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Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Maskaram)

Anonymous · betmas

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Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

This anonymous Geʿez homily for the feast of the Archangel Michael on the 12th of Maskaram (September–October) survives only in Ethiopic manuscripts, with no known Coptic or Arabic source. Its composition likely dates to the 14th–15th century, though the exact date is unknown. The text includes a trinitarian invocation, a monotheistic prohibition echoing Exodus and Deuteronomy, and a narrative of a king deceived by false worship, paralleling Coptic Michaelite homilies. The edition (betmas) lacks critical apparatus, limiting philological reliability.

This homily exemplifies the indigenization of Michaelite devotion in Ethiopian Christianity, showing how Coptic traditions were adapted into Geʿez for local liturgical use. Its anonymous authorship and lack of a Vorlage highlight the creative role of Ethiopic scribes in producing original homiletic works. The text also provides insight into the Ethiopian liturgical calendar and the integration of angelic feasts into the annual cycle.

Historical context

The homily is part of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church’s liturgical cycle, read on the 12th of Maskaram for the annual commemoration of Archangel Michael. Its survival only in Geʿez, without a Coptic or Arabic Vorlage, suggests it is a secondary Ethiopic composition rather than a translation. The text’s themes—monotheistic prohibition, deceptive feasts, and angelic intercession—align with the broader Michaelite homiletic tradition, particularly the Coptic Theodosius cycle. The lack of external evidence places its composition no earlier than the 14th–15th century, a period of flourishing Ethiopic hagiographic and homiletic literature. Multiple manuscript witnesses attest to its liturgical use, but variant readings and scribal interventions remain unexamined due to the absence of a critical edition.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

12 commentary units 2 structure2 scripture2 background2 term2 caution1 parallel1 reception 0 derived notes 3 open questions 2 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 2 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
LIT3967Homily:1 · narrativemedium
Source
The following text is taken from . Admonition for Maskaram በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ወክቡር፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለመስከረም። ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኢታመልኩ፡ ባዕደ፡ አምላከ፡ ዘእንበሌየ፡ ወካዕበ፡ ይቤ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወምድር፡ በትእዛዝየ፡ ቆሙ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ፍጥረት፡ በእዴየ፡ ተፈጥሩ። ወለእመ፡ አምለክሙ፡ ዘእንበሌየ፡ አድባረ፡ ወአውግረ፡ ዕፀወ፡ ወአእባነ፡ ባሕረ፡ ወአፍላገ፡ ውእቶሙሰ፡ ኢይክሉ፡ አድኅኖተክሙ፡ እስመ፡ ኢይሰምዑ፡ በእዝነ፡ ልቡና፡ ወበአእምሮ፡ ኅሊና፡ እመ፡ አኀዝኩክሙ፡ በመዓትየ፡ አልብክሙ፡ ሙፃእ፡ ወምጕያይ፡ እምእዴየ። ኢሰማዕክሙኑ፡ ዘከመ፡ ኮነ፡ ባዕል፡ ንጉሥ፡ ዘያመልክ፡ ባዕዳነ፡ አማልክተ፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ አማልክቲሁ፡ ናሁ፡ በጽሐ፡ ዕለተ፡ ሞትከ፡ እምዮም፡ እስከ፡ ሰሙን፡ ዕለት፡ ወጸውዕ፡ ነሀብተ፡ ይግበሩ፡ ለከ፡ ሣጹነ፡ ከመ፡ ትትኀባእ፡ ውስቴቱ።
English
In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy and honored Michael, chief of the angels, which is read on the tenth and the second of Maskaram. May his prayer and blessing be with us forever and ever. Amen. The Lord says: "Do not worship a god other than me." And again he says: "Heaven and earth stand by my command, and all creation was fashioned by my hand. And if you worship, besides me, mountains and hills, trees and stones, the sea and rivers, they cannot save you, for they do not hear with the ear of understanding or with the intellect of reason. If I seize you in my wrath, you will have no escape or refuge from my hand." Have you not heard what happened to a certain king who worshipped other gods besides me? And they said to him: "Your gods, behold, the day of your death has arrived. From today until the eighth day, they will prepare a feast for you, so that you may hide yourself within it.
LIT3967Homily:2 · narrativemedium
Source
ወአንትሙሂ፡ ከማሆሙ፡ ትከውኑ፡ ምዉታነ፡ ወተኀድጉ፡ ንብረተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ዓለም፡ እስከ፡ ይእዜ፡ ኢያእመርክሙ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዘተደለውክሙ፡ ወተፈጋዕክሙ፡ ተአመንክሙ፡ ንብረተ፡ ዝ፡ ዓለም፡ ኀላፊ። አንትሙሰ፡ አኃውየ፡ ኢትፍርሁ፡ ሞተ፡ ዘበምድር፡ አላ፡ ፍርሁ፡ ዘበሰማያት፡ ኀበ፡ ሀሎ፡ ኵነኔ፡ ዘነደ፡ እሳት፡ እንተ፡ አልባቲ፡ ተፍጻሜት፡ እስከ፡ ለዓለም። ይእዜኒ፡ ሀቡ፡ ምጽዋተ፡ ለእመ፡ ብክሙ፡ ብዙኀ፡ ወለእመ፡ አልብክሙ፡ ኅዳጠ፡ በእንተ፡ ስመ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወገብርኤል፡ ወይከውኑክሙ፡ ረዳእያነ፡ አመ፡ ዕለተ፡ ሞትክሙ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ እስከ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። በስመአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘሊቀ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ በወርኅ፡ ነሐሴ፡ መስከረም፡ ኃይለ፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ያድህነነ፡ እምሕመ፡ ዝልጋሴ፡ ምስለ፡ ገብሩ፡ ለዓ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኢታምልኩ፡ ባዕደ፡ አምላከ፡ ዘእንበሊየ፡ ወዘእንበለ፡ መላእክትየ፡ ወማርያም፡ እምየ፡ ነበያትየ፡ ወሐዋርያ፡ ወሰማዕት፡ ጻድቃን፡ ይሰአሉ፡ በእንቲአክሙ፡ ወአነሂ፡ እስምዖሙ፡ ወክቡራን፡ ሥርግዋን፡ በወርቅ፡ ወበብሩር፡ አንትሙኒ፡ ትከውኑ፡ ከማሆሙ፡ ኢትፍርሁ፡ ሞተ፡ ዘበምድር፡ ጸላ፡ ፍርሁ፡ ሞተ፡ ዘበሰማይ፡ እንተ፡ አልቦቱ፡ ሙጻእ፡ ውምጉያይ፡ ወይእዜኒ፡ ድልዋኒ፡ ክሙ፡ ንበሩ፡ ወሀበ፡ ምጽዎተ፡ በእንተ፡ ሚኬል፡ ወገብርአ፡ ሱሬሬል፡ ሀወኪኪሩ፡ ወ፳፳ወ፬ካህናተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወ፬እንስሳ፡ ከመ፡ ይኩንክሙ፡ ረዳኢያነ፡ አመ፡ ትትመነዳቡ፡ ወትመውቱ፡ ጸሎቶሙ፡ ወሰእለቶሙ፡ የሀሉ፡ መስለ፡ ገብሮሙ፡ ገብረ፡
English
And you also, like them, will be dead, and you will leave behind the possession of this world until now. Would that you knew that without what I have prepared for you, and that you have been deceived, you have believed in the possession of this world, which is transitory. But you, my brothers, fear not death on earth, but fear that in heaven where there is a punishment of burning fire which has no end, until eternity. Now give alms, if you have much, and if you have little, for the sake of the name of the holy Michael and Gabriel, and they will be your helpers on the day of your death before God, to whom belongs glory, until eternity. Amen. In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit. A homily of the chief Michael, chief of the angels, which is read in the month of Nahase and Maskaram. May the power of his prayer save us from illness and weakness. With his servant, forever. He said, the Lord said, "Do not worship another god besides me and besides my angels, and Mary my mother, my prophets, apostles, martyrs, and righteous ones, who intercede for you. And I also will hear them." And the honored ones, adorned with gold and silver, you also will be like them. Fear not death on earth, but fear death in heaven, which has no escape or refuge. And now, prepare yourselves, dwell, and give alms for the sake of Michael, Gabriel, Suriyel, Hawakikiru, and the twenty-four priests of heaven, and the four living creatures, that they may be your helpers when you are judged and when you die. May their prayer and intercession be with their servant, the servant.
Citation. Tergwame, “Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Maskaram)”, LIT3967Homily:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT3967Homily#s1
Colophon. Source: betmas · licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0017 · generated 2026-11-15.