{"slug":"tmp974.tmp974.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp974.tmp974.opp-lat1","title":"De Computo Paschali","title_source":"De Computo Paschali","author":"Anonymus","genre":"treatise","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T07:19:43Z","cost_usd":0.017238},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp974.tmp974.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp974.tmp974.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp974/tmp974/tmp974.tmp974.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":35,"english_words":8714,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":34923,"commentary_units":207,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":2,"ambiguities":64,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"tmp974.tmp974.opp-lat1","abstract":"The anonymous treatise De Computo Paschali is a Latin work on paschal calculation, likely composed in Gaul or Italy during the late 6th or early 7th century. It survives in a single manuscript tradition marked by scribal errors and interpolations, complicating reconstruction of the original text. The work was used by later computists, including Bede, who cites it indirectly in De temporum ratione, indicating its influence on medieval computus. The edition (ogl-pl) lacks a critical apparatus or stemma, so the reader cannot assess the reliability of individual readings or the manuscript base. Attribution to 'Anonymus' is conventional; no external evidence confirms a single author, and the text may be a compilation from multiple sources.","historical_context":"The treatise was composed in a period of active development in Latin computus, following the spread of the 19-year paschal cycle from Alexandria to the West. The late 6th and early 7th centuries saw efforts to standardize Easter dating in Gaul and Italy, often through compilations like this one. The text's use of the Vandal king Geiseric (r. 428–477) as a chronological anchor suggests a post-Vandal context, possibly in North Africa or Italy. The work's survival in a single manuscript tradition indicates limited circulation, but its citation by Bede shows it reached Anglo-Saxon England. The text's technical terms (octaeteris, endecad) and its claim that Jews and Christians agreed on the date of Christ's Easter reflect the polemical and harmonizing concerns of early medieval computists.","significance":"De Computo Paschali is important as a witness to early medieval computus before the widespread adoption of the Dionysian era. Its influence on Bede's De temporum ratione shows it contributed to the development of standard paschal tables in the Latin West. The work also illustrates the blending of ascetic, liturgical, and chronological themes in early medieval intellectual culture.","timeline":[{"date":"c. 428–477","event":"Reign of Geiseric, Vandal king of North Africa, used as a chronological anchor in the treatise."},{"date":"late 6th–early 7th c.","event":"Probable composition of De Computo Paschali in Gaul or Italy."},{"date":"c. 725","event":"Bede completes De temporum ratione, which cites the treatise indirectly."},{"date":"medieval period","event":"The treatise survives in a single manuscript tradition with scribal errors and interpolations."},{"date":"modern","event":"Edition published in ogl-pl without critical apparatus or stemma."}],"relations":[{"work":"De temporum ratione","relation":"cited indirectly by","key":"wikipedia:De temporum ratione","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Computus of 19-year cycle","relation":"related to the development of","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Paschal homilies of Augustine","relation":"may draw on earlier patristic sources","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["Date uncertain; internal references suggest late 6th or early 7th century, but no firm evidence.","Attribution to 'Anonymus' is conventional; the text may be a compilation from multiple sources.","Survives in a single manuscript tradition with significant scribal errors and interpolations.","The edition (ogl-pl) lacks a critical apparatus or stemma, so the reader cannot assess the reliability of individual readings or the manuscript base."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000439,"generated":"2026-11-15T07:19:42Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp974/tmp974/tmp974.tmp974.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp974.tmp974.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":35,"translated":35,"commentary_passages":35,"commentary_units":207,"english_words":8714,"source_letters":34855,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The treatise is anonymous and its date uncertain, but internal references to the paschal cycle suggest composition in the late 6th or early 7th century, possibly in Gaul or Italy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives in a single manuscript tradition, with significant scribal errors and interpolations, complicating reconstruction of the original.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work was used by later computists, including Bede, who cites it indirectly in his De temporum ratione, indicating its influence on medieval paschal calculation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition (ogl-pl) does not provide a critical apparatus or stemma, so the reader cannot assess the reliability of individual readings or the manuscript base.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Attribution to 'Anonymus' is conventional; no external evidence confirms a single author, and the text may be a compilation from multiple sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: treatise in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 35 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","text":"1 scriptural phrase match(es) noted: John 1:29."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":35},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ANONYMI LIBELLUS DE COMPUTO PASCHALI.\n\nLIBER PRIMUS.\n\nDum mens curiosa in re tam graviori ci admodum satis optabili propensius desudaret, et diu anhelando lectitans perdurasset, illa scilicet quæ hominem mortalibus laqueis occupatum, jejuniis a delictis expiatum purgat, et beatorum choro consociat, coccineis maculis et alieno ruborc aspersam baptismatis tunicam ut nivem exhibet candidatum a, suscipit etiam in agni nuptias veternosis peccatis bonus tumet, in ruinx casu dilapsum erigit sacerdotum precibus recivum Domino templum et subit odium miserationis fulgore micuit, adque scientiae lumen effulsit, ut illa quæ videbantur quaerenti et desidcranti quibusdam nebulis obscurata patefierent, universa ei dctegerentur occulta, a quo lunares cursus in integro firmarentur, et paschales circuli sibi invicem consonantes cum lunaribus annis, et embolismorum titulis sine ullo errore ab ignorantibus noscerentur, in quibus ocdoadarum ct endecadarum anni ita invostigati, adque divino nutu confecti signantur, ut in nullo prorsus vacillare aliquatenus videantur. Qnibus providentia conditoris tanta titulatio defixa cognoscitur, ut in anno decimo regis Geiserici anni quadringenliviginti a passione Dominica in capite primae ocdoadis complerentur, et tale, tam Judaeorum, quam Christianorum inventum est pascba, quale tunc a Domino cum Discipulis fuerit celebratum.","english":"ANONYMOUS LITTLE BOOK ON THE COMPUTUS OF EASTER.\n\nBOOK ONE.\n\nWhile a mind curious in so weighty a matter labored rather eagerly in a quite desirable way, and, panting, had long persisted in reading—that mind, namely, which purifies a man caught in mortal snares, cleansed by fasts from sins, and joins him to the chorus of the blessed; which exhibits the baptismal tunic, sprinkled with scarlet stains and a foreign blush, as white as snow; which also, in the wedding of the Lamb, swollen with old sins, raises up the temple of the Lord, fallen in ruin, restored by the prayers of priests, and shines with the flash of compassion's hatred; and the light of knowledge shone forth, so that those things which seemed obscured by certain mists to the seeker and desirer were laid open, all hidden things were revealed to him—by whom the lunar cycles were established in their entirety, and the paschal cycles, harmonious with each other, together with the lunar years and the titles of embolisms, were known without any error by the ignorant; in which the years of the octaeterides and endecads are so investigated and marked out, completed by divine will, that they seem in no respect to waver at all. By these, the providence of the Creator is known to be so fixed with such a title that in the tenth year of King Geiseric, four hundred and twenty years from the Lord's Passion were completed at the beginning of the first octaeteris, and such an Easter was found, both by Jews and Christians, as was then celebrated by the Lord with his disciples.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Dum mens curiosa ... desudaret","severity":"info","text":"The opening sentence is a single, sprawling period that describes the mind's laborious pursuit of computus knowledge, blending ascetic and liturgical imagery.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"coccineis maculis et alieno rubore","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'scarlet stains and a foreign blush' likely refers to the red stains of martyrdom or sin on the baptismal garment, a metaphor for purification.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"anno decimo regis Geiserici","severity":"info","text":"Geiseric was the Vandal king who ruled North Africa from 428–477. The tenth year of his reign (c. 437) is used here as a chronological anchor for the computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"quadringentis viginti a passione Dominica","severity":"info","text":"The text claims 420 years from the Passion to the tenth year of Geiseric, implying a Passion date of c. AD 17, which is non-standard and reflects a late antique or early medieval reckoning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"octaeterides et endecades","severity":"info","text":"The octaeteris (8-year cycle) and endecad (11-year cycle) are technical terms for lunar-solar cycles used in early computus to reconcile lunar and solar years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"tam Judaeorum, quam Christianorum inventum est pascha","severity":"info","text":"The claim that both Jews and Christians found the same Easter date as the one celebrated by Christ suggests a polemical or harmonizing intent, common in computus debates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'mind' (mens) is unclear; it may refer to the author or a generic seeker.","The phrase 'subit odium miserationis fulgore micuit' is syntactically obscure; the translation 'shines with the flash of compassion's hatred' is tentative.","The exact calculation of 420 years from the Passion to Geiseric's tenth year is not standard and may reflect a local tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Passus interea pro nobis octabu kalendas Apriles, luna sex radecima, fena sexta, et resurrexit a mortuis sextu kalendas easdem, luna duodevigesima, feria prima, sicut in anno primo primae ocdoadis operis cepti proculdubio aspectibus nostris veridicis ostenditur documentis. Est enim annus praesens in ocdoada prima a passione Dominica quadringentesimus vigesimus sextus anno sextodecimo Regis, secundi vero circuli caput annum habet consulatu Theodosii decem et septies et Festi, in cujns fine ab Ægypto exeuntibus filiis Israel completi sunt anni duo millia centum, et inventum est pascha, quale in Ægypto a Patribus primum fuerat immolatum; atque anno sextodecimo Regis adnotati sunt duo millia centum sedecim in vigesimo et sexto circulo anno septimo decim ) ejusdem circuli, cujus anni Dominicum pascha agitur quintum decimum Kalendas Majas, luna septima decima. Sed ut unus assis in hoc circulo plus inveniatur, et a luna secunda ad caput iterum revolvatur, hunc Lunares minutiae genuerunt, eo quod inter duodecim annos ut integro paschales dies pronuntiare possemus, assis unus de accentibus unciis perspicue invenietur praeter illum assem videlicet feriarum, qui inter annos quattuor pro bissex tum saepissime subrogatur.","english":"Meanwhile, for us, He suffered on the eighth day before the Kalends of April, the sixteenth day of the moon, the sixth day of the week, and rose from the dead on the sixth day before the same Kalends, the eighteenth day of the moon, the first day of the week, just as in the first year of the first octoëteris of the work undertaken, it is clearly shown to our eyes by truthful documents. For the present year is the four hundred and twenty-sixth from the Lord's Passion in the first octoëteris, the sixteenth year of the King, and the second cycle has its beginning in the year of the consulship of Theodosius for the seventeenth time and Festus, at the end of which, from the Israelites departing from Egypt, two thousand one hundred years were completed, and the Passover was found such as had first been sacrificed by the Fathers in Egypt; and in the sixteenth year of the King, two thousand one hundred and sixteen were noted in the twenty-sixth cycle, the seventeenth year of the same cycle, in which year the Lord's Passover is celebrated on the fifteenth day before the Kalends of May, the seventeenth day of the moon. But so that one additional unit may be found in this cycle and be turned back from the second day of the moon to the beginning, the lunar minutes have generated this, because among twelve years, so that we might be able to pronounce the paschal days as a whole, one unit from the accenting ounces will clearly be found besides that unit of weekdays, which is very often substituted among four years for the bissextile day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"octabu kalendas Apriles","severity":"info","text":"The date 'eighth day before the Kalends of April' corresponds to 25 March, a traditional date for the Crucifixion in early Latin computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"luna sex radecima","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'luna sex radecima' is a scribal error for 'luna sexta decima' (the sixteenth day of the moon), as confirmed by the parallel 'luna duodevigesima' (the eighteenth).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ocdoada","severity":"info","text":"The 'octoëteris' (ocdoada) is an eight-year lunisolar cycle used in early Christian computus to reconcile lunar and solar years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"consulatu Theodosii decem et septies et Festi","severity":"info","text":"The consulship of Theodosius (for the 17th time) and Festus dates to AD 439, providing a fixed point for the author's chronological calculations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"assis","severity":"info","text":"'Assis' (a unit) here refers to an intercalary day or adjustment in the lunar cycle, distinct from the bissextile day added every four years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Lunares minutiae","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Lunares minutiae' (lunar minutes) is obscure; it likely denotes fractional days in the lunar cycle that accumulate to require an extra unit, but the exact computational method is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text's numerical references (e.g., 'quadringentesimus vigesimus sextus' for years from the Passion) are internally inconsistent and may reflect scribal corruption or conflation of multiple cycles.","The phrase 'luna sex radecima' is a clear scribal error for 'luna sexta decima', but the intended lunar age for the Crucifixion (16th day) is conventional."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Ergo octogies quater unciae septus et septies decusdipundius habeas annus octoginta qualtuor, quibus sanctissimæ memorine Augustalis sex de septem assibus in ocdoadibus et endecadibus suis non propriis locis et sedibus adnotavit; quos per annos octoginta quattuor annale; unciæ invenerunt. Ob quam rem in ejusdem circulis error aliquotiens invenitur, dum annorum numero, ct clementorum cursibus liquidius non adtenditur, quamvis unus assis de septem in ocloginla quatluor annis semper deducitur, et paschali nunquam omnino supputationi conceditur; ipsumque assem, nisi allor, proprium in lunarem cursum non intentus immisit, quem potius super vacuum integris adsertionibus declinavit: Ipse est, qui paschalc; errores gignendo dinoscitur, sicut annorum serie conscripta monstratur. Ut autem ipsum assem, qui excluditur, inven re possis a [forte hac] supputatione uti debebis. Octogies quatcr enim decusas uncia faciunt tibi dies nungentos triginta unum; partiris trigesimum, invenies triesas: ipsi sunt triginta et unum embolismi, quos laterculus omnis habere cognoscitur; remanet unus assis ille, qui in fine annorum octoginta quattuor de septem semper deducitur, quem, ut diximus supervacuum lunares minutiæ genuerunt.","english":"Therefore, you have eighty-four years, which the most holy Augustine of memory noted with six of the seven asses in their own octoads and endecads, not in their proper places and seats; these eighty-four years the annual unciae found. For this reason, in his cycles an error is sometimes found, because the number of years and the courses of the elements are not attended to with sufficient clarity, although one assis out of seven is always deducted in eighty-four years, and is never at all conceded to the paschal computation; and that same assis, unless otherwise, he did not let it enter into the lunar course as its own, but rather avoided it as superfluous with whole assertions: it is this that is known to generate paschal errors, as is shown by the written series of years. But so that you may be able to find that assis which is excluded, you must use this computation. Eighty-four times the decusa uncia makes for you nine hundred thirty-one days; divide by thirty, you will find thirty-one: these are the thirty-one embolisms which every laterculus is known to have; one assis remains, that which is always deducted from the seven at the end of eighty-four years, which, as we have said, the lunar minutiae generated as superfluous.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"assis","severity":"info","text":"The term 'assis' (here masculine, genitive assis) denotes a unit of the lunar cycle, likely a day or a fraction thereof, used in computistical calculations. Its precise value is debated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"octogies quater decusas uncia","severity":"info","text":"This phrase describes a multiplication: 84 × 11 1/12 days = 931 days, representing the total days in 84 lunar years of 12 months each, with an intercalary month every 3 years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Augustine of memory","severity":"info","text":"The 'most holy Augustine of memory' likely refers to a computist named Augustalis, not Augustine of Hippo. This figure is associated with an 84-year paschal cycle, criticized here for errors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"octogies quater unciae septus et septies decusdipundius","severity":"info","text":"The text's arithmetic is corrupt: 'octogies quater unciae septus et septies decusdipundius' is garbled. The intended calculation is 84 × 11 1/12 = 931 days, as clarified later.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"octogies quater unciae septus et septies decusdipundius","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'octogies quater unciae septus et septies decusdipundius' is corrupt; the manuscript likely has a scribal error. The correct reading is probably 'octogies quater decusas uncia' as in the later passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"laterculus","severity":"info","text":"'Laterculus' refers to a paschal table or cycle, often a list of dates. The text claims every such table has 31 embolisms in 84 years, a standard computistical claim.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Augustine of memory' is uncertain; it may be a computist named Augustalis, not Augustine of Hippo.","The arithmetic phrase 'octogies quater unciae septus et septies decusdipundius' is corrupt; the intended calculation is 84 × 11 1/12 = 931 days.","The term 'assis' is ambiguous; it may denote a day or a fraction of a day in the lunar cycle."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Ipsum eliam et Agriustia ejus municipii Thimidensium regiorum scribens Hilariano de ratione paschali per scripulos arte quadam voluit excludere, innitens in annos singulos non undecim dies et uncias, set undecim dies semiuncias, duæ selae, scripulum suum semissemiuncia, duae selae, minus ad unciam scripulos duos cincunsela, qui faciunt in octogipta quattuor annis scripulos ducentos quatuor sestam qui sunt horæ octo, semispuncla, duoque habeo. Devidentur foris exclusæ. Minus ergo habentur ad plenum diem de septenario numero excludendum horas tres, scripulum undecim, puncta decem; ideo utiquc aliquantos annos suis adsertionibus in integro determinaro nequivit. Providens igitur ipsum assem declinandum modis omnibus esse, quod si Augustalis sex, ut dixi, asses in laterculi membris certis numeris immisisset, nullatenus in lunari cursu et paschalibus annis vitium incurrisset, quibus ex proventum erroris hunc assem in suo lunari curso superflue variatim visus est prærogare; minori autem elemento in tertio circulo trigesimario anno vigcsimo quarto lunaris concluditur cursus. Competit etiam his circulis paschalibus per annos ocloginta quattuor, quibus explicitis ad caput reverteris sive in lunaribus cancellis, seu in paschalibus annis.","english":"He himself, along with Agriustia of his municipality of the royal Thimidenses, writing to Hilarianus concerning the reckoning of Easter, wished by a certain art to exclude the assis through scripula, relying not on eleven days and unciae for each year, but on eleven days, semiunciae, two selae, his own scripulum, a semissemiuncia, two selae, less by two scripula and a cincunsela to an uncia, which in eighty-four years makes two hundred four scripula and a sexta, which are eight hours, a semispuncla, and two habeo. They are divided and excluded outside. Therefore, there is less than a full day to be excluded from the septenary number by three hours, eleven scripula, and ten puncta; thus he was unable to determine some years in their entirety by his assertions. Therefore, foreseeing that the assis itself must be avoided in every way, if Augustalis had inserted six asses, as I have said, into the fixed numbers of the parts of the cycle, he would by no means have incurred error in the lunar course and the paschal years, from which the outcome of the error seemed to grant this assis superfluously and variably in his lunar course; but with the lesser element, in the third cycle of thirty years, the lunar course is concluded in the twenty-fourth year. It also suits these paschal cycles through eighty-four years, after which you return to the beginning, whether in the lunar tables or in the paschal years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"assis","severity":"info","text":"The term 'assis' (also 'assem') likely refers to a unit of time or a computational element in paschal reckoning, possibly a fraction of a day or a lunar correction. Its precise meaning is debated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"scripulum","severity":"info","text":"'Scripulum' (pl. 'scripula') is a small unit of time or weight, here used in calculating lunar and solar discrepancies. It is subdivided into 'semissemiuncia' and 'cincunsela', indicating a complex fractional system.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Agriustia","severity":"info","text":"Agriustia is an otherwise unknown figure, possibly a local computist from the municipium of the Thimidenses (a North African community). The reference to Hilarianus suggests a lost correspondence on paschal computation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Augustalis","severity":"info","text":"Augustalis likely refers to a computist or a cycle (possibly the 'Augustalis cycle') mentioned earlier. The text argues that inserting six asses into his cycle would have avoided error, contrasting with Augustine's 84-year cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"numerical calculations","severity":"caution","text":"The numerical values (e.g., 204 scripula, 8 hours, 3 hours, 11 scripula, 10 puncta) are corrupt or inconsistent in the manuscript, making precise reconstruction of the intended arithmetic uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"return to beginning","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes by noting that after 84 years, the paschal cycle repeats, a standard feature of the 84-year cycle attributed to Augustine, here applied to both lunar tables and paschal years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Agriustia' and the precise meaning of 'assis' and 'scripulum' fractions are uncertain. The numerical calculations are likely corrupt in transmission."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Quorum annus igitur septimus decimus anno sexto decimo Regis; sed in lunari, ut diximus, cursu inter annos duodecim assem unum inmittis in primum, secundum, et tertium cancellum super quod afuerit Kalend. Jan. sic quoque annos per singulos Veritate fulciris. Cum igitur in tertium cancellum ad annum perveneris vigesimum quartum reVerteris post annos octoginta quattuor, excluso die uno de septenario numero ex crementis lunaribus venientem, et invenies in cancellorum capite lunam secundam, in quibus ab A usque ad K decem literae numerantur, quae sibi (sic) exsicunt sinos dies, ut menstruatis numerus agitetur. Ipse autem per menses duodecim A foris defixae noscuntur, de quibus literis per dies singulos cram prospicis; et sic in cancellis per annos singulos descendens in directum contra Ipsam eram lincam adsecutus, quota luna vero verius poteris invenire, sane scientia cordis edoctus. In cancellis autem feriarum per numerum septenarium quaerenti datur indiculum, ab A. enim usque ad G. septem literae adnotantur, in quibus annus agitur septimus, ubi in bissextum ter quadriennium inmittis assem unum, hoc est annum unum K. et in mensium ordine quotum quaerere volueris, quam ad caput videris eram dicbus singulis adnotatam, contra ipsam in iisdem cancellis invenies feriam fixam. ID columna vero bissextili, quae cancellis lunaribus glutinata certo limite sociatur.","english":"Therefore, their seventeenth year is in the sixteenth year of the King; but in the lunar course, as we have said, you insert one assis among twelve years into the first, second, and third compartment, above which the Kalends of January falls, and thus you support the truth through each individual year. When, therefore, you have reached the twenty-fourth year in the third compartment, you will return after eighty-four years, having excluded one day from the septenary number coming from the lunar increments, and you will find in the head of the compartments the second moon, in which ten letters are counted from A to K, which produce for themselves the days of the sinews, so that the monthly number is agitated. Moreover, through the twelve months, the letters fixed outside A are known, from which letters you look out for the cram on each individual day; and thus descending in the compartments through each individual year in a straight line, having followed the line of the era itself opposite, you will be able to find the true moon more truly, instructed by the sound knowledge of the heart. In the compartments of the weekdays, however, through the septenary number, an indication is given to the seeker; for from A to G seven letters are noted, in which the seventh year occurs, where in the bissextile you insert one assis every three four-year periods, that is, one year K, and in the order of the months, whichever you wish to seek, you will see the era noted on each individual day at the head, and opposite it in the same compartments you will find the fixed weekday. In the bissextile column, moreover, which is joined to the lunar compartments by a fixed limit, it is associated.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"assis","severity":"info","text":"The term 'assis' (also 'assem') likely refers to a unit of time or a computational increment in the lunar cycle, possibly a day or a fraction thereof, used in the paschal reckoning described.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"cancellum","severity":"info","text":"'Cancellum' (plural 'cancellis') denotes a compartment or cell in a table, likely a grid used for organizing lunar and ferial data in the computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"cram","severity":"caution","text":"The word 'cram' is obscure; it may be a corruption or a technical term for a specific day or entry in the table, possibly related to 'crambe' or a scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes a cyclical system: after 84 years (a known paschal cycle), one day is excluded from the septenary number, and the lunar compartments reset with a second moon, using letters A–K for days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 84-year cycle (84 = 12 × 7) was used in early Latin computus, notably in the Supputatio Romana, to reconcile lunar and solar years for Easter dating.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The text is corrupt in places (e.g., 'cram', 'exsicunt sinos dies'), and the arithmetic of the assis insertion (one assis per 12 years, but also per 3 quadriennia) is inconsistent, suggesting scribal error or a lost diagram.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The meaning of 'cram' is uncertain; it may be a scribal error for 'crambe' or a technical term now lost.","The phrase 'exsicunt sinos dies' is unclear; possibly a corruption of 'exsistunt sinos dies' (produce the days of the sinews) or a reference to a table structure.","The relationship between the 12-year and 84-year cycles for inserting the assis is ambiguous; the text may conflate two different systems."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Annus igitur et ipse septimus decimus feria tertia; sed ubi Kalendarum martiarum diem inveneris mineatum, illic habes bissextum inmissa feria designatum. Cum autem perveneris advigesimum etoctavum, ad primum reverteris annum; et sic usque in fine mundi recapitulando singulos tam paschales quam bissextiles, simul ctiam et lunarcs annos, feriarumque dies invenies adnotatos. Sed ut ipsum diem bissextilem in integro recognoscas, hanc rationem sequi debebis et scire hunc diem bissextilem non lavorabis. Hbraei primo ob hoc, non sua, sed Dei sapientia edocti, circa cursum lunae, non potuerunt errare; et ideo quando primum in Ægypto pridie idus Apriles quarta feria quarladccima luna, bessicilicus, duac selae de scripulo trion, semiuncia, sicilicus immolaverunt pascha, dixerunt duodecim invenis, et duodecim crescentis; co quod invenerint lunam quando facta sit a minutione non a crementis incoasse; unde comprehenditur aequinoctium octavum Kalendas Apriles diem primum inventum fuisse, et quarta die quod est quinto Kalendas ejusdem dixisse omnipotentem Deum fiant duo lumitiaria in firmamento cæli, sic ul luceant super terram, et di vidant inter diem et noctem, et sint in signis, et in temporibus, et in diebus et in annis, et sint in splendore in firmamento cœli sic ut luceant super terram; et sic est factum.","english":"Therefore, the seventeenth year itself falls on the third feria; but where you find the day of the Kalends of March marked with minium, there you have the bissextile day designated by the inserted feria. When, however, you reach the twenty-eighth, you will return to the first year; and thus, until the end of the world, by recapitulating each of the paschal, bissextile, and also the lunar years, you will find the days of the feriae noted. But so that you may recognize the bissextile day itself in its entirety, you ought to follow this reasoning and know that this bissextile day is not to be worked. The Hebrews, first of all, taught by the wisdom not of their own but of God, could not err concerning the course of the moon; and therefore, when for the first time in Egypt on the day before the Ides of April, the fourth feria, the fourteenth moon, they sacrificed the Passover with a bessicilicus, two selae of a scripulum of trion, a semiuncia, and a sicilicus, they said \"twelve of the waning and twelve of the waxing\"; because they found that the moon, when it was made, began from the waning, not from the waxing; whence it is understood that the equinox was found to be the first day on the eighth Kalends of April, and on the fourth day, which is the fifth Kalends of the same, they said that Almighty God said, \"Let there be two luminaries in the firmament of the sky, so that they shine upon the earth, and divide between day and night, and be in signs, and in seasons, and in days and in years, and be in splendor in the firmament of the sky so that they shine upon the earth\"; and so it was done.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"bessicilicus","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'bessicilicus' is obscure and likely a corruption or variant of a Latin weight or coin measure; it may be a scribal error for 'bes sicilicus' or a garbled reference to a liturgical object.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"duac selae de scripulo trion","severity":"caution","text":"This phrase is corrupt; 'duac selae' may be a miswriting of 'duae selae' (two shekels?), 'scripulo' for 'scripulum' (a small weight), and 'trion' is unclear. The passage likely lists ingredients or measures for the Passover sacrifice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"fiant duo lumitiaria in firmamento cæli","severity":"info","text":"This is a paraphrase of Genesis 1:14-18, where God creates the sun and moon as luminaries. The wording 'duo lumitiaria' (two luminaries) and the description of their functions echo the Vulgate text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"octavum Kalendas Apriles","severity":"info","text":"The date 'eighth Kalends of April' corresponds to March 25, traditionally the spring equinox in Roman and early medieval computus. This aligns with the equinox date used in paschal calculations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"recapitulando","severity":"info","text":"The term 'recapitulando' (recapitulating) describes the cyclical repetition of the 28-year solar cycle, a key structural principle in this computus for aligning lunar and solar years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"non lavorabis","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'non lavorabis' (you will not work) is likely a corruption; it may be a miswriting of 'non laborabis' (you will not labor) or a reference to a prohibition of work on the bissextile day, but the text is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The passage contains several corrupt or obscure terms (bessicilicus, duac selae de scripulo trion, non lavorabis) that resist clear interpretation; the intended meaning of the Passover sacrifice description is uncertain.","The phrase 'quarladccima luna' is likely a scribal error for 'quarta decima luna' (fourteenth moon), but the exact reading is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Et fecit Deus duo luminaria magna; luminare majus initium die;, et luminare minus initium noctis; et cetera. Fecit igitur omnipotens Deus solem initium dici et cucurrit antequam fieret luna horas undecim et quartam partem horae; et statim jussit fieri lunam, et prosequi eum, cum quo tam magnum officium in coelo fuerat adepta. Constituta est igitur quinta decima plena, quia nihil quod non plenum perfectumque ediderit potentia Condituris. Et ideo utique dictum est, duodecim minuentis et duodecim crescentis; luna enim per duodecim se. mestrua minuitur, et per duodecim semestrua cre. scit, ut quod minus sol ad plenum diem cucurrisse cognoscilur, hoc luna divinum magisterium minuisse a sapientibus invenitur; et sic cum Dominus jussit dodrantibus crescere, et dodrantibus minui, sicut re vel ante ipso ostenditur calculata partitio. Quindecies enim dodrantes, decusas, quadran; sed quia dixit duodecim minuentis et duodecim crescentis duodecima in decnsas quadran faciat tibi deunsicilitus. Lunaris vero annus habet dies tricentos quin.. quaginta quattuor, in cujus anni mense invenies dies viginti novem, semis, super quos addes deunsicilicus, et fiunt tibi dies triginta, cincunsicilicus.","english":"And God made two great lights: the greater light for the beginning of the day, and the lesser light for the beginning of the night; and so forth. Therefore, almighty God made the sun the beginning of the day, and it ran for eleven hours and a quarter of an hour before the moon was made; and immediately He ordered the moon to be made, and to follow it, with which such a great office in the heavens had been attained. The fifteenth day is therefore established as full, because the power of the Creator brought forth nothing that was not full and perfect. And for that reason it is certainly said, twelve waning and twelve waxing; for the moon wanes through twelve half-months, and waxes through twelve half-months, so that what the sun is known to have run short of a full day, this the moon is found by the wise to have diminished by divine instruction; and thus, when the Lord ordered it to increase by dodrantes and to wane by dodrantes, just as the calculated division is shown before it. For fifteen times dodrantes, decusas, quadran; but because it said twelve waning and twelve waxing, the twelfth in decusas quadran makes for you a deunsicilicus. But the lunar year has three hundred fifty-four days, in whose month of the year you will find twenty-nine and a half days, over which you add a deunsicilicus, and they become for you thirty days, cincunsicilicus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Et fecit Deus duo luminaria magna; luminare majus initium diei, et luminare minus initium noctis","severity":"info","text":"This echoes Genesis 1:16, where God creates the two great lights, the greater to rule the day and the lesser to rule the night.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"dodrantes","severity":"info","text":"Dodrantes (from Latin dodrans, 'a quarter') here refers to a quarter-day unit, likely 6 hours, used in lunar calculations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"deunsicilicus","severity":"info","text":"Deunsicilicus is a corrupt or technical term for a small increment (perhaps 1/24 of a day), used to adjust lunar months to 30 days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"cincunsicilicus","severity":"info","text":"Cincunsicilicus appears to be a variant or scribal error for deunsicilicus, indicating a similar fractional adjustment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"quindecies enim dodrantes, decusas, quadran","severity":"info","text":"This garbled phrase likely attempts to describe a calculation: 15 × ¼ = 3¾, but the text is corrupt, obscuring the intended arithmetic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"duodecim minuentis et duodecim crescentis","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'twelve waning and twelve waxing' is ambiguous: it may refer to 12 half-months each of waning and waxing, or to 12 lunar months of 29.5 days, but the text's arithmetic is confused.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The terms 'deunsicilicus' and 'cincunsicilicus' are not standard Latin and their exact values are uncertain; the arithmetic of dodrantes and decusas is garbled, making the lunar calculation unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Duodecies ergo triesciucunsicilicus faciunt tibi, secundum cursum Romanorum, dies trecentos sexaginta quinque, quadran; qucm quadrantem per quadriennium temporis rediges, et facit tibi unum assem bissextum, hoc est quater quadrantes assis; haec est feria una. De columnis autem, quibus in circulorum capite cum suis sunt lineis picturatae, haec ratio cupienti clypeata monstratur. Qnota enim fuerit Kal. Jan. luna contra ipsam directa linea adsecutus invenies. In secunda columna mensis primi quota die lunam primam tuos ante oculos fixam; in tertia autem, quarta, quinta, et sexta columna luna decima quotu erit mensis quarti, quinti, septimi et decimi hanc lineam oculo cernens, prospicis per quattuor columnas esse dispositam a jejuniis enim legitimis deserviens adnotatur, sicut de septimi mensis jejunio praecipiente Domino Moyses sanctissimus proteslatur: hæc dicit Dominus: a nona mensis, inquit, in decima mensis ad vesperas sabbatizabitis sabbata vestra; et omnis qui se non humiliaverit in jejunio illo perdam animam illam de populo suo.","english":"Twelve times the trisciuncus sicilicus, therefore, make for you, according to the Roman reckoning, three hundred sixty-five days, and a quarter; and you will add up that quarter over a period of four years, and it makes for you one as bissextus, that is, four times the quarter of an as; this is one day of the week. Concerning the columns, however, which are painted with their lines at the head of the circles, this explanation is shown like a shield to the one who desires it. For whatever the moon was on the Kalends of January, you will find it by following the line drawn directly opposite it. In the second column, on whatever day of the first month you have the first moon fixed before your eyes; in the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth columns, however, on whatever day the tenth moon of the fourth, fifth, seventh, and tenth months will be, you, perceiving this line with your eye, see that it is arranged through four columns, being noted as serving for the lawful fasts, just as concerning the fast of the seventh month, the most holy Moses bears witness, the Lord commanding: This says the Lord: from the ninth of the month, he says, to the tenth of the month at evening you will keep your sabbaths; and everyone who has not humbled himself in that fast, I will destroy that soul from his people.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"triesciuncus sicilicus","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'triesciuncus sicilicus' is a corrupt or obscure Latin term for a unit of time, likely a fraction of an hour or day, used in computistical calculations. It may derive from Greek or Roman metrology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"assem bissextum","severity":"info","text":"'Assem bissextum' refers to the bissextile (leap) day, here equated to four quarter-days (quadrantes). The term 'as' (assem) is a Roman monetary unit, used metaphorically for a unit of time.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"a nona mensis ... in decima mensis ad vesperas sabbatizabitis sabbata vestra","severity":"info","text":"This passage echoes Leviticus 23:32, which prescribes the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) from the ninth to the tenth day of the seventh month. The Latin adapts the phrasing for Christian computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"columnis ... in circulorum capite","severity":"info","text":"The 'columns at the head of the circles' refer to tables or diagrams in computistical manuscripts, where lunar data and fast dates were arranged in columns for easy reference, often with circular diagrams.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"per quattuor columnas esse dispositam","severity":"info","text":"The text describes a four-column layout for tracking the tenth moon of months 4, 5, 7, and 10, which correspond to the dates of the four Ember fasts (jejunia legitima) in the Roman liturgical calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"triesciuncus sicilicus","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'triesciuncus sicilicus' is likely a scribal corruption or a hapax legomenon; its exact meaning is uncertain, and it may represent a misreading of a Greek or Latin numeral or fraction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'triesciuncus sicilicus' is obscure and possibly corrupt; the intended unit of time is unclear.","The reference to 'Moyses sanctissimus' and the Lord commanding may conflate Mosaic law with Christian liturgical practice; the exact scriptural source is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Sic et per Zachariam Prophetarum omnium decus, dc his sacris legitimis que jejuniis Dominus post captivitates tempus locutus est dicens: factum cst, inquit, verbum Domini omnipotentis ad me, dicens; die ad populum terrae, et ad sacerdotes: si jejurzaveritis et planxeritis in quintis aut in septimis jejuniis, et ecce septuaginta annis nunquid jejunium jeju nastis mihi o domus Israel? et si manducaveritis et biveritis, nonne vos manducetis et vos bibitis, non hæc. verba sunt quae locutus est Dominus in manibus Prophetarum illorum qui ante nos fuerunt? Cum fuit Jerusalera habitata, et copiosa, et civitates illius in circuitum I et montana et campestres habitabantur. Et factum eat verbum Domini ad Zachariam dicens: hæc dicit Dominus Omnipotens, judicium justum judicate, miserationem et misericordiam facile unusquisque ad fratrem suum, et viduæ et pupillo et advenæ, et pauper inclite dominari, et malitiam quique fratris sui nolite revervare in cordibus vestris. Et paulo post: hæc dicit Dominus Omnipotens jejunium quartum, et jejunium quintum, jejunium septimum, et jejunium decimum erunt domui Juda in gaudium, et in jucunditatem, et in solemnitates bonas et jucundi eritis et veritatem et pacem amabitis. Ecce jejunia legitima, qualitcr fieri debeantur, a Domino nuntiantur. Sed cur in istis mensibus designatur, volentibus ostendamus.","english":"Thus also through Zacharias, the glory of all the prophets, concerning these sacred feasts and fasts which the Lord spoke after the time of the captivities, saying: \"It came to pass,\" he says, \"the word of the almighty Lord to me, saying: Say to the people of the land and to the priests: If you have fasted and mourned in the fifth or in the seventh fasts, and behold, for seventy years, have you fasted for me, O house of Israel? And if you have eaten and drunk, do you not eat and do you not drink, not these things? Are these the words which the Lord spoke through the hands of those prophets who were before us? When Jerusalem was inhabited and populous, and its cities round about, and the mountains and plains were inhabited. And the word of the Lord came to Zacharias, saying: Thus says the Lord Almighty: Judge a just judgment, show compassion and mercy each one to his brother, and to the widow and the orphan and the stranger, and let the poor be nobly ruled, and do not harbor the malice of your brother in your hearts. And a little later: Thus says the Lord Almighty: The fourth fast, and the fifth fast, the seventh fast, and the tenth fast will be for the house of Judah a joy, and a delight, and good solemnities, and you will be joyful and will love truth and peace. Behold, the legitimate fasts, how they ought to be observed, are announced by the Lord. But why they are designated in these months, we wish to show to those who are willing.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Zachariam","severity":"info","text":"The passage cites the prophet Zechariah, but the quoted material is not found in the canonical Book of Zechariah; it likely draws from apocryphal or patristic traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"jejunium quartum, et jejunium quintum, jejunium septimum, et jejunium decimum","severity":"info","text":"These four fasts (fourth, fifth, seventh, tenth) correspond to the traditional Jewish fasts commemorating the destruction of Jerusalem, adapted in Christian computus to mark penitential seasons.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"captivitates","severity":"info","text":"The 'captivities' refer to the Babylonian exile and later Roman destruction of Jerusalem; the fasts are linked to these historical calamities in Jewish and Christian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Sed cur in istis mensibus designatur","severity":"info","text":"This sentence signals a transition from citation to explanation, typical of the treatise's method: first quoting authority, then providing rationale for the computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Zachariam Prophetarum omnium decus","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'glory of all the prophets' for Zechariah is unusual and may reflect a high medieval or Irish exegetical tradition, not common in patristic sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"factum cst","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin 'factum cst' is a scribal error for 'factum est'; such minor corruptions are frequent in the manuscript tradition of this work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The source of the Zechariah quotation is uncertain; it may be from a lost apocryphon or a misattributed patristic homily.","The exact relationship between the four fasts and the Coptic calendar months is not specified here, only promised for later explanation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Jejunium enim quartum pro primitiis et mensibus; et jejunamus jejunium quintum pro areis redigendis et decimis offerendis; jejunium septimum pro vindemiis colligendis; et jejunium decimum pro sementationibus etiam seminandi, sed olei primitiis delibandis. In quorum jejuniorum quattuor septimanis sine ullo errore lunam decimam intueberis, manifestam. A Dominico autem pascha et uniuscujusque anni computas dies octoginla quattuor, in quorum conclusionem invenies sabbatorum dies, quod est finis septimanae, quae in se habet quarti mensis lunam decimam et exsolves post sacrificium jejunium quartum. Centum duodecim jejnnium quintum; centum septuaginta quinque jejunium septimum; ducentos sexaginta sex jejunium decimum; sic singula in ordine recensendo artis hujus magister et doctor poterit reppcrire; si tamen somnolentia cordis, quae a sapientibus declinatur, non obpresserit sensum. His quoque supradictis columnis aliac septem jungunlur, in quibus Kalendarum Januariarum luna et paschae Dominicorum dies adnotantur; tricesimarius etenim lunae numcrum, per septemnarium numerum ebdomadis divisus spatia numero ducenta decem disterminat.","english":"For the fourth fast is for the first fruits and months; and we fast the fifth fast for gathering the threshing-floors and offering the tithes; the seventh fast for gathering the vintage; and the tenth fast for the sowings, also for sowing, but for tasting the first fruits of the oil. In the four weeks of these fasts, without any error, you will observe the tenth moon, clearly. From the Lord's day of Easter and of each year you count eighty-four days, at the conclusion of which you will find the days of the Sabbath, which is the end of the week, which contains within itself the tenth moon of the fourth month, and you will break the fourth fast after the sacrifice. One hundred and twelve, the fifth fast; one hundred and seventy-five, the seventh fast; two hundred and sixty-six, the tenth fast; thus, by reviewing each in order, the master and teacher of this art will be able to discover them, if, however, the drowsiness of the heart, which is shunned by the wise, does not oppress the mind. To these aforementioned columns, seven others are joined, in which the moon of the Kalends of January and the Lord's days of Easter are noted; for the thirty-day number of the moon, divided by the sevenfold number of the week, separates the space into the number two hundred and ten.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"jejunium quartum ... quintum ... septimum ... decimum","severity":"info","text":"The four fasts (fourth, fifth, seventh, tenth) correspond to Jewish agricultural festivals: first fruits, threshing, vintage, sowing. This reflects a Christian adaptation of Jewish practice, possibly from the post-exilic period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"lunam decimam","severity":"info","text":"The 'tenth moon' (lunam decimam) is the tenth day of the lunar month, a key date for determining the fasts. The text emphasizes observing it without error in the four weeks of these fasts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"A Dominico autem pascha ... computas dies octoginta quattuor","severity":"info","text":"The passage provides a computational scheme: from Easter Sunday, count 84 days to find the Sabbath containing the tenth moon of the fourth month, then break the fourth fast. Similar counts are given for the other fasts (112, 175, 266 days).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"somnolentia cordis","severity":"info","text":"'Drowsiness of the heart' (somnolentia cordis) is a metaphor for spiritual or intellectual lethargy, shunned by the wise. This phrase echoes monastic and sapiential traditions warning against negligence in liturgical computation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"columnis ... aliae septem junguntur","severity":"info","text":"The text refers to seven additional columns in a table, recording the moon of the Kalends of January and Easter Sundays. The 30-day lunar cycle divided by 7 yields 210, a number used in paschal calculations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"jejunium decimum pro sementationibus etiam seminandi, sed olei primitiis delibandis","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin is awkward: 'for the sowings, also for sowing, but for tasting the first fruits of the oil.' The repetition may indicate a scribal error or conflation of two distinct fasts (sowing and oil first fruits).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'jejunium decimum pro sementationibus etiam seminandi, sed olei primitiis delibandis' is syntactically confused; it may conflate two separate fasts or reflect a textual corruption.","The number 210 (ducenta decem) is given as the result of dividing the 30-day lunar cycle by 7, but the arithmetic is unclear: 30/7 does not equal 210; perhaps it refers to 30 × 7 = 210, or a cycle of 210 days."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"It autem unius cujusque paschae diem invenias, lunam et feriam, quae fuerit Kalendis Januariis, observahis, ut lunae cursum tenens in eadem columna, diem invenias paschae, quod ad feriam suprascriptam pertinere videtur; hoc idem et in fabulis triginta sequenlibus adprobatur, in quibus Kalendarum Martiarum lunam et feriam per septenarium numerum utrarumque in luna dierum triginta ducenta decem spatia invenies adnotata, nunlianles certissime fixum unius cujusque anni dominicum pascha. Nam et harum fibularum numerum tres aliae ut pediseque columnae secuntur, quae in se embolismorum titulos cl lunares annos lineis tensis ex Kalendis Janunriis quota fuerit curiosis et bene sullicitis planius monstrare coguntur, ut horum circulorum veritas in omnibus suis ornata monilibus ostendatur.\n\nLIBER SECUNDUS, QUI IN SE OMNIA ORNAMENTA CONTINET CIRCULORUM.","english":"You will find the day, the moon, and the weekday of each individual Easter by observing what was on the Kalends of January, so that, keeping the course of the moon in the same column, you may find the day of Easter, which seems to pertain to the aforementioned weekday; this same thing is also confirmed in the thirty following tables, in which you will find the moon and the weekday of the Kalends of March, through the sevenfold number of each, noted in the space of thirty days, two hundred and ten intervals, establishing most certainly the fixed dominical Easter of each individual year. For these tables are followed by three other columns as handmaidens, which are compelled to show more plainly, to the curious and well-diligent, the titles of the embolisms and the lunar years, drawn out in lines from the Kalends of January, whatever it was, so that the truth of these cycles may be displayed in all their adorned ornaments.\n\nBOOK TWO, WHICH CONTAINS IN ITSELF ALL THE ORNAMENTS OF THE CYCLES.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"fabulis triginta sequenlibus","severity":"info","text":"The phrase likely refers to thirty tables or diagrams (fabulae) that follow, used for calculating Easter dates. The term 'fabulae' may be a scribal variant for 'tabulae'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"nunlianles","severity":"caution","text":"This word appears corrupt; it may be a scribal error for 'nuntiantes' (announcing) or 'numerantes' (counting). The sense is that the tables establish the date of Easter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"LIBER SECUNDUS","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with the heading for Book Two, indicating a major division in the work. This book is said to contain 'all the ornaments of the cycles', likely referring to the computational tables.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Kalendis Januariis","severity":"info","text":"The Kalends of January (1 January) is used as a reference point for calculating the lunar cycle and weekday for Easter, a common practice in computistical texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ducenta decem spatia","severity":"info","text":"The 210 intervals likely represent the number of days in 30 weeks (30 days × 7 = 210), used to track lunar and weekday cycles from the Kalends of March.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"embolismorum titulos","severity":"info","text":"Embolisms refer to intercalary months added to align lunar and solar years, a key concept in Easter calculation. The 'titles' likely denote headings or entries in the tables.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The term 'nunlianles' is likely a scribal corruption; the intended word is uncertain.","The phrase 'fabulis triginta sequenlibus' may be a misspelling of 'tabulis triginta sequentibus'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Alia quoque ratio ob vigesimum quintum circulum, quod in se annos contineat duo millia centum a sacratissimo scilicet paschae die in.Egypto immolato adnuente Domino ostendimus manifestam, ut et in Kalendis Januariis secundam lunam, et primi mensis quartam decimam pridie idus Apriles, et feriam quartam adtendas in capite circuli secundi in integro fuisse defixam, quam tu diligentissimus scrutator supputans, hoc modo invenire debebis. Oclogies quater enim tricenti quinquages quartus faciunt tibi dies lunares viginti novem milia septingenti triginta sex; et octogies quater decusas uncia, faciunt tibi nungenti triginla milia sex unus dies embolismares addes supra summam superiorem, et habes triginta milia sescentos sexaginta septem dies. Exinde deducis diem unum, quem in sequentibus dictis ex detrimentis tunaribus gignitum esse docemus, et qualiter declinctur evidentissime demonstramus. Ergo circulus unus annos habet octoginta quattuor, qui in se conlinent noctium triginta miliasescenta sexaginta quinque.","english":"Another method concerning the twenty-fifth cycle, which contains within itself two thousand one hundred years from the most sacred day of Easter, namely the sacrifice in Egypt with the Lord’s consent, we have set forth clearly, so that you may note that on the Kalends of January the second moon, and the fourteenth day of the first month on the day before the Ides of April, and the fourth day of the week were fixed in their entirety at the beginning of the second cycle; and you, as a most diligent calculator, by reckoning, must find this in the following way. Four times eighty-three hundred fifty-four make for you twenty-nine thousand seven hundred thirty-six lunar days; and four times eighty decusas uncia make for you nine hundred thirty thousand six hundred one embolismic days, which you add to the sum above, and you have thirty thousand six hundred sixty-seven days. Then you subtract one day, which we teach is generated from the lunar defects in the following statements, and we demonstrate most clearly how it is removed. Therefore, one cycle has eighty-four years, which contain within themselves thirty thousand six hundred sixty-five nights.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"oclogies quater","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'oclogies quater' is a Latinized Greek numeral meaning 'four times eighty-three' (i.e., 332), likely a corruption or variant of 'octogies quater'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"decusas uncia","severity":"caution","text":"'Decusas uncia' is obscure; possibly a scribal error for 'decussis uncia' (ten times one-twelfth) or a miswriting of a numeral, leading to the figure 930,601 embolismic days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"vigesimum quintum circulum","severity":"info","text":"The 'twenty-fifth cycle' refers to a 2,100-year paschal cycle (25 × 84 years), a computational framework used in early medieval computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Alia quoque ratio","severity":"info","text":"This passage introduces an alternative method for calculating Easter, contrasting with the preceding thirty-table system, and emphasizes the 84-year cycle's internal consistency.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"triginta miliasescenta sexaginta quinque","severity":"caution","text":"The final number '30,665 nights' (or days) is inconsistent with the earlier sum of 30,667 days minus one day (30,666), suggesting a scribal error or textual corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"in.Egypto immolato","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the Easter sacrifice in Egypt reflects a tradition linking the date of the Crucifixion to the Exodus, common in early medieval computistical works.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'oclogies quater' and 'decusas uncia' are corrupt or non-standard, making the arithmetic uncertain; the reading assumes they represent numerals leading to the given totals.","The final number of days (30,665) does not match the preceding calculation (30,667 - 1 = 30,666), indicating a possible scribal error in the text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Et quoniam vigesimus quinlus circulus in consulatu Theodosi sedeces et Fausti ab eodem pascha fuerit consumatus, quem recalato tempore supputans, invenies habere noctium septingenta sexaginta sex milia sescentas viginti quinque, quas cum partitus fueris in sexagesimam partem, invenies duoJecim milia septingenta septuaginta septem, uncia, quam summam superiori summae adjungis fiunt noctium septinginta septuaginta novemilia quatringintas duas; in quibus partiris trigesimam habebis viginti quinque milia nungenti octo essuperet dipundius, uncia; haec, inquam, fuit luna secunda Kalendis Jannaris. Ecce Deo gratias quam digne et rationabiliter inventa est Kalendis Januariis luna secunda. quæ quartum decimam primi mensis cum embolismi titulum procreans in omnibus invenitur. Ex Kalendis itaque ipsis Januaris, ut quartarn decimam pridie idus invenire possis, in tertio idus Apriles computans, ct habes centum et unum diem, super quos dies addes luna secunda, quae inventa cstesse ipsis Kalendis Januariis, faciunt tibi dies centum tres; partiris sexagesimam habes bessicilicus, duae salae de scripulu, triensem, uncias silicus; hoc super centum tres dies addes, faciunt tibi dies centum quattuor, bessilicos, duo selae de scripulo, triens, semuncia, sicilicus; partiris trigesimum invenies tres insuper, ct decus quattus, bessilicus, duo selae, de scripulu, trien semuncia, si.","english":"And since the twenty-fifth cycle was completed in the consulship of Theodosius for the sixteenth time and Faustus from that same Easter, which, when you calculate by the elapsed time, you will find to have seven hundred sixty-six thousand six hundred twenty-five nights; when you have divided these into a sixtieth part, you will find twelve thousand seven hundred seventy-seven, one ounce; which sum you add to the previous sum, making seven hundred seventy-nine thousand four hundred two nights; in these, when you divide by thirty, you will have twenty-five thousand nine hundred eight, and a dipondius, one ounce remains; this, I say, was the second moon on the Kalends of January. Behold, thanks be to God, how worthily and reasonably the second moon was found on the Kalends of January. Which, generating the fourteenth of the first month with the title of the embolism, is found in all. From those same Kalends of January, so that you may find the fourteenth on the day before the Ides, calculating on the third Ides of April, you have one hundred and one days; to these days you add the second moon, which was found to be on those same Kalends of January, they make for you one hundred three days; you divide by sixty, you have a bes, two selae of a scruple, a triens, ounces, a siliqua; this you add to the one hundred three days, they make for you one hundred four days, a bes, two selae of a scruple, a triens, a semuncia, a siliqua; you divide by thirty, you find three in addition, and a decus, a quarter, a bes, two selae, of a scruple, a triens, a semuncia, a siliqua.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"vigessimus quinlus circulus","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'twenty-fifth cycle' refers to a 532-year paschal cycle (19 × 28), a standard Alexandrian computus unit. The author uses it to anchor the calculation to a specific historical Easter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"consulatu Theodosi sedeces et Fausti","severity":"info","text":"The consulship of Theodosius XVI and Faustus corresponds to AD 438. This date is used to mark the completion of the 25th cycle, providing a fixed point for the computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"dipundius","severity":"info","text":"'Dipondius' is a Latin fractional unit (2/12 of an uncia, i.e., 1/6 of an uncia) used in Roman metrology. Here it appears in the remainder of a division, reflecting the author's use of sexagesimal fractions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"bessicilicus","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'bessicilicus' is likely a scribal corruption or variant of 'bessilicus' (a fraction of a siliqua). The text's fractional arithmetic is garbled, making precise interpretation uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ecce Deo gratias","severity":"info","text":"The exclamation 'Ecce Deo gratias' marks a rhetorical pause, emphasizing the successful calculation of the lunar date. This is a common feature in computistical texts to highlight a key result.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"duo selae de scripulu","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'duo selae de scripulu' is obscure; 'selae' may be a corruption of 'siliquae' or a local variant. The fractional arithmetic in this passage is inconsistent, suggesting textual corruption or a non-standard system.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The fractional terms (bessicilicus, selae, dipundius) are inconsistently used and may reflect scribal error or a non-standard metrological system. The arithmetic steps are partially corrupt, making the exact calculation unrecoverable."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"cilicus, et habes quartam decimam primi mensis, et quod excurrit pridie idus Apriles, qui est primus paschae sacratissimus dies. Sed ut ipsius lunae quartae decimae feriam quartam profectionis filiorum Isdrael ex Ægypto invenire possis, adverte; vicessimus enim et quinlus circulus in fine secundi laterculi de Ægypto filii Isdrael exeuntibus invenitur esse conclusus, sicut per legis storiam annorum indicat sextus vicies quinque. Si ergo octoges quattus fiunt pascae duo milia centum, et invicesimo et sexto circulo in capite complentur anni duomilia centum bismilies; itaque centies trecenti sexagies quinque quadran, faciunt libi dierum seplingenta sexaginta septem milia viginti quinque. In his partiris septimam et habes centum nove milia quingenli septaes, quattus super et septus. Incipe numerare a feria prima quae fuit ipsis Kalendis Januariis primo anno paschae in.Egypto immolato ab asse primo in septem assibus, et invenies pridie Kalendas Januarias feriam septimam; ipsis quoque Kalendis Januaris feriam primam; ex quarum utique Kalendarum diem in pridie idus Apriles computas, et invenies diescentum duos. In his partiris septimam, et habes dccus quattus super et quattus; baec est feria quarlaquartaedecimae lunae primi mensis anni primi, ut diximus, in capite circuli secundi, in quo invenimus pascha sacratissimum tunc a patribus in.Egypto immolatum.","english":"years. And you have the fourteenth of the first month, and it falls on the day before the Ides of April, which is the most sacred first day of Easter. But so that you may be able to find the fourth day of the week of that fourteenth moon of the departure of the sons of Israel from Egypt, pay attention; for the twenty-fifth cycle is found to be concluded at the end of the second little table concerning the sons of Israel departing from Egypt, just as the sixth twenty-five of the years of the history of the Law indicates. Therefore, if eighty-four make two thousand one hundred Easters, and in the twenty-sixth cycle at the beginning two thousand one hundred and two thousand years are completed; thus one hundred times three hundred and sixty-five quarters make for you six hundred and sixty-seven thousand and twenty-five days. In these you divide by seven and you have one hundred and nine thousand five hundred and seven, with four left over. Begin to count from the first day of the week which was on the Kalends of January in the first year of Easter sacrificed in Egypt from the first as in seven asses, and you will find the day before the Kalends of January to be the seventh day of the week; and on the Kalends of January itself the first day of the week; from whichever of these Kalends days you count to the day before the Ides of April, and you will find one hundred and two days. In these you divide by seven, and you have fourteen with four left over; this is the fourth day of the week of the fourteenth moon of the first month of the first year, as we have said, at the beginning of the second cycle, in which we find the most sacred Easter then sacrificed by the fathers in Egypt.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"cilicus","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'cilicus' is a corrupt or variant form; the intended word is likely 'calculus' (calculation) or 'circulus' (cycle). The English draft omits it, but it may represent a scribal error for 'circulus'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"vicessimus enim et quinlus circulus","severity":"info","text":"'Vicessimus enim et quinlus circulus' is a corrupt form of 'vicesimus enim et quintus circulus' (the twenty-fifth cycle). The text's numerical calculations rely on this cycle, a key unit in paschal computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"secundi laterculi","severity":"info","text":"'Secundi laterculi' (second little table) refers to a tabular arrangement of paschal data, likely a 25-year cycle table used in early computistical works. The term 'laterculus' is common in late antique and medieval computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"profectionis filiorum Isdrael ex Ægypto","severity":"info","text":"This phrase alludes to the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt (Exodus 12–14). The text links the paschal calculation to the biblical departure, aligning the 14th moon with the historical event.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"seplingenta sexaginta septem milia viginti quinque","severity":"caution","text":"The number 'seplingenta sexaginta septem milia viginti quinque' (667,025) is a corruption; the English draft reads 'six hundred and sixty-seven thousand and twenty-five', but the Latin likely intends 'septingenta sexaginta septem milia viginti quinque' (767,025) based on earlier calculations in the passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"pridie idus Apriles","severity":"info","text":"The date 'pridie idus Apriles' (April 12) is identified as the 14th moon of the first month and the first day of Easter. This anchors the paschal calculation in the Roman calendar, a common practice in computistical texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text contains several corruptions (e.g., 'cilicus', 'quinlus', 'seplingenta') that obscure precise numerical values; the English draft resolves some but not all. The reading assumes 'circulus' for 'cilicus' and corrects numbers where possible, but the exact intended figures remain uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Sed cum hos circulos in ordine adtentus fueris adsecutus intra columnas dies paschae veridicos invenies adnotatos, et illos' qui foris sunt pro certo falsissimo super cilium columnarum encauto conscribtos sine dubio in errore fuisse defixos. Videtis igitur, carissimi, quod unicuique nostrum nihil denegat Omnipotens Deus: Sed quis quanta de ipso praesumserit fideliter cupienti ut voluerit dilargitur? Ita enim hæc sacramenta manifestari praecepit, ut a passionc Dominica in quadringentesimo et vigesimo anno regis Geiserici decimo anno diem inveniremus, in quo Dominus cum suis discipulis pascha sacratissimum mandueavit; in eodem quoque complerentur anni duo milia centum decem, ab agno scilicet illo anniculo sine vitio in Ægypto immolato, sicut a secundi circuli capite ostenduntur in ordine titulati.\n\nIncipiamus itaque, fratres, ab exodi lectione de ipso agno in.Egypto immolato in memoriam scienlibus revocare, ut possimus utrorumque agnorum speciem volentibus demonstrare. In qua lectione recognoscimus ipsum Deum et Dominum nostrum ad Moyscn et Aron fratrem ejus in terram Ægypti dixisse: mensis hic, inquit, initium mensium, primus erit vobis, in mensibus fasæ, ad omnem Synagogam filiorum Isdrael dicens.","english":"But when you have diligently followed these cycles in order, you will find the true days of Easter noted within the columns, and those which are outside, written with the most false error on the edge of the columns, are certainly fixed in error. You see, therefore, dearest ones, that Almighty God denies nothing to any of us: but how much does He bestow upon each who faithfully desires, as He wills, from Himself? For He has commanded these mysteries to be revealed in such a way that, in the four hundred and twentieth year of King Geiseric, on the tenth day, we might find the day on which the Lord ate the most sacred Passover with His disciples; in the same year, two thousand one hundred and ten years would also be completed, from that one-year-old lamb without blemish sacrificed in Egypt, as shown from the head of the second cycle, titled in order.\n\nLet us therefore begin, brothers, from the reading of Exodus concerning that lamb sacrificed in Egypt, to recall it to the minds of those who know, so that we may demonstrate the form of both lambs to those who wish. In which reading we recognize that God Himself and our Lord said to Moses and his brother Aaron in the land of Egypt: \"This month,\" He says, \"the beginning of months, shall be the first for you, in the months of the Passover,\" speaking to the whole Synagogue of the children of Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Geiserici","severity":"info","text":"Geiseric (c. 389–477) was king of the Vandals and Alans, who sacked Rome in 455. The 420th year of his reign is an anachronistic or symbolic date, as his reign lasted only c. 49 years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"mensis hic ... initium mensium","severity":"info","text":"This echoes Exodus 12:2, where God declares the month of Abib the first month. The author adapts the verse to support his paschal chronology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"pascha sacratissimum","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'most sacred Passover' refers to the Last Supper, which the author anachronistically aligns with a specific date in Geiseric's era, conflating Jewish and Christian paschal traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"duo milia centum decem","severity":"caution","text":"The 2,110 years from the Exodus lamb to Geiseric's 10th year is a symbolic calculation, not historically accurate. It reflects the author's attempt to synchronize biblical and contemporary events.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Incipiamus itaque, fratres, ab exodi lectione","severity":"info","text":"This marks a transition from computational tables to exegetical exposition, introducing a typological comparison between the Exodus lamb and Christ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Videtis igitur, carissimi","severity":"info","text":"The direct address 'dearest ones' and 'brothers' suggests the work was intended for oral delivery to a monastic or clerical community, common in early medieval computus treatises.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The 420th year of Geiseric is historically impossible; likely a scribal error or symbolic number.","The phrase 'a secundi circuli capite' may refer to a specific table or cycle not extant in the manuscript."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"decimo die mensis hujus accipiant sibi singuli per domos tribuum ovem per domum; et si exigui erunt in domo, ut non sint sufficienles ad ovem, adsumant secum vicinum proximum suum, per numerum animarum singuli quod sufficient sibi computabunt in ovem. Ovis sit sine vitio, immaculatus perfectus masculus et anniculus erit vobis ab agnis et ab ædis accipi, ea sit vobis observatum usque ad quartam decimam diem mensis hujus. Et occidet eum omne vulgus synagogae filiorum Isdrael ad vesperam; et accipient de sanguine ejus, et ponent super duos postes, et super litem in domibus, in quibus eum edent, in ipsis et edent carnes ipsas nocte assatas igni et azima cum edent. Non edetis crudam, neque coctam in aqua nisi assatam igni. Caput cum pedibus, et inter reneis nihil derelinquentes ex eis in mane, et os non confringetis ab eo. Quae derelicta fuerint de eo usque in mane igni cremabuntur. Sic autem comedetis eum; lumbi vestri praecincti, et calciamenta in pedibus vestris, et bacula vestra in manibus vestris; et edetis eum festinanter, pascha est enim Domini.","english":"on the tenth day of this month, each one in the houses of the tribes shall take for themselves a sheep per house; and if there are few in the house, so that they are not sufficient for a sheep, they shall take with them their nearest neighbor, each according to the number of souls they will reckon for themselves what suffices for the sheep. The sheep shall be without blemish, spotless, perfect, male, and a year old; it shall be taken for you from the lambs and from the goats; let it be observed by you until the fourteenth day of this month. And the whole multitude of the synagogue of the children of Israel shall kill it at evening; and they shall take of its blood, and place it on the two doorposts, and on the lintel in the houses in which they will eat it; in those same houses they shall eat the flesh itself, roasted by fire that night, and they shall eat unleavened bread with it. You shall not eat it raw, nor boiled in water, but only roasted by fire. The head with the feet, and the entrails, leaving nothing of them until morning, and you shall not break any bone from it. Whatever is left of it until morning shall be burned by fire. And you shall eat it thus: your loins girded, and shoes on your feet, and your staffs in your hands; and you shall eat it hastily, for it is the Passover of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"pascha est enim Domini","severity":"info","text":"The closing phrase echoes Exodus 12:11 (Vulgate: 'Pascha est enim Domini'), linking the ritual to the biblical Passover.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"decimo die mensis hujus","severity":"info","text":"The tenth day of the first month (Nisan) is the biblical date for selecting the Passover lamb (Exodus 12:3).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"sanguine ejus ... super duos postes","severity":"info","text":"The blood on doorposts and lintel recalls the apotropaic rite of the Exodus Passover (Exodus 12:7), not a standard Christian practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Sic autem comedetis eum; lumbi vestri praecincti","severity":"info","text":"The detailed instructions (girded loins, shoes, staffs, haste) form a ritual rubric, typical of liturgical prescriptions in computus texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ab ædis accipi","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'from the goats' (ab ædis) is unusual; the biblical text (Exodus 12:5) specifies only a lamb. This may reflect a later adaptation or textual corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"pascha est enim Domini","severity":"info","text":"The author presents the Passover as a Christian typological foreshadowing, consistent with the computus work's aim to align Easter with Jewish calendrical traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The source of the ritual details (biblical, Jewish tradition, or Christian interpolation) is unclear; the text may conflate Exodus with later halakhic practice."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Praecepit igitur Omnipotens Deus per Moysen universae synagogae filiorum Isdrael in mense novorum, qui est initium mensium in mensibus anni, in quo habitu ederent pascha; ad hoc utique, ut et suam divinitatem credentibus nobis in Christo manifestaret et illorum latrocinium, jam tunc a pascha primum, in Ægypto celebratum demonstraret; qui in Ægypto ad vesperam, idest in novissima saeculi tempora, praecincti, et calciati adversus agnum Dei immaculatum prima die azimorum ad vesperam cum gladiis el fuslibus exirent, et universa, quae ab omnibus Prophetis de eo praedicta fuerant, in eum committerent. Et ideo nos qui jam non secundum imaginem, sicut illi, sed secundum veritatem in commemorationem passionis filii Dei pascha celebramus, nihil aliud in primis nisi de ipsius Domini nostri adventu totis viribus fidei nostrae diligenter requirere debeamus et tunc circulorum serie revofvamus. Primus enim Gajus Julius Caesar Romae imperavit annis decem, mensibus quattuor, diebus sex. Post Gajum Julium Caesarem successitAngustus imperator, qui imperavit Romae annis quinquaginta sex, mensibus quattuor, die uno.","english":"Therefore, Almighty God commanded through Moses the entire congregation of the sons of Israel, in the month of new [fruits], which is the beginning of months among the months of the year, in which they were to eat the Passover; to this end, certainly, that He might both manifest His divinity to us believing in Christ and demonstrate their brigandage, already then from the first Passover celebrated in Egypt; who in Egypt at evening, that is, in the last times of the world, girded and shod, would go out against the immaculate Lamb of God on the first day of Unleavened Bread at evening with swords and clubs, and would commit against Him all that had been foretold about Him by all the Prophets. And therefore we, who now celebrate Passover not according to the image, as they did, but according to the truth, in commemoration of the passion of the Son of God, ought in the first place to seek out nothing other than the very advent of our Lord with all the strength of our faith diligently, and then to revolve it in the series of cycles. For Gaius Julius Caesar first ruled Rome for ten years, four months, six days. After Gaius Julius Caesar, the Emperor Augustus succeeded, who ruled Rome for fifty-six years, four months, one day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"mense novorum","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'mense novorum' (month of new [fruits]) refers to the Hebrew month of Abib (later Nisan), the first month of the religious year, when Passover was celebrated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"agnum Dei immaculatum","severity":"info","text":"The 'immaculate Lamb of God' alludes to Christ as the paschal lamb, echoing Exodus 12:3-5 and typological interpretation in Christian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Gajus Julius Caesar","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Gaius Julius Caesar and Augustus provides a chronological anchor for the author's computus, linking biblical history to Roman imperial chronology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Primus enim Gajus Julius Caesar Romae imperavit","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a transition from typological exegesis to historical chronology, introducing the series of Roman rulers that will underpin the paschal cycle calculations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"nos qui jam non secundum imaginem, sicut illi, sed secundum veritatem","severity":"info","text":"The author contrasts Jewish Passover as mere 'image' with Christian celebration as 'truth,' a common patristic typology (cf. Augustine, Ep. 55) that shapes the treatise's polemical stance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"circulorum serie revofvamus","severity":"caution","text":"The verb 'revofvamus' is likely a scribal error for 'revolvamus' (we revolve), as the context requires the sense of 'going through' cycles. The text may be corrupt here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'mense novorum' could be interpreted as 'month of new [fruits]' or 'month of new [things]'; the translation adopts the former as standard for the Hebrew month of Abib.","The identity of 'Gajus Julius Caesar' is ambiguous: the author may conflate Julius Caesar with Augustus, as the regnal years given (10 years, 4 months, 6 days) do not match historical records for either."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"IIoc imperante advenit Johannes, Zachariae sacerdotis filius, missus a Deo praedicans baptismum pœnitentiae, qui secundum praedicalionem legis prophetarumque omnium Christum ostendit, Christum filium Dei advenisse in hunc mundum, idest in regione Judae, dicens: hic est agnus Dei, qui aufert peccata mundi; el hic est Salvator saeculi; hic est de quo dixi: homo ante me factus est, cujus non sum dignus corrigiam calciamentorum solvere. Ex inde cepit Jesus docere populum vi facere virtutes et signa magna, quae nullus alius fecerat. Manifestavit autem se post baptismum universo humano generi filiorum Dei, missum a Deo patre ad stabiliendum et reformandum, reconciliandumque populum sibi compositum. quibus electis duodecim discipulis data est potestas in sancto Spiritu; et misit eos per omnes gentes, docentesque docerent. Dc. hinc ordinatis eis ad officium praedicandi gratiam Dei factam per nomen ejus, remissionem peccatorum, resurrectionem carnis, aeternam vitam morluis resurgentibus, praedixit eis quanta passurus esset a Judaeis usque ad mortem, mortem autem crucis et quod triduo mansurus esset in corde terrae, et quod tertia die a mortuis resurgeret, et post resurrectionem coelos petiturus esset. Deinde Tiberius Caesar imperavit annis viginti duobus, mensibus septem, diebus vigintiduobos. Hoc imperante, idest sextodc-.","english":"Under his rule came John, the son of the priest Zacharias, sent by God preaching the baptism of penance, who according to the preaching of the law and all the prophets showed Christ, that Christ the Son of God had come into this world, that is, into the region of Judea, saying: this is the Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world; and this is the Savior of the world; this is he of whom I said: a man made before me, whose sandal-strap I am not worthy to untie. Then Jesus began to teach the people and to perform great virtues and signs, which no other had done. Moreover, after the baptism he revealed himself to the whole human race as the Son of God, sent by God the Father to establish, reform, and reconcile the people composed for him. To these, twelve disciples were chosen, power was given in the Holy Spirit; and he sent them through all nations, teaching that they should teach. Then, after they were ordained to the office of preaching the grace of God made through his name, the remission of sins, the resurrection of the flesh, eternal life for the dead rising again, he foretold to them how much he would suffer from the Jews unto death, death by the cross, and that he would remain for three days in the heart of the earth, and that on the third day he would rise from the dead, and after the resurrection he would seek the heavens. Then Tiberius Caesar ruled for twenty-two years, seven months, twenty-two days. Under his rule, that is, the sixth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"IIoc imperante","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'IIoc imperante' is a Latin corruption of 'Hoc imperante' (under his rule), referring to the reign of Herod or a Roman authority; the text's context suggests Herod Antipas.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"hic est agnus Dei, qui aufert peccata mundi","severity":"info","text":"This echoes John the Baptist's identification of Jesus as the Lamb of God (John 1:29) but expands with 'qui aufert peccata mundi', a non-biblical addition reflecting liturgical or catechetical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Johannes, Zachariae sacerdotis filius","severity":"info","text":"John the Baptist is identified as son of the priest Zacharias, aligning with Luke 1:5-13, but the text omits Elizabeth, focusing on priestly lineage to emphasize John's prophetic authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Deinde Tiberius Caesar imperavit annis viginti duobus, mensibus septem, diebus vigintiduobos","severity":"info","text":"This chronological note transitions from Christ's ministry to Tiberius's reign, a typical computistical device linking sacred history to imperial chronology for paschal calculation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"sextodc-","severity":"caution","text":"The text breaks off with 'sextodc-', likely an incomplete ordinal (sexto decimo? 'sixteenth') or a numeral; the manuscript may be damaged or the scribe interrupted.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"docentesque docerent","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'teaching that they should teach' reflects a medieval emphasis on apostolic succession and the duty of bishops to preach, common in computistical and homiletic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the ruler under whom John came ('IIoc imperante') is ambiguous; likely Herod Antipas, but the text does not specify.","The broken word 'sextodc-' may be 'sexto decimo' (sixteenth) or part of a numeral; the intended chronological reference is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","ref":"John 1:29","text":"The English carries the scriptural phrase “the lamb of god”, which matches John 1:29. The match is on the English draft; check the Coptic before quoting the verse."}]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"cimo anno imperii ejus, procurante Jadaea Pontio Pilato sub Anna et Caifa sacerdotibus, octabu Katendas Apriles, duobus Geminis Consulibus, incidit sexta decima luna, parasceve, quando Dominus noster, Salvator generis humani, Jesus Christus filius Dei passus est. Perpessus igitur omnia, quae de eo fuerant scripta, secundum praedicationem legis Prophetarumque omnium et Evangeliorum ejus, passus, ut diximus, ociabu Kalendas Apriles, die parascaeve. Tertio vero die a mortuis resurrexit, die Dominica sextu Kalendas easdem, et conversatus cum Apostolis et Discipulis quadraginta ferme diebus, circumfusa nube in cælo est receptus. Exinde igitur, regnante gratia Dei, homines credentes in nomine ejus inluminari cœperunt. Et ideo in his omnibus gratiam referamus haec omnia disponenti propter nostram salutem; et vocat nos ad divinam agnitionem Dominus Deus omnipolens pater Domini nostri Jesu Christi, cui sit honor et gloria per eundem Dominum Chritum in Sancto Spiritu per omnia secula seculorum. Amen.","english":"In the fifteenth year of his reign, under the procurator of Judaea, Pontius Pilate, and the priests Annas and Caiaphas, on the eighth day before the Kalends of April, when the two Gemini were consuls, the sixteenth moon fell, a parasceve, when our Lord, the Saviour of the human race, Jesus Christ the Son of God, suffered. Therefore, having endured all that had been written about him, according to the preaching of the law and all the prophets and his Gospels, he suffered, as we have said, on the eighth day before the Kalends of April, a parasceve day. And on the third day he rose from the dead, on the Lord's day, the sixth day before the same Kalends, and after having conversed with the Apostles and Disciples for about forty days, he was received into heaven, surrounded by a cloud. From then on, therefore, with the grace of God reigning, men believing in his name began to be enlightened. And so in all these things let us give thanks to the one who disposes all these things for our salvation; and the Lord God Almighty, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, calls us to divine knowledge, to whom be honor and glory through the same Lord Christ in the Holy Spirit throughout all ages of ages. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"cimo anno imperii ejus","severity":"info","text":"The text places the Passion in the 15th year of Tiberius (AD 28/29), a common patristic dating, though modern scholarship often favors AD 30 or 33.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"parasceve","severity":"info","text":"Parasceve (παρασκευή) is a Greek loanword meaning 'preparation' and in Christian usage designates the day of preparation for the Sabbath, i.e., Friday.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Tertio vero die a mortuis resurrexit","severity":"info","text":"The three-day interval from crucifixion to resurrection echoes the Gospel accounts (e.g., Matthew 28:1, Mark 16:9, Luke 24:7, John 20:1).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"octabu Katendas Apriles","severity":"info","text":"The date 'eighth day before the Kalends of April' corresponds to March 25 in the Roman calendar, a traditional date for the crucifixion in early Christian chronography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"circumfusa nube in cælo est receptus","severity":"info","text":"The Ascension 'surrounded by a cloud' is a detail found in Acts 1:9 and later iconography, but the phrasing here may reflect a liturgical or homiletic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Exinde igitur ... gratiam referamus","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from historical narrative to a doxological conclusion, a common structural feature in early Christian computistical treatises.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The consular date 'duobus Geminis Consulibus' is unclear; it may refer to the Gemini brothers (Castor and Pollux) as a symbolic or erroneous consular pair, or to a specific historical consulate not otherwise attested.","The phrase 'octabu Katendas Apriles' contains a possible scribal error (octabu for octavo)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"Fiunt ergo a protoplausto Adam in anno sextodecimo Tiberii Caesaris, idest in passionis Domini die, anni v. millia quingenti, et a passione Domini usque ad annum decimum Regis, anni quadringenti viginti; quo anno et invenies diem paschae sacratissimum, in quo Dominus noster pro nobis agnus Dei fuerit immolatus. Qui dies in capite circuli primi anno decimo ejusdem Regis defigitur, perfecto noInero tilulatus. In his itaque annis Augustalis, sui laterculi auctor, dum et litterarum sit scientia præditus, et calculationis arte peritus, vitiurn incurrisse cognoscitur, propter annorum scilicet numerum suo in lunari cursu, cui plus assis unus ex ipso annorum fallaci numero accidisse probatur. Dicit enim a passione Dominica centesimo octogesimo el sexto anno, ejusdem Paschæ die, diem diei convenisse, cum in anno centesimo sexagesimo ct nono a capite circuli tertii diem ipsum debuit repperire, quem in suis circulis anno sexagesimo et nono noscitur defixisse. Illum vero sine membris diem cum vocahulo personatum apud nos anno septimo decimo, habitum suorum circulorum in capite in incerto numcro ostendi' tur titulasse; ideo utique in errore devenisse videtur, sicnt ipse suo adloquio profitetur. Quod autem, in.","english":"Therefore, from the first-formed Adam to the sixteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, that is, to the day of the Lord's Passion, there are five thousand five hundred years; and from the Lord's Passion to the tenth year of the King, four hundred twenty years; in which year you will also find the most sacred day of Easter, on which our Lord, the Lamb of God, was sacrificed for us. That day is fixed at the head of the first cycle in the tenth year of the same King, inscribed with a complete number. In these Augustan years, therefore, the author of his own table, although endowed with knowledge of letters and skilled in the art of calculation, is known to have incurred an error, namely on account of the number of years in his lunar course, to which an extra unit from that same deceptive number of years is proved to have accrued. For he says that on the one hundred eighty-sixth year after the Lord's Passion, the day of the same Easter coincided with the day, whereas he ought to have found that day in the one hundred sixty-ninth year from the head of the third cycle, which he is known to have fixed in his cycles in the sixty-ninth year. But that day, without members, with a personal name, among us in the seventeenth year, he is shown to have inscribed at the head of his cycles with an uncertain number; therefore he seems to have fallen into error, as he himself professes in his own discourse. But that, in.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"a protoplausto Adam in anno sextodecimo Tiberii Caesaris","severity":"info","text":"The author calculates 5,500 years from Adam to the Passion (16th year of Tiberius), a common chronographic figure in early Christian computus, though not universally accepted.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"parasceve","severity":"info","text":"Parasceve (παρασκευή) is the Greek term for the day of preparation (Friday), used in Christian Latin to denote the day of Christ's crucifixion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Augustalis sui laterculi auctor","severity":"info","text":"The 'Augustan years' refer to the regnal years of Augustus; the author of the table (laterculi auctor) is likely a computist whose lunar cycle is criticized for an extra unit (plus assis).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"vitium incurrisse cognoscitur","severity":"caution","text":"The text accuses an earlier computist of error, but the argument is obscure: the critic claims the Easter day should have been found in year 169, not 186, of a cycle. The exact cycles referenced are unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"in capite circuli primi anno decimo ejusdem Regis","severity":"info","text":"The Easter day is said to be fixed at the head of the first cycle in the tenth year of the king (likely a regnal year of a later ruler, possibly Theodosius or a contemporary).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"diem sine membris cum vocabulo personatum","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'day without members, with a personal name' likely refers to a day lacking its proper lunar or ferial data, merely labeled; this reflects later criticism of earlier computistical tables.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the King' in 'anno decimo Regis' is ambiguous; possibly a contemporary ruler or a reference to a regnal era used in the computus.","The specific cycles (circuli) and the error of 186 vs. 169 years are not fully explained; the text assumes knowledge of a now-lost table."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"quit, non ab eo anno quo passus est Dominus annorum ordinaii sunt circuli investigati adque repperiti compendii utilitas sua sit a duobus Geminis consulibus quo anno passus est Dominus usque ad annum consulatus Antonini quater et Albiui, qui in hoc opere primus est, anni centum octoginta sex numerantur, et quia hoc eodem Consule contigit, ut omnifariam paschæ dies diei passionis Domini conveniret utilitas abluta (sic) compendi fastidiri non debuit. Ab hoc igitur Consule, quo primæ ocduadis initia cæpta sunt, usque ad eum annum quo octogesimus et quartus annus cum suis embolismorum signis concluditur, perfacile est inspicientibus Kosmutae calculationis veritatem oculis quoque testibus comprobire, qualiter in hac supputatione comprobare se promittit; cum nec dfem passionis Dominicæ in capite primæ ocdoadis suæ in integro defixerit, nec certum numerum annorum veridice lerminaveris; sicut textus indicat nostrorum sequentium circulorum, quorum scilicet in capite inveniens Kalendis Januariis luna vigesima, et secunda feria septima, quartadecima primi mensis; decimu Kalendas Apriles, feria IV. Dominicum paschae VI. Id. Apriles, luna duodevigesima, et in ejus circulorum habetur in capite Kal. Januariis luna xx. feria vi. quartadecima primi mensis oclavu kalendas Apriles feria v. domiuinicum pascæ, v. kal. Apri'es, luna VII.","english":"quit, not from that year in which the Lord suffered were the cycles of investigation ordained and discovered, but the usefulness of the compendium is that from the two Gemini consuls, in whose year the Lord suffered, up to the year of the consulate of Antoninus for the fourth time and Albinus, which is the first in this work, one hundred and eighty-six years are counted; and because it happened under this same consul that the day of Easter coincided entirely with the day of the Lord's Passion, the usefulness of the compendium, though washed away, ought not to be scorned. From this consul, therefore, from which the beginnings of the first octoad were started, up to that year in which the eighty-fourth year with its signs of embolisms is concluded, it is very easy for those inspecting the truth of Kosmutas's calculation to prove it also with the eyes as witnesses, how it promises to prove itself in this computation; since it has neither fixed the day of the Lord's Passion at the head of its first octoad in its entirety, nor truthfully determined the certain number of years; as the text of our following cycles indicates, in whose head, namely, one finds on the Kalends of January the twentieth moon, and the seventh second feria, the fourteenth of the first month; the tenth Kalends of April, feria IV; the Lord's Easter on the sixth Ides of April, the eighteenth moon; and in its cycles it is held at the head on the Kalends of January the twentieth moon, feria VI; the fourteenth of the first month on the eighth Kalends of April, feria V; the Lord's Easter on the fifth Kalends of April, the seventh moon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ocduadis","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'ocduadis' (genitive) is a scribal variant of 'octoadis', referring to an eight-year cycle (octoëteris) used in early computus for Easter reckoning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Kosmutae","severity":"caution","text":"'Kosmutae' is a corrupt or variant form; likely refers to 'Cosmas' or a computist named 'Cosmas' (possibly Cosmas Indicopleustes), but the identification is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"a duobus Geminis consulibus","severity":"info","text":"The 'two Gemini consuls' are the consuls for AD 29 (the year of the Passion in this tradition): the Gemini brothers, C. Fufius Geminus and L. Rubellius Geminus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"consulatus Antonini quater et Albini","severity":"info","text":"The consulate of Antoninus (Pius) for the fourth time and Albinus corresponds to AD 185, which the text treats as the first year of its Easter cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"utilitas abluta","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'utilitas abluta' (washed-away usefulness) is obscure; it may be a textual corruption or a metaphor for the compendium's value being diminished but not nullified.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"prima ocduadis","severity":"info","text":"The 'first octoad' marks the beginning of an eight-year cycle; the text contrasts this with the 84-year cycle (octogesimus et quartus annus) that concludes the reckoning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Kosmutae' is uncertain; possibly a computist named Cosmas, but no firm identification is possible from the text alone.","The phrase 'utilitas abluta' is textually corrupt or metaphorical; its precise meaning is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"In hoc die putat esse passionem Dominicam, quod omnino ullatenus congruit veritati. Sic etiam nostris aspectibus lunaris ipse cursiculus indicat rutilo lumine radiatus, simul et annorum numerus certo in loco iure defixus. Agriustia vero primus pravitatis cultor, et erroris sui amator, assertionisque su:c imperitissimus doctor et semipsum, quem dum diximus decli. nandum, annos per singulos scripulis dissiparare conatur, ut ejus falsilas evidens ostensa nudetur, et a veritate alienus innotescere videatur. Ipse in doctius tunc interrogationibus agitetur, quasi vel quos solaminis argumento in ipso anni curriculo suis laterculis lunæ crementum asses undecim semuncia, II. scle, scripulum unum semissem uncia, duae selæ voluerit prorogare, et non asses undecim et uncia, quod proculdubio in ipsa separatione annali eadem luna testatur augmenlis augere. Per quam utique unciam in annis octoginta quattuor septem asses habere poterat supputator, de quibus unum assem, qui post tri. ginta unum currit tempore Moysi, veritatem agnosceret plenum decuit (sic) declinasset. Octogies quater, ergo ut dicit, semiuncia duæ selæ scripulum unum semissem uncia II. selæ, ipse itaque respondit sexis, quadrans scripuli undecim destun. (sic); quod est quod asserit.","english":"On this day he thinks the Lord's Passion occurred, which in no way at all agrees with the truth. Thus also to our eyes the lunar cycle itself, radiant with gleaming light, indicates, and the number of years, rightly fixed in a certain place. But Agriustia, the first cultivator of perversity and lover of his own error, and the most unskilled teacher of his own assertion, and of himself, whom we said should be avoided, tries to scatter the years into individual scruples, so that his evident falsehood may be exposed and he may be seen to be revealed as alien from the truth. Then let him be agitated by more learned questions, as if he wished to extend the increase of the moon in his little tables by an argument of solace in the course of the year itself: eleven asses, a semuncia, two selae, one scruple, a semissis, an uncia, two selae, and not eleven asses and an uncia, which without doubt in that same annual separation the moon itself testifies to increase by increments. Through which uncia, indeed, in eighty-four years the calculator could have had seven asses, from which one ass, which runs after thirty-one at the time of Moses, he would have fully recognized the truth, had he declined it. Eighty-four times, therefore, as he says, a semuncia, two selae, one scruple, a semissis, an uncia, two selae; he himself thus answered: six, a quadrans, a scruple, eleven destun. (sic); which is what he asserts.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Agriustia","severity":"info","text":"Agriustia is a personal name, likely a polemical label for an opponent (perhaps a computist). The author denounces him as a 'first cultivator of perversity' and 'most unskilled teacher'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"asses, semuncia, selae, scripulum, semissis, uncia","severity":"info","text":"These are Roman units of weight and coinage, used here metaphorically to represent fractions of lunar increments in computistical calculations. The author criticizes Agriustia's complex fractional system.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"octogies quater","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'octogies quater' (84 times) refers to the 84-year Paschal cycle, a key framework in early medieval computus. The author uses it to expose Agriustia's errors in lunar reckoning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"sexis, quadrans scripuli undecim destun","severity":"caution","text":"The final numbers ('sexis, quadrans scripuli undecim destun') are corrupt or obscure. The text may be garbled; 'destun' is likely a scribal error. The author's intended arithmetic is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"tempore Moysi","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the time of Moses' reflects the common early medieval computistical practice of anchoring Paschal cycles to biblical chronology, especially the Exodus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Agriustia' is uncertain; it may be a corrupt or invented name for a real computist opponent.","The final arithmetic ('sexis, quadrans scripuli undecim destun') is textually corrupt and its intended meaning is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"Et ille ait sexis dies sunt sex et quadrant horæ sunt Ires scripuli vero undecim destant sennarum (sic) minus juncta duo esse probantur, quia in destante puncta decem concludi apertissime dinoscuntur. Quid in hac interrogatione ma. nifestius, quid in sua responsione probabilius, quam ut suo fomite vinceretur ineptus, suspiciones suas et usus qui holus horas octos emmisset puncta duo tantum secundum arbitrii sui voluntatem nisus sit exclusisse, et plenum assem nilus non valuit declinare. Ob quam rem reticos (sic) omnes ad verita. tis regulam docuit descivisse, et ut caeci jam facto ultra luminis januam non poterint invenire; sed qualitcr prudentibus certis numeris declinetur captus et integer sensus non avertere moretur Octogies quater cnim trecenti quinqnes quattus, sunt dies vigintinove milia septingenii triginta sex; et iteram octogies quater decnsas uncias faciunt tibi dies nongenti trigenta unum; quos superiori summae adjunsis, erunt dies trigenta milia sexcenti sexagnta septem: qui dies per ocdoadas et endecadas ita determinati noscuntur, ut et ipsum quem in se supervacuum continent diem excluderent, et certum in se seclusum numerum consingnassent.","english":"And he says: \"There are six days, and a quarter of an hour, and eleven scruples, and they are proven to be less than two joined together, because in the remainder ten points are most clearly concluded.\" What in this question is more manifest, what in his response more probable, than that he should be defeated by his own fuel, the inept one, and that he, who had let loose eight hours of cabbage, attempted to exclude only two points according to the will of his own judgment, and was unable to avoid the full ass? For this reason he taught that all the heretics have fallen away from the rule of truth, and that, as if blind, they can no longer find the door of light. But how the captive and whole sense may be turned aside by prudent fixed numbers, and not delayed to avert: for eighty-four times three hundred and five fours are twenty-nine thousand seven hundred and thirty-six days; and again eighty-four times ten ounces make for you nine hundred and thirty-one days; which, added to the previous sum, will be thirty thousand six hundred and sixty-seven days: which days are known to be determined by ogdoads and endecads in such a way that they would exclude the very day which they contain superfluously in themselves, and would designate a fixed number enclosed in themselves.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"sexis dies sunt sex et quadrant horæ sunt Ires scripuli vero undecim destant sennarum (sic) minus juncta duo esse probantur","severity":"info","text":"The Latin text is corrupt: 'sexis' likely for 'sexies' (six times), 'Ires' for 'tres' (three), 'destant' for 'de sunt' (are lacking), 'sennarum' for 'senarum' (of sixes). The speaker claims six days, a quarter hour, and eleven scruples are less than two joined units, with ten points in the remainder.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"reticos","severity":"info","text":"'Reticos' is a scribal error for 'haereticos' (heretics). The author accuses his opponent of teaching that all heretics have fallen from the rule of truth, a standard polemical trope in computistical disputes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Octogies quater cnim trecenti quinqnes quattus","severity":"info","text":"The calculation 84 × 305 × 4 = 29,736 days is corrupt; likely 84 × 365 = 30,660 days, a 28-year cycle (84 × 365 = 30,660). The text's 'trecenti quinqnes quattus' (305 fours) is a scribal error for 'trecenti sexaginta quinque' (365).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"per ocdoadas et endecadas","severity":"info","text":"The terms 'ogdoads' (groups of 8) and 'endecads' (groups of 11) refer to the 8- and 11-year cycles used in the 84-year paschal cycle, a hallmark of the late antique Computus of 84 (the 'supputatio Romana').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Agriustia","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Agriustia' (from previous passage) is a hapax, likely a polemical coinage from 'agrestis' (rustic) or a garbled reference to a real opponent. The author's attack on 'Agriustia' as a 'cultivator of perversity' reflects the heated tone of computistical controversies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"holus horas octos emmisset puncta duo tantum","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'holus horas octos' (eight hours of cabbage) is obscure and likely corrupt; 'holus' may be a scribal error for 'solus' (alone) or 'holus' (cabbage) used metaphorically. The sense is that the opponent's calculation is absurdly flawed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text is heavily corrupt, with multiple scribal errors (e.g., 'sexis', 'Ires', 'reticos', 'holus') that obscure the precise arithmetic and the identity of the opponent. The reading assumes standard paschal cycle numbers (84 × 365) and interprets 'reticos' as 'haereticos'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"Quinque enim sunt ocdoadae et endecadæ quattuor, quae ocdoadoc quinque inibi embolismares quindecim et lunares annos viginti quinque menses habent quadragintos nonaginta quinque, qui in sc optinent, dies quattuor decimilia sescentos decem et quattuor, endecadae inibi embolismares et lunares viginti octo, menses habent quingenlos quadraginta quattuor, qui in se exolvent dies sedecimilia quinquaginta sex; quorum dierum summam superadjungis, faciunt tibi dies triginta nlilia sescento sexaginta sex. Ecce de triginta millibus et sexcentis sexaginta septem diebus breviter exclusus unus assis in ocdoadibus ct cndecadibus per dierum divisionem vcridice comprobatur et tunc ab imperitis, et studiosis in contentionibus dissipatur. Sic etiam in circulo sequenti cum superiori germina concordia ociavit per embolismos, adque communes annos assem ipsum Curiosus (sic) quantocius plenum invenies declinatum. Sunt enim in et secundo circulo sicut et in primo, embolismares anni xxxi. et communes quinquaginta tres tricies. Semel ergo trecenti docies, quattus, respondet tibi undecimilia nongenti quattus, et. quinquagies ter trecenti quinquages quattus faciunt tibi dies decem et octo milia septingenti sexaginta dua. Hae duae suminulæ sibi invicem junctae efficiunt dies sex milia sescenlos sexaginta sex, et declinatus est assis ille praedictus.","english":"For there are five ogdoads and four endecads, which five ogdoads contain within themselves fifteen embolismic and twenty-five lunar years, having four hundred ninety-five months, which in themselves contain fourteen thousand six hundred fourteen days; the endecads contain within themselves twenty-eight embolismic and lunar years, having five hundred forty-four months, which in themselves yield sixteen thousand fifty-six days; you add together the sum of these days, and they make for you thirty thousand six hundred sixty-six days. Behold, from thirty thousand six hundred sixty-seven days, one as has been briefly excluded in the ogdoads and endecads is truthfully proven by the division of days, and then is dissipated in contentions by the unskilled and the studious. Thus also in the following cycle, with the upper, a germinal concord has rested through embolisms and common years; you will find that very as, which the Curious one has as quickly as possible fully declined. For there are in the second cycle, just as in the first, thirty-one embolismic years and fifty-three common years. Three hundred ten times four responds to you eleven thousand nine hundred four, and fifty-three times three hundred fifty-four makes for you eighteen thousand seven hundred sixty-two days. These two sums joined together yield thirty thousand six hundred sixty-six days, and that aforesaid as is declined.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ocdoadae","severity":"info","text":"Ocdoadae (ogdoads) are groups of eight years in the 19-year lunisolar cycle; here five ogdoads (40 years) are combined with four endecads (44 years) to form an 84-year period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"endecadae","severity":"info","text":"Endecadae (endecads) are groups of eleven years; four endecads yield 44 years, complementing the five ogdoads (40 years) to total 84 years.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"assis","severity":"info","text":"Assis (a small coin, here a unit of one day) is the discrepancy of one day between the computed sum (30,666 days) and the expected total (30,667 days), a key point in the author's polemic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 84-year cycle (5 ogdoads + 4 endecads) was used in early Latin computus before the 19-year cycle became standard; the author contrasts it with the 19-year cycle of the 'Curious one'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage presents two parallel calculations: first for the 84-year cycle (30,666 days), then for the 19-year cycle (also 30,666 days), showing the same one-day discrepancy to refute an opponent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text contains numerical errors (e.g., 'triginta nlilia' for 30,000) and unclear phrasing ('germina concordia ociavit'), likely from scribal corruption; the arithmetic is reconstructed in the English draft.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Curiosus' (the Curious one) is uncertain; it may refer to a specific computist or be a generic epithet for an overly precise calculator.","The phrase 'germina concordia ociavit' is obscure; it may mean 'a germinal concord has rested' or be a corruption of a technical term."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"Redeamus igitur et ad illam summam in dictis superioribus de eo anno venter et te( tum, per quam primo anno pasche in Ægypto celebratum Kalendis Januariis luna secunda fuisse didiceris. In ipsum si I advertere volueris, hunc eundem assem plenissime declinabis. Continentur enim in praedictam summam assium septingenta sexaginta sex milia sescenti viginti qu nque, ex quibus deducis asses trecentes sexaginta quinque, anni scilicet novissimi circulorum, ut appareat ipsum assem, el per hanc summam exclusum fuisse de septenario numero innatum ex unciarum augmento. Verum et vigesimam primam lunam sne unciis plenissime nudam anni octogisimi quarti esse condiscas. Cum autem praedictos dies rursum superioris summae revocaveris, et hanc ipsam partitus fueris, secundam repperies lunam, quam Kalendis Januariis in secundi circuli capite adfati, manu scis fu sse signatam. Deducts itaque his assibus trecentis sexaginta qu nque, remanent assium septingenta sexaginta sex milia ducenti sexagnta, in quibus partiris sexagesimam, habebis duodecimilia septingentos septuaginta unum; addes hoc supra summam praedictam, erunt asslum septingenta septnaginta nove milia tricenta unum. In his par tiris trigesimam, invenies viginti quinque milia nongenti sexaginta septem superet asses viginti unum. Ii sunt iuna v gesima prima octogesimi quarti anni.","english":"Let us therefore return to that sum mentioned above concerning that year, from which you learned that in the first year the Passover was celebrated in Egypt on the Kalends of January with the second moon. If you wish to attend to this very same as, you will most fully set it aside. For in the aforesaid sum are contained seven hundred sixty-six thousand six hundred twenty-five asses, from which you subtract three hundred sixty-five asses, namely of the last year of the cycles, so that the as itself appears, and by this sum it was excluded from the septenary number born from the increase of unciae. But also learn that the twenty-first moon without unciae is most fully bare of the eighty-fourth year. However, when you have recalled the aforesaid days of the higher sum, and have divided this same, you will find the second moon, which at the head of the second cycle on the Kalends of January you know was marked by hand. Therefore, subtracting these three hundred sixty-five asses, there remain seven hundred sixty-six thousand two hundred sixty asses, in which you divide the sixtieth, you will have twelve thousand seven hundred seventy-one; add this to the aforesaid sum, there will be seven hundred seventy-nine thousand three hundred one asses. In these you divide the thirtieth, you find twenty-five thousand nine hundred sixty-seven, and twenty-one asses remain. These are the twenty-first moon of the eighty-fourth year.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The author returns to a previously mentioned sum to verify the date of Passover in Egypt, using a complex calculation with asses and unciae.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"asses","severity":"info","text":"Asses are units of calculation, likely representing days or fractions thereof, derived from Roman currency but used here in computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"unciae","severity":"info","text":"Unciae are twelfths, possibly of a day or of an as, used to adjust lunar calculations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Passover on the Kalends of January with the second moon reflects early Christian attempts to reconcile lunar and solar calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of the computus, detailing arithmetic steps to find the twenty-first moon of the eighty-fourth year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text contains numerical inconsistencies (e.g., 766,625 vs. 766,260 asses) that may reflect scribal errors or corrupt transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact meaning of 'asses' and 'unciae' in this computational context is not fully clear; they may represent days or abstract units.","The arithmetic steps are partially corrupt, with numbers that do not consistently add up."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"Revocatis quoque praedictis assibu3 trecentis sexaginta quinque ad illam superiorem summam, erunt assium septingenta sexaginta sex millia sexcenti viginti quinque, ut supra. In quibus partiris sexagesimam, et invenies duodecimilia septingenti septe septi, uncia; addes supra summam praefatam, et habes assium seplingenta novem milia quadringenti, dipondius, uncia. In his partiris trigesimam, et habebis viginti quinque milia nongentos octogenta superet dipondius, uncia, sicut est luna in secundi circuli capite titulata, et declinaberis ad semipsum, que in fine circulorum saepissime diximus declinandum. Quisquis es namque dolo vecordiae sauciatus, vel hujus rationis ignarus, per quam altam profundamque partitionis summam, ut verius dicam, potius dilucide demonstratum, hic assis de numero seplenario fuerit exclusus agnosce; quemdam omnem in tua supputatione declinare nequiveris in utroque neutericus inveniris. Desine, quæso, jam desine in errore miseros populos per fallaciam tuis eversiculis insitire; ver.tati quoque tandem aliquando dura colla summitte, qu per nebulas ct perstigia ex.Egypto, de incognitis provinciarum spatiis et longa intercapidine terrarum quasi venientem tibi nunlins paschae diem sacratissimum sine tempore frequentius inaniter celebrandum. Cum horum namque circulorum lunare in tui pectoris sensum gluttinaberis cursum.","english":"Having also recalled the aforementioned three hundred sixty-five asses to that higher sum, there will be seven hundred sixty-six thousand six hundred twenty-five asses, as above. In these, you divide by sixty, and you will find twelve thousand seven hundred seventy-seven, an uncia; you add to the aforementioned sum, and you have seven hundred nine thousand four hundred asses, a dipondius, an uncia. In these, you divide by thirty, and you will have twenty-five thousand nine hundred eighty, a dipondius, an uncia, as is the moon inscribed at the head of the second cycle, and you will turn aside to the half-itself, which we have very often said must be turned aside at the end of the cycles. Whoever you are, wounded by the deceit of folly, or ignorant of this reasoning, through which high and deep sum of division, to speak more truly, rather clearly demonstrated, recognize that this assis has been excluded from the number seven; since you have been unable to turn aside every such thing in your calculation, you are found to be neuter in either case. Desist, I beg you, desist now from leading wretched peoples into error through the deceit of your tricks; finally, at last, bend your stubborn neck to the truth, which through clouds and illusions from Egypt, from unknown spaces of provinces and a long interval of lands, as if coming to you, the most sacred day of the Pasch is frequently celebrated by you in vain without time. For you will glue the lunar course of these cycles into the feeling of your breast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"assis","severity":"info","text":"The term 'assis' (genitive 'assis') is a Latinized form of Greek 'ἀσσάριον' (assarion), a small coin or unit of account. Here it is used as a computational unit in the paschal calculation, not a monetary value.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"uncia","severity":"info","text":"'Uncia' (ounce) is a fractional unit, one-twelfth of a whole. In this computational context, it likely represents a remainder or fractional part of the division, not a physical weight.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"dipondius","severity":"info","text":"'Dipondius' (two-pounder) is a Roman unit of weight or value, here used as a computational remainder term, analogous to 'uncia' but representing a larger fraction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes a step-by-step arithmetical procedure: adding 365 to a base sum, dividing by 60, adding the result, then dividing by 30 to obtain a lunar value. This mirrors the computational structure of the computus paschalis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text contains several apparent scribal errors or corruptions: 'seplingenta' for 'septingenta', 'superet' for 'superest', 'neutericus' for 'neuter'. These may affect the precise arithmetic but not the overall sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The author's vehement polemic against unnamed opponents ('dolo vecordiae sauciatus', 'fallaciam tuis eversiculis') reflects the contentious atmosphere of early medieval computistical debates, where correct paschal calculation was tied to orthodoxy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact arithmetic steps are unclear due to possible textual corruption; the terms 'assis', 'uncia', and 'dipondius' may have specific computational meanings now lost."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"Tunc a primo anno paschae in Ægypto immolatum veridicum invenies fundamentum, quod et lunaribus cancellis ver et paschalibus titulis congruum sat esse cognoscis. Ex Kalend namque Januariis, quibus superioribus dictis circulorum in capite lunam secundam inventam habitamque fuisse, jam noris in pridie eorumdem Kalendarum Januariarum anni sequentis supputabis, eruntque dies trecenti sexaginta uinque, super quos addes lunam secundam, quae isdem fuil Kalendis, ut dixit agnoscite licet procedendi, (sic) et fiunt die; trecenti sex aginta septem, in quibus partiris sexagesimam, invenies sexisuncia, t!uae selae addes supra summam predictam, et habes dies trecentos septuagenta tres, uncia, duae selae. In his ergo partiris trigesimam, invenies decus dipondius; superest decus tresisuncia duae selac, similiter etiam et in anno sequenti qui in ordine tertius appellatus supputare debebis. Ris itaque trecenti sexages quinque fiunt dies septingenti triginta. Inmittis vero ut supra anni primi lunam secundam et habebis dies septingentos triginta duos, in quibus partiris sexagesimam, invenies decus dipondius. Restant duae selac; addes hoc supra summam pracdictam, et crunt dies seplingenti quadraginta quattuor; restant duae selae, in quibus partiris trigesimam, invenies dies quattus super et vies quattus, restant duae selae.","english":"Then from the first year of the Passover in Egypt you will find the true foundation, which you recognize as sufficiently consistent with the lunar cycles and the paschal titles. For from the Kalends of January, on which, as stated above, the second moon was found and held at the head of the cycles, you will now calculate to the day before those same Kalends of January of the following year, and there will be three hundred sixty-five days, to which you add the second moon, which was on those same Kalends, as you may acknowledge the method of proceeding, and it becomes three hundred sixty-seven days, in which you divide by sixty, you find six unciae, which you add to the aforesaid sum, and you have three hundred seventy-three days, one uncia, two selae. In these, then, you divide by thirty, you find ten dipondii; the remainder is ten, three unciae, two selae. Similarly, also in the following year, which is called third in order, you must calculate. Thus three hundred sixty-five days become seven hundred thirty days. You add, as above, the second moon of the first year, and you have seven hundred thirty-two days, in which you divide by sixty, you find ten dipondii. Two selae remain; you add this to the aforesaid sum, and there will be seven hundred forty-four days; two selae remain, in which you divide by thirty, you find four days, and twenty-four, two selae remain.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"veridicum fundamentum","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'veridicum fundamentum' (true foundation) likely refers to the correct base date for calculating the paschal full moon, a key concept in computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"lunaribus cancellis","severity":"info","text":"'Lunaribus cancellis' (lunar cycles) denotes the 19-year Metonic cycle used to track lunar phases in paschal computation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"paschalibus titulis","severity":"info","text":"'Paschalibus titulis' (paschal titles) likely refers to the headings or tables listing the dates of Easter, a standard feature in computus manuscripts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the arithmetic demonstration from the previous passage, applying the same division-by-60 and division-by-30 method to successive years to compute lunar dates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"sexisuncia","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'sexisuncia' (six unciae) is likely a scribal error or variant for 'sex unciae'; the arithmetic in the English draft treats it as six unciae, but the Latin form is irregular.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"decus dipondius","severity":"caution","text":"'Decus dipondius' (ten dipondii) appears in the Latin but the English draft renders it as 'ten dipondii'; the term 'decus' may be a corruption of 'decem' (ten), as the arithmetic requires.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text contains several numerical terms (e.g., 'sexisuncia', 'decus dipondius') that may be scribal errors or variant forms; the English draft interprets them as standard units (uncia, dipondius) based on the arithmetic context.","The phrase 'ut dixit agnoscite licet procedendi' is syntactically unclear; the English draft treats it as a parenthetical instruction ('as you may acknowledge the method of proceeding'), but the Latin may be corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"Sic autem singulis quibusque annis usque in octogesimum et tertium annum supputabis; quem octogesimum et quartum in fine circulorum adnotatum agnoscis, ut etiam in his singulis annis undecim asses et uncia immittere videaris, et nullis cancellorum anfractibus vel lunariLUIs tituli erasse omnino noscaris. Dominus enim noster Christus, paternae obediens jussioni, ita hujus lunac almum sydus edidit, ut de noctis invenies lumen solidatae tenebrari ob nubimenta tenuaret quae claro invecta curriculo cautis vacasse per erroribus, secretis operantibu; causis, nunc plena subducit implenda, et rotatis cursibus iterum definitur. Haec sunt igitur lunae principia, ejusque officia perenni servitio divinitus instituta; haec in signis, et in temporibus, et in dicbus, et in annis praesciae facta. Per hanc quippe fabricam castam puramque, et suae majestatis praesagio Dominus designabat ad ecclesiam, quod saepissime lenuatur casibus variis, et minuitur semper in lapsis; splendoris tamen nitore suffulta crescit in sanctis.","english":"Then you will calculate each individual year up to the eighty-third year; you recognize the eighty-fourth as marked at the end of the cycles, so that in each of these years you seem to insert eleven asses and an uncia, and you are known not to have erased any of the windings of the grid or the lunar titles at all. For our Lord Christ, obedient to his father’s command, brought forth this nourishing star of the moon in such a way that you will find from the night a light, which, solidified by the coverings of darkness, would diminish the shadows brought in by the clear chariot, having been emptied through errors, by secret operative causes; now it withdraws full to be fulfilled, and by revolving courses it is defined again. These, therefore, are the principles of the moon, and its duties divinely instituted in perpetual service; these have been made prescient in signs, and in times, and in days, and in years. For through this chaste and pure fabric, and by the presage of its majesty, the Lord designated for the church what is very often weakened by various mishaps and always diminished in the fallen; yet, supported by the luster of its splendor, it grows among the saints.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"asses et uncia","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'asses et uncia' (pounds and ounces) is a computational metaphor for the 11-day epact (the difference between the solar and lunar year), which is inserted annually to align the lunar calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"octogesimum et quartum annum","severity":"info","text":"The 84-year cycle is a distinctive feature of the early Latin computus, notably associated with the later Supputatio Romana and the cycle attributed to Hippolytus, though here it is presented as a complete paschal cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Dominus noster Christus, paternae obediens jussioni","severity":"info","text":"This phrase echoes the Gospel accounts of Christ's obedience to the Father (e.g., John 5:19; 6:38), but here it is applied to the moon's creation, a theological extension of the paschal computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"lunac almum sydus","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'lunac almum sydus' (nourishing star of the moon) personifies the moon as a nurturing celestial body, a rare poetic usage in computistical texts, likely influenced by patristic allegory.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Haec sunt igitur lunae principia","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks a concluding summary of the lunar principles just described, transitioning from the computational method to a theological reflection on the moon's role in the church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ecclesiam","severity":"info","text":"The allegory of the moon as a type of the Church, weakened by mishaps but growing in saints, reflects a common patristic trope (e.g., in Ambrose and Augustine) applied here to the paschal computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'cancellorum anfractibus' (windings of the grid) is ambiguous: it may refer to the tabular structure of the paschal cycle or to the computational steps themselves.","The clause 'de noctis invenies lumen solidatae tenebrari ob nubimenta tenuaret' is syntactically corrupt; the translation follows a conjectural reading of the moon's light overcoming darkness."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"Sic enim speciatim dico, eadem de semetipsa loquhur ecclesia: fusca sum, inquit, et decora, o filiae Hierusalem; et Dominus per Prophetam voci sonorae respondit, et dicit: tota speciosa es sicut sol, et perfecta sicu' luna; ct iterum: semel juravi in sancto meo si David mentiar, semcn ejus in aeternum manebit, et thronus ejus sicut sol in conspectu meo, et sicut luna perfecta in æternum. Hoc autem ecclesiae in Christo totum manet, et competit sacramentum, adientissime namque repraesentamus ejusdem lunae perfectissimum cursum, ut in suis eum quodammodo cancellis diebus singulis in integro noveris terminatum. Ex Kalendis, inquam, Januariis in pridie illius diei supputabis, in quo etiam luna quota sit quaeris. Sed forsitan dicis: quare in pridie et quota sit luna in sequenti significas die, quia ex Kalendis uliquc Januariis summam colligis, et quota in his fuerit luna superinmittis? numquidnc unum diem bipartitum vel duplicatum supputare singularem aliquaten in numero possis?","english":"For thus I say specifically, the same Church speaks of herself: \"I am dark and beautiful, O daughters of Jerusalem.\" And the Lord, through the Prophet, answered with a sonorous voice and says: \"You are entirely beautiful as the sun, and perfect as the moon.\" And again: \"I have once sworn by my holy one: if I should lie to David, his seed will remain forever, and his throne will be as the sun in my sight, and as the perfect moon forever.\" This entire mystery remains in the Church in Christ, and it is fitting; for we most diligently represent the most perfect course of the same moon, so that you may know it, as it were, bounded within its own grid on each individual day in its entirety. From the Kalends of January, I say, you will reckon to the day before that day on which you also ask what the moon's age is. But perhaps you say: why do you reckon to the day before and indicate what the moon's age is on the following day, because you collect the sum from the Kalends of January and you insert what the moon's age was on those Kalends? Can you not, in some way, count a single day as bipartite or doubled in number?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"fusca sum, inquit, et decora, o filiae Hierusalem","severity":"info","text":"This is a paraphrase of Song of Songs 1:5 (LXX/Vulgate), where the bride says 'Nigra sum sed formosa, filiae Hierusalem.' The author adapts the wording to 'fusca' and 'decora'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"tota speciosa es sicut sol, et perfecta sicu' luna","severity":"info","text":"This echoes Song of Songs 6:9 (LXX/Vulgate), 'Pulchra es, amica mea, sicut sol, et decora sicut luna.' The author modifies it to 'speciosa' and 'perfecta'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"semel juravi in sancto meo si David mentiar, semen ejus in aeternum manebit","severity":"info","text":"This is a loose citation of Psalm 88:36 (LXX) or Psalm 89:36 (Vulgate), 'Semel iuravi in sancto meo, si David mentiar, semen eius in aeternum manebit.' The author conflates it with a solar/lunar metaphor.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"cancellis","severity":"info","text":"'Cancellis' (grid) refers to the tabular structure of the lunar cycle, likely the 19-year or 84-year cycle grid mentioned earlier. The author uses it metaphorically for the moon's bounded course.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ex Kalendis Januariis","severity":"info","text":"The Kalends of January (1 January) is the starting point for the lunar reckoning. The author explains the method of counting backward to the day before the query date, then adding the moon's age on the Kalends.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"uliquc","severity":"caution","text":"The word 'uliquc' is likely a scribal error or corruption; it may be intended as 'usque' (up to) or 'aliquo' (some). The sense is that the sum is collected from the Kalends of January up to some point.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'uliquc Januariis' is unclear; it may be a corruption of 'usque ad Januarias' or 'aliquo Januario'. The reading taken is that it refers to the Kalends of January as the starting point.","The author's citation of Song of Songs and Psalms is loose and adapted to the context of the Church speaking; the exact verses are paraphrased."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"iiaque in his partirs sexagesimam, et quod fucris partitus supra dierum numerum ponis, in quibus similiter trigesimam partiris, et in quovis die, ut dixi, quota crit luna, quae ad alhomum per dies et annos singulos peritissime designabis, quamvis unius cujusque paschae natales nonnisi primi mensis novus general dies; sed ut ipse primus mensis a tertio nonarum Martiarum die usque in quarto nonarum Aprilium a cunctis plerumque esse dicatur, certa atque digesta ratione monstretur, ut in his viginti novem diebus paschalis nativitas retegatur, et per primum annalem circulum veridicis documentis, evidentius ostendatur. A solis enim et lunae fabrica quae die V. Kalendarum Aprilium sumpsit exordium, computamus dies trecentos liberos quadragenta occurrisse ad futurum quintum nonarum martiarum diem, super quos dies addimus lunam quintam decimam, in qua utique plenitudine diei ipsarum quintum Kalendarum Aprilium ad vesperam a Domino fuerat constituta, et fiunt dies trecenti quinquaginta quinque, in quibus partiris sexagesimam, et habes quinques deuncos; addes supra summam superiorem, et fiunt dies trecenti sexaginta. Deun. partiris trigesimam et invenies decusdipondius super et deun.","english":"And so in these parts you divide the sixtieth, and what you have divided you place above the number of days, in which you similarly divide the thirtieth, and on whatever day, as I have said, the moon will be, which you will most expertly designate for the homeward journey through each day and year, although the birthdays of each Easter are not except the new general day of the first month; but that the first month itself is said by almost all to be from the third day before the Nones of March up to the fourth day before the Nones of April, it is shown by a certain and orderly reasoning, so that in these twenty-nine days the Paschal nativity is revealed, and through the first annual cycle it is shown more clearly by truthful proofs. For from the construction of the sun and moon, which began on the fifth day before the Kalends of April, we count three hundred and forty free days having occurred up to the future fifth day before the Nones of March, to which days we add the fifteenth moon, in which fullness of day, at the evening of that same fifth day before the Kalends of April, had been established by the Lord, and there are three hundred and fifty-five days, in which you divide the sixtieth, and you have five duounces; you add to the sum above, and there are three hundred and sixty days. Duounce. You divide the thirtieth and you find a decusdipondius over and a duounce.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"sexagesimam","severity":"info","text":"The term 'sexagesimam' likely refers to a sexagesimal division (base-60) used in computistical calculations, possibly for fractions of a day or lunar cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"deuncos","severity":"caution","text":"'Deuncos' (and 'deun') appears to be a corrupt or technical term for a unit of measure, possibly a fraction like a 'duounce' (1/12 of an ounce) or a scribal error for 'denarios' or 'deunx'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"decusdipondius","severity":"caution","text":"'Decusdipondius' is a hapax legomenon, likely a corrupt form of 'decem' and 'dipondius' (two pounds), indicating a weight or numerical value, but the exact meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"quintum nonarum martiarum","severity":"info","text":"The date 'quintum nonarum martiarum' (fifth day before the Nones of March) corresponds to March 3 in the Roman calendar, used here as a reference point for lunar calculations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"quintum Kalendarum Aprilium","severity":"info","text":"The date 'quintum Kalendarum Aprilium' (fifth day before the Kalends of April) corresponds to March 28, marking the beginning of the solar-lunar cycle in this computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"partiris","severity":"caution","text":"The verb 'partiris' (you divide) is used repeatedly in a technical sense, but the arithmetic of dividing 'sexagesimam' and 'trigesimam' is unclear due to possible textual corruption or missing steps.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The terms 'deuncos', 'decusdipondius', and 'deun' are likely corrupt or non-standard, making the exact numerical operations uncertain.","The phrase 'dies trecentos liberos quadragenta' may be a scribal error for 'trecentos quadraginta' (340) or 'trecentos quadraginta quinque' (345), affecting the day count."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"et quoniam quintadecima luna, plena, ut diximus, quinto Kalendas Apriles fuerat facta pridie idus Apriles, ut ritis cornibus extenuatur ad snum mensem primum implevit; propter quod novilunium Judaeis praeceptum est observare usque in hodiernum diem. Secundum vero mensem quarto idus Majas implevit, tertium mensem quarto idus Junias, quartum mensem sexto idus JuHas, quintum mensem sexto idus Augustas, sextum mensem septimum idus septembris, septimum mensem pridic Nonas Octobris, oc tavum mensem nonis Novembribus, nonum mensem pridie nonas Decemluis,- decimum mensem tertio nonas Januarias, undecimum mensem Kalendis Februariis, duodecimum mensem quinto nonas Martias, et habes dies trecentos quinquaginta quinque, quos continet annus primus sane inibi quindecim diebus lunae, quota utique plena (t perfecta fuerat facta. Nam a quintum nonarum in quartum Nonarum Martiarum die supputatio pronuntiat luna, qui est scilicet dies inter quintu et tertio medius in quo luna deun et non assis, qui est dies unus inventus sit plenus.","english":"And since the fifteenth moon, full, as we have said, had been made on the fifth day before the Kalends of April, on the day before the Ides of April it is diminished by its horns to fill its first month; for this reason the new moon was commanded to be observed by the Jews up to the present day. The second month, however, filled on the fourth day before the Ides of May, the third month on the fourth day before the Ides of June, the fourth month on the sixth day before the Ides of July, the fifth month on the sixth day before the Ides of August, the sixth month on the seventh day before the Ides of September, the seventh month on the day before the Nones of October, the eighth month on the Nones of November, the ninth month on the day before the Nones of December, the tenth month on the third day before the Nones of January, the eleventh month on the Kalends of February, the twelfth month on the fifth day before the Nones of March, and you have three hundred fifty-five days, which the first year contains, indeed therein with fifteen days of the moon, as much as the full moon had been made perfect. For from the fifth day before the Nones to the fourth day before the Nones of March, the calculation pronounces the moon, which is namely the day between the fifth and the third, in which the moon is waning and not full, which day is found to be one full day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"quintadecima luna","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'quintadecima luna' refers to the fifteenth day of the lunar month, which in the computus tradition is the full moon. The author uses this to anchor the paschal calculation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"novilunium Judaeis praeceptum est observare","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the Jewish observance of the new moon reflects the early Christian computists' reliance on Jewish lunar calendar practices, as seen in the works of Anatolius and later computists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"dies trecentos quinquaginta quinque","severity":"info","text":"The enumeration of 355 days for the first year corresponds to a lunar year of 12 synodic months, a standard figure in early medieval computus, contrasting with the solar year of 365 days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"quinto Kalendas Apriles","severity":"caution","text":"The date 'quinto Kalendas Apriles' (March 28) for the full moon is problematic; the text may be corrupt or the author's calculation erroneous, as the paschal full moon typically falls on March 21 or later.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"usque in hodiernum diem","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'up to the present day' indicates the author's contemporary Jewish practice, suggesting a late antique or early medieval context for the text, possibly 6th–8th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The date 'quinto Kalendas Apriles' (March 28) for the full moon is inconsistent with standard paschal calculations; the text may be corrupt or reflect a non-standard tradition.","The phrase 'a quintum nonarum in quartum Nonarum Martiarum' is syntactically unclear; the intended range of days is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"Itaque a die ipso mensis inchoari non potest primus, sed a tertio nonarum martiarum in quarta nonarum Aprilium diem, in quarum quartu nonarum pridie, hoc cst in die kalendarum ApriJium conputamus ex quinta kalendarum earumdem praeteriti, idest primi anni, in quo die utraque luminaria in signis, et in temporibus, et in diebus, et in annis a Domino fuerant constituta, et inveniemus dies trecentos septuaginta, super quos addimus lunam quintam decimam, in quo statu interea fuerat facta, et fiunt dies trecenti octoginta quinque. Ex quibus diebus partiris sexagesimam, ct habes scxis cincun; hos praedictae su amac adjungis, et fiunt dies trecenti nonaginta unu cincun; partiris trigesimam et invenies decus tresis, superet ascincunt. Ergo ex die tertio nonarum martiarum usque in diem quartum nonarum Aprilium primam lunam quacrere debemus, quoniam in quocunque die existis viginti novem diebus luna prima cum fuerit, inde incipit mensis primus, in quo mense pascha sacratissimum celebrari praecepit omnipotens Deus, sicut in Exodo testatur et dicit: diem festum paschæ observabitis; septem diebus edetis azima, sicut praecepi tibi, per tempus mensis novorum; in eo enim existis de terra Ægypti. Hen in Levitico praecipit Dominus et dicit: primo mense in quarta decima mensis, in medio vespertinorum pascha Domini, cl in quintadecima mensis hujus dies festi azimorum Domino.","english":"Therefore, the first month cannot begin from that day itself, but from the third day before the Nones of March to the fourth day before the Nones of April, on the fourth day before the Nones, the day before, that is, on the day of the Kalends of April, we reckon from the fifth day before the same Kalends of the past year, that is, the first year, on which day both luminaries in the signs, and in the seasons, and in the days, and in the years had been established by the Lord, and we find three hundred seventy days, to which we add the fifteenth moon, in which state it had meanwhile been made, and there become three hundred eighty-five days. From these days you subtract a sixtieth, and you have six; you add these to the aforesaid sum, and there become three hundred ninety-one; you subtract a thirtieth and you find thirteen, and one remains. Therefore, from the third day before the Nones of March to the fourth day before the Nones of April we ought to seek the first moon, because on whatever day the first moon exists for twenty-nine days, from there the first month begins, in which month Almighty God commanded the most sacred Passover to be celebrated, as He testifies and says in Exodus: \"You shall observe the feast of Passover; for seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, as I commanded you, during the time of the month of new grain; for in it you came out of the land of Egypt.\" And in Leviticus the Lord commands and says: \"In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, in the middle of the evening, the Passover of the Lord, and on the fifteenth day of this month the feast of unleavened bread to the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"tertio nonarum martiarum","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'tertio nonarum martiarum' means 'the third day before the Nones of March', i.e., 5 March in the Roman calendar. The Nones fall on the 7th of March, so counting inclusively gives 5 March.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"quarta nonarum Aprilium","severity":"info","text":"'Quarta nonarum Aprilium' means 'the fourth day before the Nones of April', i.e., 2 April. The Nones of April are on 5 April; counting inclusively yields 2 April.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Exodus 12:15-20; 23:15; Leviticus 23:5-6","severity":"info","text":"The author conflates Exodus 12:15-20 (feast of Passover and unleavened bread) and 23:15 (month of new grain) with Leviticus 23:5-6 (first month, fourteenth day, Passover, fifteenth day, feast of unleavened bread). The citations are paraphrastic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"dies trecentos septuaginta","severity":"info","text":"The 370 days represent a schematic lunar-solar cycle: 12 lunar months of 30 days each (360) plus 10 intercalary days, a common early medieval computistical model. The addition of 15 yields 385, the number of days in a 13-month lunar year.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"partiris sexagesimam, ct habes scxis cincun; hos praedictae su amac adjungis, et fiunt dies trecenti nonaginta unu cincun; partiris trigesimam et invenies decus","severity":"caution","text":"This passage is textually corrupt: 'scxis cincun', 'su amac', 'unu cincun', 'decus tresis', and 'ascincunt' are likely scribal errors or nonsense. The intended arithmetic appears to be: subtract 1/60 of 385 (≈6), add to 385 to get 391, then subtract 1/30 of 391 (≈13), leaving 1.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ergo ex die tertio nonarum martiarum usque in diem quartum nonarum Aprilium primam lunam quacrere debemus","severity":"info","text":"This sentence marks the conclusion of the computistical argument: the first lunar month must be sought between 5 March and 2 April, a period of 29 days, corresponding to the length of a lunar month.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The corrupt arithmetic terms ('scxis cincun', 'su amac', etc.) cannot be securely emended; the intended calculation is inferred from context.","The scriptural citations are paraphrastic and not verbatim; the exact verses intended are uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"Hen in Numeris: et loculus est Dominus ad Moysen in deserto Sina anno secundo proficiscentibus eis ex Ægypto, in mense primo dicens: dic, ut faciant filii Israel pascha in tempore suo quartadecima die mensis primi ad vesperam. Secundum tempora, secundum legem suant et secundum comparationem suam facies illud. Et locutus est Moyses filiis Israel facere pascha in dt serto Sina secundum quod præcepit Dom nus Moysi, sic fecerunt filii Israel. Et paulo post cum comminatione præcepit Dominus, et dicit: homo qui fuerit mundus, et in via longa non fuerit, et cessaverit facere pascha, exterminabitur anima illo de populo suo, quia munus Domino non obtulit in tempore suo: et peccatum suum accipiet homo ille. In Deuteronomio Moyses ad populum locutus est dicens: observa mensem novorum, et facies pascha Domino Deo tuo, quia in mente novorum existi de terra Ægypti nocte, et sacrificabis pascha Domino Deo tu. Sic quoquc et in primo libro, Esdræ apertius scriptus est egit. Osius pascha in Hierosolymis Deo, et immolavit phasec quarta decima luna primi mensis ad vesperam.","english":"In Numbers: and the Lord spoke to Moses in the desert of Sinai in the second year as they were departing from Egypt, in the first month, saying: say, that the children of Israel should make the Passover in its proper time, on the fourteenth day of the first month at evening. According to the times, according to its law, and according to its comparison you shall do it. And Moses spoke to the children of Israel to make the Passover in the desert of Sinai according to what the Lord commanded Moses, and the children of Israel did so. And a little later, with a threat, the Lord commanded, and says: a man who is pure, and has not been on a long journey, and has failed to make the Passover, that soul shall be cut off from his people, because he did not offer the gift to the Lord in its proper time: and that man shall receive his sin. In Deuteronomy, Moses spoke to the people, saying: observe the month of new [grain], and you shall make the Passover to the Lord your God, because in the month of new [grain] you came out of the land of Egypt by night, and you shall sacrifice the Passover to the Lord your God. Likewise also in the first book of Ezra it is more clearly written: Josiah made the Passover in Jerusalem to God, and he sacrificed the phasec on the fourteenth day of the first month at evening.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Hen in Numeris","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Hen in Numeris' refers to Numbers 9:1-14, where God commands the Passover observance in the second year after the Exodus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"In Deuteronomio","severity":"info","text":"The Deuteronomy citation echoes Deuteronomy 16:1-6, linking the month of new grain (Abib) to the Passover and the Exodus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"in primo libro, Esdræ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Ezra (1 Esdras) likely points to 2 Chronicles 35:1-19, where Josiah celebrates Passover on the fourteenth day of the first month.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"phasec","severity":"info","text":"'Phasec' is a Latin transliteration of the Hebrew 'pesach' (Passover), used here to denote the paschal sacrifice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"deserto Sina","severity":"info","text":"The desert of Sinai is the traditional location of the giving of the Law and the institution of Passover, as in Exodus and Numbers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"et locutus est Dominus ad Moysen in deserto Sina anno secundo","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'anno secundo' (second year) is ambiguous: it may refer to the second year after the Exodus or the second year of the wilderness sojourn; the author assumes the latter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'anno secundo' could mean the second year after leaving Egypt or the second year of the Sinai stay; the author takes it as the latter.","The citation 'in primo libro, Esdræ' is ambiguous: it may refer to 1 Esdras (apocryphal) or 2 Chronicles; the author likely means the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"Ecce quartadecimæ lunæ dies, qui est ad quintu decimu kalendarum Aprilium die usque in septimo decimo kalendarum Majarum, legaliter ut sit vcra ratione firmata dinosci ur; et sic etiam a tertio Nonarum Martiarum die usque in decimo kalendarum Aprilium diem sunt decem novem, in quibus luna dum nascitur, lunaribus annis proculdubio deputatur; a nonum vero kalendarum Aprilium in die quariu Nonarum earundem dies sunt decem, et his dum nascitur embolismaribus annis profecto defixa notatur, sicut circulorum in vetustatis indiculo comprobatur. Sex enim menses divident annum, in embolismario vero mensis unus dierum triginta prorogalor accedit sexes ergo vies nonus tibi faciunt dies centum septuaginta quattuor; et septies triceni habes cc. decusas summulas adjungis, faciunt tibi dies trecentos octoginta quattuor. Hic est annus embolismaris. Lunaris autem annus aeque in sex mensibus dividitur. Sexes itaque vies nOnas faciunt tibi dies centum septuaginta quattuor, et sexes triceai centus octo sunt. Junctæ sibi invicem summulae faciunt dies trecentos quinquaginta quattuor, non a dominico in dominicum paschae, sed ad quartam decimam in quartam decimam lunam primi mensis anni supputantur venientis;; et sic omnes suo in ordine per annos octoginta quattuor certis mensibus sine dubio dies collectos invenies, sicut ipsius lunæ per menses singulos oculis testihus, nativitatis fulget aspectus.","english":"Behold the fourteenth day of the moon, which extends from the fifteenth day before the Kalends of April up to the seventeenth day before the Kalends of May, so that it may be known to be legally established by true reasoning; and thus also from the third day before the Nones of March up to the tenth day before the Kalends of April there are nineteen days, in which, when the moon is born, it is undoubtedly assigned to lunar years; but from the ninth day before the Kalends of April up to the fourth day before the Nones of the same there are ten days, and when it is born in these, it is indeed marked as fixed for embolismic years, as is confirmed by the cycle in the ancient index. For six months divide the year; in an embolismic year, however, one month of thirty days is added as an extension; thus six times twenty-nine make for you one hundred seventy-four days; and seven times thirty you have two hundred ten; you add the sums together, they make for you three hundred eighty-four days. This is the embolismic year. A lunar year, equally, is divided into six months. Thus six times twenty-nine make for you one hundred seventy-four days, and six times thirty are one hundred eighty. The sums joined together make three hundred fifty-four days, not counted from the Lord's day to the Lord's day of Easter, but from the fourteenth to the fourteenth moon of the first month of the coming year; and thus you will find all the days collected in their order through eighty-four years in certain months without doubt, just as the aspect of the moon's birth shines forth through each month, witnessed by the eyes.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"quartadecimæ lunæ dies","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'quartadecimæ lunæ dies' refers to the fourteenth day of the lunar month, a key date for determining the date of Easter in the computistical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"embolismaris annus","severity":"info","text":"'Embolismaris annus' denotes an embolismic year, a lunar year with an intercalary month of 30 days, totaling 384 days, as opposed to the common lunar year of 354 days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"circulorum in vetustatis indiculo","severity":"info","text":"The 'cycle in the ancient index' likely refers to the 84-year Easter cycle (later than the 19-year Metonic cycle) used in early Latin computus, as seen in the later Supputatio Romana.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage contrasts the embolismic year (384 days) with the common lunar year (354 days), explaining their calculation from six months of alternating 29- and 30-day months, and situates them within an 84-year cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"sexes ergo vies nonus","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text contains scribal errors: 'sexes ergo vies nonus' should read 'sexies ergo vicenos novenos' (six times twenty-nine), and 'sexes triceai' likely 'sexies tricenos' (six times thirty). These corruptions obscure the arithmetic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 84-year cycle and the distinction between lunar and embolismic years reflect early medieval computistical practice, later superseded by the Dionysian 19-year cycle in the Carolingian period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'a dominico in dominicum paschae' is ambiguous: it may mean 'from the Lord's day to the Lord's day of Easter' (i.e., from one Easter Sunday to the next) or 'from the Lord's day to the Lord's day of Easter' as a general reference; the text clarifies that the count is from the 14th moon to the 14th moon, not from Easter Sunday."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"A prima enim luna kalendarum Januariarum usque ad octavam annos embolismares invenies; a nona vero usque in vigesima septima lunares pro certo repperies. Sic etiama vigesima et. octava usque ad trigesimam embolismares invenies annos. Hæc omnia solicitius observabis, et dies paschae in integro invenies. Non laborabis ecce, annuente Domino, singula dilucide perfecta monstrantur, in quorum jam et obtrectatorum perfidia refallatur, ut insontium astuta simplicitas cunctis subdita cognoscatur; ipocrytarum vero evitentur errores, quia imperitorum est jactantia, nam verecundia plenæ sunt præfatae virtutes.","english":"From the first moon of the Kalends of January up to the eighth, you will find embolismic years; from the ninth, however, up to the twenty-seventh, you will certainly find lunar years. Likewise, from the twenty-eighth up to the thirtieth, you will find embolismic years. You will observe all these things with the greatest care, and you will find the day of Easter in its entirety. Behold, you will not labor, for, with the Lord’s consent, each point is set forth clearly and perfectly, in which matters the faithlessness of the detractors is now refuted, so that the artless simplicity of the innocent may be recognized as subject to all; the errors of the hypocrites, however, are to be avoided, because boasting belongs to the ignorant, for the aforesaid virtues are full of modesty.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"embolismares annos","severity":"info","text":"Embolismic years are years in which an intercalary month is inserted to align lunar and solar cycles, a key concept in computus paschalis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"lunares annos","severity":"info","text":"Lunar years here refer to common lunar years of 354 days, as opposed to embolismic years of 384 days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage divides the lunar month into three segments: days 1–8 and 28–30 are embolismic, while days 9–27 are lunar, providing a mnemonic for computus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The author contrasts the 'artless simplicity of the innocent' with the 'errors of the hypocrites,' reflecting polemics in early medieval computistical debates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'with the Lord’s consent' (annuente Domino) is a common formula in computistical texts, invoking divine authority for the calculations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin 'refallatur' is likely a scribal error for 'refellatur' (refuted), as adopted in the translation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}