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Ethiopic · Poetry ·

Image of Qʷǝsqʷām

Anonymous · betmas

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machine-draft · no human review 5 passages · 1,031 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

The 'Image of Qʷǝsqʷām' is an anonymous Geʿez poem, likely a hymn or meditation on the church of Qusquam in Egypt, a major Marian pilgrimage site. The text survives in a single manuscript witness (Betä Mäsəḥəf 175) of uncertain provenance and date. Its style suggests a late medieval or early modern origin, but this is conjectural. The poem follows the standard Geʿez salutation hymn (malkǝʿ) form, with each stanza opening with 'ሰላም፡ ለ...' (Salutation to...). It narrates Mary's sorrow and displacement during the Holy Family's flight into Egypt, emphasizing her intercessory role and predestined place in salvation history.

The 'Image of Qʷǝsqʷām' is significant as a rare witness to Ethiopic Marian poetry focused on the Egyptian pilgrimage site of Qusquam. It exemplifies the adaptation of the malkǝʿ genre to a narrative of Mary's exile, blending liturgical form with apocryphal tradition. The poem's survival in a single manuscript highlights the fragility of Ethiopic textual transmission and the need for further study of late medieval Ethiopian devotional literature.

Historical context

The poem is written in Geʿez, the classical liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. It survives in a single manuscript, Betä Mäsəḥəf 175, of uncertain date and provenance, limiting knowledge of its circulation. The work likely originated in the Ethiopian monastic or liturgical tradition, possibly in the context of devotion to the Virgin Mary and the pilgrimage site of Qusquam (Qʷǝsqʷām) in Egypt. The poem's style—a salutation hymn (malkǝʿ) with stanzas addressing Mary's attributes—is typical of late medieval or early modern Ethiopic poetry. The text reflects the apocryphal tradition of the Holy Family's flight into Egypt, a central theme in Ethiopic Marian literature. No explicit date or author is given; the poem's style suggests a late medieval or early modern origin, but this is conjectural. The edition provides no translation or commentary, and the Geʿez text alone is presented without critical apparatus.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

29 commentary units 6 term5 structure5 scripture5 background5 caution3 reception 1 derived notes 9 open questions 5 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • coverageNo English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed.
  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: poetry in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 5 narrative.
  • scripture1 scriptural phrase match(es) noted: Luke 1:28.
  • sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
LIT2894RepCh175:1 · narrativehigh
Source
The following text reproduced after ሰላም፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምኪ፡ በመጽሐፈ፡ ሕይወት፡ ልኩእ፨ ወለሥዕርትኪ፡ ጸሊም፡ ከመ፡ ሕብረ፡ ቋዕ፨ ፈላሲተ፡ ቍስቋም፡ ማርያም፡ ተስፋ፡ ፈላስያን፡ ሰብእ፨ ቤዛ፡ ይኩነኒ፡ ለገብርኪ፡ ተሰዶትኪ፡ በግፍዕ፨ ወእምዐይነ፡ ርግብ፡ ዐይንኪ፡ ዘወፅኣ፡ አንብዕ፨ ሰላም፡ ለርእስኪ፡ ወለሥነ፡ ገጽኪ፡ ኮከብ፨ ለዐውደ፡ ቅርነ፡ ብኪ፡ ሥርግው፡ ወለዐይንኪ፡ ዘርግብ፨ ማርያም፡ ደክታም፡ በሞተ፡ እም፡ ወአብ፨ ሚመንክር፡ ኀዘንኪ፡ ወገዐርኪ፡ ዕፁብ፨ እስከ፡ ደብረ፡ ቍስቋም፡ ሰደዱኪ፡ መሪራን፡ ሕዝብ፨ ሰላም፡ ለአእዛንኪ፡ ሰማዕያተ፡ ሕጉ፡ ለአምላክ፨ ለሥነ፡ መላትሕኪ፡ ጽጌ፡ ወለጼና፡ አንፍኪ፡ ምስክ፨ ማርያም፡ ቡርክት፡ ወላዲተ፡ ሕፃን፡ ቡሩክ፨ ባላሔ፡ ይኩነኒ፡ እመንሱት፡ ወእምነ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሀከክ፨ ውስተ፡ ፍኖተ፡ ቍስቋም፡ ምስሌኪ፡ ዘሖረ፡ መልአክ፨ ሰላም፡ ለከናፍርኪ፡ ወለአፉኪ፡ ነቅዐ፡ ከርቤ፨ ለአስናንኪ፡ አዕናቍ፡ ምስለ፡ ልሳንኪ፡ ቀርነ፡ ይባቤ፨ ውስተ፡ ደብረ፡ ቍስቋም፡ ማርያም፡ እንዘ፡ ዕርቅተ፡ ገጽ፡ እምግልባቤ፨ ሚመጠነ፡ ተሰደድኪ፡ ወተመንደብኪ፡ ምንዳቤ፨ ባሕቱ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ኮነኪ፡ ዐቃቤ፨
English
Salutation to the memory of your name, inscribed in the Book of Life. And to your black hair, like the color of soot. The exile of Qʷǝsqʷām, Mary, hope of the exiled people. May the reward of your exile be for me, your servant, in the desert. And from the eye of a dove, your eye that has gone out, a gazelle. Salutation to your head and to the beauty of your face, a star. To the curve of your horn, adorned, and to your eye, a dove. Mary, mourned in the death of mother and father. How wondrous is your sorrow and your weeping, strange. Until Mount Qʷǝsqʷām, the bitter people drove you out. Salutation to your ears, which heard the law of God. To the beauty of your cheeks, a flower, and to the form of your nose, a myrrh. Mary, blessed, mother of a blessed child. May I be a balm from your sickness and from all your pain. On the road of Qʷǝsqʷām, with you who walked, an angel. Salutation to your lips and to your mouth, a spring of myrrh. To your teeth, ivory, and to your tongue, a horn of ivory. On Mount Qʷǝsqʷām, Mary, while your face was hidden from the west. How much you were exiled and scattered in dispersion. Only the Holy Spirit was your guardian.
LIT2894RepCh175:2 · narrativemedium
Source
ሰላም፡ ለቃልኪ፡ ወለእስትንፋስኪ፡ ምስለ፡ ጕርዔ፨ ለክሳድኪ፡ አሐቲ፡ ወለመከፍትኪ፡ ክልኤ፨ ውስተ፡ ደብረ፡ ቍስቋም፡ ማርያም፡ ጊዜ፡ ባርኮትኪ፡ ላዕለ፡ ጉባኤ፨ ባርክኒ፡ በንባብኪ፡ ወጸውዕኒ፡ ጽዋዔ፨ እስመ፡ ልደ፡ ቤትኪ፡ አነ፡ ወዘለኪ፡ ቍልዔ፨ ሰላም፡ ለዘባንኪ፡ ወለእንግድዓኪ፡ ምስለ፡ ሕፅኑ፨ ለአእዳውኪ፡ ቅዱሳት፡ ወለመዛርዕኪ፡ ዘበበ፡ በይኑ፨ ማርያም፡ በሊዮ፡ ለብርሃነ፡ ቍስቋም፡ ምሥራቀ፡ ስኑ፨ አንብዐ፡ ገብርከ፡ ዘኢይትዌሰን፡ ኀዘኑ፨ ፈጣሬ፡ አዕይትን፡ ወልድየ፡ ኢትሬኢ፡ ቦኑ፨ ሰላም፡ ለኵርናዕኪ፡ ወለእመታትኪ፡ ዘኢይትጋወሩ፨ ለእራኃትኪ፡ ክልኤ፡ ወለአጻብዕኪ፡ መጠነ፡ ዓሥሩ፨ ማርያም፡ ፃማዊት፡ ወንድፍት፡ በሐጸ፡ ፍቅሩ፨ ኣስተበፅዕ፡ አንሰ፡ ለበኵርኪ፡ አእባነ፡ ቍስቋም፡ ደብሩ፨ ወመሬተ፡ ዘኬደ፡ በእግሩ፨ ሰላም፡ ለአጽፋረ፡ እዴኪ፡ ወለገቦኪ፡ ልፁቀ፡ ከርሥ፨ ለልብኪ፡ ንጹሕ፡ ዘኢይቀርቦ፡ ደነስ፨ አመ፡ ጐየይኪ፡ ማርያም፡ ውስተ፡ ደብረ፡ ቍስቋም፡ ሐዳስ፨ ቤዛ፡ ኮንዎ፡ ሕፃናት፡ ለሕፃንኪ፡ ክርስቶስ፨ ወህየንተ፡ ደሙ፡ ደሞሙ፡ ከዐወ፡ ሄሮድስ፨
English
Salutation to your voice and to your breath, like a dove. To your neck, one, and to your shoulders, two. Within Mount Qʷǝsqʷām, Mary, at the time of your blessing over the assembly. Bless me with your reading, and call me to your feast. For I am a child of your house and your offspring. Salutation to your tongue and to your uvula, like a bosom. To your holy hands and to your fingers, each in its place. Mary, swallow the light of Qʷǝsqʷām, the dawn of the year. Your servant, whose sorrow is unending, has poured forth. Creator, show me my son, let me see him again. Salutation to your ears and to your lips, which are not silent. To your two nostrils and to your ten fingers. Mary, the dark-skinned and the tender, in the embrace of his love. I have been made to wait for your firstborn, the stones of Mount Qʷǝsqʷām, and the land he trod with his foot. Salutation to the nails of your hands and to your smooth belly. To your pure heart, which no sin approaches. When you wandered, Mary, within Mount Qʷǝsqʷām, the new. The children became a ransom for your child Christ, and the redness of his blood their blood, which Herod shed.
LIT2894RepCh175:3 · narrativemedium
Source
ሰላም፡ ለኵልያትኪ፡ ወለኅሊናኪ፡ ቀዲሙ፨ ለአማዑትኪ፡ ድኅረ፡ ወለንዋየ፡ ውሥጥኪ፡ በኍልቈ፡ ስሙ፨ ማርያም፡ ሐዳስ፡ ለብሉየ፡ መዋዕል፡ እሙ፨ ናሁ፡ ምስሌኪ፡ ኅሊናየ፡ በፍኖተ፡ ቍስቋም፡ ይፃሙ፨ ከመ፡ ሰሎሜ፡ ወዮሴፍ፡ ፃመዉ፡ ወደክሙ፨ ሰላም፡ ለኅንብርትኪ፡ ወለድንግልናኪ፡ ስኑጽ፨ ለሐቌኪ፡ ሰላም፡ ቀዳሜ፡ አብራክ፡ አቍያጽ፨ ማርያም፡ ኅድሪ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤትየ፡ ሕኑጽ፨ አኮኑ፡ ኀደርኪ፡ በቍስቋም፡ ወአንሶሰውኪ፡ በግብጽ፨ እንዘ፡ በውስቴታ፡ ጣዖት፡ ዘብሩር፡ ወዕፅ፨ ሰላም፡ ለአእጋርኪ፡ ወለሰኰናኪ፡ ምስለ፡ ቢጹ፨ ለመከየድኪ፡ ሰላም፡ ወለአፃብዕኪ፡ በበ፡ አንቀጹ፨ ሥዕለ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ማርያም፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ማሕተመ፡ ገጹ፨ መርቆሬዎስ፡ ወጊዮርጊስ፡ በመዐዛ፡ ፍቅርኪ፡ ሮጹ፨ ወማኅደረ፡ ስምዕ፡ ሎሙ፡ በቍስቋም፡ ሐነጹ፨ ሰላም፡ ለአጽፋረ፡ እግርኪ፡ ወለቆምኪ፡ ቤተ፡ ሥጋ፨ ለዐቅመ፡ መልክእኪ፡ ሰላም፡ ወለፀአተ፡ ነፍስኪ፡ እመንሰጋ፨ ነጋዲተ፡ ቍስቋም፡ ማርያም፡ እንተ፡ ተሰመይኪ፡ ምልእተ፡ ጸጋ፨ ይትካፈሉ፡ በኂሩትኪ፡ ሕዋሳትየ፡ እንግልጋ፨ በረከተኪ፡ ዘምሉእ፡ እምንትጋ፨
English
Salutation to your kidneys and to your mind, first. To your breasts, after, and to the arrangement of your interior, in number, name. Mary, new, of the old days, mother. Now, with you, my mind, on the path of Qʷǝsqʷām, will fast, as Shalom and Joseph fasted and were patient. Salutation to your pregnancy and to your virginity, pure. To your waist, salutation, first, knees, ankles. Mary, dwelling, within my house, pleasant. Was it not your dwelling in Qʷǝsqʷām and your sojourn in Egypt, while within it were idols of crystal and wood? Salutation to your legs and to your shins, with the sole. To your elbows, salutation, and to your fingers, each joint. Image of the Holy Spirit, Mary, for God, seal of his face. Mercurius and George, in the fragrance of your love, ran, and a dwelling of hearing for them in Qʷǝsqʷām they built. Salutation to the nails of your feet and to your stature, house of flesh. To the measure of your form, salutation, and to the going out of your soul from the body. Proclaimer of Qʷǝsqʷām, Mary, who are named full of grace. My limbs, like reeds, will be shaken in your freedom. Your blessing, which is full, from what?
LIT2894RepCh175:4 · narrativehigh
Source
ሰላም፡ ለበድነ፡ ሥጋኪ፡ ወለግንዘትኪ፡ ዘአሜሃ፨ ለመቃብርኪ፡ ሕትምት፡ ወለፍልሰትኪ፡ ዘእምኔሃ፨ ምክሐ፡ ደብረ፡ ቍስቋም፡ ማርያም፡ ወለጌቴሴማን፡ ሥነ፡ ተድላሃ፨ አዕርጊ፡ ነፍሰ፡ ዚአየ፡ ኀበ፡ ብዕለ፡ ነፍስኪ፡ ሰፍሐ፨ ወኀበ፡ ሥጋኪ፡ አፍልሲ፡ ሥጋሃ፨ በኍልቈ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ ሱባዔያት፡ ዘአቅረብኩ፡ ለኪ፡ ማሕሌተ፨ ወእግረ፡ ኅሊናየ፡ ኦደ፡ እስከ፡ ደብረ፡ ቍስቋም፡ ፍኖተ፨ ኢያሕፅፅኒ፡ ማርያም፡ እምነ፡ ጋድያን፡ ዕሤተ፨ ወኢትበልኒ፡ ድኅረ፡ እሁበከ፡ እንተ፡ ንእስ፡ መክፈልተ፨ እስመ፡ ከማሆሙ፡ በሥጋ፡ ኢጻመውከ፡ አንተ፨ ፈላሲተ፡ ቍስቋም፡ ማርያም፡ ጸወነ፡ መድኃኒት፡ ኩኒ፨ ለገብርኪ፡ እምእኩየ፡ ግዕዝ፡ ዘይትቃረነኒ፨ ፈድፋደሰ፡ እምልሳን፡ ዘይፈቅድ፡ ይሳነነኒ፨ ከድንኒ፡ ወሰውርኒ፤ ዕቀብኒ፡ ወተማሕፀንኒ፨ አድኅንኒ፡ ወባልሕኒ፤ እስመ፡ ኪያኪ፡ እትአመን፡ ወለኪ፡ እገኒ፨ ሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ ማርያም፡ ንጽሕት፡ በአፈ፡ ኵሉ፡ ውድስት፨ ታቦት፡ አንቲ፡ ዘሙሴ፡ ጽላት፨ ዘሕግ፡ ወዘሥርዓት፨
English
Salutation to your body and to your form, after that. To your tomb, sealed, and to your translation from it. Counsel of Mount Qʷǝsqʷām, Mary, and of Gethsemane, her beauty. Raise my soul to where your soul is spread, and to your body join her body. With the number two, the strophes which I have offered to you, a hymn. And the foot of my mind went as far as Mount Qʷǝsqʷām, the path. Protect me, Mary, from the fire of the wicked, and do not say to me afterwards, "I will give you what is small, a portion," for like them in body you have fasted, you. Pilgrim of Qʷǝsqʷām, Mary, arm me with salvation; be for your servant from the evil of the enemy that confronts me, and especially from the tongue that desires to slander me. Cover me and hide me; guard me and protect me; save me and deliver me, for I trust in you and I am for you. Salutation to you, Mary, pure in the mouth of all, new. You are the ark of Moses, the tablets of the law and of the ordinance.
LIT2894RepCh175:5 · narrativemedium
Source
ሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ ገይበ፡ ብሩር፡ ጽሪት፡ ወመቅድሐ፡ ጽሩይ፡ ሐሊብ፨ ማርያም፡ መሶብ፡ ዘመና፡ ልጉብ፨ እንተ፡ ጾርኪ፡ ሲሳየ፡ ሕዝብ፨ ሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ ትርሲተ፡ ቤቱ፡ ሠናይት፡ ዘነቢይ፡ ሐጌ፨ ወወለት፡ አንቲ፡ ዘሰሎሞን፡ ሐርጌ፨ ማርያም፡ ዘመነ፡ ጽጌ፨ ሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ እመ፡ ቅድው፡ በግዕ፡ ዘቀተልዎ፡ በግፍዕ፨ ለደብተራ፡ ስምዕ፨ ዘጳውሎስ፡ ረድእ፨ ሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ ኦርያሬስ፡ ሰማይ፡ ልብስኪ፡ ወአሣእንኪ፡ እብላ፨ ጽጌ፡ ደንጐላት፡ ቀይሕ፡ ዘምድረ፡ ቈላ፨ ማርያም፡ ዘመነ፡ ተድላ፨ ሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ በመድበለ፡ ማኅበር፡ ጽፉቅ፨ እዌድሰኪ፡ በጻሕቅ፨ ከመ፡ ትምዓድኒ፡ ነገራተ፡ ጽድቅ፨ ሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ ተደንግሎ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወነፍስ፡ ለባሕቲትኪ፡ ኮነ፨ አመኒ፡ ወለድኪ፡ ሕፃነ፨ ኢረስሐ፡ ወኢማሰነ፨ ሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ እሙ፡ በሊዮ፡ በእንቲአየ፡ ለፍሬ፡ ከርሥኪ፡ እብኖዲ፨ ላዕሌሁ፡ ምሕረተከ፡ ኢታጐንዲ፨ እመ፡ አኅዘነከ፡ ብእሲ፡ አባዲ፨ ቤዛ፡ ነፍሱ፡ በጺሕየ፡ ፍዲ፨
English
Salutation to you, vessel of pure silver, and pure sanctuary of milk. Mary, basket of the season of the choice. You who have stored up the provision of the people. Salutation to you, adornment of the house of good, of the prophet Haggai. And you are the daughter of Solomon's silk. Mary, of the season of the flower. Salutation to you, mother of the wild ram, the sheep that they killed by violence. For the book of Samuel, of Paul the companion. Salutation to you, Orion, heaven your garment, and your sandals the dew. Flower of the red lily of the land of Qʷolla. Mary, of the season of joy. Salutation to you, in the assembly of the congregation, pure. I praise you with laughter, that you may teach me the words of righteousness. Salutation to you, wonder, flesh and spirit for your only one became. When you bore the infant, without sin and without stain. Salutation to you, mother of Beliyo, for my sake, for the fruit of your womb, I will build. Upon him your mercy, and do not delay. Mother, if I have grieved you, man, destroyer, ransom of his soul, in my lifetime, redeem.
Citation. Tergwame, “Image of Qʷǝsqʷām”, LIT2894RepCh175:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT2894RepCh175#s1
Colophon. Source: betmas · licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0036 · generated 2026-11-15.