Abbreviated Gazetteer of Lijiang Prefecture Upper Volume, Part Two Establishments and Institutions Municipal History and Evolution Prefectural Offices, Commandery Seats Urban Walls, Moats, and Granaries Lijiang, in the ages before the Three Dynasties, is beyond what can be known. In the Han, Emperor Wu established the Yuesui Commandery, and Lijiang was placed under its jurisdiction, styled Qiongzuo and Kunming, and further made into Dingzuo County. Through the Jin, Tang, and Song dynasties, it submitted and rebelled repeatedly, its name and title changing each time; in all cases, native chieftains held sway. Though the Yuan and Ming listed it among prefectures and counties and set up administrative offices, they truly styled its leaders as tribal heads, holding them in loose rein only. Our dynasty's civilizing influence has reached to the four corners of the earth; even the tattooed and the filed-toothed are all enrolled among the common people. Lijiang, as a remote borderland, exchanged its native rule for civil administration—from antiquity to the present, none has matched this in its flourishing. Yet to detail its rises and falls, its lost and forgotten matters, is difficult, for the region is remote and wild, and few are able to expound and investigate it thoroughly. The Odes say: "Deep valleys become hills," and human affairs shift and change with the times. The sages of old emerged from chaos into civilization; day by day, the blue sea turns to mulberry fields. Thus, reforms, abolitions, losses, and gains follow one another. Lijiang today—its preservation is indeed the duty of those who hold it. I have therefore gathered the accounts of the Southwestern Barbarians, and from the Jin, Tang, Song, and Yuan histories, I have transcribed the records in sequence, arranging them by reign and year, to form this section on Establishments, for the convenience of perusal. The city walls, granaries, official residences, populace, markets, and offices all reflect the new governance after the reform of native chieftains. For twenty years, the scale has been set; may future gentlemen with ambition to expand and clarify take this as their foundation. Thus I compose the Brief Account of Establishments. Establishments Lijiang, in antiquity, was a remote frontier land at the extreme border, adjoining Tubo. The histories call it the land of the Sui and Kunming peoples; in the Han, it was concurrently