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Work dossier · summary and historical context
Summary
The Geʿez work 'መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ሮሜ፡' is a translation of the canonical Epistle to the Romans, attributed to Paul. Its title means 'Epistle of Paul to the People of Rome.' The translation likely derives from a Greek or Syriac Vorlage and is transmitted within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition. The date of this specific version is uncertain, though the Geʿez New Testament is generally dated to the 5th–7th centuries. The source edition 'betmas' lacks a critical apparatus, and the textual basis is not fully documented. The work is used in liturgy and commentary, reflecting Ethiopian exegetical traditions that connect Paul's teaching to Old Testament prophecy.
This Geʿez version of Romans is significant for understanding the transmission of Pauline literature in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. It illustrates how the epistle was adapted to local liturgical and exegetical practices, such as addressing the letter to a geographic region. The work also provides insight into the broader history of biblical translation in the Aksumite and medieval periods, though its precise dating and textual lineage remain uncertain.
Historical context
The Geʿez translation of the Epistle to the Romans belongs to the broader corpus of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's New Testament, which was likely translated from Greek or Syriac sources between the 5th and 7th centuries, during the Aksumite period. The Ethiopian church developed a distinct liturgical and canonical tradition, including a broader canon than other Christian traditions. The specific manuscript underlying the 'betmas' edition is undated, but it likely originates from a later medieval copy, as the Geʿez textual tradition continued to be copied and revised. The work's heading addresses the epistle 'to the Land of Rome,' reflecting a geographic rather than communal designation, consistent with Ethiopian liturgical usage. The translation was used in liturgical readings and commentaries, where Pauline texts were interpreted as continuous with Old Testament prophecy, a hallmark of Ethiopian exegesis.
term — a Coptic word and the rendering chosen for it
background — historical or institutional context the text presupposes
scripture — a biblical quotation or allusion
reception — later use — liturgy, canon law, daughter versions
caution — uncertainty or a contested reading
sense — what the passage says
parallel — a parallel in another text or tradition
transmission — manuscript, edition, lacuna, translation history
dating — dating, attribution, or sequence of events
Pipeline notes
coverageNo English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed.
limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
registerRegister: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
structurePassages: 58 narrative.
sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC
Term index
Coptic
Rendering
Count
First
no glossary terms recorded
LIT3515Epistle:1 · narrativehigh
Source
The following is a preliminary division of the Epistle to the Romans into textparts which are
present in manuscripts, not taking into consideration the different recensions.
Prescription
ለብሔረ፡ ሮሜ፡
መልእክት፡ ቀዳማዊ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ሮሜ፡
Introduction to the epistle
Epistle
All incipits are from
. The text of the Epistle itself is taken from the printed EOTC Bible.
ምዕራፍ 1
በእንተ፡ ጽዋዔሁ
እምጳውሎስ፡ ገብሩ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። ወሐዋርያ፡ ዘተጸውዐ፡ ወተፈልጠ፡ ለትምህርተ፡ ወንጌለ፡ እግዚአብሔር።
ዘአቅደመ፡ ነጊረ፡ በአፈ፡ ነቢያቲሁ፡ ወበመጻሕፍቲሁ፡ ቅዱሳት።
በእንተ፡ ወልዱ፡ ዘተወልደ። ወመጽአ፡ እምዘርዐ፡ ዳዊት፡ በሥጋ፡ ሰብእ።
English
To the Land of Rome
First Epistle to the People of Rome
Chapter 1
Concerning His Calling
From Paul, servant of our Lord Jesus Christ, and apostle who was called and chosen for the teaching of the Gospel of God.
Who had previously spoken through the mouth of His prophets and through His holy books.
Concerning His Son, who was born and came from the seed of David in human flesh.
And he showed that he is the Son of God by his power and by his Holy Spirit, as Jesus Christ our Lord rose from the dead.
From him we have received grace and have been appointed apostles, so that we might proclaim him to the nations and they might believe in his name.
Just as you also were once called by Jesus Christ, concerning the calling and concerning the faith of all those who are in the land of Rome. His beloved ones of God, and his chosen ones, and his saints: peace to you, and the grace of God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ.
First, I give thanks to God through Jesus Christ on behalf of all of you, because your faith has been heard throughout the whole world.
And God is my witness that I serve him with all my spirit, and through the teaching of his Son, that I may remember you in my prayer always.
And I ask that God may grant me by his will to come to you.
For I desire to see you, and that you may receive the grace of the Holy Spirit, so that your heart may rejoice because you have believed with me concerning the laughter of the teachers and their shame.
And I desire only that you know, my brothers, as I have always desired from the time I came to you, and it has been asked of me until now.
And if indeed I find my worth among you, as among the Gentiles and among the Greeks, and among the farmers, and among the wise, and among the servants,
because I owe it to every man from the beginning.
And again, I especially strive for you who are from the city of Rome, from your beginning,
because I do not despise the teaching of the Gospel, because the power of God is that which sustains all who believe in him: for the Jew first and for the Greek later.
And in him is revealed the righteousness of God and his truth, because he justifies those who believe in him truly, because thus says the book: "The righteous live truly," concerning the punishment that comes upon sinners.
And the punishment of God comes from heaven upon every sinful and wicked man, those who know righteousness and reject it in their wickedness.
For the knowledge of God is hidden from them, and God has shown himself over them.
And what God has not revealed from the creation of the world is known through his creation, through his existence and through knowledge. And thus his power and his eternal kingdom are known.
So that they do not find what they seek, for while they know God, it is not as God whom they have confessed and praised, but as one whom they have imagined and depicted in their own minds, and their hearts have been darkened.
And while they desire to guard, they have lost.
For they have attributed to God praises that do not die, and they have established for him the likeness of mortal human sight, and like beasts, and like wild animals, and like birds.
And because of this, he has gathered them and left them, so that they might defile themselves and destroy their souls.
For they have established falsehood for the righteousness of God, and they have served and multiplied deeds, and they have abandoned the Creator of all, who is the blessed God for eternity, amen. Because of evil punishment.
And because of this, God gave them an evil punishment, and their women abandoned their creation and were corrupted in what was not their creation.
And likewise, their men abandoned their women and went according to their desire, and they entered one upon another, a man upon a man, and they made their loss. And only they would find their ransom, and their error would enter upon their heads.
And as they denied God in their hearts, likewise God gave them a heart of evil, so that they would do this which is not fitting.
While they are full of all iniquity and evil, and of deceit and cunning, and full of envy, murderers, adulterers, fornicators, and those who practice sorcery; evil of habit and of violence.
Murderers, those who cause strife, those who are arrogant, proud, and contemptuous; oppressors, plunderers, enemies of the Lord, and the wicked.
Destroyers and corrupters, and those who delight in evil.
And they have no mercy, while they themselves judge the judgment of God, as if they would decree death for one who did this, as if this were not only they who do it, but they also teach it to another and cause him to enter into it.
Chapter 2
Concerning the one who transgresses the commandment.
The sin of the wicked is in what manner it is joined to the judgment of righteousness. When you yourself do that which you transgress against another, when you yourself do that which you hate against your own commandment, is it not yourself you transgress, since you do it to yourself?
We know that the judgment of God is righteous, which brings punishment upon those who do this thing like this.
There is no sin of the wicked for this. For if you flee from the judgment of God when you yourself do that which you transgress against another and that which you hate,
Do you think to escape by the abundance of his mercy, and by his patience, and by his "yes" saying to you? Do you not know that the mercy of God draws you to repentance?
But only if you harden your heart and do not repent, punishment is prepared for you when the judgment of God reaches you.
For he rewards everyone according to his deed in the judgment of his righteousness, concerning transgressors and deniers.
And for those who are adorned with good works, they desire glory and praise, and it is he who gives them eternal life.
And for those who are deniers and enemies of righteousness and transgressors of iniquity, their punishment is chastisement, excommunication, scourging, rebuke, and torment.
For the soul of every person whose deed is evil, whether Jew or Gentile.
Glory, praise, and peace to everyone whose deed is good, whether Jew or Gentile.
For God judges the face of a person.
For all those who transgressed the law, their sin transgressed the law, their judgment. And all those who without law their sin, without law their judgment. Concerning those who wish to be justified by the letter of the scriptures.
Are they justified by the letter of the scriptures before God? Or are they justified by their deeds?
The nations who have no law, they prescribe a law for themselves, and they legislate for themselves, and they do according to their law.
And they see the doer of the law as if it were written in their hearts, and it is known from their deeds, and their hearts are troubled, and they mock them, and they think that there is none who speaks and who judges.
When the Lord God punishes the children of the living, those who hide and those who conceal, as I have taught concerning Jesus Christ, concerning the one who teaches others but does not teach himself.
And when you, a Jew who knows your Torah and trusts in God,
and you understand His will and discern what is fitting, and you are wise in the Torah,
and you believe in yourself that you are the guide of the blind and the light of those in darkness,
and the refuge of the lost and the teacher of children, and you consider yourself righteous and you know the law of the Torah in what is just,
then how is it that you do not teach yourself but teach others?
You say, "Do not steal," yet you yourself steal; you say, "Do not commit adultery," yet you yourself commit adultery; and you go to a woman, a man, and you worship an idol, and you yourself steal from the temple.
And they are troubled by the Law, and they mock its doer, and they blaspheme God.
And now, because of them, the Gentiles blaspheme the name of God, as it is written, concerning circumcision and Judaism.
For circumcision will profit you if you have performed the ordinance of the Law; and if you have not performed the ordinance of the Law, your circumcision will be a mockery to you.
And if you are uncircumcised and have kept the ordinance of the Law, your mockery will be circumcision to you.
And your mockery will be a shame to you, which is natural to you, rather than being circumcised and transgressing the ordinance of the Law; and your mockery will be from you, from the circumcised who have transgressed the ordinance of the Law, more than this uncircumcised one who performs the ordinance of the Law.
Are there not those who are united for the eye of man? And are there not those who are circumcised for the sake of deception? Are they not united in falsehood?
For circumcision is the circumcision of the shadow of the heart in spirit, and not by the teaching of the book, as it is honored before God more than it is honored before a child of man.
Chapter 3
Inquiry concerning the abundance of Judaism and circumcision
What then is the abundance of Judaism, and what is the benefit of circumcision?
It is great in every deed, and before it is faith in the word of God.
And if there are those who do not believe, their own faith hinders another, as if they do not believe in God falsely.
For God is just, and every man is a liar, for as the Scripture says, "You are justified by your prophecy and you are deceived by your judgment."
And if the justice of God stands in my transgression, what then shall we say? Does God not become angry when he brings punishment upon man? Falsely, and this we read: the law of man we read concerning his judgment of the world.
And how then does God judge the world?
And if the word of God is justice, and by my falsehood his greatness and glory are known, why then does he judge me as a sinner?
Are we not those who are mocked by those who mock and deride us? For we say, "We do evil so that we may find good." And for them, their judgment is firm.
What then shall we say? Behold, we have already translated for the Jew and for the Gentile, for all are in error concerning the transgression of the righteous and the wise.
As the Scripture says, "There is no righteous one, and there is no wise one."
And there is none who seeks after God.
All has become corrupt, and all has become mixed. There is none who does good; there is none, not even one.
Like a hidden grave are their hearts, and they have become foolish in their tongues.
The poison of a serpent is beneath their lips; their mouth is bitter and full of curse.
Their feet are swift for the shedding of blood.
Loss and strife are in their path.
And they do not know the way of peace.
And there is no fear of God before their eyes, concerning those who observe the Law.
We know that all that the Law says to those who are within the Law, it tells them that all the mouth shall be fulfilled, and the whole world shall be a desolation for God.
For not every deed of the soul is justified by the works of the law of the Torah before God, because sin was known from the Torah.
Now, therefore, the righteousness of God has been revealed while the works of the law of the Torah are not performed.
The Torah and the Prophets were witnesses that those who believe in Jesus Christ are justified before God, all who believe in Him.
They sought and did not find, because all have sinned and transgressed, and they abandoned the glory of God.
And righteousness was in vain; by His grace they found life in Jesus Christ.
For God judged and made remission for faith through His blood, so that He might show His righteousness over those who sinned from the beginning.
By the patience of God and by His "yes" of affirmation, so that they might know Him today as righteous, and He justifies those who believe in faith in Jesus, because of those who rely on the law.
In what then do they rely, and by which law do they act? There is no other law apart from faith.
For we know that a person is justified by faith, even while not performing the works of the law of the Torah.
Is it for the Jews alone that God is? Is it not also for the people and for the nations?
For it is the same God who justifies the circumcised by faith,
and who also justifies the uncircumcised by faith. We have spoken thus far concerning the works of the law of the Torah on account of faith. It is not that we reject the law, but we do not observe it.
Chapter 4
Concerning Abraham
What then shall we say concerning Abraham, the father of the ancients? Did he obtain this by works of the flesh?
When did Abraham become righteous by his works? Was it not by his faith, and not by the way of God?
And what does Scripture say? Abraham believed in God, and it became righteousness.
And he who is circumcised, it is not as though he were given something, but as though he owed something.
And he who is not circumcised, if he believes in that which justifies the sinner, the righteousness of his faith will be perfected. Concerning the blessed.
As David said in the Psalm: “Blessed are those whose sins are forgiven them, and blessed is the man to whom the Lord has pardoned his transgression.” What then? Do those who perform the works of the law attain what was promised? Or does he who does not perform them also attain? Is there not a path to attainment? Does not the Scripture say: “The righteousness of Abraham, and he attained it”? And when did Abraham become righteous? By being circumcised? Or without being circumcised? Was it not by being circumcised, or without being circumcised? For circumcision is a sign of righteousness, and it was given to him as a sign, so that it might be known concerning him, that the Lord had truly justified Abraham, even though he was not circumcised on the day when he was to be the father of all who believe without being circumcised, so that they might know that they too are truly justified, as Abraham was justified in truth.
And how is it that they are circumcised, but not circumcised only for themselves? And also those who still observe the ordinance of the faith of our father Abraham, even though they are not circumcised? For our father Abraham believed while he was uncircumcised. It was because of the faith of Abraham and his seed.
And it was not because of the ordinance of the Law of the Torah that Abraham and his seed received the promise, so that they might inherit the world. Rather, indeed, he received this through the righteousness of his faith, by the word of God, and he believed in Him.
If someone had performed the ordinance of the Law of the Torah, would he then receive the promise and inherit the world? No, because of the faith of Abraham and because he received his promise.
For the ordinance of the Law of the Torah brings punishment upon one who transgresses it. And where there is no Torah and no law, there is no sin and no transgression.
And because of this, God truly established righteousness, so that the one to whom God gave the promise to Abraham and his seed might be faithful, so that they might know that it is not by the performance of the ordinance of the Law of the Torah that they are justified, but rather by faith.
As Abraham believed, our father of all, to whom the Lord said, "I will make you the father of many nations who believe in the Lord, who raises the dead and makes those who exist as though they were not."
And Abraham believed that he would become the father of many nations, as the Lord promised him and said, "Thus shall your seed be, because of the steadfastness of Abraham's faith."
And Abraham believed and did not doubt, though he saw himself as old, and as a soul in a dead body, for he was a hundred years old.
And Sarah was like a dead womb, and he did not doubt nor waver in what the Lord had promised him.
And he believed with all his heart that the Lord could do for him, and he praised him, and behold, this righteousness came to pass.
And is this not written for this alone?
Is it not also for us who believed in Him who raised our Lord from the dead,
who was crucified for our sins and rose to justify us and to raise us up?
Chapter 5
Concerning the Righteousness of Faith
His righteousness, indeed, is through faith, and we find peace in the Lord, in our Lord Jesus Christ.
Because of her, we were guided by faith into this grace of his, in which we stand, and it is our strength, and in her we seek the praise of the Lord.
And not only by her do we also contend in our suffering, for we know that suffering perfects patience upon us.
And patience is tribulation, and through tribulation hope is found.
And hope does not put to shame, for the love of the Lord fills our heart through the Holy Spirit, whom he gave us, because of the coming of Christ to death.
Christ also came in his time to die for our sins, while we are sinners.
For among the wicked, indeed, it is very difficult to find one who would be willing to die; and among the good, it is rare to find one who would be willing to die.
Behold, see how much the Lord loved us, while we are sinners, Christ died for us.
Now, if we are righteous, he cleanses us with his blood and saves us from the death that is to come.
And when we were hostile to God, he reconciled us through the death of his Son; now, if he reconciled us, how much more will he give us life through the life of his Son, since we were estranged and reconciled?
Not only because of this alone, but we also trust in God concerning our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom we found mercy for the sin that is in the world.
And because of this, as through the transgression of one man, sin came into the world, and because of that sin, death came upon all men, and sin multiplied over all.
Until the Law came, sin existed in the world, but it was not known what it was, because sin was not multiplied; for the Law had not yet come to define the precepts of the Law.
But only death judged them from Adam to Moses, both those who sinned and those who did not sin, because of that sin of Adam; for all were created in the likeness of Adam, because Adam is the likeness of him who was to come.
And not only according to the measure of our sin did he reckon the grace of God. And when by the sin of one man many died, how much more, then, by the grace of God and by his gift which he bestowed upon us on account of one man, who is Jesus Christ, does life abound for many?
And not according to the measure of the sin of one man did he reckon the grace of God. And when the judgment of sin from one man and the end of all was cut off by it, how much more, then, does his grace cleanse us from our sin and give us eternal life on account of the life that was in Christ?
And when the sin of one man delivered him to death, and by the fault of one man death condemned us, how much more, then, does the grace of one man, Jesus Christ, and his gift justify us and deliver us to eternal life?
And just as by the sin of one man the whole world was condemned, likewise also by the righteousness of one man shall all the children of the living be justified.
And as by the sin of one man many became sinners, so also by the obedience of one man many became righteous. The Law came for the sake of reason and was corrupted so as to increase sin. And where sin was abundant, there the grace of God was abundant.
And as sin brought death, so the grace of God brings righteousness into eternal life, through our Lord Jesus Christ.
Chapter 6
Concerning the Baptized
What then shall we say? Shall we commit sin so that the grace of God may be abundant? No.
For did we not die from our sin? How then shall we live by it?
And know this only, all of you: that we who were baptized in our Lord Jesus Christ were baptized into his death.
And we were buried with him in baptism through his death, so that as Christ rose from the dead by the glory of his Father, so also we shall rise into a new life.
And if we are made like him in his death, we are also made like him in his life.
And know this only, that it is the old man who was crucified with him, so that he might heal the soul from sin, and that sin might not again be renewed.
For he who died was freed from the work of sin, because of those who are made like Christ.
And if we have died with Christ, we also believe that we have lived with him.
Marvel that Christ arose from the dead, and that he does not die again, nor does death ever find him again.
And this one who died the death of the wicked died, and by his death he healed sin. And this one who lived for God lived.
And likewise, you also accept yourselves as dead to sin, and be living for the will of God, because of our Lord Jesus Christ.
And do not give sin power over this body of yours and your mortal soul, and do not say, "O, to its desire."
And do not give your soul as a field for iniquity and sin, but accept yourselves for God, as one who arose from the dead, and give your soul to God as a field for righteousness.
And as for sin, you have not been able to commit it, because you have come out from the work of the law of the Torah and have entered into the grace of God through the mystery of the commandment.
What then shall we say? Shall we commit sin? Because we have come out from the work of the law of the Torah and have entered into the grace of God? No.
And do you not know that for the one who commanded you, and if you say, "Yes," you are his servants? And in what you have joined to him, you have bent your head? But if you say, "Yes," to sin, and you have joined yourselves, you are servants of death. And if you say, "Yes," to righteousness, and you have joined yourselves in goodness, you are servants of God.
Truly, God, while you are servants of sin, commanded you with all your heart to the one who gave you his example, for which you marvel.
And now you have been freed from sin and have bent yourselves to righteousness.
I say to you, the law of man, because the healing of your souls is complete. Stand as before you bent your head to sin and to impurity and to idolatry. Likewise now, bend your souls to righteousness and to holiness.
Because when you bent yourselves to sin, you were enemies of righteousness.
And that fruit of yours which you have tasted, now you are ashamed of it, is it not? Because after it comes death.
And now you have been freed from sin, and you have bent yourselves to righteousness, and you have borne fruit of holiness, and its reward is eternal life.
For the work of sin and its increase is death, and the gift of God is eternal life in our Lord Jesus Christ.
Chapter 7
Concerning the Judgment of the Law
Do you wish, my brothers, that I tell you the law? Listen. For the law of the Torah judges a person while he is alive.
Like a woman: while her husband is alive, she is bound by law. And if her husband dies, she is released from the law of her husband.
And if, while her husband is alive, she approaches another man, she commits adultery. And if her husband dies, she is released from the law, and she does not become an adulteress if she becomes for another man.
And now, our brothers, you have died from the Law because of the body of Christ, so that you may be for the second time those who have risen from the dead, so that you may judge for God the fruit of righteousness.
And if we act according to human law, severe punishment has come upon us through the harshness of the Law of the Law, and we have been judged to death.
And now we have been hidden from the Law and have abandoned our former teaching, so that we may be purified by the law of the Spirit and not by the old book, because of the abandonment of the Law.
What then shall we say? Is the Law sin? No, but only that it does not know sin when the Law comes, and it does not know complete virtue when the Law says, "Be virtuous."
And the reason was that the commandment was for sin, and it brought upon me all the virtues. And before the Law came, sin was dead.
And I lived without it before the Law came. And when the commandment of the Law came, sin lived, and I died.
And it also became the killer of the commandment of life, because the commandment was the cause of sin, and through it, it deceived me and killed me. And now, the holy Law is the commandment of righteousness, goodness, and blessing. But I say, would that this killer, which I consider evil, were not sin? For when it is known that it is sin, death has increased upon me. Is it not so that sin is known, and that sin is recognized from that commandment? The Law came to distinguish good from evil, according to the law of the spirit. We know that the law of the Law is for the spirit, and I, being mixed with flesh and blood, am prone to sin. For what I do not know, I do; and what I desire, I do not do. What then is this that I forget, as if I do it? And if I do what I do not desire, I am a witness to myself for this law of the Law, as it came for good.
And now, I was not the doer of it, but the sin that dwelt upon me, it was that which did it.
And I know that good does not dwell upon me because of my body. The will to do good is with me, but the doing of good is not with me.
And what I do, I do what I will. But that which is evil, which I hate, I do because of the weakness of the human constitution.
And if I do what I do not will, I am not the one who does it.
But the sin that dwelt upon me, it is that which does it. And I found this law which willed for me to do good; it brought evil upon me.
The law of God within my heart is weak.
And I find only a second law of sin within my members, and they have gathered and fought with that law of God within my heart, and that law of sin within my members has prevailed and driven me from its path.
I am a lowly man. Who will save me from this my mortal soul?
Good is God, on account of our Lord Jesus Christ. I, for my part, am subject to him in my heart and in my mind, to the law of God, and in my soul to the law of sin.
Chapter 8
On the severity of the law of the Torah.
And there is no judgment for those who abandon the works of the flesh in Jesus Christ.
For the law of the spirit of life, which was given in Jesus Christ, it is that has delivered us from the law of sin and death.
And when the law of the Torah was questioned concerning death on account of the affliction of the flesh, God sent his Son in the likeness of the soul of sin, and he condemned that sin in his soul.
So that he might justify us, and so that he might obtain for us, as one who has fulfilled the works of the law of the Torah for those who live by the law of the spirit, and not for those who act by the law of their souls.
For all those who act according to the servitude of their souls prefer this world; and those who prefer the spirit prefer the spirit, on account of the mind of the flesh and the mind of the spirit.
And the thought of the soul brings death upon us, and the thought of the spirit gives us peace and life.
For the thought of the soul is an enemy of God, because it does not obey the law of God, nor does it restrain itself.
For all those who act according to the desire of their souls, they do a disservice to God, and they do not restrain themselves.
And you, you do not act according to the desire of your soul, except for the law of the spirit. For the spirit of God dwells upon you, and he who does not have the spirit of Christ upon him is not his.
And if Christ is with you, he has accepted your soul for the work of sin, and he has accepted your spirit for the work of righteousness.
If the spirit of the one who raised Jesus from the dead dwells upon you, it is the one that raised Jesus from the dead that will give life to your soul by that same spirit that dwells upon you, because it does not allow the work of the flesh to pass by.
And now, my brothers, let us do what is right, to serve our soul while we are in our soul.
For all those who serve their souls are dead while they are alive. And if by the work of the spirit you have killed the work of your soul, you will live forever.
For all those who do the work of the Spirit of God are children of God.
And again, you have taken the Spirit of the Reed with fear. But you have taken the Spirit that gives you peace and birth.
And you cry out to him and say, "Father, my Father!" He is the Holy Spirit, witness to our spirit, that we are children of God.
And since we are children of God, we are his heirs. And since we are heirs of God, we are also co-heirs of Christ. And since we have chosen the suffering of the living one, glory is with him, for the sake of the kingdom of heaven.
And only this remains, that as it was, so is the measure of the price for that glory and praise, which is eternal, the suffering of this world.
For the hope of the world awaits the coming of the Son of God. For the world has been bound in vanity without understanding. But only hope remains that he may come forth from where he was bound and enter into the glory of the works of the children of God. We know that the whole world is sick and troubled until now. And not only the world, but we ourselves are troubled, we who have received the firstfruits of the Holy Spirit, for we seek the consolation of the children; we find the salvation of our soul, for we are saved in truth. And it is hoped for him who shows the sign of hope, and he who sees, where does he seek and wait? And as we seek what is not shown, our patience is known, for it has been hoped for us through grace. And we have stood for her, and grace helps us in our labor through the Holy Spirit. And what then is our prayer if we do not know our hope? But only the Spirit itself will argue for us concerning our pain and our affliction.
And he touches our heart and knows what the Spirit desires, and he intercedes with God on behalf of the saints.
We know that God helps those who love him in every good deed.
For those whom he first called and chose and taught, he ordained that they should be in the likeness of his Son, so that he might be the firstborn over many brothers.
And those whom he ordained, he called; and those whom he called, he justified; and those whom he justified, he honored.
What then shall we say concerning this? For if God is with us, who can overcome us?
He begot strongly, more wisely than us, but he suffered for all of us. And what is it that does not compel us all?
And who is it that intercedes for the chosen ones of God?
For if he himself justifies, who will judge? Christ Jesus died and rose from the dead, and he lives at the right hand of God and intercedes for us, on behalf of the martyrs.
Who would abandon the love of Christ? His passion, his suffering, his martyrdom, his hunger, his nakedness, his baptism, his affliction.
As the Scripture says, on account of him they would kill us all, and it was as if we were sheep that are slaughtered.
And only for this reason do we endure everything, because he loved us.
I believe only that there is none who would abandon the love of God in Jesus Christ, our Lord: neither death nor life, neither angels nor the ancients, neither what exists nor what is to come,
neither the strong nor the high nor the just, nor the second birth of the underworld; there is none who can cause us to abandon the love of Christ.
Chapter 9
Concerning the birth of Christ from the fathers
I will speak to you concerning Christ, and I will not be silent; and hear the Holy Spirit within my heart,
that I may be troubled and my heart may burn greatly at all times,
and I pray that I may be separated from Christ on account of my brothers and my relatives who are in the flesh.
These are the Israelites, the Jews, who have the tradition of the Son, and they have honor, and they have custom, and they have law, and they have covenant.
And these are our fathers, and from among them was born Christ in human flesh, who is the blessed God, forever and ever, amen.
Is it not that he chose the word of the Lord? And not all Israel, the Jews, because of the seed of Abraham being named?
And not all the seed of Abraham who became children from Isaac? For they are called your seed, he said to you.
For they are not children of flesh, but children of God, who become seed, who become children of the covenant.
For he made a covenant and said to him: When, as today, I enter to you, you will find Sarah’s son.
And not only she, but also Rebecca conceived twins for Isaac, our father.
And without being born and doing good and evil, how would the choice of the Lord from among them be known?
As they may understand, as it is, in the deed of man, without a mother, that which is called, and he said to Rebecca, "The one who is great will be humbled for the one who is small."
For thus it is written: "I have loved Jacob, and I have hated Esau," because of the one who prepared the judgment of the Lord.
What then shall we say? Do they make the Lord a liar?
And the Lord said to Moses: "For this one I have pardoned him from sin, and for this one I have forgiven him, I will forgive."
Behold, it is for the one who sinned and the one who ran, without a mother, for the one to whom the Lord has mercy.
And the Lord said in the book to Pharaoh: "Because of this I will raise you up, as I show my power over you, and my name will be heard in all the land."
Behold, for the one who wishes to have mercy and for the one who wishes to punish.
What do you say? Do you argue with the Lord? Is there one who contends with his counsel?
O child of man, what are you that you contend with the Lord? Can you say to him, "Do the work for the one who does it," or "Do to me as this"?
Thus it is: the great one will be humbled for the small one from a single broken vessel of the sanctuary, for glory and for the sanctuary of loss.
And if God wills to show the rod of his power, he brings the angels of his wrath, showing his patience to those who are worthy of faith.
And as he shows again the abundance of his praise, he brings the angels of his mercy, who are worthy of mercy, over those who have called and preceded in understanding concerning the calling.
And we are those who have been called into his glory, and he has gathered us, not from the Jews alone, nor from the Gentiles.
As the prophet Hosea says: "I will reject my people who are not my people, and I will reject my love for her who is not my love."
And the children of God will be alive in the land where they say to them, "You are the people of God."
And Isaiah also prophesied and said concerning Israel: "If the remnant of the children of Israel were as the sand of the sea, they would be saved.
For the creation and the brokenness of speech, God speaks in the world that he has, and he acts.
And as Isaiah said beforehand: When God of Hosts is not, he has multiplied for us seed like Sodom from where it was, and like Gomorrah we are compared, on account of the righteousness of faith.
What then shall we say? The wicked are strong, those who seek righteousness have found righteousness, and they are justified in truth.
But Israel, while they despise their Torah, are poor in righteousness, for they have fulfilled the work of the law of their Torah.
Why? For their righteousness is not in truth, without their being established in the work of the law of the Torah.
And their foundation is a stone of ruin, for thus says the Scripture: Behold, I place in Zion a stone of ruin and a stone of stumbling. And whoever believes in it will not be ashamed forever.
Chapter 10
Concerning the Will of Paul
My brothers, my will and my prayer are that Israel may be saved.
Because I have sealed them, as they are able to serve God, and they have succeeded in their understanding. Because I do not know the righteousness of God, and their will stands in their own righteousness, but for the righteousness of God, they have acquired a storehouse. And the key to the righteousness of the Law is faith in Christ, who is for all who believe in him, concerning what Moses said. And Moses said: Everything that he accomplished, he performed the legislation of the Law, and it is justified by him. But the righteousness of faith says thus: Do not say in your heart, "Who ascends to heaven?" Christ is the one who descended from heaven. And who descends into the pit? Christ is the one who rose from the dead. Is it not so? Thus says the Scripture: "A word is near to you, in your mouth and in your heart." And this is the word that I have granted you. As you believe with your mouth that Christ is Lord, and you believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you live. And the heart that believes in him is justified, and the mouth that believes in him lives.
And the Scripture says: Everyone who believes in him lives.
And there is no difference between Jew and Greek, because God is far off and provides for everyone whom he calls.
Because everyone who calls upon the name of God lives, on account of those who call upon the name of God.
But only when they call upon him while not believing in him. And when do they believe in what they have not heard?
And when do they hear what has not been preached to them? And when do they preach to them what the apostle has not sent to them? As the Scripture says: Good news for those who proclaim good news.
But not all who have heard the teaching of the Gospel. Did not Isaiah also say: O Lord, who will believe our word and hear us? And for whom is the seed of God hidden?
And truly, from hearing comes faith, and from faith comes hearing the word of God, Christ.
But only I say: Have they not heard, Israel? Does not the Scripture say: Throughout the whole earth their word went out, and up to the ends of the world their prophecy reached?
Is it not Israel? Indeed, they heard. Was it not Moses who preceded their words? I have bent down to the people in what they did not understand, and I have shown you in what was my people.
And Isaiah, being hidden, says: They found me, those who sought me, and I revealed myself to those who asked me.
And to Israel he said to them every day: I raise my hands to the people, the oppressors and deniers.
Chapter 11
Concerning the People of Israel
I say, then: Did God cast off his people? No. Am I not an Israelite? I am of the seed of Abraham from the tribe of Benjamin.
And God cast off his people whom he had previously known. Do they not understand what Elijah said when he hid them from Israel before God, saying:
O Lord, your prophets have killed and your altars have been destroyed, and I alone have remained, and I seek my soul.
And what did he say to him who revealed himself? Seven hundred men have remained for me who do not worship Baal.
Thus, today, from those who were the remnant by grace, those who remained believed in God because of the remnant.
And if by grace they are justified, then it is not by the righteousness of their works. And if it is not grace, then it is not grace.
If they are justified by works, what need then has Israel? This does not reach, and the remnant has reached, and those who remained fasted.
As the Scripture says, God gave them a spirit of confusion, so that they do not see with their eyes, and they do not hear with their ears, until today.
David also says, their table is a snare before them, for their separation and their bonds.
Their eyes are darkened, and they do not see, and their bellies are cut open at all times.
I say, then, have they not waited, so that they might destroy the lie? Was it not because of their waiting that life came upon the Gentiles, so that they might be zealous?
When their error became mercy for the Gentiles, and their wandering became abundance for the world, what then is the end of their remnant? Because of the envy of Israel and the hope for the Gentiles.
I say to you, to the Gentiles: as their apostle, I praise my epistle to the Gentiles.
If there is, as I have set them straight among these, my relatives and my people, and saved those who were among them.
For their departure was mercy for the world. How much more so than their being mixed with life from the dead?
And if its root is holy, and its branch also holy like it. And if its trunk is holy like it, its branches also holy.
And if the branches are broken off from it, you, a wild olive, are planted in their place, and the trunk is joined with them, and you become an olive like them, because of what is not to be despised, the graft.
And do not despise the branches. And if you despise, it is not you who shape the trunk, but the trunk shapes you.
Do you say, "The branches are broken off from it, and I became a branch of an olive among them"?
Is it right that they be broken off, for they believed? And you stand, for you believed, your fear. Sit still and do not boast of yourself.
When for those whose nature is that they are, the Lord will have mercy on you, He will have mercy.
See, then, the mercy and the severity of the Lord. For those who have fallen, He knew them, and for you, He had mercy. If you were in the one on whom He had mercy, and if not, He will know you as well.
And for them, He will plant them if they believe. The Lord will plant them, their planting again.
You, greatly, a wilderness has crossed you from your nature, and He planted you in what was not your nature, and He planted you in a good that is. How then, exceedingly, for them, He will plant, their planting in their nature, those who are, their first ones, concerning those who say, "We are wise."
And I wish for you, our brothers, that you know this counsel, as the wise say, "We." For the heart's circumcision found the division of Israel, until all the peoples are destroyed.
And then all Israel will live, as the book says: "From Zion the Savior will come forth and will remove sin from Jacob.
And they will find their hope when I have forgiven them their sins.
From the side of the Gospel, they are our enemies on your account; and from the side of heresy, they are our brothers on account of our fathers.
For there is no repentance without the grace of God.
Just as you formerly confessed the Lord, and now He has had mercy on you, because they also confessed Him as you confessed Him.
Likewise, they also confessed Him; now, as for them, He has mercy on them.
For God has compassion for everyone who falls into sin, as He has compassion for everyone.
O, the depth of the vastness of His wisdom and the understanding of God! And there is no trace of His path, and there is none who comprehends His judgment.
And who knows the mind of God, and who counsels Him?
And who measures Him and comprehends Him?
For everything is from Him, and everything is for His sake, and everything is in Him. And to Him is praise forever and ever. Amen.
Chapter 12
Advice concerning how we may obtain the holy sacrifice of our soul.
I have made you to understand that we are brothers by the mercy of God. Accept your souls as a holy sacrifice to God, and may your offering be life, pure, and chosen, and your prayer a speaker.
Love this world and renew the spirit of your heart, and discern what God wills: what is good, what is just, and what is perfect.
And I tell you all, by the grace of God that was given to me, that you may not be scattered nor change the remembrance; but rather, change by that which you have cleansed your head from death. And everything is as God has measured by the measure of his faith.
Just as within one soul of ours there are many differences, and each has its own work.
Likewise, all of us, though many, are one body in Christ.
And in you is the grace of God and each one's own grace. One is eloquent in the account of his faith.
And one serves in his ministry. And one teaches in his teaching.
And one rejoices in his joy. And one fasts as if to strengthen his ministry. And one shows mercy in his acts of mercy for the sake of good works, each one's own.
Love one another without division. Turn away from evil and do good.
And choose righteousness. Love your neighbor and be merciful.
Honor one another among yourselves, and honor your rulers.
And for truth, strive. For the spirit, live. For the Lord, bow down. For your hope, rejoice. For your suffering, endure. For your prayer, be steadfast.
Participate in the works of the saints. Do not set aside the love of the merchant.
Bless those who persecute you; bless and do not curse.
Rejoice with the one who rejoices, and weep with the one who weeps, for the sake of good conscience.
And let this be present with your neighbor, but let pride not be present, and be like one who bows his head.
And do not say, "We are wise," and do not cast evil upon the one who has done good to you. Speak good with your neighbor.
And if it is difficult for you, associate with every person.
And do not avenge yourselves. Let us pass over our brothers' anger.
For thus says the Lord: "I will avenge, and I will redeem.
And if your enemy is hungry, feed him; and if he is thirsty, give him drink. And if you have done this, you will have heaped burning coals upon his head. And do not repay evil with evil, but rather repay evil with good deeds.
Chapter 13
Concerning the Judgment of Judges
Every soul of a judge is judged, for a judge is not appointed except from God. And since it is from God, all abundance is his.
And he who refuses judgment for a judge refuses the commandment of God. And those who refuse judgment bring punishment upon themselves.
And judges are not severe toward one who does good, but toward one whose deeds are evil. And if you wish not to fear judges, do good. Moreover, they will honor you, for they are messengers of God, just as you improve your deeds.
And if you wish not to fear, do good. And it is not in vain that they have been appointed as a rod, but because they are messengers, as they will avenge the doer of evil.
And now, be judged by your deeds, and do not condemn the one whose deed is evil, nor the one whose deed is good.
And because of this, give them alms, for the angels of God are they, and for this deed they are appointed.
And for everyone, do what is pleasing; and for the one who gives alms, give alms; and for the one who gives tithes, give tithes; and for the one who builds, build; and for the one who fears, fear; and for the one who honors, honor, on account of the love of the end.
And there is none who will accuse you except the love of your end. And he who has loved the end has fulfilled every law and done it.
For thus it is said in the Law: Do not commit adultery with a man's wife, and do not kill a soul, and do not steal, and do not be a false witness, and do not commit fornication, and also there are other commandments.
And the head of all is: Love your neighbor as your soul. He who loves his neighbor does not do evil. For perfect love is the law, on account of life.
And this also is a wonder: that the time of the sword has come from sleep. And now our life, which we have been promised, has become bitter.
The night passed and the day came, and the covering of the deed of darkness was removed from us, and we put on the garment of light.
So that we may be saved by the deed of righteousness, and not by revelry, nor by dancing, nor by drinking, nor by music, nor by feasting, and not by lust nor by envy.
Clothe our Lord Jesus Christ, and do not seek the dissolution of your flesh.
Chapter 14
Concerning him whose faith is weak.
And as for him whose faith is weak, rebuke him and strengthen him, and do not do him harm.
Let one who believes that all abundance is his consume everything; and let one who desires the fruit of the grape press it.
And let the one who eats not despise the one who does not eat, and let the one who does not eat not judge the one who eats, for God knows all of them.
What are you, who judge the speech of another, while it stands for its Lord? If it falls, it stands for its Lord, and God will raise it up.
For there is one who is ashamed of the day, and there is one who is ashamed at all times, and it is only for each one according to what his heart commands.
Some are excommunicated on their own day for the Lord, they are excommunicated; and some are excommunicated for all time for the Lord, they are excommunicated; and some eat for the Lord, they eat, and they thank the Lord; and some do not eat for the Lord, they do not eat, and they thank the Lord. For we live for the Lord, and there is none among us who lives for himself or dies for himself. And if we live for the Lord, we live; and if we die for the Lord, we die. If we live and if we die, it is for the Lord, we are. And because of this, Christ died and lived, that he might judge the living and the dead. What are you, then, who boast in your strength? And what are you who judge in your strength, while we all approach before the judgment of Christ? For as this says, the Lord: "I am living; to me every knee bows, and to me every tongue sings." Now it is known that we all are beneath the Lord; and do not boast in your strength.
And these same ones, they are excommunicated by the fast of the Passion for the sake of that which has no corruption, except for food.
And I know and I believe in our Lord Jesus Christ that there is none who is corrupted by the corruption of the same ones; all are corrupted.
But if, except for food, you have been constrained to the point of having no choice, you are loved.
Is it not, except for food, that this one is glorified, for whose sake Christ died?
Let us be grateful, then, for the good that our Lord has granted us, for the kingdom of God is food and drink without righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit.
And this one, who is like this, is consecrated to Christ: chosen before God and selected among men.
And now we exchange peace with the one who is purified by the fast.
And we perform the work of God except for food; and only all is pure for the pure, and evil for men in schism by eating.
Alas! O one who eats flesh and drinks wine from the fruit of the vine.
And if you strengthen your head in faith by your belief before God, blessed is he who humbles himself in the wisdom he has found.
And he who seeks, if he eats, will be judged, for it is true. And everything that happens without truth is sin and transgression.
Chapter 15
Concerning the strengthening of fasting.
And you, the strong ones, you reproach the weak for their weaknesses, and we do not judge ourselves.
And we all judge for righteousness and for good works, by which fasting is commanded.
Christ also did not judge for himself, but rather, as the book says, to rebuke those who persecute you, and it fell upon me.
And everything that was written for our admonition was written, so that by our patience and by the study of books we may find our hope.
And God, the God of joy and the father of mercy, may he give us a portion of his own for all of us, for the sake of Jesus Christ.
So that all of us together, with one mouth, may praise God through Jesus Christ our Lord, for the sake of the observance of fasting.
And now, bear your burden, for Christ has borne you into the praise of God.
I say further: Christ was sent for circumcision, for the righteousness of the word of God, and to strengthen the hope of our fathers.
But the Gentiles praise God because He has mercy on them. For thus says the Scripture concerning this: I will bow down to you among the Gentiles, O Lord, and I will sing for your name.
And again the Scripture says: Rejoice, Gentiles, with the people.
And again it says: Praise God, all you Gentiles, and let all the people praise Him.
And Isaiah also says: The root of Jesse will stand, and from him will come a king for the Gentiles, and the people will trust in him.
And God, the God of hope, will fulfill for you all joy and peace. Amen. As He may increase you in His hope for the Holy Spirit and by His power, concerning the awakening of the brothers.
And I also believe you, my brothers, that you will fulfill every good work, and you are prudent in all wisdom and trust the discernment of your elders.
And I have written to you from one aspect concerning the grace of God which I have found, that I might be joined to Jesus Christ among the Gentiles, and that I might be circumcised for the teaching of God, so that the sacrifice of the Gentiles might be made perfect and chosen by the Holy Spirit over me.
But as for me, Jesus Christ is my refuge toward God.
And I marvel at what Christ has done for me, in that the Gentiles believed in word and deed, by power, by sign, and by miracle, through the power of the Holy Spirit. And as I taught in Jerusalem as far as the borders of Jericho, I completed the teaching of Christ concerning the love of teaching.
And his teaching was loved exceedingly, and I went to where Christ was proclaimed, so that he might not build upon a foreign foundation, as the Scripture says: "Those whom I have heard of in vain, they know them; and those whom I have heard, they increase them.
And often I desire to come out to you, and it prevents me.
And now, only because I have been delayed in this journey, because I am eager to come out to you from the day of my departure.
And while I travel to the region of Sibanuya, I will show you a vision of the past. And from you I will go there, as I previously did and rejoiced with you, concerning the letter of the saints.
And now I travel to Jerusalem for the letter of the saints.
Because the brothers of Macedonia and Achaia have gathered for the needy who are in Jerusalem and for the saints, and they have determined that it is right for them.
As they have shared with the Gentiles in the work of the Holy Spirit, it is right that they serve them in what is desired for their souls.
And having completed and sealed this, I send it to you to Sibanuya.
And I trust only that I come out to you for the completion of the teaching of Christ, concerning the completion of the work.
And I have besought you, our brothers, in our Lord Jesus Christ, and in the love of the Holy Spirit, ask for me in your prayer to God.
... that I may be saved from the plotters, those of the land of Judah, as I have remembered the saints who are in Jerusalem.
... that I may come out to you in joy and spend time with you by the will of God.
And may the God of peace be with you. Amen.
Chapter 16
Concerning the Recommendation
I recommend to you Phoebe, our sister, who serves the church of Cenchreae.
Receive her in our Lord, as is fitting for the saints, and assist her in whatever you have chosen for your service, for she has been a help to many and to me as well.
I greet Priscilla and Aquila, who have labored with me in the work of Jesus Christ.
They who have risked their necks for my sake—and not I alone who have honored them. Moreover, all the churches of the Gentiles.
And I greet the assembly of those in their house, and I greet Epenetus, my brother, who is the first convert of Asia in Christ.
I greet Mary, who has labored much for you.
I greet Andronicus and Julian, who are my kinsmen, and they strove with me. And the apostles know them, as also they were sent before to Christ.
I greet Pilatus, my brother in Christ.
I greet Urbanus, who dwells with us in the work of Christ, and Stachys, my brother.
I greet Epenetus, the chosen one in Christ. I greet those who are with Aristobulus.
I greet Herodiana, who is from my kinsmen. I greet those from the house of Narcissus, who are in Christ.
I greet those of Trophimus and Trophimus, who labored in our Lord.
I greet Tryphosa, our sister, who labored much in our Lord. I greet Rufus, the chosen one for our Lord, and his mother and also my own.
I greet Asyncritus and Phlegon and Hermes and Patrobas and Hermas and our brothers who are with them.
I greet Philologus and Julia and Nereus and his sister and Olympus and all the saints who are with them.
I beseech you, my brothers, to watch over those who practice hypocrisy and bring false witness against your teaching which you have learned. You shall act according to it and rebuke them.
...for their bellies are shamed, and not for our Lord Jesus Christ. And by the garment of speech and by deception they lead many simple ones astray.
And their story has been heard everywhere, and I rejoice because of them. And I desire that you should strive for the good and abhor the evil.
And the God of peace will crush Satan under your feet quickly. May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you.
Timothy, who dwells with me in the work, greets you. And Lucius, and Jason, and Susi, and Peter, who are my kinsmen.
And I, Tertius, who wrote this book, have made you believe in our Lord.
Gaius, who dwells with me in my journey, greets you. And all the houses of Christians greet you. Aristus, the governor of the city, and Quaestor, our brother.
He is the one who can strengthen you in the Lord over the preaching which I preached there, concerning Jesus Christ, whose curse is hidden from before the world.
...and it has been revealed in this time from the word of the prophets and by the eternal command of God, so that all the nations may hear and believe in Jesus Christ, the Son of God.
And they shall know God, to whom belongs glory; and He is wise for ever and ever. Amen.
May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with all of you. Amen. The Epistle to the Romans is completed, which was written in Corinth and sent by the hand of Phoebe, who serves the church of Cenchreae.
Subscription
Completed is this of the Romans,
written in Corinth and sent by the hand of Phoebe, who serves the church of Cenchreae.
Stichometry
Its words: 950, and its chapters: 19, for the people of Rome. Its words: 91, and its chapters: 10.