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መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ቲቶ፡

Anonymous · betmas

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machine-draft · no human review 7 passages · 1,185 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

The Geʿez work መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ቲቶ፡ is a translation of the New Testament Epistle to Titus, part of the Ethiopic biblical corpus. Transmitted within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition, it is used liturgically and treated as canonical. The translation is traditionally assigned to the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.), but the source edition (betmas) provides no precise date or manuscript details. The text includes an introductory summary not found in the canonical epistle, emphasizing Titus’s role in church organization and moral standards for clergy, reflecting later Ethiopic church discipline.

This Geʿez translation of Titus is significant as a witness to the early reception of Pauline literature in the Ethiopian tradition. Its introductory summary and emphasis on clerical morality illustrate how the text was adapted to local church discipline. It relates to broader Ethiopic biblical versions and the development of canon in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.

Historical context

The Geʿez version of Titus belongs to the Ethiopic New Testament, likely translated during the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.) when Christianity was established in the Kingdom of Aksum (modern Ethiopia and Eritrea). The translation was made from a Greek or Syriac Vorlage, though the source edition does not specify. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, which emerged from the Aksumite Christian community, has transmitted this text in liturgical and monastic settings. The work is part of the Pauline corpus, read during the liturgy and in offices. The introductory summary, which expands on Titus’s role in appointing priests and moral requirements, reflects later ecclesiastical concerns, possibly from the medieval period. The source edition (betmas) does not cite specific manuscripts or colophons, leaving the date and transmission history uncertain.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

37 commentary units 7 structure7 term6 background5 reception5 caution4 scripture2 sense1 parallel 0 derived notes 13 open questions 7 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • coverageNo English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed.
  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 7 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
LIT3527Epistle:1 · narrativemedium
Source
Introduction Epistle Text of the EOTC printed Bible ምዕራፍ 1 በእንተ፡ ቲቶ እምጳውሎስ፡ ገብሩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወሐዋርያሁ፡ ለኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። በሃይማኖቶሙ፡ ለኅሩያኒሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወአእምሮ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ዘበጽድቁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር። ወበተስፋ፡ ሕይወት፡ ዘለዓለም፡ ዘአሰፈወ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ዘኢይሔሱ፡ እምፍጥረተ፡ ዓለም። ወአርአየ፡ ቃሎ፡ በዕድሜሁ፡ በስብከተ፡ ዚኣነ፡ ኪያሁ። ወተአመነኒ፡ ሊተ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ በትእዛዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መድኀኒነ። ለቲቶ፡ ወልድየ፡ ዘአፈቅር፡ በተፋቅሮ፡ ወበሃይማኖት፡ ሰላም፡ ለከ። ወጸጋ፡ ወሣህል፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አቡነ፡ ወእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ መድኀኒነ። በእንተ፡ ሢመተ፡ ቅስና እስመ፡ እንበይነ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ኀደጉከ፡ ውስተ፡ ቀርጤስ፡ ከመ፡ ታስተራትዕ፡ ዘተርፈ። ወትሢም፡ ቀሲሳነ፡ ለለ፡ አህጉር፡ በከመ፡ አዘዝኩከ። ብእሴ፡ ዘአሐተ፡ ብእሲተ፡ አውሰበ፡ ኅሩየ። ዘኢየሐምይዎ፡ በእኩይ፡ ዘቦ፡ ውሉድ፡ መሃይምናን። ዘኢያስተዋድይዎሙ፡ በምርዓት፡ እለ፡ ኢኮኑ፡ ዝሉፋነ፡ እለ፡ ይትኤዘዙ።
English
Epistle of Paul to Titus — Anonymous Chapter 1 Concerning Titus From Paul, servant of God and his apostle, of Jesus Christ, in the faith of his chosen ones of God, and in the knowledge of righteousness, which is by the righteousness of God. And in the hope of eternal life, which God has granted. Which does not cease from the creation of the world. And he manifested his word in his time, in our preaching of her. And he entrusted me over him by the commandment of God our Savior. To Titus, my son whom I love in affection and in faith, peace to you, and grace and mercy from God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ our Savior. Concerning the office of the priesthood. For because of this, I left you in Crete so that you might set in order what remains, and appoint priests for each city as I commanded you. A man who has one wife, a chosen one. Who has not been defiled by evil, who has faithful children. Who do not associate with them in wickedness, those who are not reprobate, those who are chaste.
LIT3527Epistle:2 · narrativehigh
Source
ወርቱዕ፡ ይሠየም፡ ጳጳስ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ሐሜት፡ ዘኢያደሉ፡ ከመ፡ መጋቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ዘኢኮነ፡ መዓትመ፡ ዘልቡብ፡ ዘኢያበዝኅ፡ ሰትየ፡ ወይን። ወኢያፈጥን፡ እዴሁ፡ ለዘቢጥ፡ ወዘኢያፈቅር፡ ንዋየ፡ ከንቶ። መፍቀሬ፡ ነግድ፡ ዘሠናይ፡ ምግባሩ፡ ዘአንጽሐ፡ ርእሶ። ጻድቅ፡ ወኄር፡ ወየዋህ፡ መስተዐግሥ፡ ዘያነሐሲ፡ ዘምሁር፡ ቃለ፡ ሃይማኖት። ዘይክል፡ ገሥጾ፡ በትምህርተ፡ ሕይወት፡ ወይዛለፎሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይተዋሥኡ። ሥርዐት፡ በእንተ፡ እለ፡ ኢይትኤዘዙ እስመ፡ ብዙኃን፡ እለ፡ ኢይትኤዘዙ፡ ወነገሮሙኒ፡ ከንቱ። ወያስሕትዎሙ፡ ለጽሉላነ፡ ልብ። ወፈድፋደሰ፡ ለእለ፡ እምአይሁድ፡ እለ፡ ርቱዕ፡ ይፍፅምዎም፡ አፉሆሙ። እስመ፡ እሉ፡ ይገፈትዑ፡ አብያተ፡ ኵሉ። ወይሜሀሩ፡ በዘኢይደሉ፡ በዘይረብሖሙ፡ ኀሳር። ወናሁ፡ ይቤ፡ አሐዱ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ነቢዮሙ፡ በእንቲኣሆሙ። እስመ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቀርጤስ፡ መደልዋን፡ ሐሳውያን፡ ዘልፈ፡ አራዊት፡ እኩያን፡ ከርሠ፡ መካን። ወዝንቱ፡ ስምዕ፡ እሙን፡ ላዕሌሆሙ።
English
And the upright one shall be appointed bishop, who has no blemish, who is blameless, like the steward of God, who is of mature age, of sound mind, who is not given to much drinking of wine, and who does not quickly stretch out his hand to take, and who does not love base gain. The lover of good works, whose conduct is excellent, who is pure in himself, righteous and good, and gentle, patient, who teaches, who is skilled in the word of faith. Who is able to reprove through the teaching of life, and who will refute those who contradict. The ordinance concerning those who are not obedient. For many are those who are not obedient, and their words are false, and they corrupt the hearts of the simple. And moreover, for those from among the Jews who are upright, they will stop their mouths. For these destroy all houses and teach what is not fitting, what brings them loss. And now, one of them said, their prophet concerning them: For the people of Crete are liars, evil beasts, lazy gluttons, evil, belly-servants. And this testimony is true against them.
LIT3527Epistle:3 · narrativemedium
Source
በእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ተዛለፎሙ፡ ምቱረ፡ ከመ፡ ይጠይቁ፡ በሃይማኖት። ወኢያምጽኡ፡ መሀድምተ፡ ወሥርዐተ፡ ሰብእ፡ ዘይመይጣ፡ ለጽድቅ። እስመ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ኵሉ፡ ንጹሕ፡ ለንጹሓን። ወለርኩሳንሰ፡ እለ፡ ኢየአምኑ፡ አልቦሙ፡ ንጹሕ፡ ምንትኒ። እስመ፡ ርኩስ፡ ኅሊናሆሙ፡ ወበልቦሙ፡ የአምኑ፡ ከመ፡ ዘየአምርዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር። ወይክሕድዎ፡ በምግባሮሙ፡ ርኩሳን፡ ወከሓድያን። ወምኑናን፡ በውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ምግባረ፡ ሠናይ። ምዕራፍ 2 ሥርዐት፡ በእንተ፡ ሕይወተ፡ ክርስቲያን ወአንተሰ፡ ንግር፡ ዘይደሉ፡ ለትምህርተ፡ ሕይወት። ሊቃውንትኒ፡ ይኩኑ፡ ንጹሓነ፡ እምዝሙት፡ ወንቁሓነ፡ ወጠቢባነ። ወኢይናፍቁ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ይትፋቀሩ፡ ወይለብዉ፡ ወይትዐገሡ። ልሂቃትሂ፡ ከማሁ፡ ይትቀደሳ፡ ወያሠንያ፡ ግዕዞን፡ ኢያስተሐውራ፡ ነገረ። ወኢይትቀነያ፡ ለስቴ፡ ወኢይሰጠያ፡ ውስተ፡ ስካር። ዳእሙ፡ ይገሥጻ፡ ወይምሀራ፡ ሠናየ፡ ትምህርተ፡ ለአንስት፡ ከመ፡ ያንጽሓ፡ ርእሶን። ወንኡሳትሂ፡ ያፍቅራ፡ አምታቲሆን፡ ወውሉዶን።
English
Concerning this, they have passed over it, being cut off, as they seek in faith. And they do not bring in the custom and ordinance of men which is contrary to righteousness. For he who is wholly pure is for the pure; but for the impure, those who do not believe, there is nothing pure for them. For their mind and heart are impure, and they believe that they know the Lord, and they conceal Him by their deeds, being impure and liars and hypocrites in every good deed. Chapter 2 Ordinance concerning the life of Christians. And you, speak what is fitting for the teaching of life. The laity shall be pure from sin, and vigilant, and wise. And they shall not be negligent in faith; they shall love and clothe themselves and be chaste. The clergy likewise shall be sanctified and shall adorn their bodies, and shall not pervert the word. And they shall not be given to drink, nor shall they be given to drunkenness. Rather, they shall rebuke and teach good doctrine to women, that they may purify themselves. And the noble women shall love their husbands and their children.
LIT3527Epistle:4 · narrativemedium
Source
ኢይዘምዋ፡ ወይግበራ፡ ሠናየ፡ ወያሠንያ፡ ግዕዞን፡ ወሥርዐተ፡ ቤቶን። ወይትአዘዛ፡ ለአምታቲሆን፡ ከመ፡ ኢይፅርፍ፡ አሐዱሂ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእንቲኣሆን። ወለወራዙትኒ፡ ገሥጾሙ፡ ያንጽሑ፡ ርእሶሙ፡ ወይኩኑ፡ ጠቢባነ። ወኩኖሙ፡ አርአያ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ በምግባረ፡ ሠናይ። ወይኩን፡ ነገርከ፡ ወትምህርትከ፡ በንጽሕ፡ ወበሥሩዕ፡ ነገር። ዘአልቦ፡ ነውር፡ ዘኢይሜንኖ፡ አሐዱሂ። ከመ፡ ይትኀፈር፡ ጸላኢ፡ ወይኅጣእ፡ ዘይነብብ፡ ላዕሌነ፡ ሕሡመ። ነባሪኒ፡ ይትአዘዙ፡ ለአጋእዝቲሆሙ፡ ወያሥምርዎሙ፡ በኵሉ። ወኢይቅስጡ፡ ወኢይትዋሥኡ፡ በኵሉ። አላ፡ ያሠንዩ፡ በንጹሕ፡ ሃይማኖቶሙ። ከመ፡ ይንአድዎ፡ በኵለሄ፡ ለትምህርተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መድኀኒነ። እስመ፡ ተዐውቀት፡ ጸጋሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በኀበ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰብእ። ወትሜህረነ፡ ከመ፡ ንትናከራ፡ ለኀጢአት፡ ወለፍትወተ፡ ዓለም። ወንሕየው፡ በጽድቅ፡ ወበንጽሕ፡ ወበተፋቅሮ፡ በዝንቱ፡ ዓለም። እንዘ፡ ንሴፎ፡ አብፅዖ፡ ወምጽአተ፡ ስብሐቲሁ፡ ለአምላክነ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ወመድኀኒነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ።
English
They do not do good, nor do they establish their custom and ordinance. And they are commanded for their lies, as if no one adds to the word of God concerning them. And for the novices, they rebuke them to purify themselves and to be wise. And their being is an example for all in good works. And let your speech and your teaching be in pure and upright speech, which has no blemish, which no one can reproach, so that the enemy may be ashamed and the one who reads against us may err. The inhabitants also are commanded for their masters and serve them in everything. And they do not cut off nor are they divided in anything. But they establish their pure faith, so that they may instruct everyone in the teaching of God our Savior. For the grace of God is known among all people. And it teaches us to contend against sin and against the lusts of the world, and to live in righteousness, purity, and love in this world. While we await the fullness and the coming of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ.
LIT3527Epistle:5 · narrativehigh
Source
ዘመጠወ፡ ርእሶ፡ በእንቲኣነ፡ ከመ፡ ይቤዝወነ፡ እምኀጢአት። ወያንጽሕ፡ ሎቱ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ሐዲሰ፡ ዘይትቀሐው፡ በምግባረ፡ ሠናይ። ከመ፡ ዝ፡ ንግር፡ ወገሥጽ፡ ወተዛለፍ። እንዘ፡ ታቴሕት፡ ርእሰከ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘያስሕተከ። ምዕራፍ 3 በእንተ፡ ግብረ፡ መምህራን ዘክሮሙ፡ ለቀደምት፡ ወለመኳንንት። ከመ፡ ይትአዘዙ፡ በኵሉ፡ ምግባረ፡ ሠናይ፡ ወይኩኑ፡ ጥቡዓነ፡ ቦቱ። ወኢይትቈጥዑ፡ ወኢይትጋአዙ፡ አላ፡ መሓርያነ፡ ወየዋሃነ፡ ይኩኑ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰብእ። እስመ፡ ንሕነሂ፡ ትካት፡ አበድነ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ አእምሮ። ወክሕድነ፡ ወስሕትነ፡ ወተቀነይነ፡ ለፍትወት፡ ወለሐውዝ፡ ዘዘ፡ ዚኣሁ። ወተለውነ፡ እኩየ፡ ወተቃንኦ፡ ወአሕሠምነ፡ ወጸላእነ፡ ቢጸነ። ወአመ፡ አስተርአየ፡ ምሕረቱ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ መፍቀሬ፡ ሰብእ፡ መድኀኒነ። አኮ፡ በምግባረ፡ ጽድቅነ፡ ዳእሙ፡ በምሕረቱ፡ አድኀነነ። በጥምቀተ፡ ዳግም፡ ልደት፡ ወተሐድሶ፡ በመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ። ዘሦጠ፡ ላዕሌነ፡ በብዕሉ፡ በእንተ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ መድኀኒነ።
English
They hide their head from us as if they would save us from sin, and they purify for themselves a new people who are adorned with good works. Thus this word and command and tradition, while you bow your head to everyone, and there is no one who will lead you astray. Chapter 3 Concerning the Work of Teachers Remember the ancients and the judges, that they may be commanded in all good works and be righteous in that place. And they shall not be angry nor boastful, but they shall be merciful and gentle with all people. For we also are the dust of our fathers without understanding, and we are liars and erring and inclined to desire and to the passion of this world, and we are perverted to evil and to envy and we are covetous and hostile and vengeful. And when the mercy of God, the lover of humanity, our Savior, appeared, Not by our works of righteousness, but by his mercy he saved us, by the baptism of second birth and renewal in the Holy Spirit. Which he poured upon us by his will, through Jesus Christ our Savior.
LIT3527Epistle:6 · narrativemedium
Source
ከመ፡ ንጽደቅ፡ በጸጋሁ፡ ወንረስ፡ ተስፋ፡ ሕይወት፡ ዘለዓለም። እሙን፡ ነገር፡ ወበእንተ፡ ዝ፡ እፈቅድ፡ አነሂ፡ ታጽንዖሙ። ከመ፡ የኀልዩ፡ ተራድኦ፡ በኵሉ፡ ምግባረ፡ ሠናይ፡ እለ፡ ተአመኑ፡ በእግዚአብሔር። ዝኬ፡ ሠናይ፡ ዘይበቊዖ፡ ለሰብእ። ነገረ፡ ጋእዝ፡ ወእበድ፡ ዘይፈጥሩ፡ ወመሐድምተ፡ ወወክሐ፡ ተገሐሦሙ። እስመ፡ ከንቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወኢይበቊዕ። ለመስተካሕድ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምከመ፡ ምዕረ፡ ወካዕበ፡ ገሠጽኮ፡ ወአበየ፡ ኀድጎ። ወአእምሮ፡ ከመ፡ ዐላዊ፡ ውእቱ። ዘከማሁ፡ ያስሕት፡ ወያጌጊ፡ ወይረክብ፡ ኵነኔ። ማኅተመ፡ መልእክት ወእምከመ፡ ፈነውክዎ፡ ለአርጢሞን፡ ኀቤከ፡ አው፡ ጢኪቆስ። ፍጡነ፡ ነዐ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ሀገረ፡ ናቆጵል፡ እስመ፡ አጥባዕኩ፡ እክርም፡ ህየ። ለዜማስ፡ ጸሓፌ፡ ሀገር፡ ወአጵሎስ፡ ጽሑቀ፡ አክብሮሙ፡ ኢይጸነሱ፡ ምንተኒ። ወእሊኣነሂ፡ ይትመሀሩ፡ ትምህርተ፡ ሠናየ። በዘይቀውሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ውስተ፡ ዘይትፈቀድ፡ ግብር፡ ከመ፡ ኢይኅጥኡ፡ ፍሬ።
English
so that we may be justified by his grace and receive the hope of eternal life. This is the true matter, and concerning this I also desire to strengthen them, so that they may remain steadfast in every good work, those who have believed in God. This is the good that benefits a person. The word of the Geʿez and the evil that they create, and the new teaching and the tradition, I have rejected them, for it is vain and does not benefit. For a man who is to be corrected, like a calf and a sheep, I have shorn and rejected him. And I know that he is a transgressor; like him, he will err and go astray and receive punishment. The seal of the epistle. And as I sent Artemon or Tychicus to you, quickly come to me in the city of Nicopolis, for I have spent the winter there. For Zemas, the city scribe, and Apollos, I have honored them greatly, and they lack nothing. And the others also learn good teaching, by which the saints stand in the work that is permitted, so that they may not miss the fruit.
LIT3527Epistle:7 · narrativehigh
Source
አምኁከ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ምስሌየ። አምኀ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘያፈቅረነ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ጸጋ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ አሜን።
English
I have believed with all those who believe with me. May the grace of faith be with all of you who love us. Amen.
Citation. Tergwame, “መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ቲቶ፡”, LIT3527Epistle:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT3527Epistle#s1
Colophon. Source: betmas · licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0039 · generated 2026-11-15.