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Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Naḥase)

Anonymous · betmas

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machine-draft · no human review 3 passages · 745 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

This anonymous Geʿez homily is a festal encomium for the Archangel Michael, appointed for the month of Naḥase (August) in the Ethiopian liturgical calendar. It emphasizes Michael’s intercessory role and protection of the faithful, blending praise of the archangel with a narrative about a gazelle named Sosna—a loanword from Coptic—and three judges. The homily survives only in Ethiopic manuscripts, with no known Coptic or Arabic source. Its structure, which shifts from encomium to hagiographic story and concludes with blessings invoking Mary, is typical of Ethiopic angelological homilies. The text is part of a broader corpus of Michaeline literature in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, often read during the annual commemoration of Michael on the 12th of Naḥase.

This homily exemplifies the integration of angel veneration, local hagiography, and Marian devotion in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. Its narrative of the gazelle Sosna reflects Coptic influence on Ethiopic literature, while its liturgical assignment to Naḥase underscores the centrality of Michael in the Ethiopian calendar. The text contributes to understanding the development of angelological homilies in the later Aksumite and Zagwe periods, though its uncertain dating and anonymous authorship caution against firm historical conclusions.

Historical context

The homily is anonymous and undated, with composition conventionally placed in the later Aksumite or early Zagwe period (13th–15th centuries) based on linguistic and liturgical features, though this remains uncertain. It survives only in Geʿez manuscripts, transmitted within Ethiopian monastic circles that cultivated angelological homilies. The text is appointed for Naḥase (August), the month of Michael’s feast in the Ethiopian calendar, and belongs to a larger Ethiopic corpus of Michaeline literature, including works attributed to Theodosius of Alexandria. No Coptic or Arabic Vorlage has been identified, suggesting either a lost source or original composition in Geʿez. The homily’s narrative of the gazelle Sosna and the three judges echoes Copto-Arabic hagiographic motifs, indicating cultural and literary exchange between Egypt and Ethiopia. The source edition (betmas) lacks a critical apparatus, limiting assessment of textual stability or manuscript stemma.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

18 commentary units 3 term3 scripture3 background3 structure3 reception3 caution 0 derived notes 6 open questions 3 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 3 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
LIT3966Homily:1 · narrativemedium
Source
The following text is taken from . በዘይትነገር፡ ዕበዩ፡ ወክብሩ፡ ወትሕትናሁ፡ ወፍቅሩ፡ እስመ፡ በትሕትና፡ ረከበ፡ ልዕልና። ዝ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ዘነፅኆ፡ ለዕቡየ፡ ኅሊና፡ ለሢመቱ፡ ዘመነና፡ ወዘአፍቀረ፡ ሙስና። ዝ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ዘበእንቲኣሁ፡ ነገረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ አዕብይዎ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ መላእክት፡ ለሚካኤል፡ ክቡር፡ ዐቃቤ፡ ቃልየ፡ ወገባሬ፡ ፈቃድየ፡ ወትእዛዝየ፡ ወመልአከ፡ ምክርየ፡ ወኪዳንየ፡ ዘወሀብክዎ፡ እምታሕተ፡ ሥልጣንየ። ወዳዊትኒ፡ ይቤ፡ በእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ መልአክ፡ ይትዐየን፡ መልአከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዐውዶሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይፈርህዎ፡ ወያድኅኖሙ። ወይቤሎሙ፡ ለእመ፡ ኢርኢክምዋ፡ ለሶስና፡ እንዘ፡ ትኤብስ፡ በሥጋሃ፡ ወለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ ነገርክሙ፡ ሐሰተ፡ ይሥጥቅሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክነ፡ ከመ፡ እርጋሄ፡ ወሶቤሃ፡ ኮኑ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ በበ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ ክፍል፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ማሕጼ፡ ወይእተ፡ ጊዜ፡ አእምርዎ፡ ለሚካኤል፡ ወበእንተ፡ ዝነገር፡ ሐርተሙ፡ ወሀጕሉ፡ ነፍሶሙ። ወሶበ፡ ርእየ፡ አቡሃ፡ ዘንተ፡ ነገረ፡ ተንሥአ፡ ምስለ፡ ዐበይት፡ ወሰገዱ፡ ለሶስና፡ ወአንገሥዋ፡ ለሶስና፡ ዲቤሆሙ፡ ለሠለስቱ፡ ረበናት፡ እስመ፡ ክልኤ፡ ረባሐ፡ ረከበት፡ ዘበምድር፡ ትፍሥሕተ፡ ወዘበሰማያት፡ መንግሥተ፡ እስመ፡ በጸሎተ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ይድኅን፡ ኵሉ፡ ዓለም። ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወአስተብቍዖታ፡ ለእግዝእትነ፡ ማርያም፡ ቅድስት፡ ወትንብልናሃ፡ ለብፅዕት፡ ሶስና፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። The following text is taken from
English
Of his greatness, his glory, his humility, and his love; for through humility he found exaltation. This is Michael, who despised the proud of mind, the envious, the slanderer, and the lover of corruption. This is Michael, concerning whom the Lord God spoke, saying, "Magnify him, all you angels, Michael, the honored keeper of my word, the executor of my will and my command, the angel of my counsel and my judgment, whom I have placed under my authority." And David also said concerning this angel, "The angel of the Lord is revealed, overthrowing those who fear him and saving them." And he said to them, "If I have shown you the gazelle while she was dry in her flesh, and if I have spoken to you a lie, may the Lord God our God strike you down like a stone." And then there were three, each in two parts, without a wound. And at that time they recognized Michael. And because of this matter, they were confounded and their souls were troubled. And when her father saw this matter, he arose with the elders and they bowed down to the gazelle, and they crowned the gazelle over them for three years, for she had gained double: joy on earth and a kingdom in heaven, for through the prayer of Michael the whole world is saved. May the prayer and blessing of the holy Michael, the chief of angels, and the intercession of our Lady Mary, the holy and pure one, and the blessing of the blessed gazelle be with us forever and ever. Amen.
LIT3966Homily:2 · narrativemedium
Source
164-172 . በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፤ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ወክቡር፡ ወኀያል፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ነሐሴ፡ ትንብልናሁ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። በዘይትነገር፡ ዕበዩ፡ ወክብሩ፡ ወትሕትናሁ፡ ወፍቅሩ፡ እስመ፡ በትህትና፡ ረከበ፡ ልዕልና። ዝ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ዘነፅኆ፡ በዕቡየ፡ ሕሊና፡ ለሢመቱ፡ ዘመነና፡ ወዘአፍቀረ፡ ሙስና። ዝ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ዘበእንቲአሁ፡ ነገረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ አዕብይዎ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ መላእክት፡ ለሚካኤል፡ ክቡር፡ ዐቃቤ፡ ቃልየ፡ ወገባሬ፡ ፈቃድየ፡ ወትእዛዝየ፡ ወመልአከ፡ ምክርየ፡ ወኪዳንየ፡ ዘወሀብክዎ፡ እምታሕተ፡ ሥልጣንየ፡ ወሶቤሃ፡ ኮኑ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ በበ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ ክፍል፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ማሕጼ፡ ወይእተ፡ ጊዜ፡ አእመርዎ፡ ለሚካኤል፡ ወበእንተ፡ ዝ፡ ነገር፡ ሐርተሙ፡ ወሀጕሉ፡ ነፍሶሙ፡ ወሶበ፡ ርእየ፡ አቡሃ፡ ዘንተ፡ ነገረ፡ ተንሥአ፡ ምስለ፡ ዐበይት፡ ወሰገዱ፡ ለሶስና፡ ወአንገሥዋ፡ ለሶስና፡ ዲቤሆሙ፡ ለሠለስቱ፡ ረበናት። እስመ፡ ክልኤ፡ ረባሐ፡ ረከበት፡ ዘበምድር፡ ትፍሥሕተ፡ ወዘበሰማያት፡ መንግሥተ፡ እስመ፡ በጸሎተ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ይድኅን፡ ኵሉ፡ ዓለም። ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወአስተብቍዖታ፡ ለእግዝእትነ፡ ማርያም፡ ቅድስት፡ ወትንብልናሃ፡ ለብፅዕት፡ ሶስና፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።
English
In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. Homily on the holy, glorious, and mighty Michael, chief of the angels, which is read on the tenth and the second of the month of Naḥase. May his blessing be with us forever and ever. Amen. Concerning what is told of his greatness, his glory, his humility, and his love; for through humility he found exaltation. This is Michael, who despised the proud of mind, the envious, the slanderer, and the lover of corruption. This is Michael, concerning whom the Lord spoke, saying, “Magnify him, all you angels, Michael, glorious guardian of my word, and executor of my will and my command, and angel of my counsel and my judgment, whom I have placed under my authority.” And when there were three, each in two parts, without measure, and at that time they knew Michael, and concerning this matter they were confounded and their souls were troubled. And when his father saw this matter, he arose with the elders and they bowed down to Susanna and they crowned Susanna over them for the three years. For two years she found joy on earth and a kingdom in heaven, for through the prayer of Michael the whole world is saved. May the prayer and blessing of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, and the intercession of our Lady Mary, the holy one, and the blessing of the righteous Susanna be with us forever and ever. Amen.
LIT3966Homily:3 · narrativemedium
Source
After ዘነሐሴ፡ በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፪፡ ለነሐሴ፡ ኃይለ፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ይባልሖነ፡ እምሕማመ፡ ዘልጋሴ፡ ወይሰውረነ፡ እም፡ ዓለም፡ ድምስሱ፡ በረከቱ፡ ወሀብተ፡ ረድኤቱ፡ ይኩነነ፡ ቅዳሴ፡ ስዓ፡ ዓለ፡ ዓ፡ ዛቲ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ዘወፅአት፡ እት፡ እም፡ እየሩሳሌም፡ ከመ፡ ትንግር፡ እብዮሙ፡ ለቅዱሳን፡ ሚካኤ፡ ወገብርኤል፡ ሱራፌ፡ ወኪሩቤል፡ ፬እንስስ፡ ፩ወ፬፡ ካህናት፡ ሰማይ፡ ዘማርያን፡ በሰብሐት፡ በመንፈሰ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፍጹማን፡ በርእቶሙ፡ ወበበ፡ ሚመት፡ ወአቀብያን፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ብሩሃን፡ ወሰገዱ፡ ላቲ፡ ወ፪ተ፡ ረበኃ፡ ረብሐት፡ ዘበምድረ፡ መንገሥ፡ ት፡ ወዘበሰማይ፡ ገነት፡ በስእለቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ይድኅን፡ ኵሉ፡ ፍጥረት፡ ወአንትሙኒ፡ ሀቡ፡ ምጽዋተ፡ ለነዳያን፡ ወለምስኪናን፡ መእንተ፡ ስሙ፡ እንዘ፡ ትትአመኑ፡ ኪያሁ፡ አስትዩ፡ ጹሙአ፡ ወአልብሱ፡ እሩቀ፡ ወእብልዑ፡ ርኁበ፡ ከመ፡ ያኀብክሙ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ኅብስት፡ ሕይወት፡ በሰማያት፡ ሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም።
English
In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. Homily on the holy, glorious, and mighty Michael, chief of the angels, which is read on the tenth and the second of the month of Naḥase. May his blessing protect us from the pain of hell, and may he hide us from the world of darkness. May his blessing and the gift of his help be with us at the hour of the end of the world. This book, which came forth from Jerusalem, is a narrative concerning the holy ones Michael and Gabriel, the Seraphim and the Cherubim, the four living creatures, and the four priests of heaven, of Mary, in praise, in the Holy Spirit, perfect in their heads and in their number, and the arches in faith, bright. And they bowed down to her. And the two hundred and fifty-two thousand in the land of the kingdom and in the heavenly garden, by the prayer of the holy Michael, may all creation be saved. And you also, give alms to the poor and to the needy, for the sake of his name, while you believe in him. Give food to the hungry, and clothe the naked, and give drink to the thirsty, so that Christ may give you the bread of life in the heavens. Praise to him forever and ever.
Citation. Tergwame, “Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Naḥase)”, LIT3966Homily:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT3966Homily#s1
Colophon. Source: betmas · licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0025 · generated 2026-11-15.