܢܰܦܢܶܐ ܕܶܐܚܙܶܐ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܘܠܳܐ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܕܗܳܐ ܒܬܰܪ̈ܬܶܝܢ ܥܠܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܐܰܒܺܝܠܳܐ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ ܕܰܐܝܢܳܐ ܕܡܺܝܬ ܒܽܐܘܪܚܳܐ ܐܶܬܩܒܰܪ ܒܰܐܟܣܶܢܝܳܐ ܘܰܕܡܺܝܬܘ̱ ܒܥܽܘܡܪ̈ܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܐܶܬܢܕܶܕܘ̱ ܒܟܶܕ̈ܟܰܝܗܽܘܢ؟ ܥܒܶܕ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܠܚܰܝ̈ܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܢܽܘܚܳܡ ܬܝܳܒܽܘܬܳܐ ܘܰܐܣܓܳܐ ܠܡ̈ܰܘܬܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܗܽܘܠܳܠ ܙܡܺܝܪ̈ܳܬܳܐ ܢܶܚܼܕܶܐ ܒܚܰܝ̈ܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܢܙܰܝܰܚ ܫܠܰܕܰܝܗܽܘܢ ܒܩܳܠ ܬܽܘܪܬܳܐ ܘܢܶܩܝܳܐ ܢܰܐܠܶܦ ܠܡܰܟܪܳܝܽܘ ܕܓܳܥܶܝܢ ܕܠܰܝܬ ܐܶܢܽܘܢ ܒܢܰܝ̈ܗܶܝܢ ܕܰܐܒܺܝܕܺܝܢ ܘܰܐܝܟ ܗܰܘ ܕܗܶܢܶܝܢ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܐܳܒܕܳܢ ܒܰܐܒܺܝ̈ܕܶܐ ܘܶܐܢ ܐܶܫܬܟܰܚܘ̱ ܘܰܦܢܰܘ ܬܽܘܒ ܐܶܬܦܨܰܚ ܘܰܣܘܼܰܚ ܘܰܐܝܟ ܗܰܘ ܕܗܶܢܶܝܢ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܬܽܘܒ ܐܶܫܬܟܰܚ ܘܰܦܼܢܺܝ ܡܳܐ ܕܳܚܠܳܢܝ̱ ܕܰܠܡܳܐ ܬܚܰܣܕܳܢܝ̱ ܒܚ̈ܰܝܘܳܬܳܐ ܠܰܟܢܽܘܫܬܳܐ ܣܰܟܠܳܬܳܐ ܚܶܣܕܶܬ ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܣ̇ܰܓܺܝ ܒܚܽܘܪܒܳܐ ܘܰܣܢܽܘܢܺܝܬܳܐ ܕܰܡ̈ܛܰܟܣܳܢ ܙܰܒ̈ܢܶܐ ܕܢܶܒܗܰܬ ܠܚܺܐܪܽܘܬܳܐ ܩܰܠܶܣ ܠܦܳܪܰܚܬܳܐ
English
Lift up again the lamentation, that I may see the tears. And do not, O Lord, let it be that on both sides over you a mourner weeps. For one who died on the road is buried in a foreign land, and those who died in your monasteries are counted among your thorns? O Lord, make their lives a lamentation of repentance, and multiply their deaths with the splendor of hymns. Rejoice in their lives, and scatter their corpses. With the voice of the turtledove and the crane, teach your mourners that the living have no tears for the dead. And like one who has sinned, O Lord, destroy the destroyers. And if they are found and sin again, be glad and rejoice. And like one who has sinned, O Lord, let them be found and sin again. What do I fear? That you might reproach me with the beasts. To the foolish she-bear, O Lord, you have reproached greatly. With the sword and the slaughter of the appointed times, which put freedom to shame, praise the flight.
Citation. Tergwame, “Nisibis 28”, dsc-282:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/dsc-282#s1
Colophon. Source: syriac · licence: CC BY 4.0 · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0021 · generated 2026-11-15.