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Book of Jonah

Anonymous · betmas

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machine-draft · no human review 7 passages · 1,311 words

Work dossier · summary and historical context

Summary

The Geʿez translation of the Book of Jonah, preserved in the manuscript betmas (LIT1694Jonah), is a version of the biblical prophetic book used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. It likely dates to the Aksumite period (4th–7th centuries) but survives in a later, undated manuscript. The text is read during the fast of Nineveh, a three-day observance. This edition lacks a critical apparatus and variant readings, limiting its use for textual criticism. The Geʿez Jonah includes unique expansions, such as Jonah sleeping and snoring in the ship's belly, reflecting local haggadic traditions. A Latin translation (latin-anon-de-iona) indicates early Western reception.

The Geʿez Jonah is significant for its unique textual expansions, which illuminate Ethiopian exegetical traditions and liturgical practices, particularly the fast of Nineveh. It also provides evidence of the Aksumite translation of the Bible and the later transmission of Ethiopic biblical manuscripts. The Latin translation shows early cross-cultural reception.

Historical context

The Geʿez translation of Jonah likely originated during the Aksumite period (4th–7th centuries), when the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church adopted the Bible in Geʿez. The manuscript betmas, the basis of this edition, is undated but represents a later copy. Jonah is part of the Ethiopic biblical canon and is read during the fast of Nineveh, a three-day observance commemorating Jonah's mission. The text shows expansions not found in the Hebrew or Greek versions, such as communal decision by lot and Jonah's snoring, suggesting local haggadic developments. Multiple 19th- and 20th-century copies at Houghton Library, Harvard, indicate continued scribal transmission. A Latin translation (latin-anon-de-iona) attests to early Western interest in the Geʿez text.

Apparatus · what the pipeline recorded

Annotation and terms

42 commentary units 7 structure7 background7 scripture6 term6 reception6 caution2 parallel1 sense 0 derived notes 13 open questions 7 narrative
What the kinds mean

Pipeline notes

  • coverageNo English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed.
  • limitThe English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve.
  • registerRegister: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them.
  • structurePassages: 7 narrative.
  • sourceSource edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC

Term index

CopticRenderingCountFirst
no glossary terms recorded
LIT1694Jonah:1 · narrativehigh
Source
Text of the EOTC printed Bible Chapter 1 ወኮነ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኀበ፡ ዩናስ፡ ወልደ፡ አማቴ፡ ወይቤሎ። ተንስእ፡ ወሖር፡ ኀበ፡ ነነዌ፡ ሀገር፡ ዓባይ፡ ወስብክ፡ ሎሙ፡ እስመ፡ ዐርገ፡ ገዓረ፡ እከዩሙ፡ ኀቤየ። ወሖረ፡ ዩናስ፡ ወተኀጥአ፡ ብሔር፡ ተርሴስ፡ እምገጸ፡ እግዚአብሄር፡ ወወረደ፡ ሀገር፡ ኢዩጴ፡ ወረከበ፡ ሐመረ፡ ዜነግድ፡ ብሔር፡ ተርስስ፡ ዋታዓሳ፡ ሐመረ፡ ርገ፡ ውስቴቱ፡ ይነግድ፡ መስሌሆሙ፡ ተርሴስ፡ እምገጸ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ወአምጽአ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ነፋሰ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ውስተ፡ ባሕር፡ ወዐብየ፡ ማዕበለ፡ ባሕር፡ ወተመነደበ፡ ሐመሮሙ፡ ከመ፡ ይሰበር። ወፈርሁ፡ ኖትያ፡ ወአውየዉ፡ ኮሎሙ፡ ኀበ፡ አማልክቲሆሙ፡ ወአስተዋፅኡ፡ ወገደፈውስተ፡ ባሕር፡ ንሙ፡ ከመ፡ ይቅልል፡ ሐመሮሙ፡ ወወረደ፡ ዮናስ፡ ውስተ፡ ከርሠ፡ ሐመር፡ ወኖመ፡ ወንኀረ። ወወረደ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ዘይሔድፍ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ምንት፡ ያነውመከ፡ ተንስእ፡ ወጸውዕ፡ አምላከ፡ ከመ፡ ያድኀነነ፡ ጦፋዚአብሔር፡ ወኢነሙት።
English
Chapter 1 And the word of the Lord came to Jonah son of Amittai, and He said to him: "Arise and go to the great city of Nineveh, and preach to them, for their evil deeds have risen up to Me." And Jonah went and fled to the land of Tarshish from the presence of the Lord, and he came down to the city of Joppa, and he found a ship going to the land of Tarshish, and he paid the fare and went aboard it to travel with them to Tarshish from the presence of the Lord. And the Lord brought a great wind upon the sea, and the storm of the sea grew great, and their ship was tossed about as if to break. And the sailors were afraid, and they cried out each to his own gods, and they cast lots, and they threw the cargo into the sea to lighten their ship, and Jonah went down into the belly of the ship and slept and snored. And [the captain] came to him and said, "What ails you? Arise and call upon your god that he may save us, for the Lord is angry, and we are dead.
LIT1694Jonah:2 · narrativehigh
Source
ወተበሃሎ፡ በበይናቲሆሙ፡ ንዑ፡ ንትዐፀዉ፡ ወወረደ፡ ፅፃ፡ ላዕለ፡ ዮናስ። ወይቤልዎ፡ ንግረነ፡ በበይነ፡ ሙኑ፡ ረከበተነ፡ ዛቲ፡ እኪት፡ ወምንት፡ ተግባርከ፡ ወእምአይቴ፡ መጻእከ፡ ወአይቴ፡ ተሐውር፡ ወአይቴ፡ ብሔርክ፡ ወምንት፡ ሕዝብከ። ወይቤሎሙ፡ ገብረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላከ፡ ሰማይ፡ ዝገብረ፡ ባሕረ፡ ወየብስ። ወፈርሁ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ዕደው፡ ዓቢየ፡ ፍርሃተ፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ ምን፡ ገበርክ፡ ወአእመርዎ፡ እንቱ፡ ዕደው፡ ከመ፡ እምገጸ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ተኀጥአ፡ እስመ፡ ነገሮሙ። ወይቤልዎ፡ ምነተ፡ እንከ፡ ንረሲከ፡ ወይኀድገነ፡ ባሕር፡ ስመ፡ ይትሀወክ፡ ባሕር፡ ወይትነሣእ፡ መዕበል፡ ዓቢይ። ወይቤሎሙ፡ ዮናስ፡ ንሥኡኒ፡ ወውርዉኒ፡ ውስተ፡ ባሕር፡ ወየኀድገክሙ፡ ባሕ፡ እነ፡ አአምር፡ ከመ፡ በእንቲአየ፡ መጽአክሙ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ማዕበል፡ ዐቢይ። ወተባአሱ፡ ይትመየጡ፡ መንገለ፡ ምድር፡ እሙንቱ፡ ዕደው፡ ወስእኑ፡ እስመ፡ ትትሀወክ፡ ባሕር፡ ወትትነሣእ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ።
English
And they said among themselves, "Come, let us cast lots," and the lot fell upon Jonah. And they said to him, "Tell us, among us who is the murderer? This evil has found us, and what is your deed? And from where have you come? And where are you going? And what is your country? And what is your people?" And he said to them, "I am a servant of the Lord, the God of heaven, who made the sea and the dry land." And those men feared a great fear, and they said to him, "What have you done? And we know that you are a man who has fled from the face of the Lord, because he told them." And they said to him, "Now we will kill you, and the sea will abandon us, because the sea is stirred up and a great storm is rising." And Jonah said to them, "Take me and throw me into the sea, and the sea will abandon you. For I know that because of me this great storm has come." And those men were troubled and argued among themselves toward the land, and they asked that the sea be stirred up and a storm rise up against them.
LIT1694Jonah:3 · narrativehigh
Source
ወአውየዉ፡ ኰሎሙ፡ ኀቡረ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤሉ፡ ሐሰ፡ ለከ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ኢታጥፍአነ፡ በበይነ፡ ነፍሱ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ኢትረሲ፡ ላዕሌነ፡ ከመ፡ ጻድቅ፡ እስመ፡ አንተ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ዘከመ፡ ፈቀድከ፡ ገበርከ። ወነስእዎ፡ ሌነስ፡ ወወረውዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ባሕረ፡ ወአርመመት፡ ባሕር። ወፈርህዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ እሙንቱ፡ ዕደው፡ ዓቢየ፡ ፍርሃተ፡ ወሦዑ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ መስዋዕተ፡ ወበፅዑ፡ ብፅዓተ። Chapter 2 ወአዘዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዓንበሬ፡ ዓቢየ፡ የሐቶ፡ ለዮናስ፡ ወነበረ፡ ዮናስ፡ ውስተ፡ ከርሠ፡ ዐንበሪ፡ ሠሉሰ፡ ዕለተ፡ ወሠሉሰ፡ ሌሊተ። ወጸለየ፡ ዮናስ፡ በውስተ፡ ከርሰ፡ ዐንበሪ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኩ። ወይቤ፡ አውየውኩ፡ በምንዳቤየ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኪየ፡ ወሰምዐኒ፡ በውስተ፡ ከርሠ፡ ለሲኦል፡ ጽራኀየ፡ ወሰምዐኒ፡ ቃልየ። ወወሮከኒ፡ ውስተ፡ ልበ፡ ቀላየ፡ ባሕር፡ ወዐጉኒ፡ አፍላግ፡ ወመጽአ፡ ኲሎ፡ ማዕበልከ፡ ወሞገድከ፡ እንተ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ኀለፈ።
English
And they all cried out together to the Lord, and they said, "Truly, for you, O Lord, you will not destroy us because of the soul of this man; you will not bring judgment upon us as upon a righteous one, for you, O Lord, have done as you willed." And they took him, then, and cast him into the sea, and the sea raged. And they feared the Lord, those enemies, a great fear, and they offered sacrifice to the Lord and made an offering. Chapter 2 And the Lord commanded a great whale to swallow Jonah, and Jonah remained in the belly of the whale for three days and three nights. And Jonah prayed in the belly of the whale to the Lord, his God. And he said, "I cried out in my distress to the Lord, my God, and he heard me in the belly of Sheol; my cry, and he heard my voice. And he cast me into the heart of the deep of the sea, and he covered me with rivers, and all your storm and your wave that was over me passed by.
LIT1694Jonah:4 · narrativemedium
Source
አንሰ፡ እቤ፡ ገደፍከኒኑ፡ እንጋ፡ እምቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲከ፡ እደግምኑ፡ ርእየ፡ ቤተ፡ መቅደስከ። ውኀዘ፡ ማይ፡ እስከ፡ ነፍስየ፡ ወዐገተኒ፡ ቀላይ፡ በታሕቱ፡ ወተሠጥመ፡ ርአስየ። ውስተ፡ ንቅዓታተ፡ ደብር፡ ዋዋራድ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ እንተ፡ ዕጽው፡ መናስግቲሃ፡ እምፍጥረተ፡ ዓለም፡ ትዕርግ፡ ሕይወትየ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ሙስና፡ ኀቤከ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አምላኪየ። ሶበ፡ ኀልቀት፡ ነፍስየ፡ ትዝክርክዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ትብጻሕ፡ ጸሎትየ፡ ቅድሜከ፡ ጽርሐ፡ መቅደስከ። እለሰ፡ ዐቀቡ፡ ከንቶ፡ ወሐሰተ፡ ገደፋ፡ ሣህሎሙ። አንሰ፡ ምስለ፡ ቃለ፡ ስብሐት፡ ወተጋኝ፡ እሠውዕ፡ ለከ፡ መጠነ፡ ጸለይኩ፡ በሕይወትየ፡ አዐስዮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር። ወአዘዞ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለውእቱ፡ ዓንበሪ፡ ወአውፅኦ፡ ሌናስ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር። Chapter 3 ወኮነ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፤ዳመ፡ ኀበ፡ ነስ፡ ወይቤሎ። ተንስእ፡ ወሖር፡ ነነዌ፡ ሀገር፡ ዓባይ፡ ወስብክ፡ ሎሙ፡ በከመ፡ ቀዳሚ፡ ስብከት፡ ዘእቤለከ፡ አነ።
English
I say, "You cast me from before your eyes, and I fled to the house of your sanctuary. Water flowed until my soul, and a wave caught me beneath, and my head was submerged. In the ravines of the mountain, a cascade, into the earth, whose trees are its hiding places from the creation of the world, my life ascends without decay to you, O Lord, my God. When my soul is ended, you will remember the Lord; my prayer will reach before you, the splendor of your sanctuary. But those who kept falsehood and cast deceit, their mercy. I, with a word of praise and a boast, offer to you as much as I prayed in my life, I have made known to the Lord. And the Lord commanded that same whale, and it vomited Jonah onto the dry land. Chapter 3 And the word of the Lord came to Jonah a second time, and he said to him: "Arise and go to Nineveh, the great city, and preach to them according to the first preaching that I told you.
LIT1694Jonah:5 · narrativehigh
Source
ወተንስአ፡ ነስ፡ ወሖረ፡ ነነዌ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወነነዌሰ፡ ሀገር፡ ዓባይ፡ እቲ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ መጠነ፡ ምሕዋረ፡ ሠሉስ፡ ወዋዕል፡ ለአጋር። ወአልጺቆ፡ ይባዕ፡ ለሀገረ፡ ሰበከ፡ እምሕዋረ፡ ዕለት፡ ወይቤ፡ እስከ፡ ሠሉስ፡ ወዋዕል፡ ትትገፈታዕ፡ ነነዌ። ወተአመኑ፡ ሰብአ፡ ነነዌ፡ በቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወሰበኩ፡ ጾመ፡ ወለብሱ፡ ሠቀ፡ ንኡሶሙ፡ ወዐቢዩሙ። ወሰምዐ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ነነዌ፡ ወተንስአ፡ እምነ፡ መንበሩ፡ ወእተተ፡ አልባሲሁ፡ ወለብሰ፡ ሠቀ፡ ወነበረ፡ ውስተ፡ ሐመድ። ወሰበከ፡ ንጉስ፡ ለነነዌ፡ ለንኦሶሙ፡ ወለዐበይቶሙ፡ ወይቤ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወእንስሳ፡ ወአልህምት፡ ወአባግዕ፡ ኢይብልኡ፡ ወኢምንንተኒ፡ ወኢይትረዐዩ፡ ማየ። ወለብሱ፡ ሠቀ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወእንስሳ፡ ወእውየው፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኀቡረ፡ ወኀደጉ፡ ኲሎ፡ እከየ፡ ምግባሮሙ፡ ወዓመፃ፡ ዘውስተ፡ እዴሆሙ፡ ወይቤሉ። መኑ፡ የአምር፡ እመ፡ ይኔስሕ፡ እግዚብሔር፡ ወይመይጥ፡ መቅሠፍተ፡ መዐቱ፡ ወኢንሙት፡ እንከ።
English
And he arose, and went to Nineveh, as the Lord had told him. And Nineveh is a great city, with a three days' journey for the Lord, and a three days' journey for the foreigner. And he cried out, proclaiming to the city from the journey of a day, and said, "Until three days and a period, Nineveh will be overturned." And the people of Nineveh believed in the word of the Lord, and they proclaimed a fast, and they put on sackcloth, both the small and the great among them. And the king of Nineveh heard, and he arose from his throne, and he tore his garments, and put on sackcloth, and sat in ashes. And the king proclaimed to Nineveh, to the small and to the great, and said, "People, and animals, and cattle, and sheep, let them not eat, and let them not drink, and let them not see water." And the people and the animals put on sackcloth, and they cried out to the Lord together, and they abandoned all evil deeds and iniquities that were in their hands, and they said: "Who knows if the Lord will repent and remove the punishment of his wrath, and we will not die?
LIT1694Jonah:6 · narrativehigh
Source
ወርእየ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምግባሮሙ፡ ከመ፡ ነስሑ፡ እምንኖቶሙ፡ እኩይ፡ ወእግዚአብሔርኒ፡ ነስሐ፡ እምነ፡ ዘነበበ፡ እኩየ። ከመ፡ ይግበር፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ወኢገብረ፡ እኩየ። Chapter 4 ወተከዘ፡ ዮናስ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ትካዘ፡ ወኀዘነ። ወጸለየ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚብሔር፡ ወይቤ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አኮኑ፡ ከመዝ፡ እቤ፡ በብሔርየ፡ በእንተ፡ ዝንተ፡ ተኀጣእኩ፡ ቴርሴስ፡ እስመ፡ አአምር፡ ከመ፡ መሐሪ፡ አንተ፡ ዋማስተሣህል፡ ርኁቀ፡ መዐት፡ ወብዙኀ፡ ምሕረት፡ ወትኔስሕ፡ በእንተ፡ እኪት። ወይአዜኒ፡ እገዚኦ፡ ንስኦ፡ ለነፍስየ፡ እምኔየ፡ እስመ፡ ይኄይሰኒ፡ ሚት፡ እምሐይው። ወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለዮነስ፡ ጥቀኑ፡ ትቴክዝ፡ አንተ። ወእምዝ፡ ወጽአ፡ ዮናስ፡ እምሀገር፡ ዋናባራ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ሀገር፡ ዋጋብረ፡ ሎቱ፡ ልገተ፡ ዋናባራ፡ ታሕተ፡ ጽላሎታ፡ እስከ፡ ይሬኢ፡ ዘይከውን፡ ሀገር። ወአዘዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሐምሐመ፡ ወበቆለ፡ ወጸለሎ፡ መልዕልተ፡ ርእሱ፡ ለዮነስ፡ ከመ፡ ይጸልሎ፡ እምሕማሙ። ወተፈስሐ፡ ዮናስ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ፍስሐ፡ በእንተ፡ ሐምሐም።
English
And the Lord saw their deeds, that they repented from their evil ways, and the Lord also repented from the evil He had decreed, that He would do to them, and He did not do evil. Chapter 4 And Jonah was greatly vexed and grieved. And he prayed to the Lord and said, "O Lord, is it not as I said in my country concerning this that I fled to Tarshish? For I know that You are merciful, slow to anger, far from wrath, and abundant in mercy, and that You forgive evil." "And now, O Lord, take my soul from me, for death is better for me than life." And the Lord said to Jonah, "Are you truly vexed?" And then Jonah went out from the city of Nineveh, outside the city, and he made for himself a hut in Nineveh, under the shade, until he should see what would become of the city. And the Lord commanded a gourd and a worm, and it shaded above the head of Jonah to shade him from his suffering. And Jonah rejoiced greatly because of the gourd.
LIT1694Jonah:7 · narrativehigh
Source
ወአዘዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በሳኒታ፡ ዕፄ፡ ወቀተሎ፡ ለዝ፡ ሐምሐም፡ ወየብሰ። ወሠሪቆ፡ ፀሐይ፡ አዘዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ነፋሰ፡ ሐሩር፡ ዘያውዒ፡ ወአሕመሞ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ርእሶ፡ ለዮናስ፡ ወዐነንበዘ፡ ወተቆጥዐ፡ ነፍሱ፡ ወይቤ፡ ይኄይሰኒ፡ መዊት፡ እምሐይው። ወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለዮናስ፡ ጥቀኑ፡ ተከዝከ፡ በእንተ፡ ሐምሐም፡ ይቤ፡ ጥቀ፡ ተከዝ፡ እሰከ፡ ለሞት። ወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አንተሰ፡ ትምሕክ፡ ሐምሐመ፡ ዘኢፃመውከ፡ ወኢሰቀይከ፡ ዘሌሊተ፡ ወቆለት፡ ወሌሊተ፡ ሞተት። ወአንሰ፡ ኢይምሕካኑ፡ ለነነዌ፡ ሀገር፡ ዓባይ፡ ዘሀለዉ፡ ወስቴታ፡ ሰብእ፡ ፋድፋደ፡ አምዐሠርቱ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ እልፍ፡ እለ፡ ኢፈለጡ፡ ፀጋሞሙ፡ ወየማኖሙ፡ ወእንስሳ፡ ቡዙኀ።
English
And the Lord commanded a worm of the wood, and it killed this gourd, and it withered. And the sun burned. The Lord commanded a hot wind that blows, and the sun scorched the head of Jonah, and he was troubled, and his soul was vexed, and he said, “Death is better for me than life.” And the Lord said to Jonah, “Are you so greatly grieved on account of the gourd?” He said, “I am greatly grieved, even to death.” And the Lord said to him, “You indeed pity the gourd which you planted and which you did not water by night, and by morning and by night it died. And I, should I not pity Nineveh, a great city, in which there were six hundred thousand people, who did not know their right from their left, and many animals?
Citation. Tergwame, “Book of Jonah”, LIT1694Jonah:1, machine-draft, 2026. https://naxiai.com/christian/works/LIT1694Jonah#s1
Colophon. Source: betmas · licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC · model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor · provider: Relace · cost: $0.0045 · generated 2026-11-15.