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Homily on the Archangel Michael by John

Anonymous · betmas

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Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

This anonymous Ethiopic homily, attributed pseudepigraphically to John Chrysostom, narrates a moral contrast between a wealthy, hard-hearted man and a poor, faithful couple devoted to the Archangel Michael. It is read in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on the 12th of each month, Michael’s regular feast, and appears in the printed Ethiopian Synaxarion. The text survives only in Geʿez manuscripts from the 15th–16th centuries, with no known Greek or Coptic source. Its composition date is uncertain, but it likely originated within Ethiopian monastic circles. The homily includes a scribal colophon and a standard Ethiopic angelological litany.

This homily exemplifies the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition of angelological devotion, particularly to Michael, and illustrates the pseudepigraphic attribution of patristic authority in Ethiopic literature. It also provides insight into the liturgical use of homilies and the transmission of hagiographic narratives in the Horn of Africa. The text’s colophon and litany reflect standard Ethiopic scribal and liturgical practices.

Historical context

The homily is preserved solely in Ethiopic (Geʿez) manuscripts, the earliest of which date to the 15th–16th centuries, though the composition may be earlier. It belongs to a larger corpus of Geʿez homilies on Michael, often transmitted alongside other angelological works. The attribution to John Chrysostom (d. 407) is pseudepigraphic, reflecting a common Ethiopian practice of ascribing authority to patristic figures. The text is used liturgically on the 12th of each month, Michael’s feast in the Ethiopian tradition, and is included in the printed Synaxarion. No Greek or Coptic Vorlage is known, suggesting composition in Ethiopic. The source edition (betmas) lacks a critical apparatus, and the relationship to other Ethiopic Michael homilies remains unexamined.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

17 commentary units 3 structure3 term3 background3 reception3 caution2 scripture 0 derived notes 6 open questions 3 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 3 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
LIT3981Homily:1 · narrativehigh
Source
ዘተናገረ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ በእንተ፡ አሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዕቡይ፡ ዘይነበር፡ በአሐቲ፡ ሀገር፡ ወልቡ፡ ፀዋግ፡ ከመ፡ ፈርዖን፡ ወአልቦቱ፡ ጾም፡ ወጸሎት። ወሀሎ፡ አሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ነዳይ፡ ዘይነብር፡ በጎረቤቱ፡ ምስለ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ወርቱዕ፡ ሃይማኖቶሙ፡ ወይፀመድዎ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወትረ፡ ወይሰርሑ፡ ለበዓሉ፡ ወይውህቡ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘረከቡ፡ ለነዳያን፡ ወለምስኪናን። ወርእዮ፡ ዝኩ፡ ባዕል፡ ዘጎሮሙ፡ ያንጕረጕር፡ በልቡ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ በእንተ፡ እሉ፡ ነዳያን፡ እለ፡ አልቦሙ፡ ዘይበልዑ፡ ወይሰትዩ፡ ወኢይረክቡ፡ ለርእሶሙ፡ ምንተኒ፡ ምንተ፡ ይውህቡ፡ ለነዳያን። ወአሐተ፡ ዕለተ፡ ጸውዖ፡ ለነዳይ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ አንተ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘአልብከ፡ ገራህት፡ ዘትረዝዕ፡ ወአልብከ፡ ዘትሠይጥ፡ ወዘትሣየጥ፡ በአይቴ፡ ትረክብ፡ ዘትውሀብ፡ ለነዳይ። ወይቤሎ፡ ነዳይ፡ አነኒ፡ ወብእሲትየ፡ ሶበ፡ ንጼውዕ፡ ስመ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ይውህበነ፡ ኃይለ፡ ወበረከተ፡ ወንሰርሕ፡ በእደዊነ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ስራሐ፡ ወይትባረክ፡ ቦቱ፡ ግብረ፡ እደዊነ፡ ወበጊዜሃ፡ ተኀፍረ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዕቡይ፡ ባዕል፡ ወአርመመ።
English
John the bishop spoke concerning a certain rich man who dwelt in a certain city, and his heart was hard as Pharaoh’s, and he had no fasting nor prayer. And there was a certain poor man who dwelt in his neighborhood with his wife, and their faith was steadfast, and they would devote themselves continually to the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, and they would prepare for his feast and give all that they had to the poor and the needy. And that rich man, their neighbor, saw this and murmured in his heart, saying concerning these poor ones who have nothing to eat nor drink and cannot obtain for themselves anything at all, how then do they give to the poor? And one day he summoned the poor man and said to him, “You, a man who has no plow to till with, and you have nothing to sow or to reap, where do you find what to give to the poor?” And the poor man said to him, “I and my wife, when we invoke the name of Michael, the chief of the angels, he gives us strength and blessing, and we prepare with our hands much work, and our handiwork is blessed thereby; and at that time that rich man was ashamed and confounded.
LIT3981Homily:2 · narrativemedium
Source
ወአነ፡ አቡክሙ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ ዘኢትዮጵያ፡ ወአንትሙ፡ ደቂቅየ፡ ወሕዝብየ፡ ዘወሀበኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሰአሉ፡ ወጸልዩ፡ ከመ፡ ንርከብ፡ ሞገሰ፡ ወሣህለ፡ ወምሕረተ፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ ለመፍቀሬ፡ ሰብእ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በጸሎቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወበትንብልናሁ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ገብርኤል፡ አብሣሬ፡ ትስብእት፡ ወበስእለታ፡ ለእግዝእትነ፡ ማርያም፡ ወላዲተ፡ አምላክ፡ ወበጸሎቱ፡ ለዮሐንስ፡ መጥምቅ፡ ወበጸሎቶሙ፡ ለጻድቃን፡ ወሰማዕት፡ ወበስእለቶሙ፡ ለአርባዕቱ፡ እንስሳ፡ ወዕሥራ፡ ወአርባዕቱ፡ ካህናተ፡ ሰማይ። ስብሐት፡ ለአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ በረከቶሙ፡ ወሀብተ፡ ረድኤቶሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ። ለዘጸሐፎ፡ ወለዘአጽሐፎ፡ ለዘአንበቦ፡ ወለዘተርጐሞ፡ ወለዘሰምዐ፡ ቃላቲሁ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ይምሐሮሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በመንግሥተ፡ ሰማያት፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።
English
I, your father John, bishop of Ethiopia, and you, my children and my people whom God has given me, ask and pray that we may find favor, mercy, and compassion before the lover of mankind, God, through the prayer of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, and through the glory of the holy Gabriel, announcer of the incarnation, and through the intercession of our Lady Mary, mother of God, and through the prayer of John the Baptist, and through the prayers of the righteous and martyrs, and through the intercession of the four living creatures and the twenty-four heavenly priests. Praise to the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. May their blessing and the gift of their help, of all the saints, be with us—for the one who wrote it, for the one who caused it to be written, for the one who read it, for the one who translated it, and for the one who heard its words together. May God have mercy on them in the kingdom of heaven forever and ever. Amen.
LIT3981Homily:3 · narrativehigh
Source
After በስመአብ፡ ወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ በውርኃ፡ ኃምሌ፡ ዘተናገረ፡ ዮሃንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ ዘብሔረ፡ ኢትዮጵያ፡ በ አኩሰም፡ ትንብልናሁ፡ የሀሉ፡ ወነበረ፡ ፩ብሲ፡ ጸዋግ፡ ከመ፡ ፈርዖን፡ ወኢየ፡ አምር፡ ጾመ፡ ወጽሎተ፡ ወፅኑእ፡ ልቡ፡ ከመ፡ አብነ፡ አየ፡ ማሰ፡ ወበጥቃሁ፡ ይንብር፡ ነደ፡ ዘአልቦቱ፡ ሲሳየ፡ እለተ፡ ወርቱዕ፡ ሃይማኖቱ፡ ምስለ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ወይጸመድዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወይገብሩ፡ ተካሮ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወይሁቡ፡ እምዘ፡ ረከቡ፡ ለነዳያን፡ ወለምኪናን፡ ወበጸሎቱ፡ ለዮሐንስ፡ መጥምቅ፡ ወቦ፡ ስለቶሙ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወገብርኤል፡ ወበ፡ ጸሎተ፡ ኩሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ሰማዕት፡ ጸድቃን፡ ነቢያት፡ ወሐዋርያት፡ ይምሐረነ፡ ወይሣህልነ፡ ለእመ፡ ረከብክሙ፡ ሀቡ፡ ወለእመ፡ ኢረከብክሙ፡ ሀቡ፡ ማየ፡ በእንተ፡ ስሞሙ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወገብርኤል፡ ወይትኈለቅ፡ ለክሙ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ሎቱ፡ ሰብሐት፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለ፡ ዓሜን፡
English
In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, which is read in the month of Ḥamle, spoken by John, bishop of the land of Ethiopia, in Aksum, where his see is. And there was a certain evil man, like Pharaoh, and he did not know fasting and prayer, and his heart was hard as stone. He saw a vision, and by his strength he dwelt in fire, having no sustenance, and his faith was fat with his wife. And they harness themselves to God, and they make a feast for the holy Michael, and they give from what they have received to the poor and the needy. And by the prayer of John the Baptist, and by the intercession of Michael and Gabriel, and by the prayer of all the holy martyrs, the righteous, the prophets, and the apostles, may he have mercy on us and pardon us. If you have received, give; and if you have not received, give water in the name of Michael and Gabriel. And may righteousness be increased for you, praise to the world of worlds. Amen.
Citation. Tergwame, “Homily on the Archangel Michael by John”, LIT3981Homily:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT3981Homily#s1
Colophon. Source: betmas · licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0022 · generated 2026-11-15.