{"counts":{"terms":686,"categories":{"deity":14,"epithet":3,"being":8,"doctrine":30,"ritual":13,"title":8,"text":4,"old-tibetan-form":4,"cosmology":2,"general":600},"policy":{"L":604,"N":30,"T":48,"X":4},"with_period_notes":17,"variant_forms":2},"returned":200,"terms":[{"tibetan":"ལྷ་མ་ཡིན","wylie":"lha ma yin","sanskrit":"asura","english":"asura","category":"being","frequency":169,"definition":"One of the six classes of sentient beings, sometimes included among the gods and sometimes among the animals, they are engendered and dominated by envy, ambition, and hostility and are described as being incessantly embroiled in disputes with the gods ( devas ). They are frequently portrayed in Brahmanical mythology an","alternatives":["demigod","Asura","dānava"],"periods":{},"notes":"Literally 'not-god'; 84000 harmonises on 'asura'. Do not render 'anti-god'.","source":"curated+84000","id":"lha-ma-yin","english_loan":"asura","english_plain":"titan","first_gloss":"a class of jealous demigods","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"དྲི་ཟ","wylie":"dri za","sanskrit":"gandharva","english":"gandharva","category":"being","frequency":138,"definition":"A class of generally benevolent nonhuman beings who inhabit the skies, sometimes said to inhabit fantastic cities in the clouds, and more specifically to dwell on the eastern slopes of Mount Meru, where they are ruled by the Great King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. They are most renowned as celestial musicians who serve the gods. In th","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"dri-za","english_loan":"gandharva","english_plain":"celestial musician","first_gloss":"a class of fragrant-food spirits","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"ལྷ","wylie":"lha","sanskrit":"deva","english":"god","category":"being","frequency":77,"definition":"In the most general sense the devas‍—the term is cognate with the English divine ‍—are a class of celestial beings who frequently appear in Buddhist texts, often at the head of the assemblies of nonhuman beings who attend and celebrate the teachings of the Buddha Śākyamuni and other buddhas and bodhisattvas. In Buddhis","alternatives":["deva","divine being","God","gods","lord","devaputra"],"periods":{"old-tibetan":{"renderings":["god","deity","divine"],"note":"In the Dunhuang texts ལྷ covers gods and also the general sense 'divine', and ལྷ་ཆོས is the Buddhist doctrine as opposed to བོན. Do not render every ལྷ as 'god' — ལྷ་ཆོས is 'the dharma of the gods', i.e. Buddhism."},"classical":{"renderings":["god","deity"],"note":"Standard 84000 rendering is 'god'; 'deity' where the text contrasts classes of beings."}},"notes":"Capitalisation is a decision, not a default: keep 'god' lowercase unless the text addresses a named deity.","source":"curated+84000","id":"lha","english_loan":"god","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཀླུ","wylie":"klu","sanskrit":"nāga","english":"nāga","category":"being","frequency":76,"definition":"A supernatural being usually depicted as having the top half of a human and the bottom half of a snake. However, the nāga has a myriad of associations within Buddhism and Indian traditions in general; the term may be associated with deities, snakes (more specifically cobras), elephants, subterranean spirits, water spir","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"Serpent-deities, not 'dragons'. The Old Tibetan spelling ཀླུ is stable.","source":"curated+84000","id":"klu","english_loan":"nāga","english_plain":"serpent-deity","first_gloss":"a serpent-like class of beings","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"གནོད་སྦྱིན","wylie":"gnod sbyin","sanskrit":"yakṣa","english":"yakṣa","category":"being","frequency":49,"definition":"A class of nonhuman beings who inhabit forests, mountainous areas, and other natural spaces, or serve as guardians of villages and towns, and may be propitiated for health, wealth, protection, and other boons, or controlled through magic. According to tradition, their homeland is in the north, where they live under the","alternatives":["yakṣa"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"gnod-sbyin","english_loan":"yakṣa","english_plain":"nature spirit","first_gloss":"a class of local deities","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"ལྷ་མོ","wylie":"lha mo","sanskrit":"devī","english":"goddess","category":"being","frequency":10,"definition":"The “ apsarases ” are popular figures in Indian culture, they are said to be goddesses of the clouds and water and to be wives of the gandharvas . However, in the Kāraṇḍavyūha , they are presented as the female equivalent of the devas . Therefore the Tibetan has translated them as if the word were devī (“goddess’’).","alternatives":["devī","goddess","Devī"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"lha-mo","english_loan":"goddess","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སྲིན","wylie":"srin","sanskrit":"rākṣasa","english":"rākṣasa","category":"being","frequency":2,"definition":"A class of nonhuman beings that are often, but certainly not always, considered demonic in the Buddhist tradition. They are often depicted as flesh-eating monsters who haunt frightening places and are ugly and evil-natured with a yearning for human flesh, and who additionally have miraculous powers, such as being able ","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"Often paired with འདྲེ; 'rākṣasa' in learned texts, 'demon' in narrative.","source":"curated+84000","id":"srin","english_loan":"rākṣasa","english_plain":"demon","first_gloss":"a fierce class of beings","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"འདྲེ","wylie":"'dre","sanskrit":"","english":"spirit","category":"being","periods":{"old-tibetan":{"renderings":["spirit","demon"],"note":"In the Dunhuang funeral texts འདྲེ is a class of spirits propitiated in ritual, alongside སྲིན. 'Demon' over-translates; 'spirit' is safer where the rite is conciliatory."}},"notes":"No single Sanskrit equivalent; do not invent one.","source":"curated","id":"dre","english_loan":"spirit","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དམྱལ་བ","wylie":"dmyal ba","sanskrit":"naraka","english":"hell","category":"cosmology","frequency":3,"definition":"One of the five or six realms of sentient beings. Birth in hell is considered to be the karmic fruition of past anger and harmful actions. According to Buddhist tradition there are eighteen different hells, namely eight hot hells and eight cold hells, as well as neighboring and ephemeral hells, all of them tormented by","alternatives":["hell being"],"periods":{},"notes":"A rebirth realm, not a place of eternal punishment; keep 'hell' (84000 practice) but do not add 'eternal'.","source":"curated+84000","id":"dmyal-ba","english_loan":"naraka","english_plain":"hell","first_gloss":"a rebirth realm of suffering","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"ཡང་སོས","wylie":"yang sos","sanskrit":"saṃjīva","english":"Saṃjīva","category":"cosmology","frequency":1,"definition":"First of the eight hot hells .","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"The first hot hell. 'Reviving Hell' is the literal gloss; keep the Sanskrit name in a list of hells so the set stays identifiable.","source":"curated+84000","id":"yang-sos","english_loan":"Saṃjīva","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཚངས་པ","wylie":"tshangs pa","sanskrit":"brahmā","english":"Brahmā","category":"deity","frequency":143,"definition":"One of the primary deities of the Brahmanical pantheon, Brahmā occupies an important place as one of two deities (the other being Indra / Śakra ) that are said to have first exhorted Śākyamuni to teach the Dharma. The particular heavens found in the form realm over which Brahmā rules are often some of the most sought a","alternatives":["brahman","brahmās","Brahma","Brahmā Heavens","brahmā","brahmā gods","Brahmā devas"],"periods":{},"notes":"The god, not 'pure' (which is ཚངས་པ too in compounds such as ཚངས་པར་སྤྱོད་པ, the vow of chastity). Context decides; do not carry the deity capital into the vow.","source":"curated+84000","id":"tshangs-pa","english_loan":"Brahmā","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the creator god","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"བརྒྱ་བྱིན","wylie":"brgya byin","sanskrit":"śakra","english":"Śakra","category":"deity","frequency":56,"definition":"A common epithet of Indra, the lord of the gods , who dwells on the summit of Mount Sumeru and wields the thunderbolt. The Tibetan translation is based on an etymology that śakra is an abbreviation of śata-kratu : one who has performed a hundred sacrifices (Tib. brgya byin ). The highest Vedic sacrifice was the horse s","alternatives":["Śatakratu","Indra"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"brgya-byin","english_loan":"Śakra","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the king of the gods","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་དབང་ཕྱུག","wylie":"spyan ras gzigs dbang phyug","sanskrit":"avalokiteśvara","english":"Avalokiteśvara","category":"deity","frequency":55,"definition":"First appeared as a bodhisattva beside Amitābha in the Sukhāvati Sūtra . The name has been variously interpreted. In “The lord of Avalokita,” Avalokita has been interpreted as “seeing,” although, as a past passive participle, it is literally “lord of what has been seen.” One of the principal sūtras in the Mahāsāṃghika ","alternatives":["Avaloki­teśvara","Avalo­kiteś­vara"],"periods":{},"notes":"Short form སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས is the same figure; 'Avalokiteśvara' in learned registers, 'Avalokita' never.","source":"curated+84000","id":"spyan-ras-gzigs-dbang-phyug","english_loan":"Avalokiteśvara","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the bodhisattva of compassion","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"འོད་དཔག་མེད","wylie":"'od dpag med","sanskrit":"amitābha","english":"Amitābha","category":"deity","frequency":47,"definition":"One of the five buddhas . The buddha of the western buddhafield of Sukhāvatī, where fortunate beings are reborn to make further progress toward spiritual maturity. Amitābha made his great vows to create such a realm when he was a bodhisattva called Dharmākara. In the Pure Land Buddhist tradition, popular in East Asia, ","alternatives":["Amitavajra","Amitāyus"],"periods":{},"notes":"འོད་དཔག་མེད is Amitābha (boundless light); ཚེ་དཔག་མེད is Amitāyus (boundless life). They are distinct figures and must not be merged.","source":"curated+84000","id":"od-dpag-med","english_loan":"Amitābha","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the buddha of infinite light","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"སངས་རྒྱས","wylie":"sangs rgyas","sanskrit":"buddha","english":"buddha","category":"deity","frequency":32,"definition":"The Indic term buddha means \"The Awakened One\" and is used in Buddhism as an epithet for the historical Buddha Siddhārtha Gautama as well as other spiritually enlightened beings in general. “ Buddha ” is the past participle of the Sanskrit root budh , meaning “to awaken,” “to understand,” or “to become aware.”","alternatives":["Awakened","awakened","Buddha","awakened one","Buddhā"],"periods":{},"notes":"The title, not a name. In Old Tibetan the spelling is usually སངས་རྒྱས already; the plural sense ('the buddhas') is carried by context, not by a suffix.","source":"curated+84000","id":"sangs-rgyas","english_loan":"buddha","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"an awakened one","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཤཱཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ","wylie":"shākya thub pa","sanskrit":"śākyamuni","english":"Śākyamuni","category":"deity","frequency":27,"definition":"An epithet for the historical Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama : he was a muni (“ sage ”) from the Śākya clan. Usually counted as the fourth of the first four buddhas of the present Good Eon, the other three being Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni, and Kāśyapa . He will be followed by Maitreya, the next buddha in this eon.","alternatives":["Buddha Śākyamuni"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"sh-kya-thub-pa","english_loan":"Śākyamuni","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the historical buddha","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"མི་བསྐྱོད་པ","wylie":"mi bskyod pa","sanskrit":"akṣobhya","english":"Akṣobhya","category":"deity","frequency":14,"definition":"Literally “Not Disturbed” or “Immovable One.” The buddha in the eastern realm of Abhirati. A well-known buddha in early Mahāyāna, regarded in the higher tantras as the head of one of the five buddha families, the adamantine family in the east.","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"Literally 'the immovable one'; the deity name stays Akṣobhya in tantric texts, 'Immovable' in some sūtra registers — pick one per text and record it.","source":"curated+84000","id":"mi-bskyod-pa","english_loan":"Akṣobhya","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the immovable buddha","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"ཕྱག་ན་རྡོ་རྗེ","wylie":"phyag na rdo rje","sanskrit":"vajrapāṇi","english":"Vajrapāṇi","category":"deity","frequency":12,"definition":"Vajrapāṇi means “Wielder of the Vajra.” In the Pali canon, he appears as a yakṣa guardian in the retinue of the Buddha. In the Mahāyāna scriptures he is a bodhisattva and one of the “eight close sons of the Buddha.” In the tantras, he is also regarded as an important Buddhist deity and instrumental in the transmission ","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"phyag-na-rdo-rje","english_loan":"Vajrapāṇi","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the bodhisattva of power","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"སྒྲོལ་མ","wylie":"sgrol ma","sanskrit":"tārā","english":"Tārā","category":"deity","frequency":9,"definition":"Female bodhisattva of compassion; the chief goddess of the activity family, personifying the true nature of the element wind; one of the five goddesses personifying the five “hooks of gnosis.”","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"sgrol-ma","english_loan":"Tārā","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the goddess of liberation","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"རྣམ་པར་སྣང་མཛད","wylie":"rnam par snang mdzad","sanskrit":"vairocana","english":"Vairocana","category":"deity","frequency":5,"definition":"The name Vairocana, literally, “solar,” is used in some important Mahāyāna sūtras such as The Stem Array ( g.1377 ) and The Ten Bhūmis ( g.209 ) as an epithet for the Buddha Śākyamuni. As a distinct tathāgata, Vairocana presides over the tathāgata family among the five buddha families.","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"rnam-par-snang-mdzad","english_loan":"Vairocana","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the central buddha of the yoga tantras","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"རྡོ་རྗེ་སེམས་དཔའ","wylie":"rdo rje sems dpa'","sanskrit":"vajrasattva","english":"Vajrasattva","category":"deity","frequency":2,"definition":"Used as a proper name, Vajrasattva is one of the principle deities of the esoteric Buddhist pantheon, regarded as both a source of the Buddhist tantras and the exemplar of the awakened state. As an adjective, the term vajrasattva , literally “vajra being,” can also be applied to other esoteric Buddhist deities, particu","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"rdo-rje-sems-dpa","english_loan":"Vajrasattva","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"འཇམ་དཔལ་དབྱངས","wylie":"'jam dpal dbyangs","sanskrit":"mañjuśrī","english":"Mañjuśrī","category":"deity","frequency":1,"definition":"Mañjuśrī is one of the “eight close sons of the Buddha” and a bodhisattva who embodies wisdom. He is a major figure in the Mahāyāna sūtras, appearing often as an interlocutor of the Buddha. In his most well-known iconographic form, he is portrayed bearing the sword of wisdom in his right hand and a volume of the Prajñā","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"God of wisdom. Old Tibetan also འཇམ་དཔལ་ without དབྱངས.","source":"curated+84000","id":"jam-dpal-dbyangs","english_loan":"Mañjuśrī","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the bodhisattva of wisdom","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"འཁོར་ལོ་སྡོམ་པ","wylie":"'khor lo sdom pa","sanskrit":"cakrasaṃvara","english":"Cakrasaṃvara","category":"deity","frequency":1,"definition":"Cakrasaṃvara is a deity of the highest yoga tantras, especially popular among the new schools of Tibetan Buddhism.","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"Tantric deity; the name is a title ('wheel of the vow'), so keep the Sanskrit in translation. Old Tibetan འཁོར་ལོ་སྡོམ་པ, occasionally འཁོར་ལོ་སྡོམ.","source":"curated+84000","id":"khor-lo-sdom-pa","english_loan":"Cakrasaṃvara","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"a tantric deity","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"ཀྱེའི་རྡོ་རྗེ","wylie":"kye'i rdo rje","sanskrit":"hevajra","english":"Hevajra","category":"deity","periods":{},"notes":"The Tibetan is an exclamation plus vajra, not a translation of the Sanskrit; keep 'Hevajra'.","source":"curated","id":"kye-i-rdo-rje","english_loan":"Hevajra","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"a tantric deity","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"ཕུང་པོ","wylie":"phung po","sanskrit":"skandha","english":"aggregate","category":"doctrine","frequency":71,"definition":"This translation of skandha is fairly well established, although some prefer the monosyllabic “group.” It is important to bear in mind that the original skandha has the sense of “pile,” or “heap,” which has the connotation of utter lack of internal structure, of a randomly collocated pile of things; thus “group” may co","alternatives":["aggregates","Aggregates"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"phung-po","english_loan":"skandha","english_plain":"aggregate","first_gloss":"one of the five constituents of experience","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"ཉོན་མོངས","wylie":"nyon mongs","sanskrit":"kleśa","english":"affliction","category":"doctrine","frequency":49,"definition":"The essentially pure nature of mind is obscured and afflicted by various psychological defilements, which destroy the mind’s peace and composure and lead to unwholesome deeds of body, speech, and mind, acting as causes for continued existence in saṃsāra. Included among them are the primary afflictions of desire ( rāga ","alternatives":["afflictions","defilement","afflictive emotion","Affliction","disturbing emotion","emotional defilement","afflictive emotions","kleśa","mental disturbance","distress"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"nyon-mongs","english_loan":"affliction","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཁམས","wylie":"khams","sanskrit":"dhātu","english":"element","category":"doctrine","frequency":43,"definition":"In the context of epistemology, it is one way of describing experience and the world in terms of eighteen elements (eye, form , and eye consciousness ; ear, sound, and ear consciousness ; nose, odor, and nose consciousness ; tongue, taste, and tongue consciousness ; body, touch, and body consciousness ; mind, mental ph","alternatives":["constituent","domain","elements","constituents","sensory elements","eighteen bases","constitution"],"periods":{},"notes":"In ཁམས་གསུམ it is the three realms, not 'three elements'.","source":"curated+84000","id":"khams","english_loan":"dhātu","english_plain":"element","first_gloss":"a constituent category of experience","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"དཀོན་མཆོག་གསུམ","wylie":"dkon mchog gsum","sanskrit":"triratna","english":"the Three Jewels","category":"doctrine","frequency":40,"definition":"The Tibetan literally means “the three rare and precious ones,” the Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha‍—the three objects of Buddhist refuge.","alternatives":["three jewels"],"periods":{"old-tibetan":{"renderings":["the Three Jewels","the three precious ones"],"note":"The Dunhuang texts use དཀོན་མཆོག without གསུམ in oaths; 'the Jewel' there means the Buddha as refuge, and expanding it to 'Three Jewels' adds something the text did not say."}},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"dkon-mchog-gsum","english_loan":"the Three Jewels","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཤེས་རབ","wylie":"shes rab","sanskrit":"prajñā","english":"insight","category":"doctrine","frequency":39,"definition":"In this text shes rab seems to mean primarily knowledge (defined as insight and understanding one has gained through studying and experience), specifically knowledge of the teachings of the Buddha in general, and of karmic cause and effect in particular (Cf. Edgerton, BHSD, s.v. prajñā : “(Skt., and Pāli paññā ), knowl","alternatives":["discernment","wisdom","knowledge","discriminating wisdom","transcendent awareness","Insight","acumen","knowledge of the Dharma"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"shes-rab","english_loan":"insight","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"insight","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སྟོང་པ་ཉིད","wylie":"stong pa nyid","sanskrit":"śūnyatā","english":"emptiness","category":"doctrine","frequency":32,"definition":"Emptiness denotes the ultimate nature of reality, the total absence of inherent existence and self-identity with respect to all phenomena. According to this view, all things and events are devoid of any independent, intrinsic reality that constitutes their essence. Nothing can be said to exist independent of the comple","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"stong-pa-nyid","english_loan":"śūnyatā","english_plain":"emptiness","first_gloss":"the absence of inherent existence","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"ཆོས","wylie":"chos","sanskrit":"dharma","english":"dharma","category":"doctrine","frequency":29,"definition":"The term “ dharma ” ( chos ) conveys ten different meanings, according to Vasubandhu’s Vyākhyā­yukti . It may mean the Buddhist teachings, the awakened qualities which buddhas and bodhisattvas acquire, phenomena or things in general, etc. In the context of this work, it was rendered as “ Dharma ” when it refers to the ","alternatives":["special qualities","dharma","phenomena","qualities","factor","things"],"periods":{"old-tibetan":{"renderings":["dharma","doctrine","custom"],"note":"Old Tibetan uses ཆོས for Buddhist doctrine and for 'custom/law' (as in ལྷ་ཆོས versus བོན). Where the text contrasts the two religions, 'doctrine' reads better than 'dharma'."},"classical":{"renderings":["dharma","phenomena"],"note":"In Abhidharma lists (སྐྱེ་མཆེད, ཁམས) ཆོས is 'phenomena', the objects of mind — not the Buddhist teaching. Same word, two referents; the list decides."}},"notes":"84000 keeps 'dharma' lowercase. 'Dharma' capitalised only where it means the teaching as a whole and the sentence is already religious.","source":"curated+84000","id":"chos","english_loan":"dharma","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the teaching","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སེམས","wylie":"byang chub kyi sems","sanskrit":"bodhicitta","english":"bodhicitta","category":"doctrine","frequency":29,"definition":"In the general Mahāyāna teachings, the “mind of awakening” ( bodhicitta ) is the intention to attain the complete awakening of a perfect buddha for the sake of all beings. On the level of absolute truth, the mind of awakening is the realization of the awakened state itself. As a general term, this is the wish or aspira","alternatives":["bodhicitta","mind set on awakening","resolve of awakening","aspiration to enlightenment","aspiration for awakening","aspiration to awaken","mindset of enlightenment","awakening mind"],"periods":{},"notes":"Keep the Sanskrit loan; 'mind of awakening' is a gloss, and mixing the two inside one text reads as inconsistency.","source":"curated+84000","id":"byang-chub-kyi-sems","english_loan":"bodhicitta","english_plain":"awakening mind","first_gloss":"the resolve to attain buddhahood for the sake of all beings","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"སྐྱེ་མཆེད","wylie":"skye mched","sanskrit":"āyatana","english":"sense base","category":"doctrine","frequency":29,"definition":"These can be listed as twelve or as six entrances (sometimes also called sense sources, sense fields, bases of cognition, or simply āyatanas): In context of epistemology, it is one way of describing experience and the world in terms of twelve sense sources, which can be divided into inner and outer sense sources, namel","alternatives":["sense field","bases of cognition","sense base","sense fields","sense sphere","sense source","āyatana","Entrances","sensory fields","sense spheres","field of meditation","bases of perception"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"skye-mched","english_loan":"āyatana","english_plain":"sense base","first_gloss":"a sense faculty or its object","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"ཆོས་ཉིད","wylie":"chos nyid","sanskrit":"dharmatā","english":"the nature of phenomena","category":"doctrine","frequency":20,"definition":"The real nature, true quality, or condition of things. Throughout Buddhist discourse this term is used in two distinct ways. In one, it designates the relative nature that is either the essential characteristic of a specific phenomenon, such as the heat of fire and the moisture of water, or the defining feature of a sp","alternatives":["true nature of things","suchness","basic nature","true nature","reality","nature of reality","basic reality","intrinsic nature","nature of phenomena","the way things are"],"periods":{},"notes":"Not 'dharma-nature' in running prose; 84000 harmonises on 'the nature of phenomena'.","source":"curated+84000","id":"chos-nyid","english_loan":"the nature of phenomena","english_plain":"nature of phenomena","first_gloss":"the intrinsic nature of things","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"ཟླ་བ","wylie":"zla ba","sanskrit":"candra","english":"moon; month","category":"doctrine","frequency":19,"definition":"The deity of the moon, as well as the moon itself. In the Kāraṇḍavyūha , when Avalokiteśvara emanates Candra , it is the deity that is meant.","alternatives":["Candrā","Candramas","Moon"],"periods":{"classical":{"renderings":["moon","month"],"note":"In calendrical and cosmological passages ཟླ་བ is 'month' (twelve months to a year) or 'moon', not the god Candra. Candra is the rendering only where the text addresses or names the deity — a sūtra listing the moon as a time unit is not naming a god."}},"notes":"The default is the ordinary noun. Capitalised 'Candra' is a decision that needs a named deity in the sentence.","source":"curated+84000","id":"zla-ba","english_loan":"moon; month","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཡེ་ཤེས","wylie":"ye shes","sanskrit":"jñāna","english":"wisdom","category":"doctrine","frequency":18,"definition":"The term jñāna is formed by the root jñā , meaning “to know,” “to know of,” “to understand,” “to be aware of,” with the addition of the pratyaya lyuṭ , which can be interpreted as having different values (the instrument of awareness, its agent, or the action of awareness). We have chosen “awareness” as it was the only ","alternatives":["wisdom","awareness","Wisdom","knowledge","Gnosis"],"periods":{},"notes":"Distinguish from ཤེས་རབ (prajñā, 'insight'): ཡེ་ཤེས is the buddhas' non-dual wisdom, ཤེས་རབ the discriminating faculty on the path.","source":"curated+84000","id":"ye-shes","english_loan":"jñāna","english_plain":"wisdom","first_gloss":"non-dual awareness","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"ལས","wylie":"las","sanskrit":"karma","english":"action","category":"doctrine","frequency":17,"definition":"Matters that govern the saṅgha community’s daily life, regular observances (such as the rains retreat and the restoration ) and special events (like ordination) are ratified by a formal act of the saṅgha. There are one hundred and one such types of formal acts , all of which fall into one of three categories depending ","alternatives":["act","action","Action","activity"],"periods":{"old-tibetan":{"renderings":["action","deed"],"note":"'karma' is a later learned loan; the Dunhuang texts say ལས and mean the deed and its fruit, so 'action' keeps the argument visible."}},"notes":"84000 uses 'action' where the mechanics matter, 'karma' where it is a fixed term.","source":"curated+84000","id":"las","english_loan":"action","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"action and its result","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ","wylie":"mya ngan las 'das pa","sanskrit":"nirvāṇa","english":"nirvāṇa","category":"doctrine","frequency":15,"definition":"In Sanskrit, the term nirvāṇa literally means “extinguishment” and the Tibetan mya ngan las ’das pa literally means “gone beyond sorrow.” As a general term, it refers to the cessation of all suffering, afflicted mental states ( kleśa ), and causal processes ( karman ) that lead to rebirth and suffering in cyclic existe","alternatives":["parinirvāṇa"],"periods":{},"notes":"Old Tibetan spells it མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ; the literal 'gone beyond sorrow' is an etymology, not a translation to use in running text.","source":"curated+84000","id":"mya-ngan-las-das-pa","english_loan":"nirvāṇa","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"liberation","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རིག་པ","wylie":"rig pa","sanskrit":"vidyā","english":"knowledge","category":"doctrine","frequency":14,"definition":"This term may, according to context, refer to exoteric or esoteric knowledge, a goddess, her associated dhāraṇī , or some combination of these. In the body of this scripture, the dhāraṇī is referred to as a vidyā . In tantric literature these two terms are frequently used interchangeably.","alternatives":["awareness","knowledge","spell","incantation"],"periods":{"classical":{"renderings":["knowledge","awareness"],"note":"'awareness' belongs to the Dzogchen (11th c. onward) usage; in earlier tantras and in རིག་པ་དང་མ་རིག་པ it is 'knowledge' versus 'ignorance'."}},"notes":"Never render as 'rigpa' in a text that also uses it for ordinary knowledge.","source":"curated+84000","id":"rig-pa","english_loan":"vidyā","english_plain":"knowledge","first_gloss":"a form of knowing","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"ཆོས་ཀྱི་སྐུ","wylie":"chos kyi sku","sanskrit":"dharmakāya","english":"dharmakāya","category":"doctrine","frequency":13,"definition":"Sometimes translated “truth body,” “reality body,” or “body of qualities,” the term dharmakāya stands in distinction to the rūpakāya , or “ form body” of a buddha. In its earliest uses the term refers to the Buddha’s qualities as a collective whole, or to his teachings as the embodiment of him. It now primarily indicat","alternatives":["body of reality","Dharma body","dharma body","body of Dharma"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"chos-kyi-sku","english_loan":"dharmakāya","english_plain":"truth body","first_gloss":"the unconditioned aspect of buddhahood","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"མེ","wylie":"me","sanskrit":"agni","english":"fire","category":"doctrine","frequency":8,"definition":"Classified as a “ lord of beings ” ( prajāpati ).","alternatives":["Āgneya","Analā","Acalā"],"periods":{"classical":{"renderings":["fire","Agni"],"note":"In ritual and cosmological prose མེ is the element 'fire'; Agni is the deity only where he is named or invoked. Do not capitalise the element."}},"notes":"Default to 'fire'. 'Agni' needs a named or addressed deity in the sentence.","source":"curated+84000","id":"me","english_loan":"fire","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ས་བཅུ","wylie":"sa bcu","sanskrit":"daśabhūmi","english":"the ten grounds","category":"doctrine","frequency":6,"definition":"The ten levels or stages traversed by a bodhisattva that culminate in buddhahood: (1) Joyful ( pramuditā ; rab tu dga’ ba ), (2) Stainless ( vimalā ; dri ma med pa ), (3) Luminous ( prabhākarī ; ’od byed pa ), (4) Radiant ( arciṣmatī ; ’od ’phro can ), (5) Invincible ( sudurjayā ; s hin tu sbyang dka’ ba ), (6) Facing ","alternatives":["ten levels","ten grounds","ten stages"],"periods":{},"notes":"The bodhisattva levels. The single syllable ས is also the word for 'earth' and must not be pinned as 'ground' on its own.","source":"curated+84000","id":"sa-bcu","english_loan":"the ten grounds","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བདག","wylie":"bdag","sanskrit":"ātman","english":"self","category":"doctrine","frequency":5,"definition":"A substantial, self-subsistent entity within beings or things, or the intrinsic reality of things, or the intrinsic identity of things, that is permanent and nonrelative. The Buddha’s teaching, in contrast to that of other spiritual traditions, holds as a key tenet that the presumed existence of such a ‘self’ (in Mahāy","alternatives":["self","“I”"],"periods":{"old-tibetan":{"renderings":["self","I"],"note":"In the Dunhuang narratives བདག is simply the first person ('I'), not the philosophical Self. Do not capitalise it there."}},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"bdag","english_loan":"self","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བདེན་པ་བཞི","wylie":"bden pa bzhi","sanskrit":"catvāri āryasatyāni","english":"the four truths","category":"doctrine","frequency":4,"definition":"The four truths of nobles ones are the truths of suffering, the origin of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path leading to the cessation of suffering. Another classification of the truths referred to in the sūtra is that of the two truths, conventional and ultimate .","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"Do not expand to 'four noble truths' unless the source has འཕགས་པ.","source":"curated+84000","id":"bden-pa-bzhi","english_loan":"the four truths","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དེ་ཁོ་ན་ཉིད","wylie":"de kho na nyid","sanskrit":"tathatā","english":"suchness","category":"doctrine","frequency":3,"definition":"The ultimate nature of things, the way things are in reality as opposed to the way they appear to beings who have not awakened.","alternatives":["essential nature"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"de-kho-na-nyid","english_loan":"tathatā","english_plain":"suchness","first_gloss":"reality as it is","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"ཀུན་རྫོབ","wylie":"kun rdzob","sanskrit":"saṃvṛti","english":"conventional","category":"doctrine","frequency":3,"definition":"Conveys the relative or conventional view of the world according to the understanding of ordinary unawakened beings. This is distinguished from the ultimate truth, which conveys the understanding of phenomena as they really are. Saṃvṛti literally means “covered” or “concealed,” implying that the relative reality seen b","alternatives":["conventional reality","relative"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"kun-rdzob","english_loan":"conventional","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སྤྲུལ་པའི་སྐུ","wylie":"sprul pa'i sku","sanskrit":"nirmāṇakāya","english":"nirmāṇakāya","category":"doctrine","frequency":3,"definition":"The body of a buddha visible to ordinary sentient beings.","alternatives":["nirmāṇakāya","emanated body"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"sprul-pa-i-sku","english_loan":"nirmāṇakāya","english_plain":"emanation body","first_gloss":"the form a buddha takes to guide beings","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"སྡུག་བསྔལ","wylie":"sdug bsngal","sanskrit":"duḥkha","english":"suffering","category":"doctrine","frequency":2,"definition":"The first of the four truths of the noble ones. The term “suffering” includes all essentially unsatisfactory experiences of life in cyclic existence, whether physical or mental. These comprise (1) the suffering of suffering, i.e., the physical sensations and mental experiences that are self-evident as suffering and tow","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"sdug-bsngal","english_loan":"suffering","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཐུགས་རྗེ","wylie":"thugs rje","sanskrit":"karuṇā","english":"compassion","category":"doctrine","frequency":2,"definition":"","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"thugs-rje","english_loan":"karuṇā","english_plain":"compassion","first_gloss":"the wish that beings be free of suffering","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"ལོངས་སྤྱོད་རྫོགས་པའི་སྐུ","wylie":"longs spyod rdzogs pa'i sku","sanskrit":"saṃbhogakāya","english":"saṃbhogakāya","category":"doctrine","frequency":2,"definition":"“Body of enjoyment.” Aspect of buddhahood perceptible to bodhisattvas .","alternatives":["saṃbhogakāya"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"longs-spyod-rdzogs-pa-i-sku","english_loan":"saṃbhogakāya","english_plain":"enjoyment body","first_gloss":"the form in which a buddha enjoys the dharma in pure realms","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"ལྟུང་བ","wylie":"ltung ba","sanskrit":"āpatti","english":"downfall","category":"doctrine","frequency":1,"definition":"See “ transgression .”","alternatives":[],"periods":{"classical":{"renderings":["downfall","transgression"],"note":"In Vinaya material ལྟུང་བ is a monastic offence (āpatti); 'fall' is the literal sense but reads as a physical fall in English. Use 'downfall' or 'transgression'."}},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"ltung-ba","english_loan":"downfall","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དོན་དམ","wylie":"don dam","sanskrit":"paramārtha","english":"ultimate","category":"doctrine","periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated","id":"don-dam","english_loan":"ultimate","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དབྱིངས","wylie":"dbyings","sanskrit":"dhātu","english":"expanse","category":"doctrine","periods":{"classical":{"renderings":["expanse","space"],"note":"In Dzogchen ཆོས་དབྱིངས is 'the expanse of reality'; earlier texts use it more plainly as 'realm/space'."}},"notes":"","source":"curated","id":"dbyings","english_loan":"expanse","english_plain":"element","first_gloss":"a constituent category of experience","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"སྡེ","wylie":"sde","sanskrit":"nikāya","english":"class","category":"doctrine","periods":{},"notes":"A division or group (སྡེ་ལྔ 'five classes'); in titles of canonical collections it is often left untranslated as part of a name.","source":"curated","id":"sde","english_loan":"class","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས","wylie":"bcom ldan 'das","sanskrit":"bhagavat","english":"the Blessed One","category":"epithet","frequency":215,"definition":"In Buddhist literature, this is an epithet applied to buddhas, most often to Śākyamuni. The Sanskrit term generally means “possessing fortune,” but in specifically Buddhist contexts it implies that a buddha is in possession of six auspicious qualities ( bhaga ) associated with complete awakening. The Tibetan term‍—wher","alternatives":["blessed","Blessed One","bhagavān","Bhagavān","bhagavat","Blessed Lady","Blessed one","lord","Bhagavat"],"periods":{"old-tibetan":{"renderings":["the Blessed One","the Lord"],"note":"Old Tibetan scribes write བཅོམ་ལྡན་དས or བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས; both are the same epithet. 'the Lord' is acceptable where the sentence already carries a personal name."}},"notes":"84000 harmonises on 'the Blessed One'. Do not alternate with 'Bhagavān' inside one text.","source":"curated+84000","id":"bcom-ldan-das","english_loan":"the Blessed One","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"an epithet of a buddha","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ","wylie":"dgra bcom pa","sanskrit":"arhat","english":"arhat","category":"epithet","frequency":98,"definition":"In Sanskrit, arhat is the masculine form, and arhantī is the feminine form of the word; the Tibetan translation of the Āyuḥparyanta­sūtra does not distinguish a masculine and a feminine form. It refers to one who has achieved the fourth and final level of attainment on the śrāvaka path, and who has attained liberation ","alternatives":["worthy","worthy one","arhantī","Arhat"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"curated+84000","id":"dgra-bcom-pa","english_loan":"arhat","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"one freed from affliction","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ","wylie":"de bzhin gshegs pa","sanskrit":"tathāgata","english":"tathāgata","category":"epithet","frequency":91,"definition":"A frequently used synonym for buddha . According to different explanations, it can be read as tathā-gata , literally meaning “one who has thus gone,” or as tathā-āgata , “one who has thus come.” Gata , though literally meaning “gone,” is a past passive participle used to describe a state or condition of existence. Tath","alternatives":["thus-gone","Thus-Gone One","thus-gone one"],"periods":{},"notes":"Kept as the Sanskrit loan in translation (84000 practice), not 'Thus-Gone One'.","source":"curated+84000","id":"de-bzhin-gshegs-pa","english_loan":"tathāgata","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"an epithet of a buddha","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཀུན་དགའ་བོ","wylie":"kun dga’ bo","sanskrit":"ānanda","english":"Ānanda","category":"general","frequency":120,"definition":"A major śrāvaka disciple and personal attendant of the Buddha Śākyamuni during the last twenty-five years of his life. He was a cousin of the Buddha (according to the Mahāvastu , he was a son of Śuklodana, one of the brothers of King Śuddhodana, which means he was a brother of Devadatta; other sources say he was a son ","alternatives":["Ā­nanda"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"kun-dga-bo","english_loan":"Ānanda","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the Buddha's attendant","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ","wylie":"byang chub sems dpa’","sanskrit":"bodhisattva","english":"bodhisattva","category":"general","frequency":76,"definition":"A being who is dedicated to the cultivation and fulfilment of the altruistic intention to attain manifestly perfect buddhahood, traversing the five bodhisattva paths and ten bodhisattva levels. Bodhisattvas purposely opt to remain within saṃsāra to liberate all sentient beings, instead of simply seeking personal freedo","alternatives":["bodhisatva"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"byang-chub-sems-dpa","english_loan":"bodhisattva","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"a being dedicated to awakening","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ནམ་མཁའ་ལྡིང་","wylie":"nam mkha’ lding","sanskrit":"garuḍa","english":"garuḍa","category":"general","frequency":71,"definition":"In Indian mythology, the garuḍa is an eagle-like bird that is regarded as the king of all birds, normally depicted with a sharp, owl-like beak, often holding a snake, and with large and powerful wings. They are traditionally enemies of the nāgas. In the Vedas, they are said to have brought nectar from the heavens to ea","alternatives":["Garuḍa","kinnara"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"nam-mkha-lding","english_loan":"garuḍa","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན","wylie":"ting nge ’dzin","sanskrit":"samādhi","english":"absorption","category":"general","frequency":70,"definition":"In general, the second of the three trainings ( triśikṣā ), and in this text and others the second of five qualities of the Saṅgha that are also described in other texts as the five undefiled (or beyond-worldly) aggregates ( skandha ) characteristic of noble ones. In a general sense, samādhi can describe a number of di","alternatives":["samādhi","meditative concentration","meditative absorption","contemplation","concentration","meditative stability","meditative stabilization"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"ting-nge-dzin","english_loan":"absorption","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"meditative absorption","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བདུད","wylie":"Bdud","sanskrit":"māra","english":"Māra","category":"general","frequency":70,"definition":"Māra , literally “death” or “maker of death,” is the name of the deva who tried to prevent the Buddha from achieving awakening, the name given to the class of beings he leads, and also an impersonal term for the destructive forces that keep beings imprisoned in saṃsāra: (1) As a deva, Māra is said to be the principal d","alternatives":["demon","māra","Antaka"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"bdud","english_loan":"Māra","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"ཉན་ཐོས","wylie":"nyan thos","sanskrit":"śrāvaka","english":"hearer","category":"general","frequency":67,"definition":"The Sanskrit term śrāvaka , and the Tibetan nyan thos , both derived from the verb “to hear,” are usually defined as “those who hear the teaching from the Buddha and make it heard to others.” Primarily this refers to those disciples of the Buddha who aspire to attain the state of an arhat seeking their own liberation a","alternatives":["śrāvaka","disciple","Hearer","listener"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"nyan-thos","english_loan":"hearer","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"a hearer of the teachings","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བྱམས་པ","wylie":"byams pa","sanskrit":"maitreya","english":"Maitreya","category":"general","frequency":66,"definition":"The bodhisattva Maitreya is an important figure in many Buddhist traditions, where he is unanimously regarded as the buddha of the future era. He is said to currently reside in the heaven of Tuṣita, as Śākyamuni’s regent, where he awaits the proper time to take his final rebirth and become the fifth buddha in the Fortu","alternatives":["loving kindness","love","friendly kindness","benevolence","loving-kindness","friendliness"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"byams-pa","english_loan":"Maitreya","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the future buddha","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"འབྱུང་པོ","wylie":"’byung po","sanskrit":"bhūta","english":"bhūta","category":"general","frequency":65,"definition":"This term in its broadest sense can refer to any being, whether human, animal, or nonhuman. However, it is often used to refer to a specific class of nonhuman beings, especially when bhūtas are mentioned alongside rākṣasas, piśācas, or pretas. In common with these other kinds of nonhumans, bhūtas are usually depicted w","alternatives":["spirit"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"byung-po","english_loan":"bhūta","english_plain":"spirit","first_gloss":"a class of beings","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"དགེ་སློང་","wylie":"dge slong","sanskrit":"bhikṣu","english":"monk","category":"general","frequency":63,"definition":"The term bhikṣu , often translated as “monk,” refers to the highest among the eight types of prātimokṣa vows that make one part of the Buddhist assembly. The Sanskrit term literally means “beggar” or “mendicant,” referring to the fact that Buddhist monks and nuns‍—like other ascetics of the time‍—subsisted on alms ( bh","alternatives":["bhikṣu","fully ordained monk","mendicant"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dge-slong","english_loan":"monk","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"a monk","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"འཇམ་དཔལ","wylie":"’jam dpal","sanskrit":"mañjuśrī","english":"Mañjuśrī","category":"general","frequency":57,"definition":"Mañjuśrī is one of the “eight close sons of the Buddha” and a bodhisattva who embodies wisdom. He is a major figure in the Mahāyāna sūtras, appearing often as an interlocutor of the Buddha. In his most well-known iconographic form, he is portrayed bearing the sword of wisdom in his right hand and a volume of the Prajñā","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"jam-dpal","english_loan":"Mañjuśrī","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the bodhisattva of wisdom","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"ཛི་ན་མི་ཏྲ","wylie":"dzi na mi tra","sanskrit":"","english":"Jinamitra","category":"general","frequency":55,"definition":"Jinamitra was invited to Tibet during the reign of King Trisong Detsen ( khri srong lde btsan , r. 742–98 ᴄᴇ ) and was involved with the translation of nearly two hundred texts, continuing into the reign of King Ralpachen ( ral pa can , r. 815–38 ᴄᴇ ). He was one of the small group of paṇḍitas responsible for the Mahāv","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dzi-na-mi-tra","english_loan":"Jinamitra","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རྒྱལ་བུ་རྒྱལ་བྱེད་ཀྱི་ཚལ་མགོན་མེད་ཟས་སྦྱིན་གྱི་ཀུན་དགའ་ར་བ","wylie":"rgyal bu rgyal byed kyi tshal mgon med zas sbyin gyi kun dga’ ra ba","sanskrit":"jetavanam anāthapiṇḍadasyārāmaḥ","english":"Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park","category":"general","frequency":53,"definition":"One of the first Buddhist monasteries, located in a park outside Śrāvastī, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kośala in northern India. This park was originally owned by Prince Jeta, hence the name Jetavana, meaning Jeta’s grove. The wealthy merchant Anāthapiṇḍada, wishing to offer it to the Buddha, sought to buy it","alternatives":["Prince Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park","Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park","Prince Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍada’s park","Jetavana, Anātha­piṇḍada’s Park","Prince Jeta’s Grove, Anātha­piṇḍada’s park","Jeta’s Wood, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park","Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍada’s park"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rgyal-bu-rgyal-byed-kyi-tshal-mgon-med-zas-sbyin-gyi-kun-dga-ra-ba","english_loan":"Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རྒྱལ་པོའི་ཁབ","wylie":"rgyal po’i khab","sanskrit":"rājagṛha","english":"Rājagṛha","category":"general","frequency":51,"definition":"The ancient capital of Magadha prior to its relocation to Pāṭaliputra during the Mauryan dynasty, Rājagṛha is one of the most important locations in Buddhist history. The literature tells us that the Buddha and his saṅgha spent a considerable amount of time in residence in and around Rājagṛha‍—in nearby places, such as","alternatives":["Rājgṛha"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rgyal-po-i-khab","english_loan":"Rājagṛha","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བསམ་གཏན","wylie":"bsam gtan","sanskrit":"dhyāna","english":"concentration","category":"general","frequency":46,"definition":"Designates both the mental state of deep concentration and the meditative practices leading to it. These states are characterized by a gradual withdrawal of consciousness from external sense data. Two broad distinctions are made: rūpāvacara­dhyāna , or the meditative concentration associated with the form realm, and ār","alternatives":["dhyāna","meditation","meditative absorption","meditative concentration"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"bsam-gtan","english_loan":"concentration","english_plain":"meditative absorption","first_gloss":"a state of concentrated absorption","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"མིའམ་ཅི","wylie":"mi’am ci","sanskrit":"kinnara","english":"kinnara","category":"general","frequency":45,"definition":"A class of nonhuman beings that resemble humans to the degree that their very name‍—which means “is that human?”‍—suggests some confusion as to their divine status. Kinnaras are mythological beings found in both Buddhist and Brahmanical literature, where they are portrayed as creatures half human, half animal. They are","alternatives":["Kinnara"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mi-am-ci","english_loan":"kinnara","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ལྟོ་འཕྱེ་ཆེན་པོ","wylie":"lto ’phye chen po","sanskrit":"mahoraga","english":"mahoraga","category":"general","frequency":45,"definition":"Literally “great serpents,” mahoragas are supernatural beings depicted as large, subterranean beings with human torsos and heads and the lower bodies of serpents. Their movements are said to cause earthquakes, and they make up a class of subterranean geomantic spirits whose movement through the seasons and months of th","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"lto-phye-chen-po","english_loan":"mahoraga","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མཆོད་རྟེན","wylie":"mchod rten","sanskrit":"caitya","english":"caitya","category":"general","frequency":43,"definition":"The Tibetan translates both stūpa and caitya with the same word, mchod rten , meaning “basis” or “recipient” of “offerings” or “veneration.” Pali: cetiya . A caitya, although often synonymous with stūpa , can also refer to any site, sanctuary or shrine that is made for veneration, and may or may not contain relics. A s","alternatives":["stūpa","Stūpa"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mchod-rten","english_loan":"caitya","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཚུལ་ཁྲིམས","wylie":"tshul khrims","sanskrit":"śīla","english":"discipline","category":"general","frequency":43,"definition":"In general, the first of the three trainings ( triśikṣā ), and in this text and others the first of five qualities of the Saṅgha that are also described in other texts as the five undefiled (or beyond-worldly) aggregates ( skandha ) characteristic of noble ones. Morally virtuous or disciplined conduct and the abandonme","alternatives":["ethical discipline","moral discipline","good conduct","ethics","morality","moral conduct","disciplined conduct","ethical conduct"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"tshul-khrims","english_loan":"discipline","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མཉན་ཡོད","wylie":"mnyan yod","sanskrit":"śrāvastī","english":"Śrāvastī","category":"general","frequency":43,"definition":"During the life of the Buddha, Śrāvastī was the capital city of the powerful kingdom of Kośala, ruled by King Prasenajit, who became a follower and patron of the Buddha. It was also the hometown of Anāthapiṇḍada, the wealthy patron who first invited the Buddha there, and then offered him a park known as Jetavana, Princ","alternatives":["city of Śrāvastī"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mnyan-yod","english_loan":"Śrāvastī","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"འོག་མིན","wylie":"’og min","sanskrit":"akaniṣṭha","english":"Akaniṣṭha","category":"general","frequency":41,"definition":"The eighth and highest level of the realm of form ( rūpadhātu , gzugs khams ), and thus part of the world of the Brahmā gods ( brahmaloka , gtsang ris ); it is only accessible as the result of specific states of dhyāna . According to some texts this is where non-returners ( anāgāmin ) dwell in their last lives. In othe","alternatives":["Akaniṣṭha Heaven","Highest Heaven","Akaniṣṭhā","those who are highest","Below No Other"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"og-min","english_loan":"Akaniṣṭha","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རྒྱལ་པོ་ཆེན་པོ་བཞི","wylie":"rgyal po chen po bzhi","sanskrit":"caturmahārāja","english":"Four Great Kings","category":"general","frequency":41,"definition":"Four gods who live on the lower slopes (fourth level) of Mount Meru in the eponymous Heaven of the Four Great Kings ( Cāturmahā­rājika , rgyal chen bzhi’i ris ) and guard the four cardinal directions. Each is the leader of a nonhuman class of beings living in his realm. They are Dhṛtarāṣṭra, ruling the gandharvas in th","alternatives":["Four Mahārājas","Four Guardian Kings","four mahārājas","four great kings","Catur­mahā­rāja"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rgyal-po-chen-po-bzhi","english_loan":"Four Great Kings","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཆོས་ཀྱི་དབྱིངས","wylie":"chos kyi dbyings","sanskrit":"dharmadhātu","english":"dharmadhātu","category":"general","frequency":38,"definition":"Interpreted variously‍—given the many connotations of both dharma and dhātu‍ ‍—as the realm, element, or nature of phenomena, reality, or truth. Generally taken to denote the entirety of phenomena and particularly their nature as a synonym of other terms designating the ultimate. In Tibetan, instances of the Sanskrit d","alternatives":["expanse of phenomena","realm of phenomena","sphere of reality","realm of reality","realm of Dharma","expanse of reality","Dharma element","domain of truth","dharma realm","sphere of phenomena"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"chos-kyi-dbyings","english_loan":"dharmadhātu","english_plain":"dharma-realm","first_gloss":"the expanse of all phenomena","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"དཱ་ན་ཤཱི་ལ","wylie":"dA na shI la","sanskrit":"","english":"Dānaśīla","category":"general","frequency":37,"definition":"A Kashmiri khenpo active in Tibet, who helped compile the Mahāvyutpatti and was one of the about fifteen Indian scholars, who assisted Bandé Yeshé Dé. (ninth century).","alternatives":["Danaśila"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"da-na-shi-la","english_loan":"Dānaśīla","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སྲིན་པོ","wylie":"srin po","sanskrit":"rākṣasa","english":"rākṣasa","category":"general","frequency":37,"definition":"A class of nonhuman beings that, like several other classes of nonhuman beings, take spontaneous birth. Ranking below rākṣasas, they are less powerful and more akin to pretas. They are said to dwell in impure and perilous places, where they feed on impure things, including flesh. This could account for the name piśāca ","alternatives":["piśāca"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"srin-po","english_loan":"rākṣasa","english_plain":"demon","first_gloss":"a fierce class of beings","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"མི་འཁྲུགས་པ","wylie":"mi ’khrugs pa","sanskrit":"akṣobhya","english":"Akṣobhya","category":"general","frequency":37,"definition":"The buddha whom the bodhisattva Akṣobhya, the ninth son of King Araṇemin , is prophesied to become in the realm Abhirati . His name as a bodhisattva and buddha is the same. At the time when this sūtra appeared, he was already a well-known buddha and later become important as the head of one of the five buddha families ","alternatives":["A­kṣobhya"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mi-khrugs-pa","english_loan":"Akṣobhya","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བྲམ་ཟེ","wylie":"bram ze","sanskrit":"brāhmaṇa","english":"brahmin","category":"general","frequency":36,"definition":"In The Exposition of Karma , when not part of a name (e.g., bram ze to’u de ya ; bram ze char ’bebs ), this term may designate a Buddhist practitioner (especially when mentioned together with śramaṇas ) and/or a person worthy of respect and a high social status (i.e., belonging to the brahmin class) independent of thei","alternatives":["brāhmaṇa"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"bram-ze","english_loan":"brahmin","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"འཛམ་བུའི་གླིང་","wylie":"’dzam bu’i gling","sanskrit":"jambudvīpa","english":"Jambudvīpa","category":"general","frequency":35,"definition":"The name of the southern continent in Buddhist cosmology, which can signify either the known human world, or more specifically the Indian subcontinent, literally “the jambu island/continent.” Jambu is the name used for a range of plum-like fruits from trees belonging to the genus Szygium , particularly Szygium jambos a","alternatives":["Jambu continent","Jambūdvīpa"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dzam-bu-i-gling","english_loan":"Jambudvīpa","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མི་སྐྱེ་བའི་ཆོས་ལ་བཟོད་པ","wylie":"mi skye ba’i chos la bzod pa","sanskrit":"anutpatti­kadharmakṣāntilābha","english":"acceptance that phenomena are unborn","category":"general","frequency":35,"definition":"The third and final stage of the three levels of intellectual receptivity or acceptance ( kṣānti ) of the Dharma. Tantamount to an acceptance of the emptiness of all things, the fact that they do not arise or cease as substantial or essentially real phenomena. It follows from the second level of acceptance , which brin","alternatives":["acceptance of the unborn nature of phenomena","acceptance that phenomena are unproduced","acceptance that phenomena are nonarising","patient forbearance in seeing all phenomena as nonarising","acceptance of the nonorigination of phenomena","acceptance that phenomena do not arise","acceptance of phenomena being unborn","acceptance that phenomena are unarisen","acceptance of the fact that things do not arise","acceptance of the fact that phenomena are unborn","forbearance toward phenomena as unborn","acceptance of the non-arising of phenomena","acceptance of the birthlessness of phenomena","forbearance for birthless phenomena","acceptance that phenomena are non-arisen"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mi-skye-ba-i-chos-la-bzod-pa","english_loan":"acceptance that phenomena are unborn","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཞིང་","wylie":"sangs rgyas kyi zhing","sanskrit":"buddhakṣetra","english":"buddhafield","category":"general","frequency":35,"definition":"This term denotes the operational field of a specific buddha, spontaneously arising as a result of his altruistic aspirations. This sūtra mentions “empty buddha realms,” seemingly referring to world systems that do not have a buddha, as well as buddha realms that are inundated with the five impurities , which seems to ","alternatives":["buddha land","buddha field","buddha realm","buddha lands"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"sangs-rgyas-kyi-zhing","english_loan":"buddhafield","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཡེ་ཤེས་སྡེ","wylie":"ye shes sde","sanskrit":"","english":"Yeshé Dé","category":"general","frequency":34,"definition":"Yeshé Dé (late eighth to early ninth century) was the most prolific translator of sūtras into Tibetan. Altogether he is credited with the translation of more than one hundred sixty sūtra translations and more than one hundred additional translations, mostly on tantric topics. In spite of Yeshé Dé’s great importance for","alternatives":["Bandé Yeshé Dé"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"ye-shes-sde","english_loan":"Yeshé Dé","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བཟོད་པ","wylie":"bzod pa","sanskrit":"kṣānti","english":"acceptance","category":"general","frequency":34,"definition":"The sūtra tradition speaks of three levels of intellectual receptivity or acceptance of the Dharma. At the highest level is “the acceptance of the fact that things do not arise” ( anutpattikadharmakṣānti ), which is tantamount to an acceptance of the emptiness of all things, the fact that they do not arise or cease as ","alternatives":["forbearance","tolerance","patience","Patience","receptivity","Acceptance","accept","endurance","patient"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"bzod-pa","english_loan":"acceptance","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"གང་གཱ","wylie":"gang gA","sanskrit":"gaṅgā","english":"Ganges","category":"general","frequency":34,"definition":"The Gaṅgā, or Ganges in English, is considered to be the most sacred river of India, particularly within the Hindu tradition. It starts in the Himalayas, flows through the northern plains of India, bathing the holy city of Vārāṇasī, and meets the sea at the Bay of Bengal, in Bangladesh. In the sūtras, however, this riv","alternatives":["Gaṅgā","Gaṅgā River","Gaṅga","Ganges River"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"gang-ga","english_loan":"Ganges","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དགའ་ལྡན","wylie":"dga’ ldan","sanskrit":"tuṣita","english":"Heaven of Joy","category":"general","frequency":34,"definition":"Tuṣita (or sometimes Saṃtuṣita), literally “Joyous” or “Contented,” is one of the six heavens of the desire realm ( kāmadhātu ). In standard classifications, such as the one in the Abhidharmakośa , it is ranked as the fourth of the six counting from below. This god realm is where all future buddhas are said to dwell be","alternatives":["Joyous Heaven","Tuṣita","Tuṣita heaven","Tuṣita Heaven","Joy"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dga-ldan","english_loan":"Heaven of Joy","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་གསུམ","wylie":"sum cu rtsa gsum","sanskrit":"trayastriṃśa","english":"Heaven of the Thirty-Three","category":"general","frequency":33,"definition":"In Buddhist cosmology, the Heaven of the Thirty-Three is the second lowest of the six heavens in the desire realm ( kāmadhātu ). Situated on the flat summit of Mount Sumeru, it lies above the Heaven of the Four Great Kings ( Caturmahārāja­kāyika ) and below the Yāma Heaven. It consists of thirty-three regions, each pre","alternatives":["Thirty-Three","Thirty-Three Gods"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"sum-cu-rtsa-gsum","english_loan":"Heaven of the Thirty-Three","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རང་སངས་རྒྱས","wylie":"rang sangs rgyas","sanskrit":"pratyekabuddha","english":"pratyekabuddha","category":"general","frequency":33,"definition":"Literally, “buddha for oneself” or “solitary realizer.” Someone who, in his or her last life, attains awakening entirely through their own contemplation, without relying on a teacher. Unlike the awakening of a fully realized buddha ( samyaksambuddha ), the accomplishment of a pratyeka­buddha is not regarded as final or","alternatives":["solitary realizer","solitary buddha","solitary awakener","pratyeka­buddha"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rang-sangs-rgyas","english_loan":"pratyekabuddha","english_plain":"solitary buddha","first_gloss":"one awakened without a teacher","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"བརྩོན་འགྲུས","wylie":"brtson ’grus","sanskrit":"vīrya","english":"diligence","category":"general","frequency":32,"definition":"The Sanskrit term vīrya may be understood as “energy” or “vigor.” In Buddhist contexts the term implies having enthusiasm toward a virtuous endeavor, which includes taking joy in such virtuous endeavor, and it is considered an antidote to laziness. It is included in many different lists of positive attributes, and late","alternatives":["perseverance","effort","joyous effort","determination","vigor"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"brtson-grus","english_loan":"diligence","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བདེ་བར་གཤེགས་པ","wylie":"bde bar gshegs pa","sanskrit":"sugata","english":"sugata","category":"general","frequency":32,"definition":"Here it is the fifth epithet through which the Buddha Śākyamuni is to be recollected. One of the standard epithets of the buddhas. A recurrent explanation offers three different meanings for su- that are meant to show the special qualities of “accomplishment of one’s own purpose” ( svārthasampad ) for a complete buddha","alternatives":["well-gone ones","well-gone one","Well-Gone One","well gone","Sugata"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"bde-bar-gshegs-pa","english_loan":"sugata","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མ་དྲོས་པ","wylie":"ma dros pa","sanskrit":"anavatapta","english":"Anavatapta","category":"general","frequency":31,"definition":"A buddha realm located in the eastern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni . Also called Absence of Torment .","alternatives":["A­nava­tapta","Anavapta","Absence of Heat"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"ma-dros-pa","english_loan":"Anavatapta","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཡན་ལག","wylie":"byang chub kyi yan lag","sanskrit":"bodhyaṅga","english":"branches of awakening","category":"general","frequency":31,"definition":"In this text, this set of factors is said to include discipline, insight , absorption, liberation, the vision of liberated wisdom, the perfection of generosity, the perfection of discipline, the perfection of patience, the perfection of diligence, the perfection of concentration, and the perfection of insight . However","alternatives":["branches of enlightenment","Branches of awakening","factors of enlightenment","aspects of awakening","factors of the awakening","limbs of awakening","factors of awakening","aspects of enlightenment"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"byang-chub-kyi-yan-lag","english_loan":"branches of awakening","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མཚམས་མེད་པ་ལྔ","wylie":"mtshams med pa lnga","sanskrit":"pañcānantarya","english":"five acts with immediate retribution","category":"general","frequency":30,"definition":"Describing the result of committing one of five particularly heinous crimes: (1) killing one’s father, (2) killing one’s mother, (3) killing an arhat, (4) maliciously drawing blood from a buddha, and (5) causing a schism in the sangha. In this sūtra, Mañjuśrī describes a corresponding set of five acts with immediate co","alternatives":["five acts of immediate retribution","five misdeeds with immediate retribution","five acts with immediate consequence","five karmas that have immediate result at death","five actions with immediate retribution","five deeds entailing immediate retribution","five actions of immediate consequence","Five deeds of immediate retribution.","five deeds of immediate retribution","five sins of immediate retribution","five misdeeds of immediate retribution","five acts with immediate results","five actions with immediate results","five heinous deeds"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mtshams-med-pa-lnga","english_loan":"five acts with immediate retribution","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཚེ་དཔག་མེད","wylie":"tshe dpag med","sanskrit":"amitāyus","english":"Amitāyus","category":"general","frequency":29,"definition":"The Buddha in the western realm of Sukhāvatī . Later and presently better known by his alternative name Amitābha . Not to be confused with the buddha of long life, Aparimitāyus, whose name has been incorrectly back-translated into Sanskrit as Amitāyus also.","alternatives":["Aparimitāyus"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"tshe-dpag-med","english_loan":"Amitāyus","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས","wylie":"spyan ras gzigs","sanskrit":"avalokiteśvara","english":"Avalokiteśvara","category":"general","frequency":29,"definition":"First appeared as a bodhisattva beside Amitābha in the Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra ( The Display of the Pure Land of Sukhāvatī , Toh 115). The name has been variously interpreted. In its meaning as “the lord of avalokita,” avalokita has been interpreted as “seeing,” although, as a past passive participle, it is literally “lor","alternatives":["Avalokita"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"spyan-ras-gzigs","english_loan":"Avalokiteśvara","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the bodhisattva of compassion","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"འཇམ་དཔལ་གཞོན་ནུར་གྱུར་པ","wylie":"’jam dpal gzhon nur gyur pa","sanskrit":"mañjuśrī­kumāra­bhūta","english":"Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta","category":"general","frequency":29,"definition":"Evolved from the gandharva Pañcaśikha in early Buddhism, which remains one of Mañjuśrī ’s alternate names. Pañcaśikha was a gandharva who lived on a five-peaked mountain, and who brought the Buddha information on what was occuring in the paradises. Mañjuśrī is the first prominent bodhisattva after Maitreya in the early","alternatives":["Youthful Mañjuśrī","Mañjuśrī­kumāra­bhūta","Mañjuśrīkumārabhūta","Mañjuśrī, the youthful","Prince Mañjuśrī","Mañjuśrī","youthful Mañjuśrī"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"jam-dpal-gzhon-nur-gyur-pa","english_loan":"Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བདེ་བ་ཅན","wylie":"bde ba can","sanskrit":"sukhāvatī","english":"Sukhāvatī","category":"general","frequency":28,"definition":"Sukhāvatī (Blissful) is the buddhafield to the west inhabited by the Buddha Amitāyus , who is also known as Amitābha. It is classically described in The Display of the Pure Land of Sukhāvatī ( Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra ).","alternatives":["Blissful","Realm of Bliss"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"bde-ba-can","english_loan":"Sukhāvatī","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཉོན་མོངས་པ","wylie":"nyon mongs pa","sanskrit":"kleśa","english":"affliction","category":"general","frequency":28,"definition":"The essentially pure nature of mind is obscured and afflicted by various psychological defilements, which destroy the mind’s peace and composure and lead to unwholesome deeds of body, speech, and mind, acting as causes for continued existence in saṃsāra. Included among them are the primary afflictions of desire ( rāga ","alternatives":["defilement","primary affliction","afflictive emotion","afflicted","afflicted mental state","emotional defilement"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"nyon-mongs-pa","english_loan":"affliction","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དབང་པོ","wylie":"dbang po","sanskrit":"indra","english":"Indra","category":"general","frequency":28,"definition":"“Faculties” is a translation meant to represent the preferred etymologization of indriya in Buddhist texts as indanti , meaning “they have power,” which is also reflected in the Tibetan translation as dbang po . Different lists of indriyas exist within the Buddhist texts, their common trait being that they have “power”","alternatives":["faculty","faculties","Mighty One"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dbang-po","english_loan":"Indra","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"གདོན","wylie":"gdon","sanskrit":"graha","english":"graha","category":"general","frequency":28,"definition":"The term graha refers to a class of nonhuman beings who “seize,” possess, or otherwise adversely influence other beings by causing a range of physical and mental afflictions, as well as various kinds of misfortune. The term can also be applied generically to other classes of supernatural beings who have the capacity to","alternatives":["evil spirit","seizer","grahī","harmful spirit"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"gdon","english_loan":"graha","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཡི་དགས","wylie":"yi dags","sanskrit":"preta","english":"preta","category":"general","frequency":27,"definition":"One of the five or six classes of sentient beings, into which beings are born as the karmic fruition of past miserliness. As the term in Sanskrit means “the departed,” they are analogous to the ancestral spirits of Vedic tradition, the pitṛ s, who starve without the offerings of descendants. It is also commonly transla","alternatives":["hungry spirit","hungry ghost","ghost"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"yi-dags","english_loan":"preta","english_plain":"hungry ghost","first_gloss":"a class of beings tormented by craving","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"བན་དེ་ཡེ་ཤེས་སྡེ","wylie":"ban de ye shes sde","sanskrit":"","english":"Bandé Yeshé Dé","category":"general","frequency":27,"definition":"Yeshé Dé (late eighth to early ninth century) was the most prolific translator of sūtras into Tibetan. Altogether he is credited with the translation of more than one hundred sixty sūtra translations and more than one hundred additional translations, mostly on tantric topics. In spite of Yeshé Dé’s great importance for","alternatives":["Bhante Yeshé Dé"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"ban-de-ye-shes-sde","english_loan":"Bandé Yeshé Dé","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མ་སྐྱེས་དགྲ","wylie":"ma skyes dgra","sanskrit":"ajātaśatru","english":"Ajātaśatru","category":"general","frequency":27,"definition":"The king of Magadha and son of King Bimbisāra and his queen Vaidehī , he reigned during the last ten years of the Buddha ’s life and for about twenty years after. While he was a prince, he became friends with Devadatta , who convinced him to usurp his father’s throne. After he had his father imprisoned and killed, he w","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"ma-skyes-dgra","english_loan":"Ajātaśatru","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མར་མེ་མཛད","wylie":"mar me mdzad","sanskrit":"dīpaṅkara","english":"Dīpaṃkara","category":"general","frequency":27,"definition":"The buddha of the past who prophesied the future awakening of the Buddha Śākyamuni . The first of eight named buddhas of the past (with the addition of Śākyamuni making nine) in The Four Boys’Absorption .","alternatives":["Dīpaṅkara","Dīpaṁkara"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mar-me-mdzad","english_loan":"Dīpaṃkara","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བསྐལ་པ","wylie":"bskal pa","sanskrit":"kalpa","english":"eon","category":"general","frequency":27,"definition":"The Indian concept of a period of millions of years, sometimes equivalent to the time when a world appears, exists, and disappears. There are also the intermediate kalpas during the existence of a world, the longest of which is called asaṃkhyeya , (literally “incalculable,” even though the number of its years is calcul","alternatives":["kalpa","cosmic age","age"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"bskal-pa","english_loan":"eon","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དགེ་སྦྱོང་","wylie":"dge sbyong","sanskrit":"śramaṇa","english":"ascetic","category":"general","frequency":27,"definition":"A general term applied to spiritual practitioners who live as ascetic mendicants. In Buddhist texts, the term usually refers to Buddhist monastics, but it can also designate a practitioner from other ascetic/monastic spiritual traditions. In this context śramaṇa is often contrasted with the term brāhmaṇa ( bram ze ), w","alternatives":["mendicant","śramaṇa","spiritual practitioner","renunciant"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dge-sbyong","english_loan":"ascetic","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་གྱི་རྐང་པ","wylie":"rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa","sanskrit":"ṛddhipāda","english":"bases of miraculous power","category":"general","frequency":27,"definition":"The four bases of supernatural powers ( ṛddhipāda , rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi ) are: (1) concentration through will ( chanda , ’dun pa ), (2) concentration through vigor ( vīrya , brtson ’grus ), (3) concentration through the mind ( citta , bsam pa ), and (4) concentration through investigation ( mīmāṃsā , dpyod pa","alternatives":["foundations of miraculous power","bases for supernatural powers","bases of magic powers","bases of miraculous absorption","bases of miraculous powers","bases of magical power","bases of miracles","bases of miraculous display","bases of supernatural power","bases of supernatural powers","foundations of miraculous powers"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rdzu-phrul-gyi-rkang-pa","english_loan":"bases of miraculous power","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ་སེམས་དཔའ་ཆེན་པོ","wylie":"byang chub sems dpa’ sems dpa’ chen po","sanskrit":"bodhisattva mahāsattva","english":"bodhisattva mahāsattva","category":"general","frequency":26,"definition":"The term can be understood to mean “great courageous one” or \"great hero,” or (from the Sanskrit) simply “great being,” and is almost always found as an epithet of “bodhisattva.” The qualification “great” in this term, according to the majority of canonical definitions, focuses on the generic greatness common to all bo","alternatives":["bodhisattva great being","bodhisattva-mahāsattva"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"byang-chub-sems-dpa-sems-dpa-chen-po","english_loan":"bodhisattva mahāsattva","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མནར་མེད","wylie":"mnar med","sanskrit":"avīci","english":"Avīci","category":"general","frequency":26,"definition":"The lowest and most severe among the eight hot hell realms. It is characterized as endless not only in terms of the torment undergone there, but also because of the ceaseless chain of actions and effects experienced, the long lifespan of its denizens, and their being so intensely crowded together that there is no physi","alternatives":["Hell of Endless Torment","Ceaseless Torment","Hell of Uninterrupted Torment","Hell of Ceaseless Torment","Hell of Incessant Torture","Endless Torment","Incessant Torture","Hell of Ultimate Torment","Avīci hell","Avīci Hell","Hell of Unceasing Torment"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mnar-med","english_loan":"Avīci","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ས","wylie":"sa","sanskrit":"bhūmi","english":"bhūmi","category":"general","frequency":26,"definition":"The ten levels or stages traversed by a bodhisattva that culminate in buddhahood: (1) Joyful ( pramuditā ; rab tu dga’ ba ), (2) Stainless ( vimalā ; dri ma med pa ), (3) Luminous ( prabhākarī ; ’od byed pa ), (4) Radiant ( arciṣmatī ; ’od ’phro can ), (5) Invincible ( sudurjayā ; shin tu sbyang dka’ ba ), (6) Facing D","alternatives":["bodhisattva level","level","ground","bodhisattva levels","Earth"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"sa","english_loan":"bhūmi","english_plain":"ground","first_gloss":"a stage of the bodhisattva path","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"དགེ་སློང་མ","wylie":"dge slong ma","sanskrit":"bhikṣuṇī","english":"nun","category":"general","frequency":26,"definition":"The term bhikṣuṇī , often translated as “nun,” refers to the highest among the eight types of prātimokṣa vows that make one part of the Buddhist assembly. The Sanskrit term bhikṣu (to which the female grammatical ending ṇī is added) literally means “beggar” or “mendicant,” referring to the fact that Buddhist nuns and m","alternatives":["bhikṣuṇī","fully ordained nun"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dge-slong-ma","english_loan":"nun","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དགེ་འདུན","wylie":"dge ’dun","sanskrit":"saṅgha","english":"saṅgha","category":"general","frequency":25,"definition":"Though often specifically reserved for the monastic community, this term can be applied to any of the four Buddhist communities‍—monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen‍—as well as to identify the different groups of practitioners, like the community of bodhisattvas or the community of śrāvakas. It is also the third of the T","alternatives":["community","Saṅgha","congregation"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dge-dun","english_loan":"saṅgha","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the monastic community","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མངོན་པར་དགའ་བ","wylie":"mngon par dga’ ba","sanskrit":"abhirati","english":"Abhirati","category":"general","frequency":25,"definition":"The eastern realm where the ninth son of King Araṇemin has become the Buddha Akṣobhya , and after Akṣobhya ’s nirvāṇa , where the tenth son will become the Buddha Suvarṇapuṣpa . It will be renamed Jayasoma when the eleventh son, Siṃha , becomes the Buddha Nāga­vinarditeśvara­ghoṣa there.","alternatives":["Delightful","Manifest Joy","Joyful","Abhiratī","Delight","well disposed"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mngon-par-dga-ba","english_loan":"Abhirati","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བཟང་སྐྱོང་","wylie":"bzang skyong","sanskrit":"bhadrapāla","english":"Bhadrapāla","category":"general","frequency":24,"definition":"Head of the “sixteen excellent men” ( ṣoḍaśasatpuruṣa ), a group of householder bodhisattvas present in the audience of many sūtras. He appears prominently in certain sūtras, such as The Samādhi of the Presence of the Buddhas ( Pratyutpannabuddha­saṃmukhāvasthita­samādhisūtra , Toh 133) and is perhaps also the merchant","alternatives":["Bhadra­pāla","Zangkyong"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"bzang-skyong","english_loan":"Bhadrapāla","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སྦྱིན་པ","wylie":"sbyin pa","sanskrit":"dāna","english":"generosity","category":"general","frequency":24,"definition":"The act of giving motivated by the wish to attain awakening for all sentient beings. It is the first of the six or ten perfections, often explained as the essential starting point and training for the practice of the others perfections. Also translated here as “ giving .”","alternatives":["giving"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"sbyin-pa","english_loan":"generosity","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རྒྱལ་བུ་རྒྱལ་བྱེད་ཀྱི་ཚལ","wylie":"rgyal bu rgyal byed kyi tshal","sanskrit":"jetavana","english":"Prince Jeta’s Grove","category":"general","frequency":23,"definition":"A park in Śrāvastī, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kośala in northern India. It was owned by Prince Jeta, and the wealthy merchant Anāthapiṇḍada, wishing to offer it to the Buddha, bought it from him by covering the entire property with gold coins. It was to become the place where the monks could be housed durin","alternatives":["Jetavana","Jeta’s Grove","forest of Jeta","Jeta Grove"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rgyal-bu-rgyal-byed-kyi-tshal","english_loan":"Prince Jeta’s Grove","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"འདུ་བྱེད","wylie":"’du byed","sanskrit":"saṁskāra","english":"formations","category":"general","frequency":23,"definition":"In its most general usage this term refers to any phenomenon has been formed, conditioned, or dependently brought into being. It is this broad use of the term that is used in the Bhava­saṅkrānti­sūtra when King Bimbisāra asserts that “formations are empty” ( 1.4 ). The same term is also used to describe the second of t","alternatives":["assembled factor","formation","karmic predispositions","karmic dispositions","conditioning","formative predisposition","formative factors","compounded phenomena","conditioned states","conditioned state","conditioned things"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"du-byed","english_loan":"formations","english_plain":"formation","first_gloss":"a volitional or conditioning factor","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"ཚངས་པའི་འཇིག་རྟེན","wylie":"tshangs pa’i ’jig rten","sanskrit":"brahmaloka","english":"Brahmā world","category":"general","frequency":22,"definition":"A collective name for the first three heavens of the form realm , which correspond to the first concentration ( dhyāna ): Brahmakāyika, Brahmapurohita, and Mahābrahmā (also called Brahmapārṣadya). These are ruled over by the god Brahmā , who believes himself to be the creator of the universe. According to some sources,","alternatives":["Brahmā’s world","abode of Brahmā","Brahmā realms","Brahmaloka","Brahmā realm","world of Brahmā","Brahma realm","brahmā realms","Brahmā World"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"tshangs-pa-i-jig-rten","english_loan":"Brahmā world","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"འོད་སྲུང་","wylie":"’od srung","sanskrit":"kāśyapa","english":"Kāśyapa","category":"general","frequency":22,"definition":"A śrāvaka monk among the foremost disciples of the Buddha. His principal quality, according to The Episode of Dṛḍhādhyāśaya , is his devotion to ascetic practices .","alternatives":["Mahākāśyapa","Kaśyapa"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"od-srung","english_loan":"Kāśyapa","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཡང་དག་པའི་མཐའ","wylie":"yang dag pa’i mtha’","sanskrit":"bhūtakoṭi","english":"limit of reality","category":"general","frequency":22,"definition":"This term has several meanings, depending on the context: (1) the dividing line between saṃsāra and nirvāṇa, (2) the inferior realization of the hearers and solitary buddhas , (3) the nature of phenomena ( emptiness ), and (4) full realization of the ultimate truth. In this text it is the second meaning that should be ","alternatives":["Limit of reality","very limit of reality","ultimate endpoint","final reality","real endpoint","extent of reality"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"yang-dag-pa-i-mtha","english_loan":"limit of reality","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རི་རབ","wylie":"ri rab","sanskrit":"meru","english":"Mount Meru","category":"general","frequency":21,"definition":"According to ancient Buddhist cosmology, this is the great mountain forming the axis of the universe. At its summit is Sudarśana, home of Śakra and his thirty-two gods, and on its flanks live the asuras. The mount has four sides facing the cardinal directions, each of which is made of a different precious stone. Surrou","alternatives":["Mount Sumeru","Meru"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"ri-rab","english_loan":"Mount Meru","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཡང་དག་པར་རྫོགས་པའི་སངས་རྒྱས","wylie":"yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas","sanskrit":"samyaksaṃbuddha","english":"perfectly awakened buddha","category":"general","frequency":21,"definition":"The attainment of a buddha, who has gained total freedom from conditioned existence, overcome all tendencies imprinted on the mind as a result of a long association with afflicted mental states, and fully manifested all aspects of buddha body, speech, and mind. Also used to emphasize the superiority of buddhahood when ","alternatives":["perfect buddha","perfectly complete buddha","perfect and complete buddha","fully awakened perfect buddha","fully awakened, perfect buddha","perfectly and completely awakened one","completely perfect buddha","perfectly awakened one","completely awakened one","complete and perfect buddha"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"yang-dag-par-rdzogs-pa-i-sangs-rgyas","english_loan":"perfectly awakened buddha","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སྦྱངས་པའི་ཡོན་ཏན","wylie":"sbyangs pa’i yon tan","sanskrit":"dhūtaguṇa","english":"ascetic practices","category":"general","frequency":21,"definition":"An optional set of practices that monastics can adopt in order to cultivate greater detachment. The list of practices varies in different sources. When twelve practices are listed, they consist of (1) wearing rags ( pāṃśukūlika , phyag dar khrod pa ), (2) (in the form of only) three religious robes ( traicīvarika , cho","alternatives":["austere practices","ascetic practice","ascetic virtue","ascetic precepts"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"sbyangs-pa-i-yon-tan","english_loan":"ascetic practices","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དྲན་པ་ཉེ་བར་གཞག་པ","wylie":"dran pa nye bar gzhag pa","sanskrit":"smṛtyupasthāna","english":"applications of mindfulness","category":"general","frequency":21,"definition":"In many formulations, there are four modes of mindfulness : mindfulness of the body, sensations, mind, and phenomena. In this text there are six additional modes of the application of mindfulness : the mindfulness of recollecting the Buddha, the Dharma, the Saṅgha, discipline , giving, and divinties.","alternatives":["application of mindfulness","foundations of mindfulness"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dran-pa-nye-bar-gzhag-pa","english_loan":"applications of mindfulness","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མ་འགགས་པ","wylie":"ma ’gags pa","sanskrit":"aniruddha","english":"Aniruddha","category":"general","frequency":20,"definition":"Lit. “Unobstructed.” One of the ten great śrāvaka disciples, famed for his meditative prowess and superknowledges. He was the Buddha's cousin‍—a son of Amṛtodana, one of the brothers of King Śuddhodana‍—and is often mentioned along with his two brothers Bhadrika and Mahānāma. Some sources also include Ānanda among his ","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"ma-gags-pa","english_loan":"Aniruddha","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བརྗེད་བྱེད","wylie":"brjed byed","sanskrit":"apasmāra","english":"apasmāra","category":"general","frequency":20,"definition":"A class of nonhuman beings believed to cause epilepsy, fits, and loss of memory. As their name suggests‍—the Skt. apasmāra literally means “without memory” and the Tib. brjed byed means “causing forgetfulness”‍—they are defined by the condition they cause in affected humans, and the term can refer to any nonhuman being","alternatives":["Apasmāra","apasmāraka"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"brjed-byed","english_loan":"apasmāra","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མི་འཇིགས་པ","wylie":"mi ’jigs pa","sanskrit":"vaiśāradya","english":"fearlessnesses","category":"general","frequency":20,"definition":"The four kinds of assurance of a tathāgata ( catur­vaiśāraya , mi ’jigs pa bzhi ) are: 1) assurance concerning complete awakening ( abhi­sambodhi­vaiśāradya , thams cad mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa ); 2) assurance concerning the destruction of the impurities ( āsravakṣaya­vaiśāradya , zag pa zad pa mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa","alternatives":["confidence","fearlessness","assurance","faultlessly","Abhaya"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mi-jigs-pa","english_loan":"fearlessnesses","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཤཱ་རིའི་བུ","wylie":"shA ri’i bu","sanskrit":"śāriputra","english":"Śāriputra","category":"general","frequency":20,"definition":"One of the principal śrāvaka disciples of the Buddha, he was renowned for his discipline and for having been praised by the Buddha as foremost of the wise (often paired with Maudgalyā­yana, who was praised as foremost in the capacity for miraculous powers). His father, Tiṣya, to honor Śāriputra’s mother, Śārikā, named ","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"sha-ri-i-bu","english_loan":"Śāriputra","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"འཁོར་ལོས་སྒྱུར་བ","wylie":"’khor los sgyur ba","sanskrit":"cakravartin","english":"cakravartin","category":"general","frequency":19,"definition":"An ideal monarch or emperor who, as the result of the merit accumulated in previous lifetimes, rules over a vast realm in accordance with the Dharma. Such a monarch is called a cakravartin because he bears a wheel ( cakra ) that rolls ( vartate ) across the earth, bringing all lands and kingdoms under his power. The ca","alternatives":["universal emperor","universal monarch","Cakravartin"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"khor-los-sgyur-ba","english_loan":"cakravartin","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཤ་ཟ","wylie":"sha za","sanskrit":"piśāca","english":"piśāca","category":"general","frequency":19,"definition":"A class of nonhuman beings that, like several other classes of nonhuman beings, take spontaneous birth. Ranking below rākṣasas, they are less powerful and more akin to pretas. They are said to dwell in impure and perilous places, where they feed on impure things, including flesh. This could account for the name piśāca ","alternatives":["demon"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"sha-za","english_loan":"piśāca","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སྤོབས་པ","wylie":"spobs pa","sanskrit":"pratibhāna","english":"eloquence","category":"general","frequency":19,"definition":"The translation is meant to somehow echo the etymology of prati + bhāna (“forth” + “shine”), and the term does mean something like “intelligence,” “inspiration,” or “eloquence,” often referring to the intelligent presence of mind that allows one to speak in the most appropriate way, even for very long stretches of time","alternatives":["confidence","eloquence and confidence","brilliancy","confident eloquence","confident readiness","inspired speech","courage"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"spobs-pa","english_loan":"eloquence","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"འོད་གསལ","wylie":"’od gsal","sanskrit":"","english":"Ābhāsvara","category":"general","frequency":19,"definition":"Lit. “ Clear Light .” The sixth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm ; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm , which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, or Śuddhāvāsa ‍, it is listed as the third of the three heavens that correspond to the second of the four co","alternatives":["Clear Light","Heaven of Luminous Radiance","Luminous Heaven","luminous","luminosity"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"od-gsal","english_loan":"Ābhāsvara","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"འཕྲུལ་དགའ","wylie":"’phrul dga’","sanskrit":"nirmāṇarati","english":"Heaven of Delighting in Emanations","category":"general","frequency":19,"definition":"The fifth of the six heavens of the desire realm . Its inhabitants magically create the objects of their own enjoyment and dispose of them themselves.","alternatives":["Nirmāṇarati","Delighting in Emanations","Nirmāṇarati Heaven","Joyful Emanation","Delightful Emanations"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"phrul-dga","english_loan":"Heaven of Delighting in Emanations","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དགེ་བསྙེན","wylie":"dge bsnyen","sanskrit":"upāsaka","english":"layman","category":"general","frequency":19,"definition":"The upāsaka precepts for lay practitioners include the five fundamental vows ( pañcaśīla ) not to (1) kill, (2) steal, (3) commit sexual misconduct, (4) lie, or (5) use intoxicants. Additionally, three other precepts are taken on full-moon and new-moon days for a total of eight ( aṣṭāṅgaśīla ): not to (6) eat after the","alternatives":["male lay disciple","upāsaka","male lay vow holder","upāsaka (precepts)","lay devotee","lay vow holder","laymen"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dge-bsnyen","english_loan":"layman","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"a lay follower","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ནམ་མཁའི་སྙིང་པོ","wylie":"nam mkha’i snying po","sanskrit":"ākāśagarbha","english":"Ākāśagarbha","category":"general","frequency":18,"definition":"An important bodhisattva whose name means “essence of space.” He is one of the “eight great close sons” ( aṣṭamahopa­putra , nye ba’i sras chen brgyad ).","alternatives":["Ākāśa­garbha"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"nam-mkha-i-snying-po","english_loan":"Ākāśagarbha","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་ཕྱོགས་ཀྱི་ཆོས","wylie":"byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos","sanskrit":"bodhipakṣadharma","english":"factors of awakening","category":"general","frequency":18,"definition":"The qualities necessary as a method to attain the awakening of a hearer , solitary buddha , or buddha. There are thirty-seven of these: (1–4) the four applications of mindfulness : mindfulness of body, sensations, mind, and phenomena; (5–8) the four right abandonments : the intention to not do bad actions that are not ","alternatives":["factors that are in harmony with awakening","qualities that are conducive to awakening","branches of awakening","aids to enlightenment","factors conducive to awakening"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"byang-chub-kyi-phyogs-kyi-chos","english_loan":"factors of awakening","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཡུལ་འཁོར་སྲུང་","wylie":"yul ’khor srung","sanskrit":"dhṛtarāṣṭra","english":"Dhṛtarāṣṭra","category":"general","frequency":18,"definition":"One of the Four Great Kings , or guardians of the world , he presides over the eastern quarter and rules over the gandharvas that live there.","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"yul-khor-srung","english_loan":"Dhṛtarāṣṭra","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དགེ་བསྙེན་མ","wylie":"dge bsnyen ma","sanskrit":"upāsikā","english":"laywoman","category":"general","frequency":18,"definition":"An unordained female practitioner who observes the five vows not to kill, lie, steal, be intoxicated, or commit sexual misconduct.","alternatives":["female lay disciple","female lay practitioner","upāsikā","female lay vow holder","laywomen"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dge-bsnyen-ma","english_loan":"laywoman","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སྟོང་གསུམ་གྱི་སྟོང་ཆེན་པོའི་འཇིག་རྟེན་གྱི་ཁམས","wylie":"stong gsum gyi stong chen po’i ’jig rten gyi khams","sanskrit":"trisāhasra-mahāsāhasra-lokadhātu","english":"trichiliocosm","category":"general","frequency":18,"definition":"The largest universe described in Buddhist cosmology. This term, in Abhidharma cosmology, refers to 1,000³ world systems , i.e., 1,000 “dichiliocosms” or “two thousand great thousand world realms” ( dvi­sāhasra­mahā­sāhasra­loka­dhātu ), which are in turn made up of 1,000 first-order world systems , each with its own M","alternatives":["great trichiliocosm","three-thousandfold universe","billion-world galaxy"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"stong-gsum-gyi-stong-chen-po-i-jig-rten-gyi-khams","english_loan":"trichiliocosm","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མཐའ་ཡས","wylie":"mtha’ yas","sanskrit":"ananta","english":"Ananta","category":"general","frequency":17,"definition":"One of the principal nāga kings. Also known as Śeṣa or Anataśeṣa. Considered the source of Patañjali grammar in Buddhism. In Vaiśnavism he is the serpent that Viṣṇu rests upon in between the creations of worlds.","alternatives":["A­nanta","ananta","Anantaka"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mtha-yas","english_loan":"Ananta","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཡོངས་སུ་མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ","wylie":"yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa","sanskrit":"parinirvāṇa","english":"parinirvāṇa","category":"general","frequency":17,"definition":"This refers to what occurs at the end of an arhat’s or a buddha’s life. When nirvāṇa is attained at awakening, whether as an arhat or buddha, all suffering, afflicted mental states ( kleśa ), and causal processes ( karman ) that lead to rebirth and suffering in cyclic existence have ceased, but due to previously accumu","alternatives":["complete nirvāṇa","final nirvāṇa","have completely transcended suffering"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"yongs-su-mya-ngan-las-das-pa","english_loan":"parinirvāṇa","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དཔག་ཚད","wylie":"dpag tshad","sanskrit":"yojana","english":"league","category":"general","frequency":17,"definition":"A measure of distance sometimes translated as “league,” but with varying definitions. The Sanskrit term denotes the distance yoked oxen can travel in a day or before needing to be unyoked. From different canonical sources the distance represented varies between four and ten miles.","alternatives":["yojana","furlong","yojanas"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dpag-tshad","english_loan":"league","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"འོད་མའི་ཚལ","wylie":"’od ma’i tshal","sanskrit":"veṇuvana","english":"Bamboo Grove","category":"general","frequency":17,"definition":"The bamboo grove near Rājagṛha where the Buddha regularly stayed and gave teachings. It was situated on land donated by King Bimbisāra of Magadha . It was the first of several landholdings donated to the Buddhist community during the time of the Buddha .","alternatives":["Bamboo Park","Veṇuvana"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"od-ma-i-tshal","english_loan":"Bamboo Grove","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"འོད་སྲུང་ཆེན་པོ","wylie":"’od srung chen po","sanskrit":"mahākāśyapa","english":"Mahākāśyapa","category":"general","frequency":17,"definition":"One of the principal disciples of the Buddha, known for his ascetic practice. He is the main interlocutor in The Great Lion’s Roar of Maitreya . Also known as Kāśyapa .","alternatives":["Mahā­kāśyapa"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"od-srung-chen-po","english_loan":"Mahākāśyapa","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རྒྱལ་བ","wylie":"rgyal ba","sanskrit":"jina","english":"Victorious One","category":"general","frequency":17,"definition":"A particularly auspicious time that is marked by the moon passing through the constellation puṣya .","alternatives":["Conqueror","Ajita","victor","victorious one","Victors","jina","lunar month Puṣya"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rgyal-ba","english_loan":"Victorious One","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མགོན་མེད་ཟས་སྦྱིན","wylie":"mgon med zas sbyin","sanskrit":"anāthapiṇḍada","english":"Anāthapiṇḍada","category":"general","frequency":17,"definition":"A wealthy merchant in the town of Śrāvastī, famous for his generosity to the poor, who became a patron of the Buddha Śākyamuni. He bought Prince Jeta’s Grove (Skt. Jetavana ), to be the Buddha’s first monastery, a place where the monks could stay during the monsoon. See also “ Prince Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park ","alternatives":["Anātha­piṇḍada"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mgon-med-zas-sbyin","english_loan":"Anāthapiṇḍada","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སློབ་དཔོན","wylie":"slob dpon","sanskrit":"ācārya","english":"ācārya","category":"general","frequency":17,"definition":"A spiritual teacher, meaning one who knows the conduct or practice ( ācāra ) to be performed. It can also be a title for a scholar, though that is not the context in this sūtra .","alternatives":["teacher","instructor"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"slob-dpon","english_loan":"ācārya","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མི་འམ་ཅི","wylie":"mi ’am ci","sanskrit":"kinnara","english":"kinnara","category":"general","frequency":17,"definition":"A class of nonhuman beings that resemble humans to the degree that their very name‍—which means “is that human?”‍—suggests some confusion as to their divine status. Kinnaras are mythological beings found in both Buddhist and Brahmanical literature, where they are portrayed as creatures half human, half animal. They are","alternatives":["Kinnara"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mi-am-ci","english_loan":"kinnara","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"གྲུལ་བུམ","wylie":"grul bum","sanskrit":"kumbhāṇḍa","english":"kumbhāṇḍa","category":"general","frequency":17,"definition":"A class of dwarf beings subordinate to Virūḍhaka, one of the Four Great Kings, associated with the southern direction. The name uses a play on the word aṇḍa , which means “egg” but is also a euphemism for a testicle. Thus, they are often depicted as having testicles as big as pots (from kumbha , or “pot”). ‍—","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"grul-bum","english_loan":"kumbhāṇḍa","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ངན་སོང་","wylie":"ngan song","sanskrit":"apāya, durgati","english":"lower realms","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"A synonym for “ unfortunate rebirth-destiny .” A name for any of the three lower realms of existence, i.e., the realms of animals, ghosts , and hell beings . Occurs often in a formula together with its synonym and its near synonyms “the lower worlds” and “hell” (Pali niraya / naraka ; Tib. sems can dmyal ba ).","alternatives":["bad rebirth","Lower realms","unfavorable rebirth","evil state","inferior birth","lower states of existence","lower realm","bad migrations"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"ngan-song","english_loan":"lower realms","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"འཁོར་བ","wylie":"’khor ba","sanskrit":"saṃsāra","english":"saṃsāra","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"A state of involuntary existence conditioned by afflicted mental states and the imprint of past actions, characterized by suffering in a cycle of life, death, and rebirth. On its reversal, the contrasting state of nirvāṇa is attained, free from suffering and the processes of rebirth.","alternatives":["Saṃsāra","cyclic existence"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"khor-ba","english_loan":"saṃsāra","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the cycle of rebirth","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ","wylie":"theg pa chen po","sanskrit":"mahāyāna","english":"Great Vehicle","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"When the Buddhist teachings are classified according to their power to lead beings to an awakened state, a distinction is made between the teachings of the Lesser Vehicle , which emphasizes the individual’s own freedom from cyclic existence as the primary motivation and goal, and those of the Great Vehicle , which emph","alternatives":["Mahāyāna","great vehicle"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"theg-pa-chen-po","english_loan":"Great Vehicle","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཚངས་པར་སྤྱོད་པ","wylie":"tshangs par spyod pa","sanskrit":"brahmacarya","english":"holy life","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"Lit. “brahma conduct.” A term that in some contexts refers specifically to chastity or complete celibacy. It can also be used to refer in general to a spiritual life as a devout person or a renunciant. Brahman is a Sanskrit term referring to what is highest ( parama ) and most important ( pradhāna ); the Nibandhana com","alternatives":["celibacy","Brahman conduct","brahmacārin","brahmacārya vow","celibate","spiritual life","pure conduct","chaste life"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"tshangs-par-spyod-pa","english_loan":"holy life","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སེམས་དཔའ་ཆེན་པོ","wylie":"sems dpa’ chen po","sanskrit":"mahāsattva","english":"mahāsattva","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"The term can be understood to mean “great courageous one” or \"great hero,” or (from the Sanskrit) simply “great being,” and is almost always found as an epithet of “bodhisattva.” The qualification “great” in this term, according to the majority of canonical definitions, focuses on the generic greatness common to all bo","alternatives":["great being"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"sems-dpa-chen-po","english_loan":"mahāsattva","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ལྕང་ལོ་ཅན","wylie":"lcang lo can","sanskrit":"aḍakavatī","english":"Aḍakavatī","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"The name of the capital city in the abode of Vajrapāṇi , as attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. The manuscript of the sūtra contains the variant spelling Abhagavatī, which could be a spelling error, though it occurs multiple times in the manuscript. The spelling of the name can vary in other texts, too, ","alternatives":["Alakāvatī","Aḍakāvatī","Alakavatī","Aḍagavatī","Alakāvati"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"lcang-lo-can","english_loan":"Aḍakavatī","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མཚན་མ་མེད་པ","wylie":"mtshan ma med pa","sanskrit":"animitta","english":"absence of marks","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"The absence of dualistic perception that assigns marks or signs to perceived phenomena. Signlessness is one of the three gateways to liberation, along with emptiness and wishlessness .","alternatives":["absence of characteristics","absence of distinguishing marks","absence of phenomenal marks","signlessness","absence of attributes","appearancelessness"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mtshan-ma-med-pa","english_loan":"absence of marks","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"འདོད་ཆགས","wylie":"’dod chags","sanskrit":"rāga","english":"desire","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"One of the three basic mental afflictions (together with aversion and confusion) within which all other mental afflictions can be subsumed. The term rāga comes from the root rañj , which can also have the sense of “to color,” thus making it possible to create significant double-meanings in Sanskrit ( rakta can thus mea","alternatives":["attraction","attachment","craving"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dod-chags","english_loan":"desire","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"གང་གཱའི་ཀླུང་","wylie":"gang gA’i klung","sanskrit":"","english":"Ganges River","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"The Gaṅgā, or Ganges in English, is considered to be the most sacred river of India, particularly within the Hindu tradition. It starts in the Himalayas, flows through the northern plains of India, bathing the holy city of Vārāṇasī, and meets the sea at the Bay of Bengal, in Bangladesh. In the sūtras, however, this riv","alternatives":["Ganges river","river Gaṅgā","Ganges","river Ganges","River Ganges","River Gaṅgā","Gaṅgā River"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"gang-ga-i-klung","english_loan":"Ganges River","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཟག་པ","wylie":"zag pa","sanskrit":"āsrava","english":"defilement","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"Literally, “to flow” or “to ooze.” Mental defilements or contaminations that “flow out” toward the objects of cyclic existence, binding us to them. Vasubandhu offers two alternative explanations of this term: “They cause beings to remain ( āsayanti ) within saṃsāra” and “They flow from the Summit of Existence down to t","alternatives":["contaminant","defilements","contaminants","contamination","pollutions"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"zag-pa","english_loan":"defilement","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ","wylie":"rnam par shes pa","sanskrit":"vijñāna","english":"consciousness","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"The term vijñāna is formed by the prefix vi plus a formation from the root jñā , which means “to know,” “to understand,” “to know of,” “to be aware of.” (This is reproduced in the Tibetan as rnam par + shes pa .) “Consciousness” has a specific meaning in Buddhist texts and refers to awareness of an object, point of ref","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rnam-par-shes-pa","english_loan":"vijñāna","english_plain":"consciousness","first_gloss":"the faculty of awareness","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"རིག་སྔགས","wylie":"rig sngags","sanskrit":"vidyāmantra","english":"vidyāmantra","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"A sacred utterance or spell made for the purpose of attaining either worldly or transcendent benefits. Although a technical term in its own right, vidyāmantra is often used interchangeably with terms such as dhāraṇī , dhāraṇīmantra , and guhyamantra .","alternatives":["vidyā mantra","vidyā","vidyā-spell","incantation"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rig-sngags","english_loan":"vidyāmantra","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དགའ་བོ","wylie":"dga’ bo","sanskrit":"ānanda","english":"Nanda","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"A major śrāvaka disciple and personal attendant of the Buddha Śākyamuni during the last twenty-five years of his life. He was a cousin of the Buddha (according to the Mahāvastu , he was a son of Śuklodana, one of the brothers of King Śuddhodana, which means he was a brother of Devadatta; other sources say he was a son ","alternatives":["Ānanda"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dga-bo","english_loan":"Nanda","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"the Buddha's attendant","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"འཕགས་པ","wylie":"’phags pa","sanskrit":"ārya","english":"ārya","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"The Sanskrit ārya has the general meaning of a noble person, one of a higher class or caste. In Buddhist literature, depending on the context, it often means specifically one who has gained the realization of the path and is superior for that reason. In particular, it applies to stream enterers, once-returners, non-ret","alternatives":["noble one","Aryaman","noble (one)","noble being","exalted ones"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"phags-pa","english_loan":"ārya","english_plain":"noble","first_gloss":"an epithet for realized beings","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"བནྡེ་ཡེ་ཤེས་སྡེ","wylie":"ban+de ye shes sde","sanskrit":"","english":"Bandé Yeshé Dé","category":"general","frequency":16,"definition":"Yeshé Dé (late eighth to early ninth century) was the most prolific translator of sūtras into Tibetan. Altogether he is credited with the translation of more than one hundred sixty sūtra translations and more than one hundred additional translations, mostly on tantric topics. In spite of Yeshé Dé’s great importance for","alternatives":["Bande Yeshé Dé"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"ban-de-ye-shes-sde","english_loan":"Bandé Yeshé Dé","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སྨོན་ལམ","wylie":"smon lam","sanskrit":"praṇidhāna","english":"aspiration","category":"general","frequency":15,"definition":"Usually appears in the idiomatic expression smon lam ’debs “express / utter an aspiration / wish” and instantiated in a verbal formula (a variety of formulas is found throughout Mahāyāna literature) which is uttered in the presence of a buddha, who then expresses his prophecy ( vyākaraṇa ) of the bodhisattva’s future a","alternatives":["prayer","aspirational prayer"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"smon-lam","english_loan":"aspiration","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཁྲོ་གཉེར་ཅན","wylie":"khro gnyer can","sanskrit":"bhṛkuṭī","english":"Bhṛkuṭī","category":"general","frequency":15,"definition":"According to Tibetan historical sources, the Nepalese princess who married the Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo . She is believed to have arrived in Tibet in either 632 or 634.","alternatives":["Bhṛkutī"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"khro-gnyer-can","english_loan":"Bhṛkuṭī","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"གཟུགས་ཅན་སྙིང་པོ","wylie":"gzugs can snying po","sanskrit":"bimbisāra","english":"Bimbisāra","category":"general","frequency":15,"definition":"The king of Magadha and a great patron of the Buddha. His birth coincided with the Buddha’s, and his father, King Mahāpadma, named him “Essence of Gold” after mistakenly attributing the brilliant light that marked the Buddha’s birth to the birth of his son by Queen Bimbī (“Goldie”). Accounts of Bimbisāra’s youth and li","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"gzugs-can-snying-po","english_loan":"Bimbisāra","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"གཤིན་རྗེ","wylie":"gshin rje","sanskrit":"yama","english":"Yama","category":"general","frequency":15,"definition":"The lord of death who, in Indian mythology, judges the dead and rules over the hell and preta realms.","alternatives":["Lord of Death"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"gshin-rje","english_loan":"Yama","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཞི་གནས","wylie":"zhi gnas","sanskrit":"śamatha","english":"calm abiding","category":"general","frequency":15,"definition":"A term for a general style and state of Buddhist meditation in which one focuses the mind and abides in a state of calm, as implied by the Tibetan translation of the term. Associated with the states of meditation, concentration, and absorption, and the achievement of supernormal faculties, as well as awakening itself. ","alternatives":["meditative calm","calm abiding meditation","tranquility","quiescence"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"zhi-gnas","english_loan":"calm abiding","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རིན་པོ་ཆེ་སྣ་བདུན","wylie":"rin po che sna bdun","sanskrit":"saptaratna","english":"seven precious substances","category":"general","frequency":15,"definition":"The seven possessions of a cakravartin including the precious wheel, the precious elephant, the precious horse, the precious jewel, the precious woman, the precious steward, and the precious minister. In some forms of the list the steward or minister is variably replaced by the precious general ( senāpatiratna ; dmag d","alternatives":["seven royal treasures","seven precious jewels","seven jewels","seven kinds of precious jewels","seven treasures"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rin-po-che-sna-bdun","english_loan":"seven precious substances","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བསོད་ནམས","wylie":"bsod nams","sanskrit":"puṇya","english":"merit","category":"general","frequency":15,"definition":"In this text, merit is established as the most prized possession of human beings, more than good looks, diligence , artistry , and insight . In Buddhism more generally, merit refers to the wholesome tendencies imprinted in the mind as a result of positive and skillful thoughts, words, and actions that ripen in the expe","alternatives":["meritorious deeds"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"bsod-nams","english_loan":"merit","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མེ་ལྷ","wylie":"me lha","sanskrit":"agni","english":"Agni","category":"general","frequency":15,"definition":"This refers to Agni, the Vedic deity of fire, who is also invoked in Buddhist burnt offering rituals.","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"me-lha","english_loan":"Agni","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བདུད་རྩི","wylie":"bdud rtsi","sanskrit":"amṛta","english":"amṛta","category":"general","frequency":15,"definition":"The ambrosia (also translated here as “ immortality ”) that prevents death or spiritual death (hence the Tibetan term means “crushes spiritual death”). The Sanskrit term literally means immortality . It is often used metaphorically to mean the Dharma.","alternatives":["Amṛtabindu","amrita","ambrosia","nectar"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"bdud-rtsi","english_loan":"amṛta","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཉི་མ","wylie":"nyi ma","sanskrit":"āditya","english":"Āditya","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"The sun; the god of the sun; the king identified as Āditya­vardhana of the Śrīkaṇṭha - Sthāṇvīśvara dynasty who ruled in Madhyadeśa in the sixth century ᴄᴇ .","alternatives":["Arka","Sūrya","Ārka","Abhāskara"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"nyi-ma","english_loan":"Āditya","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"བློ་གྲོས་མི་ཟད་པ","wylie":"blo gros mi zad pa","sanskrit":"akṣayamati","english":"Akṣayamati","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"A bodhisattva in the assembly at Vimalakīrti ’s house, often figuring in other Mahāyāna sūtras , especially Akṣayamati­nirdeśa­sūtra .","alternatives":["Akṣaya­mati"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"blo-gros-mi-zad-pa","english_loan":"Akṣayamati","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"དབང་ཕྱུག","wylie":"dbang phyug","sanskrit":"aiśvarya","english":"Īśvara","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"The Sanskrit īśvara literally means “powerful one.” In both Indian and Tibetan literature it is often an epithet applied to Śiva. However, here where the title is given to a “supremely great almighty brahmā , sovereign of a trichiliocosm ” ( tshangs pa stong gsum gyi stong chen po’i ’jig rten gyi bdag po dbang phyug ch","alternatives":["mastery","Śiva","God","almighty","Indra"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"dbang-phyug","english_loan":"Īśvara","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྣམ་གྲངས","wylie":"chos kyi rnam grangs","sanskrit":"dharmaparyāya","english":"Dharma discourse","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"The Sanskrit word paryāya regularly has the sense of “method,” “procedure,” and “approach,” but here it means simply “Dharma teaching,” “Dharma discourse,” or, more literally, “approach to the Dharma.” The Chinese 法門 fa men (lit. “door to the Dharma”) conveys the sense of “access/approach” and, by extension, “teaching.","alternatives":["doctrinal synopsis","account of Dharma"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"chos-kyi-rnam-grangs","english_loan":"Dharma discourse","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སོ་སོ་ཡང་དག་པར་རིག་པ","wylie":"so so yang dag par rig pa","sanskrit":"pratisaṃvid","english":"discernment","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"Correct and unhindered discernment that is traditionally of four types: (1) discernment of phenomena ( dharma ); (2) discernment of meaning ( artha ); (3) discernment of linguistic analysis ( nirukti ); and (4) discernment in confident eloquence ( pratibhāna ).","alternatives":["correct knowledge","genuine discriminations","analytical ability","correct discernments","correct discernment","correct discrimination","correct discriminations","discriminations","discernments"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"so-so-yang-dag-par-rig-pa","english_loan":"discernment","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"འཐབ་བྲལ","wylie":"’thab bral","sanskrit":"yāma","english":"Heaven Free from Strife","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"The third of the six heavens of the desire realm . The Tibetan translation ’thab bral , “free from strife or combat,” derives from the idea that these devas, because they live in an aerial abode above Mount Meru, do not have to engage in combat with the asuras who dwell on the slopes of the mountain.","alternatives":["Heaven Free of Strife","Heaven Free from Conflict","Heaven Without Strife"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"thab-bral","english_loan":"Heaven Free from Strife","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"གཞན་འཕྲུལ་དབང་བྱེད","wylie":"gzhan ’phrul dbang byed","sanskrit":"paranirmitavaśavartin","english":"Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"The sixth and highest of the heavens of the desire realm . The inhabitants enjoy objects created by others and dispose of them themselves. See also n.98 .","alternatives":["Control of Others’ Emanations","Mastery Over Others’ Emanations","Heaven of Controlling the Emanations of Others","Heaven of Making Use of Others' Emanations","Heaven of the Masters of Others’ Creations","Controlling Others’ Emanations"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"gzhan-phrul-dbang-byed","english_loan":"Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སྲིད་པ","wylie":"srid pa","sanskrit":"bhava","english":"becoming","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"Here, srid pa denotes the whole of existence, i.e., the five rebirth-destinies or the three worlds‍—all the possible kinds and places of karmic rebirth. It is also the tenth of the twelve links of dependent origination (often translated as “becoming”).","alternatives":["existence","cyclic existence"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"srid-pa","english_loan":"becoming","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ས་འཛིན","wylie":"sa ’dzin","sanskrit":"","english":"Dharaṇīdhara","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"The present-day Gandhara region was located in northwest Pakistan and northeast Afghanistan. This region was historically important for the development of Buddhism. In this chapter, Gandhara is identified as the region in which the dwelling place of bodhisattvas called Cave of Provisions is located.","alternatives":["Earth Supporter","Bhūbhṛt","Gandhara","Dharaṇīṃdhara","Bhūbhṛta","Nimiṃdhara","Dharaṇīṃ­dhara","Dharaṇī­dhara"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"sa-dzin","english_loan":"Dharaṇīdhara","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མངོན་པར་ཤེས་པ་ལྔ","wylie":"mngon par shes pa lnga","sanskrit":"pañcābhijñā","english":"five superknowledges","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"Divine sight, divine hearing, knowledge of the minds of others, remembrance of past lives, and ability to perform miracles. See “ six higher perceptions ,” the same list with the addition of “ability to destroy mental defilements,” which can only be attained by Buddhist practitioners.","alternatives":["five extraordinary abilities","five forms of superknowledge","higher perceptions","five supernatural abilities","five higher perceptions","five clairvoyances","five extrasensory powers","five types of superknowledge"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mngon-par-shes-pa-lnga","english_loan":"five superknowledges","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སུ་རེན་དྲ་བོ་དྷི","wylie":"su ren dra bo dhi","sanskrit":"surendrabodhi","english":"Surendrabodhi","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"Surendrabodhi came to Tibet during reign of King Ralpachen (r. 815–38 ᴄᴇ ). He is listed as the translator of forty-three texts and was one of the small group of paṇḍitas responsible for the Mahāvyutpatti Sanskrit-Tibetan dictionary.","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"su-ren-dra-bo-dhi","english_loan":"Surendrabodhi","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཤེས་རབ་ཀྱི་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ","wylie":"shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa","sanskrit":"prajñāpāramitā","english":"perfection of wisdom","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"The sixth of the six perfections, it refers to the profound understanding of the emptiness of all phenomena, the realization of ultimate reality. It is often personified as a female deity, worshiped as the “Mother of All Buddhas” ( sarva­jina­mātā ).","alternatives":["Perfection of Wisdom","Perfection of Insight","prajñā­pāramitā"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"shes-rab-kyi-pha-rol-tu-phyin-pa","english_loan":"perfection of wisdom","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རྡོ་རྗེ","wylie":"rdo rje","sanskrit":"vajra","english":"vajra","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"This term generally indicates indestructibility and stability. In the sūtras, vajra most often refers to the hardest possible physical substance, said to have divine origins. In some scriptures, it is also the name of the all-powerful weapon of Indra, which in turn is crafted from vajra material. In the tantras, the va","alternatives":["diamond","adamantine"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rdo-rje","english_loan":"vajra","english_plain":"vajra","first_gloss":"the indestructible sceptre","policy":"T"},{"tibetan":"རྒྱལ་ཆེན་བཞིའི་རིས","wylie":"rgyal chen bzhi’i ris","sanskrit":"caturmahā­rāja­kāyika","english":"Heaven of the Four Great Kings","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, lowest among the six heavens of the desire realm ( kāmadhātu , ’dod khams ). Dwelling place of the Four Great Kings ( caturmahārāja , rgyal chen bzhi ), traditionally located on a terrace of Sumeru, just below the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. Each cardinal direction is ruled by ","alternatives":["Cāturmahā-rāja-kāyika","(gods) attendant on the Four Great Kings","Abodes of the Four Great Kings","Cāturmahā­rājika","realm of the Four Great Kings","Catur­mahā­rājakāyika"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rgyal-chen-bzhi-i-ris","english_loan":"Heaven of the Four Great Kings","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མཽད་གལ་གྱི་བུ","wylie":"maud gal gyi bu","sanskrit":"maudgalyāyana","english":"Maudgalyāyana","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"One of the principal śrāvaka disciples of the Buddha, paired with Śāriputra. He was renowned for his miraculous powers. His family clan was descended from Mudgala, hence his name Maudgalyā­yana, “the son of Mudgala’s descendants.” Respectfully referred to as Mahā­maudgalyā­yana, “Great Maudgalyāyana.”","alternatives":["Maudgalyā­yana","Maudgal­yāyana","Mahāmaudgalyāyana"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"maud-gal-gyi-bu","english_loan":"Maudgalyāyana","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"a chief disciple","policy":"N"},{"tibetan":"མི་འཇིགས་པ་བཞི","wylie":"mi ’jigs pa bzhi","sanskrit":"caturvaiśāradya","english":"four fearlessnesses","category":"general","frequency":14,"definition":"The four fearlessnesses ( abhaya ) or confidences ( vaiśāradya ) are assertions that a tathāgata makes with irrefutable certainty: that of being (1) awakened and knowing all phenomena, (2) knowing the exhaustion of all defilements, (3) correctly identifying all obstacles to liberation, and (4) revealing/actualizing the","alternatives":["four confidences","four types of fearlessness","fourfold fearlessness","four states of fearlessness","four kinds of fearlessness"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mi-jigs-pa-bzhi","english_loan":"four fearlessnesses","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མཐོང་བ་དོན་ཡོད","wylie":"mthong ba don yod","sanskrit":"amoghadarśin","english":"Amoghadarśin","category":"general","frequency":13,"definition":"Name of the buddha that Glorious Splendor will become in the world Totally Pure and Stable .","alternatives":["A­mogha­darśin"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mthong-ba-don-yod","english_loan":"Amoghadarśin","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སྦྱིན་སྲེག","wylie":"sbyin sreg","sanskrit":"homa","english":"homa","category":"general","frequency":13,"definition":"The casting of a prescribed offering into a ritual fire. The practice of homa is first attested in pre-Buddhist Vedic literature, and serves as a core, pervasive ritual paradigm in exoteric and esoteric rites in both Buddhist and non-Buddhist traditions into modern times. In Buddhist esoteric rites, the ritual offering","alternatives":["burnt offering","fire-offering","fire offering","oblation","fire pūjā"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"sbyin-sreg","english_loan":"homa","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རྟ་ཐུལ","wylie":"rta thul","sanskrit":"aśvajit","english":"Aśvajit","category":"general","frequency":13,"definition":"The son of one of the seven brahmins who predicted that Śākyamuni would become a great king. He was one of the five companions with Śākyamuni in the beginning of his spiritual path, abandoning him when he gave up asceticism, but then becoming one of his first five pupils after his buddhahood. He was the last of the fiv","alternatives":[],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rta-thul","english_loan":"Aśvajit","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"མི་མཇེད","wylie":"mi mjed","sanskrit":"sahā","english":"Sahā world","category":"general","frequency":13,"definition":"The name for our world system, the universe of a thousand million worlds, or trichiliocosm, in which the four-continent world is located. Each trichiliocosm is ruled by a god Brahmā; thus, in this context, he bears the title of Sahāṃpati, Lord of Sahā. The world system of Sahā, or Sahālokadhātu, is also described as th","alternatives":["Enduring","Sahā","Endurance"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"mi-mjed","english_loan":"Sahā world","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"རྒྱུན་དུ་ཞུགས་པ","wylie":"rgyun du zhugs pa","sanskrit":"srotaāpanna","english":"stream enterer","category":"general","frequency":13,"definition":"The first level of realization that transforms an ordinary person into a “ noble one,” someone who has directly seen the nature of reality and has a sufficiently stable level of realization to be already bound toward liberation from saṃsāra.","alternatives":["stream-entry","entering the stream","stream-enterer","attaining the stream","entry into the stream"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"rgyun-du-zhugs-pa","english_loan":"stream enterer","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"སྨོན་པ་མེད་པ","wylie":"smon pa med pa","sanskrit":"apraṇihita","english":"absence of wishes","category":"general","frequency":13,"definition":"The ultimate absence of any wish, desire, or aspiration, even those directed towards buddhahood. One of the three gateways to liberation; the other two are emptiness and signlessness .","alternatives":["wishlessness","absence of aspiration","beyond wishes"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"smon-pa-med-pa","english_loan":"absence of wishes","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"},{"tibetan":"ཨ་ག་རུ","wylie":"a ga ru","sanskrit":"agaru","english":"aloeswood","category":"general","frequency":13,"definition":"A resinous wood recovered from trees of the genus Aquilaria which is native to South and Southeast Asia. Widely used for making incense. The tree produces the resin as a defense mechanism against infections with mold. Has become a rare commodity due to overharvesting and habitat destruction. Also called agarwood. Tib. ","alternatives":["agarwood"],"periods":{},"notes":"","source":"84000","id":"a-ga-ru","english_loan":"aloeswood","english_plain":"","first_gloss":"","policy":"L"}]}