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Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ḥamle)

Anonymous · betmas

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machine-draft · no human review 4 passages · 971 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

This anonymous Ethiopic homily, read on Ḥamle 10 and 2 in the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo Church, venerates the Archangel Michael. It survives in manuscripts within the broader collection of homilies for the month of Ḥamle, reflecting its liturgical use. The text is attributed to a 'John the bishop' (possibly John Chrysostom or a Coptic bishop), but the Geʿez text does not specify further, and the attribution is conventional. The homily's composition date is uncertain, with no secure evidence before the 14th–15th centuries. The edition used (betmas) is based on a single British Library manuscript (Or. 484) without critical apparatus, limiting textual assessment.

This homily exemplifies the integration of angelic veneration into Ethiopic liturgy, reflecting the deep influence of Coptic traditions on Ethiopian Christianity. Its attribution to 'John the bishop' and motifs like the proud man's heart compared to Pharaoh illustrate how biblical and hagiographic themes were adapted for local audiences. The work also highlights the role of homilies in shaping communal piety and the challenges of studying anonymous, undated texts with limited critical editions.

Historical context

The homily belongs to the Ethiopic liturgical tradition, specifically the month of Ḥamle (July–August in the Gregorian calendar), when the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo Church commemorates the Archangel Michael. Its textual history is tied to the broader collection of homilies for Ḥamle, which likely developed from Coptic models after the 13th century, when Ethiopian monasticism and literature flourished under the Zagwe dynasty and later Solomonic period. The work is anonymous and undated, but its language (Geʿez) and liturgical function suggest composition between the 14th and 15th centuries, when such homilies were compiled for communal worship. The feast of Michael on Ḥamle 10 and 2 corresponds to Coptic Paope 12 and 6, indicating shared veneration with the Coptic Church. The homily's survival in multiple manuscripts (e.g., British Library Or. 484) attests to its ongoing use, though no critical edition exists, and textual divergences among witnesses remain unassessed.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

23 commentary units 4 structure4 term4 background4 reception3 parallel3 caution1 scripture 0 derived notes 8 open questions 4 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • coverageNo English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed.
  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 4 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
LIT3965Homily:1 · narrativehigh
Source
The following text is taken from . በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ወክቡር፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላአክት፡ ዘይትበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለሐምሌ፡ በረከቱ፡ ትኩን፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። ዘተናገረ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ በእንተ፡ አሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዕቡይ፡ ዘይነበር፡ በአሐቲ፡ ሀገር፡ ወልቡ፡ ፀዋግ፡ ከመ፡ ፈርዖን፡ ወአልቦቱ፡ ጾም፡ ወጸሎት። ወሀሎ፡ አሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ነዳይ፡ ዘይነብር፡ በጎረቤቱ፡ ምስለ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ወርቱዕ፡ ሃይማኖቶሙ፡ ወይፀመድዎ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወትረ፡ ወይሰርሑ፡ ለበዓሉ፡ ወይውህቡ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘረከቡ፡ ለነዳያን፡ ወለምስኪናን። ወርእዮ፡ ዝኩ፡ ባዕል፡ ዘጎሮሙ፡ ያንጕረጕር፡ በልቡ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ በእንተ፡ እሉ፡ ነዳያን፡ እለ፡ አልቦሙ፡ ዘይበልዑ፡ ወይሰትዩ፡ ወኢይረክቡ፡ ለርእሶሙ፡ ምንተኒ፡ ምንተ፡ ይውህቡ፡ ለነዳያን። ወአሐተ፡ ዕለተ፡ ጸውዖ፡ ለነዳይ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ አንተ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘአልብከ፡ ገራህት፡ ዘትረዝዕ፡ ወአልብከ፡ ዘትሠይጥ፡ ወዘትሣየጥ፡ በአይቴ፡ ትረክብ፡ ዘትውሀብ፡ ለነዳይ። ወይቤሎ፡ ነዳይ፡ አነኒ፡ ወብእሲትየ፡ ሶበ፡ ንጼውዕ፡ ስመ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ይውህበነ፡ ኃይለ፡ ወበረከተ፡ ወንሰርሕ፡ በእደዊነ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ስራሐ፡ ወይትባረክ፡ ቦቱ፡ ግብረ፡ እደዊነ፡ ወበጊዜሃ፡ ተኀፍረ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዕቡይ፡ ባዕል፡ ወአርመመ።
English
In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy and glorious Michael, the chief of the angels, which is read on the tenth and the second of Ḥamle. May his blessing be with us forever and ever. Amen. John the bishop spoke concerning a certain proud man who dwelt in a certain city, and his heart was hard as Pharaoh’s, and he had no fasting nor prayer. And there was a certain poor man who dwelt in his neighborhood with his wife, and their faith was firm, and they were devoted to the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, continually, and they would prepare for his feast and give all that they had to the poor and the needy. And that proud man, their neighbor, saw them and murmured in his heart, saying, “Concerning these poor ones, who have nothing to eat nor drink, and cannot obtain for themselves anything at all, how can they give to the poor?” And one day he summoned the poor man and said to him, “You, a man who has no garment to wear, and have nothing to eat, and nothing to give—where do you find what to give to the poor?” And the poor man said to him, “I and my wife, when we invoke the name of Michael, the chief of the angels, he gives us strength and blessing, and we work with our hands much labor, and our handiwork is blessed thereby.” Then that proud man was ashamed and confounded.
LIT3965Homily:2 · narrativemedium
Source
ወአነ፡ አቡክሙ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ ዘኢትዮጵያ፡ ወአንትሙ፡ ደቂቅየ፡ ወሕዝብየ፡ ዘወሀበኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሰአሉ፡ ወጸልዩ፡ ከመ፡ ንርከብ፡ ሞገሰ፡ ወሣህለ፡ ወምሕረተ፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ ለመፍቀሬ፡ ሰብእ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በጸሎቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወበትንብልናሁ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ገብርኤል፡ አብሣሬ፡ ትስብእት፡ ወበስእለታ፡ ለእግዝእትነ፡ ማርያም፡ ወላዲተ፡ አምላክ፡ ወበጸሎቱ፡ ለዮሐንስ፡ መጥምቅ፡ ወበጸሎቶሙ፡ ለጻድቃን፡ ወሰማዕት፡ ወበስእለቶሙ፡ ለአርባዕቱ፡ እንስሳ፡ ወዕሥራ፡ ወአርባዕቱ፡ ካህናተ፡ ሰማይ። ስብሐት፡ ለአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ በረከቶሙ፡ ወሀብተ፡ ረድኤቶሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ። ለዘጸሐፎ፡ ወለዘአጽሐፎ፡ ለዘአንበቦ፡ ወለዘተርጐሞ፡ ወለዘሰምዐ፡ ቃላቲሁ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ይምሐሮሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በመንግሥተ፡ ሰማያት፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። The following text is taken from 153-160 . በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፤ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ወክቡር፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለሐምሌ። በረከቱ፡ ትኩን፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። ዘተናገረ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ በእንተ፡ አሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዕቡይ፡ ዘይነብር፡ በአሕዐቲ፡ ሀገር፡ ወልቡ፡ ፀዋግ፡ ከመ፡ ፈርዖን፡ ወአልቦቱ፡ ጾም፡ ወጸሎት።
English
And I, your father Yoḥannes, bishop of Ethiopia, and you, my children and my people, whom the Lord has given me, ask and pray that we may find favor, mercy, and compassion before Him, the lover of humanity, the Lord, through the prayer of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, and through the glory of the holy Gabriel, the announcer of the incarnation, and through the intercession of our Lady Mary, mother of God, and through the prayer of Yoḥannes the Baptist, and through the prayers of the righteous and martyrs, and through the intercession of the four living creatures and the twenty-four priests of heaven. Praise to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. May their blessing and the gift of their aid, of all the saints, be with us, for the one who wrote it, and for the one who had it written, for the one who read it, and for the one who translated it, and for the one who heard its words together, may the Lord forgive them in the kingdom of heaven forever and ever. Amen. In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy and glorious Michael, chief of the angels, which is read on the tenth and the second of Ḥamle. May his blessing be with us forever and ever. Amen. Yoḥannes the bishop spoke concerning a certain proud man who dwelt in a certain city, and his heart was hard like Pharaoh, and he had no fasting nor prayer.
LIT3965Homily:3 · narrativehigh
Source
ወሀሎ፡ አሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ነዳይ፡ ዘይነብር፡ በጎረ፡ ቤቱ፡ ምስለ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ወርቱዕ፡ ሃይማኖቶሙ፤ ወይፀምድዎ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወትረ፡ ወይሰርሑ፡ ለበዓሉ፡ ወይሁቡ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘረከቡ፡ ለነዳያን፡ ወለመስኪናን። ወአነ፡ አቡክሙ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ ዘኢትዮጵያ፡ ወአንትሙ፡ ደቂቅየ፡ ወሕዝብየ፡ ዘወሀበኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሰአሉ፡ ወጸልዩ፡ ከመ፡ ንርከብ፡ ሞገስ፡ ወሣህለ፡ ወምሕረተ፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ ለመፍቀሬ፡ ሰብእ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በጸሎቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወበትንብልናሁ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ገብርኤል፡ አብሳሬ፡ ትስብእት፡ ወበስእለታ፡ ለእግዝእትነ፡ ማርያም፡ ወላዲተ፡ አምላክ፡ ወበጸሎቱ፡ ለዮሐንስ፡ መጥምቅ፡ ወበጸሎቶሙ፡ ለጻድቃን፡ ወሰማዕት፡ ወስእለቶሙ፡ ለአርባዕቱ፡ እንስሳ፡ ወዕሥራ፡ ወአርባዕቱ፡ ካህናተ፡ ሰማይ። ስብሐት፡ ለአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ። በረከቶሙ፡ ወሀብተ፡ ረድኤቶሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ። ለዘጸሐፎ፡ ወለዘአጽሐፎ፡ ለዘአንበቦ፡ ወለዘተርጐሞ፡ ወለዘሰምዐ፡ ቃላቲሁ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ይምሐሮሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በመንግሥተ፡ ሰማያት፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።
English
There was a certain poor man who dwelt in the courtyard of his house with his wife, and their faith was steadfast; and they would pray constantly to the holy Michael, chief of the angels, and they would prepare for his feast and give all that they had found to the poor and the needy. And I, your father Yoḥannes, bishop of Ethiopia, and you, my children and my people, whom the Lord has given me, ask and pray that we may find favor, mercy, and compassion before Him, the lover of humanity, the Lord, through the prayer of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, and through the humility of the holy Gabriel, the announcer of the incarnation, and through the intercession of our Lady Mary, the mother of God, and through the prayer of Yoḥannes the Baptist, and through the prayers of the righteous and the martyrs, and through the intercession of the four living creatures and the twenty-four heavenly priests. Glory to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. May their blessing and the gift of their help, of all the saints, be with us. For the one who wrote it, and for the one who caused it to be written, for the one who read it, and for the one who translated it, and for the one who heard its words, may the Lord have mercy on them together in the kingdom of heaven for ever and ever. Amen.
LIT3965Homily:4 · narrativemedium
Source
After በስመአብ፡ ወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ በውርኃ፡ ኃምሌ፡ ዘተናገረ፡ ዮሃንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ ዘብሔረ፡ ኢትዮጵያ፡ በ አኩሰም፡ ትንብልናሁ፡ የሀሉ፡ ወነበረ፡ ፩ብሲ፡ ጸዋግ፡ ከመ፡ ፈርዖን፡ ወኢየ፡ አምር፡ ጾመ፡ ወጽሎተ፡ ወፅኑእ፡ ልቡ፡ ከመ፡ አብነ፡ አየ፡ ማሰ፡ ወበጥቃሁ፡ ይንብር፡ ነደ፡ ዘአልቦቱ፡ ሲሳየ፡ እለተ፡ ወርቱዕ፡ ሃይማኖቱ፡ ምስለ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ወይጸመድዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወይገብሩ፡ ተካሮ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወይሁቡ፡ እምዘ፡ ረከቡ፡ ለነዳያን፡ ወለምኪናን፡ ወበጸሎቱ፡ ለዮሐንስ፡ መጥምቅ፡ ወቦ፡ ስለቶሙ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወገብርኤል፡ ወበ፡ ጸሎተ፡ ኩሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ሰማዕት፡ ጸድቃን፡ ነቢያት፡ ወሐዋርያት፡ ይምሐረነ፡ ወይሣህልነ፡ ለእመ፡ ረከብክሙ፡ ሀቡ፡ ወለእመ፡ ኢረከብክሙ፡ ሀቡ፡ ማየ፡ በእንተ፡ ስሞሙ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወገብርኤል፡ ወይትኈለቅ፡ ለክሙ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ሎቱ፡ ሰብሐት፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለ፡ ዓሜን፡
English
In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, which is read in the month of Ḥamle, which was delivered by John, bishop of the country of Ethiopia, whose see is in Aksum. There was a certain poor man, like Pharaoh, and he had no knowledge of fasting or prayer, but his heart was firm as that of our father Ayya the ascetic. And by his strength he dwelt in a place where there was no food for a day, and his faith was steadfast with his wife; and they would cleave to God and make a feast for the holy Michael, and they would give from what they had to the poor and the needy. And by the prayer of John the Baptist, and by the intercession of Michael and Gabriel, and by the prayer of all the saints, martyrs, righteous, prophets, and apostles, may He have mercy on us and pardon us. If you have found, give; and if you have not found, give water for the sake of the names Michael and Gabriel. And may the righteousness of him who praises be increased for you forever and ever. Amen.
Citation. Tergwame, “Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Ḥamle)”, LIT3965Homily:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT3965Homily#s1
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