{"slug":"tmp946.tmp946.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp946.tmp946.opp-lat1","title":"Concilium Romanum I (AD 0494)","title_source":"Concilium Romanum I (AD 0494)","author":"SS Gelasius I","genre":"canon-law","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:29:24Z","cost_usd":0.006989},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp946.tmp946.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp946.tmp946.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp946/tmp946/tmp946.tmp946.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":14,"english_words":2657,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":11936,"commentary_units":81,"commentary_kinds":10,"derived_notes":12,"ambiguities":24,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"tmp946.tmp946.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Concilium Romanum I of AD 494, convened under Pope Gelasius I, is a synod whose acta survive only in later canonical collections such as the Dionysiana and Hispana. No contemporary manuscript exists, and the text may contain interpolations. The council is often linked to the Decretum Gelasianum on canonical and apocryphal books, but that attribution is disputed. The edition in ogl-pl reproduces a single printed source without critical apparatus, so readers should consult the MGH or CCL critical editions. The consular date corresponds to 494, placing the council in Gelasius's pontificate (492–496).","historical_context":"The council was held in Rome in AD 494 under Pope Gelasius I, who reigned from 492 to 496. This period followed the Acacian schism (484–519) between Rome and Constantinople, and Gelasius was a strong defender of papal primacy. The acta survive only in later canonical collections, notably the Dionysiana (early 6th century) and the Hispana (7th century), with no independent early manuscript. The text may have been reordered or interpolated during transmission. The Decretum Gelasianum, often associated with this council, circulated separately in medieval canon law and its attribution to Gelasius is contested. The Latin text shows scribal errors (e.g., 'Canlira canticorum' for 'Cantica canticorum'), indicating a corrupt manuscript tradition.","significance":"The council is significant for its association with early canon-formation debates, particularly the Decretum Gelasianum's list of canonical and apocryphal books. It reflects the Western Church's efforts to standardize scripture and assert papal authority in the post-Chalcedonian era. The acta's survival only in later collections illustrates the transmission challenges of early medieval canon law.","timeline":[{"date":"492–496","event":"Pontificate of Gelasius I"},{"date":"484–519","event":"Acacian schism between Rome and Constantinople"},{"date":"494","event":"Concilium Romanum I under Gelasius I"},{"date":"early 6th c.","event":"Dionysiana collection compiled"},{"date":"7th c.","event":"Hispana collection compiled"},{"date":"medieval period","event":"Decretum Gelasianum circulated separately"}],"relations":[{"work":"Decretum Gelasianum","relation":"often associated with this council but attribution disputed","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Dionysiana","relation":"later canonical collection preserving the acta","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Hispana","relation":"later canonical collection preserving the acta","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Acacian schism","relation":"historical context of the council","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["No contemporary manuscript of the acta survives; the text is preserved only in later canonical collections.","The Decretum Gelasianum's attribution to this council is disputed and it circulated separately.","The edition in ogl-pl lacks a critical apparatus and may contain interpolations or reordering of canons.","The Latin text shows scribal errors (e.g., 'Canlira canticorum' for 'Cantica canticorum'), indicating a corrupt transmission."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000435,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:29:24Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp946/tmp946/tmp946.tmp946.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp946.tmp946.opp-lat1","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"13","kind":"background"}],"stats":{"passages":14,"translated":14,"commentary_passages":14,"commentary_units":81,"english_words":2657,"source_letters":11846,"commentary_kinds":10},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The council is dated to AD 494 under Pope Gelasius I. The dating rests on the pontifical year and the subscription lists in the acta, though no contemporary manuscript of the acts survives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text of this council is preserved only in later canonical collections, such as the Dionysiana and the Hispana. No independent early manuscript of the acts is extant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Gelasius’s decree on canonical and apocryphal books (Decretum Gelasianum) is often associated with this council, but its attribution is disputed and the decree circulated separately in later medieval canon law.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition in ogl-pl relies on later manuscript witnesses that may contain interpolations or reordering of canons. The reader should compare with the critical edition in MGH or CCL.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This edition does not provide a critical apparatus or stemma codicum. It reproduces the text of a single printed source without collation against the manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: canon-law in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 14 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"12 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":14},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"APPENDIX TERTIA.\n\nCONCILIORUM SUB GELASIO HABITORUM RELATIQ.\n\na CONCILIUM ROMANUM I.\n\nQuo a septuaginta episcopis libri sacri el authentici ab apocryphis sunt discrati, sub Gelasio, anno Domini Asterio atque Præsidio consulibus.\n\nOrdo 'librorum Veteris Testamenti quem sancta et calholica Romana suscipit et veneratur Ecclesia, digestus a beato Gelasio papa I cum septuaginta episcopis.\n\nGenesis liber unus.\n\nExodi liber unus.\n\nLevitici liber unus.\n\nNumeri lilier unus.\n\nDeuteronomii liber ninus.\n\nJesu navo [Josue] liber unus.\n\nJudicum liber unus.\n\nHuth liber unus.\n\nHeenorum [Regum] libri quatuor,\n\nParalipomenon libri duo.\n\nPsalmorum liber unus.\n\nSalomonis libri tres: Proverbia, Ecclesiastes, et Canlira canticorum.\n\nItem Sapientiæ liber unns *.\n\nEcclesiasticus liber unus. Item ordo prophetarum I: Isaiæ liher unus,\n\nJeremiæ liber unus.","english":"APPENDIX THREE.\n\nREMAINS OF COUNCILS HELD UNDER GELASIUS.\n\na THE FIRST ROMAN COUNCIL.\n\nIn which the sacred and authentic books were distinguished from the apocryphal by seventy bishops, under Gelasius, in the year of the Lord when Asterius and Praesidius were consuls.\n\nThe list of books of the Old Testament which the holy and catholic Roman Church receives and venerates, compiled by the blessed Pope Gelasius I with seventy bishops.\n\nOne book of Genesis.\n\nOne book of Exodus.\n\nOne book of Leviticus.\n\nOne book of Numbers.\n\nOne book of Deuteronomy.\n\nOne book of Joshua.\n\nOne book of Judges.\n\nOne book of Ruth.\n\nFour books of Kings.\n\nTwo books of Chronicles.\n\nOne book of Psalms.\n\nThree books of Solomon: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs.\n\nAlso one book of Wisdom.\n\nOne book of Ecclesiasticus. Also the list of the prophets: One book of Isaiah,\n\nOne book of Jeremiah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"APPENDIX TERTIA","severity":"info","text":"This heading marks the passage as the third appendix in the source edition, not part of the original conciliar acta.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Asterio atque Præsidio consulibus","severity":"info","text":"The consular date corresponds to AD 494, placing this council in the pontificate of Gelasius I (492–496).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"apocryphis","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'apocryphis' (from Greek ἀπόκρυφα) here denotes books excluded from the canonical list, a key term in early canon-formation debates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ordo librorum Veteris Testamenti","severity":"info","text":"This list of Old Testament books is an early witness to the Vulgate canon, later influential in Western canon lists such as the Decretum Gelasianum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Canlira canticorum","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin 'Canlira canticorum' is a scribal error for 'Cantica canticorum' (Song of Songs). The text is corrupt here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Heenorum","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin 'Heenorum' is a corruption; the intended word is 'Regum' (Kings), as shown in the English draft. The manuscript transmission is faulty.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The list breaks off after Jeremiah; it is unclear whether the original continued with other prophets or the edition is incomplete.","The phrase 'Item ordo prophetarum' may indicate a separate section, but the text is truncated."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Cinoth, id est, de lamentationibus suis.\n\nEzechielis liber unus.\n\nDanielis liber unus.\n\nOseæ liber unus.\n\nAmos liber unus\n\nMichææ liber unus.\n\nJoel liber unus.\n\nAbdiæ liber unus. I\n\nJonae liber unus.\n\nNahum liber unus.\n\nHabacuc liber unus.\n\nSophoniæ liber unns.\n\nAggæi liber unus.\n\nZachariæ liber nIus.\n\nMalachiæ liber unus.\n\nItem ordo historiarum:\n\nJob liber 'uiis, ab aliis omissus.\n\nTobiæ liber unus.\n\nEsdræ liber unus.\n\nEsther [Hester] liber unus.\n\nJudith liber unus.\n\nMachabæorum liber unus [libri duo].\n\nItem ordo scripturarum novi et æterni Testamenti |quem catholica 'arcta Romana suscipit et veneratur Ecclesia].\n\nEvangeliorum libri quatuor.\n\nSecundum Matthaeum liber unus.\n\nSecundum Marcum liber unus.\n\nSecundum Lucam liber unus.\n\nSecundum Joannem liber unus.\n\nAcluum apostolorum liber unus.\n\nEpistolæ Pauli apostoli numero 14.\n\nAd Romanos epistola una.","english":"The book of Cinoth, that is, of his Lamentations.\n\nOne book of Ezekiel.\n\nOne book of Daniel.\n\nOne book of Hosea.\n\nOne book of Amos.\n\nOne book of Micah.\n\nOne book of Joel.\n\nOne book of Obadiah.\n\nOne book of Jonah.\n\nOne book of Nahum.\n\nOne book of Habakkuk.\n\nOne book of Zephaniah.\n\nOne book of Haggai.\n\nOne book of Zechariah.\n\nOne book of Malachi.\n\nLikewise the order of histories:\n\nOne book of Job, omitted by some.\n\nOne book of Tobit.\n\nOne book of Ezra.\n\nOne book of Esther.\n\nOne book of Judith.\n\nOne book of Maccabees [two books].\n\nLikewise the order of the scriptures of the New and Eternal Testament, which the Catholic and Roman Church receives and venerates.\n\nFour books of the Gospels.\n\nOne book according to Matthew.\n\nOne book according to Mark.\n\nOne book according to Luke.\n\nOne book according to John.\n\nOne book of the Acts of the Apostles.\n\nFourteen epistles of the Apostle Paul.\n\nOne epistle to the Romans.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cinoth","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Cinoth' is a Latin transliteration of the Hebrew 'Qinot' (Lamentations), reflecting the Greek-influenced title of the book. Its inclusion here as a separate entry, distinct from Jeremiah, follows the Vetus Latina tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Item ordo historiarum","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Item ordo historiarum' marks a structural division within the canon list, separating the prophetic books from the historical books (Job, Tobit, Ezra, Esther, Judith, Maccabees). This ordering reflects a late antique Latin canonical arrangement.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Job liber 'uiis, ab aliis omissus","severity":"info","text":"The note that Job is 'omitted by some' indicates early uncertainty about its canonicity in certain circles, a point of contention in the Latin West before the Gelasian decree standardized the canon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Machabaeorum liber unus [libri duo]","severity":"info","text":"The bracketed variant 'libri duo' for Maccabees reflects a textual ambiguity in the manuscript tradition: some copies list one book, others two. This inconsistency is common in early Latin canon lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Epistolae Pauli apostoli numero 14","severity":"info","text":"The enumeration of 14 Pauline epistles (including Hebrews) was standard in the Latin West by the late 5th century, though the Gelasian decree elsewhere lists only 13, omitting Hebrews. This discrepancy may reflect a later interpolation or variant tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Cinoth' for Lamentations is a Latinized form of the Hebrew, but its exact source (Vetus Latina or Greek) is uncertain. The bracketed '[libri duo]' for Maccabees suggests scribal variation in the manuscript tradition. The phrase 'ab aliis omissus' for Job indicates a contested canonical status, but the identity of 'others' is unspecified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Ad Corinthios epistolæ' duae.\n\nAd Galatas epistola una.\n\nAd Thessalonicenses epistolae duae.\n\nAd Ephesios epistola una.\n\nAd Philippenses epistola una.\n\nAd Colossenses epistola una.\n\nAd Timotheum epistolae duae\n\nAd Titum epistola una.\n\nAd Philemonem epistola una.\n\nAd Hebraeos epistola una.\n\nItem Apocalypsis Joannis liber unus.\n\nItem canonicae epistolae numero septem.\n\nJacobi apostoli epistola una.\n\nPetri apostoli epistolae duæ.\n\nJoannis apostoli epistolæ tres.\n\nJudæ Zelotis apostoli epistola una.\n\nII.\n\nGelasii Papæ decretum cum septuaginta episcopis ha bitum de apocryphis scripturis.\n\nPost has omnes propheticas, evangelicas, atque apostolicas scripturas, quibus Ecclesia catholica per gratiam Dei fundata est, illud etiam intimandum putamus, quod quamvis universae per orbem I catholicæ Ecclesiae unus thalamus Christi sit; sancta tamen Romana catholica et apostolica Ecclesia nullis synodicis constitutis cætrris Ecclesiis prælata est, sed evangelica voce Domini et Salvatoris nostri primatuum obtinuit, Tu es, Petrus, inquientis, et super hanc petram ædificabo Ecclesiam meam, et portæ inferi non prævalebunt adversus eam; et tibi dabo claves regni cælorum. Et quæcunque ligaveris super terram, erunt ligata et in cælis; et quæcunque solveris super terram, erunt soluta et in cœlis (Matth. XVI).","english":"Two Epistles to the Corinthians.\n\nOne Epistle to the Galatians.\n\nTwo Epistles to the Thessalonians.\n\nOne Epistle to the Ephesians.\n\nOne Epistle to the Philippians.\n\nOne Epistle to the Colossians.\n\nTwo Epistles to Timothy.\n\nOne Epistle to Titus.\n\nOne Epistle to Philemon.\n\nOne Epistle to the Hebrews.\n\nAlso, the Apocalypse of John, one book.\n\nAlso, the canonical epistles, seven in number.\n\nOne Epistle of James the Apostle.\n\nTwo Epistles of Peter the Apostle.\n\nThree Epistles of John the Apostle.\n\nOne Epistle of Jude Zelotes the Apostle.\n\nII.\n\nThe decree of Pope Gelasius, held with seventy bishops, concerning the apocryphal scriptures.\n\nAfter all these prophetic, evangelical, and apostolic scriptures, by which the Catholic Church through the grace of God is founded, we also think it should be made known that, although the whole Catholic Church throughout the world is one bridal chamber of Christ, nevertheless the holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church has been set before the other churches not by any synodical constitutions, but obtained the primacy by the evangelical voice of our Lord and Savior, saying, \"You are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it; and I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven. And whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven\" (Matthew 16).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ad Corinthios epistolæ duae","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the list of New Testament books, following the Old Testament prophets and histories. The enumeration of Pauline epistles here is part of a canonical catalogue.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Matth. XVI","severity":"info","text":"The decree cites Matthew 16:18-19, a key Petrine proof-text. The Latin conflates the Matthean passage with later tradition, notably the binding and loosing power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Gelasii Papæ decretum cum septuaginta episcopis","severity":"info","text":"The so-called Decretum Gelasianum is a 6th-century compilation, likely not by Gelasius I himself. It lists canonical and apocryphal books, and asserts Roman primacy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"sancta tamen Romana catholica et apostolica Ecclesia nullis synodicis constitutis cætrris Ecclesiis prælata est","severity":"info","text":"This claim that Rome's primacy is not from synods but from Christ became a standard argument in medieval papal ideology. It was cited in later controversies over conciliarism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"canonicae epistolae numero septem","severity":"caution","text":"The list of seven catholic epistles here includes James, two Peter, three John, and one Jude. This matches the later Vulgate canon, but the order and attribution (e.g., 'Judæ Zelotis') reflect early medieval variation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin 'cætrris' is a scribal error for 'ceteris' (other). The phrase 'portæ inferi' (gates of hell) is a variant of the Vulgate's 'portae inferorum' in Matthew 16:18."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Cui data [al.addita] est etiam societas heatissimi Pauli apostoli vasis electionis, qui non diverso, s1cut haeretici garriunt, sed uno tempore, uno eodemque die, gloriosa morte cum Petro in urbe Roma, sub Cæsare Nerone agonizans, coronatus est, et pariter supradictam sanctam Romanam Ecclesiam Christo Domino conecrarunt, talemque [al. aliisque omnibus urbibus in universo inundo sua præsentia atque venerando triumpho prætulcruut.\n\nEst ergo prima Petri apostoli sedes Romana Ecclesia, non habens maculam, neque rugam, nec aliquid hujusmodi (Ephes. v).\n\nSecunda autem sedes apud Alexandriam beati Petri nomine a Marco ejus discipulo et evangelista consecrata est. Ipseque a Petro apostolo in Ægyptum directus, verbum veritatis prædicavit, et gloriosum consummavit martyrium.\n\nTertia vero sedes apud Antiochiam ejusdem beatissimi Petri apostoli nomine habetur honorabilis, eo quod illic priusquam Romam venisset habitavit, et illic primum nomen Christianorum novellæ gentis exortum est.","english":"To whom is also added the fellowship of the most blessed apostle Paul, the vessel of election, who not at a different time, as heretics prattle, but at the same time, on one and the same day, contending in a glorious death with Peter in the city of Rome, under Caesar Nero, was crowned, and together they consecrated the aforesaid holy Roman Church to Christ the Lord, and preferred it, by their presence and venerable triumph, to all other cities in the whole world.\n\nTherefore the first see of the apostle Peter is the Roman Church, having no spot, nor wrinkle, nor anything of this kind.\n\nThe second see, however, at Alexandria, was consecrated in the name of blessed Peter by his disciple and evangelist Mark. And he himself, sent by the apostle Peter into Egypt, preached the word of truth and consummated a glorious martyrdom.\n\nThe third see, indeed, at Antioch, is held honorable in the name of the same most blessed apostle Peter, because he dwelt there before he came to Rome, and there the name of Christians first arose among the new people.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"vasis electionis","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'vessel of election' (vas electionis) is a traditional epithet for Paul, drawn from Acts 9:15, where Ananias calls him a chosen instrument. It underscores Paul's unique role in divine providence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"non diverso ... sed uno tempore","severity":"info","text":"Gelasius insists that Peter and Paul died on the same day, countering heretical claims of separate martyrdoms. This tradition, widely accepted in the West, is commemorated on June 29.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"non habens maculam, neque rugam, nec aliquid hujusmodi","severity":"info","text":"The phrase echoes Ephesians 5:27, where the Church is described as without spot or wrinkle. Gelasius applies this Pauline metaphor to the Roman see, asserting its purity and primacy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Est ergo prima ... Secunda autem ... Tertia vero","severity":"info","text":"This passage establishes a hierarchical ranking of three apostolic sees: Rome (Peter and Paul), Alexandria (Mark, Peter's disciple), and Antioch (Peter's earlier residence). This ordering became foundational for papal claims.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"tribus sedibus","severity":"info","text":"Gelasius' ranking of Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch as the three principal sees reflects the late 5th-century Western view, later modified by the Council of Chalcedon (451) to include Constantinople.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'talemque [al. aliisque]' in the Latin apparatus suggests a variant reading; the edition follows 'talemque' (and such), but some manuscripts read 'aliisque' (and to others).","The reference to 'Ephes. v' in the Latin is ambiguous: it may indicate a marginal note or a citation of Ephesians 5, but the text does not quote the verse directly."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"III.\n\ne Et quamvis aliud fundamentum nullus possit ponere, preter id quod positum est, qui est Christus Jesus (/ Cor. III); tamen ad ædificationem nostram, eadem sancta [al. add. id est] Romana Ecclesia post illas Veteris vel Novi Testamenti, quas regulariter suscepimus [al. superius notavimus], etiam has al. alias suscipi non prohibet scripturas, id est, Sanctam synodum Nicaenam trecentorum decem et octo Patrum, mediante maximo Constantino Augusto, in qua Arius hæreticus condemnatus est. Sanctam synodum Constantinopolitanam, mediante Theodosio seniore Augusto, in qua Macedonius haereticus debitam damnationem excepit.. Sanctam synodum Ephesinam, in qua Nestorius condemnatus est consensu beatissimi Cœlestini papæ, mediante Cyrillo Alexandrinae sedis antistite, et Arcadio episcopo ab ltalia destinato.\n\nSanctam synodum Chalcedonensem, mediante Marciano Augusto, et Anatolio Constantinopolitano episcopo, in qua Nestoriana et Eutychiana haercses simul cum Dioscoro ejusque complicibus damnatae sunt.","english":"III.\n\nAnd although no one can lay any foundation other than the one that has been laid, which is Christ Jesus (1 Cor. 3:11), yet for our edification, that same holy [some manuscripts add: that is] Roman Church, after those scriptures of the Old and New Testament which we regularly receive [some manuscripts: have noted above], does not forbid that these other [some manuscripts: other] writings also be received, namely: the holy Synod of Nicaea of the three hundred and eighteen Fathers, mediated by the great Augustus Constantine, in which the heretic Arius was condemned; the holy Synod of Constantinople, mediated by the elder Augustus Theodosius, in which the heretic Macedonius received his deserved condemnation; the holy Synod of Ephesus, in which Nestorius was condemned with the consent of the most blessed Pope Celestine, mediated by Cyril, bishop of the see of Alexandria, and by Arcadius, bishop sent from Italy; the holy Synod of Chalcedon, mediated by the Augustus Marcian and by Anatolius, bishop of Constantinople, in which the Nestorian and Eutychian heresies, together with Dioscorus and his accomplices, were condemned.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"1 Cor. 3:11","severity":"info","text":"The Latin cites '1 Cor. 3:11' but the verse is actually 1 Cor. 3:11 in the Vulgate; modern Bibles place the foundation metaphor at 1 Cor. 3:11.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"regulariter suscipimus","severity":"info","text":"'Regulariter suscipimus' means 'we receive as a rule' or 'we accept canonically,' indicating the Church's formal recognition of scriptural books.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sanctam synodum Nicaenam","severity":"info","text":"The Council of Nicaea (325) condemned Arianism; its 318 Fathers became a symbolic number in patristic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sanctam synodum Constantinopolitanam","severity":"info","text":"The First Council of Constantinople (381) condemned Macedonianism, which denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sanctam synodum Ephesinam","severity":"info","text":"The Council of Ephesus (431) condemned Nestorianism; Pope Celestine I gave prior approval, and Cyril of Alexandria presided.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sanctam synodum Chalcedonensem","severity":"info","text":"The Council of Chalcedon (451) condemned both Nestorian and Eutychian (Monophysite) heresies, and deposed Dioscorus of Alexandria.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin 'al. alias' in the manuscript tradition may indicate a variant reading 'alias' (other) or 'alii' (others); the translation follows the sense of 'other writings.'","The phrase 'mediante maximo Constantino Augusto' could mean 'with the mediation of' or 'under the authority of' Constantine; the translation opts for 'mediated by.'"],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Sed et si qua sunt concilia a sanctis Patribus hactenus instituta, post horum auctoritatem et custodienda et recipienda, et decernimus, et mandamus.\n\nIV.\n\nItem opuscula B. Cypriani martyris et Carthaginensis episcopi, in omnibus recipienda.\n\nItem opuscula B. Gregorii Nazianzeni episcopi.\n\nItem opuscula B. Basilii Cappadociae episcopi.\n\nItem opuscula It Athanasii Alexandrini episcopi.\n\nItem opuscula B. Cyrilli Alexandrini episcopi.\n\nItem opuscula beati Joannis Constantinopolitani episcopi.\n\nItem opuscula B. Theophili Alexandrini episcopi.\n\nItem opuscula B. Hilarii Pictaviensis [al. Proterii Alexandrini1 episcopi.\n\nItem opuscula B. Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi.\n\nItem opuscula B. Augustini Hipponensis Ial. Hipponeregiensis] episcopi.\n\nItem opuscula B. Hieronymi presbyteri.\n\nItem opuscula B. Prosperi viri religiosissimi.\n\nItem epistolam D. Leonis papæ ad Flavianum Constantinopolitanum episcopum destinatam; cujus textum [at. de cujus textu quispiam si usque ad unum iota disputaverit, et non eam in omnibus venerabiliter receperit, anathema sit.","english":"But also if there are any councils instituted by the holy Fathers up to now, after their authority, we both decree and command that they be both kept and received.\n\nIV.\n\nLikewise, the works of the blessed Cyprian, martyr and bishop of Carthage, are to be received in all respects.\n\nLikewise, the works of the blessed Gregory of Nazianzus, bishop.\n\nLikewise, the works of the blessed Basil, bishop of Cappadocia.\n\nLikewise, the works of Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria.\n\nLikewise, the works of the blessed Cyril, bishop of Alexandria.\n\nLikewise, the works of the blessed John, bishop of Constantinople.\n\nLikewise, the works of the blessed Theophilus, bishop of Alexandria.\n\nLikewise, the works of the blessed Hilary, bishop of Poitiers [or: Proterius, bishop of Alexandria].\n\nLikewise, the works of the blessed Ambrose, bishop of Milan.\n\nLikewise, the works of the blessed Augustine, bishop of Hippo [or: Hippo Regius].\n\nLikewise, the works of the blessed Jerome, presbyter.\n\nLikewise, the works of the blessed Prosper, a most religious man.\n\nLikewise, the letter of the lord Pope Leo to Flavian, bishop of Constantinople, which was sent; concerning its text [or: concerning whose text], if anyone should dispute even to a single iota, and not reverently receive it in all respects, let him be anathema.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IV","severity":"info","text":"The Roman numeral IV marks a new section in the decree, listing approved ecclesiastical authors and works after the general statement on councils.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"opuscula","severity":"info","text":"Opuscula (plural of opusculum) means 'small works' or 'treatises,' distinguishing these from larger scriptural or conciliar texts. The term implies a secondary but authoritative category.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"B. Cypriani martyris","severity":"info","text":"Cyprian of Carthage (d. 258) was a key Latin Father; his inclusion reflects the Roman see's endorsement of North African tradition despite earlier conflicts over rebaptism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Item epistolam D. Leonis papæ ad Flavianum","severity":"info","text":"This letter (the Tome of Leo, 449) was a Christological standard at Chalcedon (451). The anathema clause against disputing 'even to a single iota' underscores its dogmatic authority in the Gelasian decree.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Hilarii Pictaviensis [al. Proterii Alexandrini]","severity":"caution","text":"The variant reading 'Proterii Alexandrini' in some manuscripts suggests textual instability; Proterius (d. 457) was a Chalcedonian patriarch of Alexandria, possibly a later substitution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"cujus textum [at. de cujus textu quispiam si usque ad unum iota disputaverit","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text varies between 'cujus textum' and 'de cujus textu'; the latter introduces a conditional clause with anathema. The sense is identical, but the syntax differs across manuscript traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The list of authors is not exhaustive; the criteria for inclusion (orthodoxy, episcopal rank, martyrdom) are implicit. The variant reading for Hilary/Proterius leaves uncertainty about the original name."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Item opuscula atque tractatus omnium orthodoxorum Patrum qui in nullo a sanetæ Ecclesiae Romanae consortio deviarunt, nec ab ejus fide vel praedicatione sejuncti sunt; sed ipsius communionis [al. communicationis] per gratiam Dei usque in ultimum diem vitae suæ fuere participes, legendos decernimus.\n\nItem decretales epistolas, quas beatissimi papae diversis temporibus ab urbe Romana pro diversorum Patrum consultatione dederunt, venerabiliter recipiendas.\n\nItem gesta sanctorum martyrum, qui multiplicibus tormentorum cruciatibus, et mirabilibus confessionum triumphis irradiant [al. illustrantur]. Quis ita esse catholicorum dubitet, et majora eos in agonibus fuisse perpessos, nec suis viribus, sed gratia Dei et adjutorio universa tolerasse? Sed ideo secundum antiquam consuetudinem [al. addit. et singularem cautelam ], singulari cautela in sancta Romana Ecclesia non leguntur, quia et eorum qui conscripsere nomina penitus ignorantur: et ab infidelibus aut idiotis superflua, aut minus apta, quam rei ordo fuerit, scripta esse putantur [ al. inserta leguntur ]; sicut cujusdam Quirici [al. Cyrici ] et Julitae, sicut Georgii, aliorumque hujusmodi passiones, quae ab baerelicis perhibentur compositae. Propter quod, ut dictum est, ne vel levis subsannandi oriremur occasio, in sancta Romana Ecclesia non leguntur.","english":"We decree that the little works and treatises of all the orthodox Fathers who in no way deviated from the communion of the holy Roman Church, nor were separated from its faith or preaching, but were partakers of that same communion [or communication] by the grace of God until the last day of their life, are to be read.\n\nLikewise, we decree that the decretal letters, which the most blessed popes at various times from the city of Rome gave forth for the consultation of various Fathers, are to be reverently received.\n\nLikewise, the acts of the holy martyrs, who shine forth with manifold torments of sufferings and with wonderful triumphs of confessions. Who among Catholics would doubt that it is so, and that they endured greater things in their struggles, and bore all things not by their own strength but by the grace of God and assistance? But for this reason, according to ancient custom [and singular caution], with singular caution they are not read in the holy Roman Church, because the names of those who wrote them are completely unknown, and they are thought to have been written by unbelievers or idiots with superfluous or less appropriate things than the order of the matter required [or are read as inserted]; such as the passions of a certain Quiricus [or Cyricus] and Julitta, and of George, and others of this kind, which are said to have been composed by heretics. For this reason, as has been said, lest even a slight occasion for mockery arise, they are not read in the holy Roman Church.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"opuscula atque tractatus","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'opuscula atque tractatus' distinguishes shorter works from longer treatises, both deemed orthodox if their authors remained in communion with Rome.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"decretales epistolas","severity":"info","text":"'Decretales epistolas' refers to papal decretal letters, which by Gelasius's time were considered authoritative sources of canon law, to be 'venerabiliter recipiendas' (reverently received).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"gesta sanctorum martyrum","severity":"info","text":"The 'gesta sanctorum martyrum' (acts of the martyrs) were popular hagiographical texts. Gelasius notes their non-use in Rome due to unknown authorship and suspected heretical interpolations, reflecting early concerns about apocryphal passion narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Quirici et Julitae, sicut Georgii","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Quiricus (Cyricus) and Julitta, and George, as examples of suspect passions shows that these texts were already contested in the late 5th century, foreshadowing later debates about the authenticity of hagiographical works.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ab infidelibus aut idiotis superflua, aut minus apta","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ab infidelibus aut idiotis superflua, aut minus apta' indicates that the acts were considered potentially corrupt or ineptly written, justifying their exclusion from liturgical reading in Rome.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Item ... Item ... Item","severity":"info","text":"The triple 'Item' structure organizes the decree into three distinct categories: patristic works, papal decretals, and martyr acts, each with a different level of reception (reading, reverent reception, or non-reading).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The variant readings 'communicationis' vs. 'communionis' and 'illustrantur' vs. 'irradiant' reflect textual instability in the manuscript tradition, but do not affect the overall sense.","The phrase 'singulari cautela' is repeated, possibly a scribal duplication; the sense remains that the acts are not read in Rome due to caution."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Nos tamen cum prædicta Ecclesia omnes martyres, et eorum gloriosos agones, qui Deo magis quam hominibus noti sunt, omni devotione veneramur.\n\nItem Vitas Patrum, Pauli, Antonii, Hilarionis, et omnium eremitarum quas tamen vir beatissimus scripsit Hieronymus, cum omni honore suscipimus.\n\nItem actus beati Silvestri apostolicæ sedis praesulis, licet ejus qui conscripsit nomen ignoretur, a multis tamen in urhe Romana calholicis legi cognovimus, et pro antiquo usu multæ haec imitantur Ecclesiae.\n\nhem scripta de inventione crucis dominicae, et alia scripta de inventione capiiis Joannis Baptistae, novellæ quædam [ al. quidem ] relationes sunt, et nonnulli eas catholici legunt. Sed cum hæc ad catholicorum manus pervenerint, beati Pauli apostoli praecedat sententia: Omnia probate; quod bonum est tenete (11 Thess. v).\n\nItem Rufinus vir religiosus plurimos ecclesiastici operis edidit libros, nonnullas etiam Scripturas interpretatus est. Sed quoniam beatus [ al. venerabilis Hieronymus eum in aliquibus de arbitrii Libertate notavit, illa sentimus quae praedictum beatum Hieronymum sentire cognoscimus; et non solum de Rufino, sed etiam de nniversis quos vir saepius memoratus zelo Dei et fidei religione reprehendit.","english":"Nevertheless, together with the aforementioned Church, we venerate with all devotion all the martyrs and their glorious struggles, which are known more to God than to men.\n\nLikewise, we receive with all honor the Lives of the Fathers—Paul, Anthony, Hilarion, and all the hermits—which, however, the most blessed Jerome wrote.\n\nLikewise, the acts of the blessed Silvester, bishop of the apostolic see, although the name of the one who wrote them is unknown, we have learned that many Catholics in the city of Rome read them, and many churches imitate these acts on account of ancient custom.\n\nThe writings on the finding of the Lord’s cross and other writings on the finding of the head of John the Baptist are certain recent accounts, and some Catholics read them. But when these come into the hands of Catholics, let the saying of the blessed apostle Paul precede: “Test everything; hold fast to what is good” (1 Thess. 5:21).\n\nLikewise, Rufinus, a religious man, produced many books of ecclesiastical work and also interpreted some Scriptures. But since the blessed [or venerable] Jerome noted him in some matters concerning free will, we hold those opinions which we know the aforementioned blessed Jerome held; and this not only concerning Rufinus, but also concerning all those whom the oft-mentioned man, out of zeal for God and the religion of the faith, reproved.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"omni devotione veneramur","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'omni devotione veneramur' indicates a liturgical or devotional reception of martyrs and their acts, not a doctrinal definition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Omnia probate; quod bonum est tenete","severity":"info","text":"This is a paraphrase of 1 Thess 5:21, which in the Vulgate reads 'Omnia probate, quod bonum est tenete.' The verse is used as a hermeneutical principle for apocryphal writings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Item actus beati Silvestri","severity":"info","text":"The 'Acts of Silvester' (Silvester I, pope 314–335) are legendary narratives, likely the 'Constitutum Silvestri' or similar, used in Roman liturgical tradition despite anonymous authorship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Rufinus vir religiosus","severity":"info","text":"Gelasius here subordinates Rufinus’s orthodoxy to Jerome’s judgment, reflecting the late 5th-century reception of the Origenist controversy, where Jerome’s authority prevailed in the Latin West.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"novellæ quædam [al. quidem] relationes sunt","severity":"caution","text":"The variant 'quidem' for 'quædam' in some manuscripts may alter the sense from 'certain recent accounts' to 'indeed recent accounts,' but the meaning is not materially changed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Nos tamen cum prædicta Ecclesia","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of the decree, listing approved and conditionally approved texts after the decretal letters mentioned in the previous passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'novellæ quædam relationes' could be read as 'certain recent accounts' or, with the variant 'quidem,' as 'indeed recent accounts,' but the sense of novelty and limited authority remains.","The identity of the 'beatus Silvester' is assumed to be Pope Silvester I, but the text does not specify which Silvester."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Item Origenis nonnulla opuscula quae vir beatissimus Hieronymus non repudiat, legenda suscipimus. Reliqua autem omnia cum auctore suo dicimus esse renuenda.\n\nItem chronica Eusebii Cæsariensis, et ejusdem ecclesiasticæ Historiae libros: quamvis in primo narrationis suae libro lepuerit, et postea in laudibus atque excusatione Origenis schismatici unum con- I scripserit librum: propter rerum tamen notitiam singularem, quæ ad instructionem pertinent, usquequaque non dicimus renuendos. Item Orosium virum eruditissimum colJaudamus: quia valde nobis necessariam adversus paganorum calumnias dignam ordinavit historiam miraque brevitale contexuit.\n\nItem venerabilis Sedulii paschale opus, quod heroicis descripsit versibus, insigni laude præferimus.\n\nItem Juvenci nihilominus laboriosum opus non spernimus, sed miramur.\n\nCaetera, quæ ab hæreticis sive schismaticis conscripta vel prædicata sunt, nullatenus recipit catholica et apostolica Romana Ecclesia; v e quibus pauca, quae ad memoriam venerunt, et catholicis vitanda sunt, credimus esse subdenda.","english":"We accept as worthy of reading certain works of Origen which the most blessed Jerome does not reject. All the rest, however, together with their author, we declare must be rejected.\n\nLikewise, the chronicle of Eusebius of Caesarea, and his books of Ecclesiastical History: although in the first book of his narrative he erred, and later wrote one book in praise and defense of the schismatic Origen, nevertheless, on account of the singular knowledge of events which pertains to instruction, we do not declare them to be rejected in every respect. Likewise, we praise Orosius, a most learned man, because he composed a history very necessary for us against the calumnies of the pagans, and wove it together with remarkable brevity.\n\nLikewise, we extol with notable praise the paschal work of the venerable Sedulius, which he described in heroic verses.\n\nLikewise, we do not spurn the laborious work of Juvencus, but rather admire it.\n\nOther works which have been written or preached by heretics or schismatics, the Catholic and Apostolic Roman Church in no way receives; among these, we believe that a few which have come to memory, and which are to be avoided by Catholics, should be subjoined.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Item Origenis nonnulla opuscula quae vir beatissimus Hieronymus non repudiat, legenda suscipimus.","severity":"info","text":"Gelasius accepts only those works of Origen that Jerome did not reject, reflecting a cautious reception of Origen's legacy in the Latin West.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Item chronica Eusebii Cæsariensis, et ejusdem ecclesiasticæ Historiae libros","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius's Chronicle and Ecclesiastical History were foundational for Latin historiography, though his pro-Origen stance raised suspicion; Gelasius permits them for their factual content.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Item Orosium virum eruditissimum colJaudamus","severity":"info","text":"Orosius's Historiae adversum Paganos, written c. 417, was a key apologetic work; Gelasius's praise reflects its enduring authority in the early medieval West.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Item venerabilis Sedulii paschale opus, quod heroicis descripsit versibus, insigni laude præferimus.","severity":"info","text":"Sedulius's Carmen Paschale, a hexameter poem on Christ's life, was widely used in liturgy and education; Gelasius's commendation confirms its orthodox status.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Item Juvenci nihilominus laboriosum opus non spernimus, sed miramur.","severity":"info","text":"Juvencus's Evangeliorum Libri IV (c. 330) was the first Latin biblical epic; Gelasius's admiration signals its acceptance despite its non-canonical genre.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Caetera, quæ ab hæreticis sive schismaticis conscripta vel prædicata sunt, nullatenus recipit catholica et apostolica Romana Ecclesia","severity":"info","text":"This concluding clause provides a general rule rejecting heretical writings, framing the preceding approvals as exceptions within a broader policy of exclusion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin 'colJaudamus' is a scribal variant for 'collaudamus' (we praise together). The reading is secure."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Notitia librorum apocryphorum qui non recipiuntur.\n\nIn primis Ariminensem synodum a Constantio Caesare Constantini Augusti filio congregatam, mediante Tauro præfecto [ ale praetorio] ex tunc et nunc et usque in æternum confitemur esse damnatam.\n\nItem Itinerarium nomine Petri apostoli, quod appellatur sancti Clementis libri [decem, al. novem], octo, apocryphum.\n\nActus nomine Andreae apostoli, apocryphi.\n\nActus nomine Thomae apostoli, libri apocrypbi.\n\nActus nomine Peiri aposloli, apocryphi.\n\nActus ' nomine Philippi apostoli, apocryphi.\n\nEvangelium nomine Thaddaei, apocryphum.\n\nEvangelium nomine Matthiae, apocryphum.\n\nEvangelium nomine Petri apostoli, apocrypbum.\n\nEvangelium nomine Jacobi Minoris. apocryohum.\n\nEvangelium nomine Barnabae, apocryphum.\n\nEvangelium [ al. Evangelia ] nomine Thomæ quo [al. quibus ] utuntur Manichæi, apocryphum [al. apocr.].","english":"List of apocryphal books that are not received.\n\nFirst, the Synod of Ariminum, assembled by the Caesar Constantius, son of the Augustus Constantine, through the mediation of the Prefect Taurus, we confess to be condemned from that time, now, and forever.\n\nLikewise, the Itinerary under the name of the apostle Peter, which is called the ten [or nine] books of Saint Clement, eight, apocryphal.\n\nActs under the name of the apostle Andrew, apocryphal.\n\nActs under the name of the apostle Thomas, apocryphal books.\n\nActs under the name of the apostle Peter, apocryphal.\n\nActs under the name of the apostle Philip, apocryphal.\n\nGospel under the name of Thaddaeus, apocryphal.\n\nGospel under the name of Matthias, apocryphal.\n\nGospel under the name of the apostle Peter, apocryphal.\n\nGospel under the name of James the Less, apocryphal.\n\nGospel under the name of Barnabas, apocryphal.\n\nGospel [or Gospels] under the name of Thomas, which [or which] the Manichaeans use, apocryphal.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Notitia librorum apocryphorum","severity":"info","text":"This heading introduces a list of apocryphal books, marking a shift from the preceding narrative of accepted works to a formal catalogue of rejected texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ariminensem synodum","severity":"info","text":"The Synod of Ariminum (359) was a council of Western bishops convened by Constantius II; its creed was later condemned as Arian. Gelasius here reaffirms its rejection.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"apocryphum","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'apocryphum' (from Greek ἀπόκρυφος, 'hidden') here denotes texts excluded from the canon, not merely non-canonical but deemed heretical or spurious.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Itinerarium nomine Petri apostoli","severity":"info","text":"The 'Itinerarium' (Clementine Recognitions or Homilies) was widely circulated in Latin; Gelasius rejects it as apocryphal, a judgment echoed in later medieval canon lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Evangelium nomine Thomae","severity":"info","text":"The Gospel of Thomas, associated with Manichaeans, is also condemned in the Decretum Gelasianum (5th–6th c.) and in earlier patristic writings (e.g., Hippolytus, Ref. 5.7).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"libri [decem, al. novem], octo","severity":"caution","text":"The numeral 'octo' (eight) is textually uncertain; some manuscripts read 'decem' (ten) or 'novem' (nine). The English draft follows one variant but the Latin is ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The number of Clementine books is uncertain: 'octo' may be a corruption or variant for 'decem' or 'novem'.","The phrase 'ex tunc et nunc et usque in æternum' may be a later legal formula inserted into the decree."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Evangelium [al. Evangelia ] nomine Bartholomæi apostoli, apocryphum [al. apocryphal.\n\nEvangelium nomine Andreæ apostoli, apocryphum.\n\nEvangelia quae falsavit Lucianus, apocrypha.\n\nLiber de infantia Salvatoris, apocryphus.\n\nEvangelia quae falsavit Esitius [ ale Hesychius et Isicius], apocrypha.\n\nLiber de Nativitate [al. Infantia] Salvatoris, et de Maria et obstetrice [al. addit. ejus ], apocryphus.\n\nLiber qui appellatur Pastoris, apocryphus.\n\nLibri omnes quos fecit Leucius [al. Lucius ] discipulus diaboli, apocryphi.\n\nLiber qui appellatur Fundamentum, apocryphus.\n\nLiber qui appellatur Thesaurus, apocryphus.\n\nLiber de filiabus Adæ geneseos, apocryphus.\n\nCentimetrum de Christo, Virgilianis compaginatum versibus, apocryphum.\n\nLiber qui appellatur Actus Teclae et Pauli apostoli, apocryphus.\n\nLiber qui appellatur Nepotis, apocryphus.\n\nLiber Proverbiorum qui ab hæreticis conscriptus et sancti Sixti [al. Xysti J nomine praenotatus est, apocryphus.","english":"The Gospel [or: The Gospels] in the name of the apostle Bartholomew, apocryphal.\n\nThe Gospel in the name of the apostle Andrew, apocryphal.\n\nThe Gospels which Lucianus falsified, apocryphal.\n\nThe book on the infancy of the Savior, apocryphal.\n\nThe Gospels which Esitius [or: Hesychius and Isicius] falsified, apocryphal.\n\nThe book on the Nativity [or: Infancy] of the Savior, and on Mary and the midwife [or: and her midwife], apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called The Shepherd, apocryphal.\n\nAll the books which Leucius [or: Lucius], the disciple of the devil, made, apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called The Foundation, apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called The Treasure, apocryphal.\n\nThe book on the daughters of Adam, of the Genesis, apocryphal.\n\nThe Centimetrum concerning Christ, composed in Virgilian verses, apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called The Acts of Thecla and the apostle Paul, apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called The Book of Nepos, apocryphal.\n\nThe book of Proverbs which was written by heretics and prefaced with the name of Saint Sixtus [or: Xystus], apocryphal.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the list of apocryphal works from the previous passage, each entry following a consistent formula: title, author or attribution, and the judgment 'apocryphum' or 'apocrypha'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Evangelium nomine Bartholomaei apostoli","severity":"info","text":"The Gospel of Bartholomew is a known apocryphal work, likely composed in Greek or Coptic, recounting the apostle's questions to Christ and the Virgin Mary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Liber qui appellatur Pastoris","severity":"info","text":"The Shepherd, likely the Shepherd of Hermas, was widely read in early Christianity but ultimately excluded from the canon; its inclusion here reflects Gelasius's rejection.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Centimetrum de Christo, Virgilianis compaginatum versibus","severity":"info","text":"The Centimetrum is a cento, a poem composed from Virgilian lines, reworked to tell a Christian story. This practice was condemned as heretical manipulation of classical texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Liber Proverbiorum qui ab haereticis conscriptus et sancti Sixti nomine praenotatus est","severity":"caution","text":"The attribution to 'Sixtus' (or 'Xystus') is ambiguous: it may refer to Pope Sixtus I or to the Pythagorean philosopher Sextus, whose Sentences were sometimes Christianized.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Evangelia quae falsavit Lucianus","severity":"info","text":"Lucianus is likely Lucian of Antioch, a 4th-century figure accused of falsifying Gospels; the variant 'Leucius' in the next entry may be a scribal confusion with the same name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names 'Esitius', 'Hesychius', and 'Isicius' may refer to the same or different heretics; the text's variants suggest scribal uncertainty.","The 'Liber qui appellatur Nepotis' is obscure; it may refer to a work by Nepos, a 3rd-century bishop, or be a corruption of another title."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Revelatio quae appellatur Pauli apostoli, apocrypha.\n\nRevelatio quae appellatur Thomæ apostoli, apocrypha.\n\nRevelatio quae appellatur S. Stephani, apocrypha.\n\nLiber qui appellatur Transitus, id est Assumptio sanctæ Mariae, apocryphus.\n\nLiber qui appellatur Pœnitentia Adæ, apocryphus.\n\nLibcr19 Ogiæ nomine gigantis, qui ab hæreticis cum dracone post diluvium pugnasse fingitur, apocrpyhus.\n\nLiberqui appellatur Testamentum Job, apocrpyhus.\n\nLiber qui appellatur Pœnitentia Origenis, apocryphus.\n\nLiber qui appellatur Poenitentia sancti Cypriani, apocryphus.\n\nLiber qui appellatur Pœnitentia Jamnæ et Mambræ, apocryphus.\n\nLiber qui appellatur Sortes sanctorum apostolorum, apocryphus.\n\nLiber qui appellator Laus [ ale Lusus] apostolorum, apocryphys.\n\nI Liber qui appellatur Canones apostolorum, apocryphus.\n\nLiber Physiologus, qui ab hæreticis conscriptus est, et B. Ambrosii nomine signatus [al. prænotatus], apocryphus.","english":"The Revelation which is called of the apostle Paul, apocryphal.\n\nThe Revelation which is called of the apostle Thomas, apocryphal.\n\nThe Revelation which is called of Saint Stephen, apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called the Passing, that is, the Assumption of Saint Mary, apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called the Penance of Adam, apocryphal.\n\nThe book under the name of Ogia the giant, who is feigned by heretics to have fought with a dragon after the flood, apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called the Testament of Job, apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called the Penance of Origen, apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called the Penance of Saint Cyprian, apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called the Penance of Jannes and Mambres, apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called the Lots of the holy apostles, apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called the Praise [or: Play] of the apostles, apocryphal.\n\nThe book which is called the Canons of the apostles, apocryphal.\n\nThe book Physiologus, which was written by heretics and marked with the name of Blessed Ambrose, apocryphal.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the list of apocryphal works condemned in the Decretum Gelasianum, a 6th-century Latin document attributed to Pope Gelasius I. The list reflects the Church's effort to regulate Christian literature and suppress heretical or unauthorized texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Revelatio quae appellatur Pauli apostoli","severity":"info","text":"The 'Revelation of Paul' refers to the Apocalypse of Paul, a 4th-century Greek text describing Paul's tour of heaven and hell. It was widely circulated but deemed apocryphal by the Latin Church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Liber qui appellatur Transitus, id est Assumptio sanctæ Mariae","severity":"info","text":"The 'Transitus' or 'Assumption of Mary' refers to a group of early Christian apocryphal narratives about the death and bodily assumption of the Virgin Mary. The Latin term 'Transitus' means 'passing' or 'death'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Liber Physiologus","severity":"info","text":"The Physiologus is a 2nd-century Greek bestiary that allegorized animals for Christian moral teaching. Its attribution here to heretics and to Ambrose reflects later suspicions about its orthodoxy, though it was widely used in medieval exegesis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Libcr19 Ogiæ nomine gigantis","severity":"caution","text":"The text reads 'Libcr19 Ogiæ nomine gigantis', likely a scribal corruption for 'Liber Ogiæ nomine gigantis'. The number '19' may be a miswritten numeral or a marginal note. The reference is to the apocryphal Book of Og, a giant from Jewish and Christian legend.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"background","lemma":"Liber qui appellatur Sortes sanctorum apostolorum","severity":"info","text":"The 'Lots of the Apostles' (Sortes Apostolorum) was a divinatory text used for sortilege, condemned as superstitious. Similar works include the Sortes Sanctorum and Sortes Homericae, reflecting a broader practice of bibliomancy in late antiquity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Libcr19' is likely a scribal error for 'Liber', with '19' possibly a marginal numeral or corruption. The English draft interprets 'Ogiæ' as 'Og' (the giant), which is standard. 'Laus [al Lusus] apostolorum' presents a textual variant: 'Laus' (Praise) or 'Lusus' (Play) of the apostles, both attested in manuscripts."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Historia Eusebii Pamphili, aporrypha.\n\nOpuscula Tertulliani, apocrypha.\n\nOpuscula Lactantii at. Firmiani], apocrypha.\n\nOpuscula Africani, apocrypha.\n\nOpuscula Postumiani et Galli, apocrypha.\n\nOpuscula Montani, Priscillæ et Maximillæ, apocrypha.\n\nOpuscula omnia Fausti Manichæi, apocrypha.\n\nOpuscula Commodiani, apocrypha.\n\nOpuscula alterius Clementis Alexandrini, apocrypha.\n\nOpuscula Tatii [at. Tharsi seu Tascii] Cypriani, apocrypha.\n\nOpuscula Arnohii, apocrypha.\n\nOpuscule Tychonii, apocrypha.\n\nOpuscula Cassiani [al. Cassionis J presbytcri Galliarum, apocrypha.\n\nOpuscula Victorini Pictaviensis [at. Petabionensis]. apocrypha.\n\nOpuscula Fausti Regensis Galliarum, apocrypha.\n\nOpuscula Frumentii Cæci, apocrypha.\n\nEpistola Jesu ad Abagafum [al. Abgarum] regem, apocrypha.\n\nEpittola Abagari [at. Ahgari J ad Jesum, apocrypha.\n\nPassio Quirici [al. Cyrici] et Julitæ, apocrypha.","english":"The History of Eusebius Pamphili, apocryphal.\n\nThe works of Tertullian, apocryphal.\n\nThe works of Lactantius [or Firmianus], apocryphal.\n\nThe works of Africanus, apocryphal.\n\nThe works of Postumianus and Gallus, apocryphal.\n\nThe works of Montanus, Priscilla, and Maximilla, apocryphal.\n\nAll the works of Faustus the Manichaean, apocryphal.\n\nThe works of Commodianus, apocryphal.\n\nThe works of the other Clement of Alexandria, apocryphal.\n\nThe works of Tatius [or Tharsus or Tascius] Cyprian, apocryphal.\n\nThe works of Arnobius, apocryphal.\n\nThe works of Tychonius, apocryphal.\n\nThe works of Cassianus [or Cassio], presbyter of the Gauls, apocryphal.\n\nThe works of Victorinus of Pettau [or Petabio], apocryphal.\n\nThe works of Faustus of Riez in the Gauls, apocryphal.\n\nThe works of Frumentius the Blind, apocryphal.\n\nThe letter of Jesus to King Abgarus [or Abgar], apocryphal.\n\nThe letter of Abgarus [or Abgar] to Jesus, apocryphal.\n\nThe Passion of Quiricus [or Cyricus] and Julitta, apocryphal.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Historia Eusebii Pamphili","severity":"info","text":"Eusebius of Caesarea's 'Ecclesiastical History' is a foundational work of early church history, but its inclusion here as apocryphal reflects a later judgment, possibly due to its use by heretical groups or its perceived unreliability in certain doctrinal matters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Opuscula Tertulliani","severity":"info","text":"Tertullian, a prolific early Christian author, was later deemed heretical for his Montanist sympathies, leading to the condemnation of his works in this decree.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Opuscula Lactantii","severity":"info","text":"Lactantius, a Christian apologist and rhetorician, was generally orthodox, but his works may have been included here due to doctrinal concerns or textual corruption in transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Opuscula Montani, Priscillae et Maximillae","severity":"info","text":"Montanus, Priscilla, and Maximilla were leaders of the Montanist movement, which was condemned as heretical for its emphasis on new prophecy and ecstatic practices.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Epistola Jesu ad Abagafum regem","severity":"info","text":"The correspondence between Jesus and King Abgar of Edessa is a legendary account, considered apocryphal due to its lack of historical basis and late origin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Passio Quirici et Julitae","severity":"info","text":"The Passion of Quiricus and Julitta is a hagiographical text of uncertain historicity, included here as apocryphal, likely due to its legendary embellishments.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text includes variant readings (e.g., 'at. Firmiani', 'al. Cassionis') indicating textual uncertainty in the manuscript tradition.","The identity of 'Africanus' is ambiguous; it may refer to Sextus Julius Africanus, a Christian historian, or another figure.","The phrase 'alterius Clementis Alexandrini' suggests a distinction from the orthodox Clement, but the referent is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Passio Georgii, apocrypha.\n\nScriptura quae appellatur contradictio [al. interdictio ] Salomonis, apocrypha.\n\nPhylacteria omnia, qu;c non angelorum (ut illi confingunt), sed dæmonum magis arte [al. nominibus] conscripta sunt, apocrypha.\n\nHæc et omnia his similia, quae Simon Magus, Nicolaus, Cerinthus, Marcion, Basilides, Ebinn, Paulus etiam Samosatenus, Photinus, et Bonosus, et qui similli errore delecerunt; Montanus quoque cunO suis obscenissimis sequacibus, Apollinaris, Valentinus, sive Manichæus, Faustus. Africanus. Sabellius, Arias, Macedonius, Eunomius, Novatus, Sabbatius, Callistus, Donatus, Eustathius, Jovinianus, Pelagius, Julianus Eclanensis, Cœlestinus [al. Cœlestius], Maximinus [at. Maximianus], Priscillianus ab Hispania, Nestorius Constantinopolitanus, Maximus Unicus, Lampetius [al. Lapicius], Dioscorus, Eutyches, Petrus, et alius Petrus, e quibus unus Alexandriam, alius Antiochiam maculavit; Acacius Constantinopolitanus cum consorlibus [al. sociis I suis; nec non et omnes haeresiarchae, corumque discipuli, sive schismatici, docuerunt vel conscripserunt quorum nomina minime retinentur; non solum repudiata, verum etiam ab omni Romana catholica et apostolica Ecclesia eliminata, atque cum suis auctoribus auctorumque sequacibus sub anathematis indissolubili vinculo in æternum confitemur esse damnata II.","english":"The Passion of George, apocryphal.\n\nThe writing which is called the Contradiction [or Interdiction] of Solomon, apocryphal.\n\nAll phylacteries, which are written not by the art of angels (as they pretend), but rather by the art of demons [or names], apocryphal.\n\nThese and all things similar to them, which Simon Magus, Nicolaus, Cerinthus, Marcion, Basilides, Ebion, Paul also of Samosata, Photinus, and Bonosus, and those who have fallen into a similar error; also Montanus with his most obscene followers, Apollinaris, Valentinus, or Manichaeus, Faustus, Africanus, Sabellius, Arius, Macedonius, Eunomius, Novatus, Sabbatius, Callistus, Donatus, Eustathius, Jovinianus, Pelagius, Julianus of Eclanum, Coelestinus [or Coelestius], Maximinus [or Maximianus], Priscillianus from Spain, Nestorius of Constantinople, Maximus the Unique, Lampetius [or Lapicius], Dioscorus, Eutyches, Peter, and another Peter, of whom one stained Alexandria, the other stained Antioch; Acacius of Constantinople with his associates [or allies]; and also all heresiarchs, and their disciples, or schismatics, have taught or written, whose names are not at all retained; not only repudiated, but also cast out from the entire Roman catholic and apostolic Church, and with their authors and the followers of the authors under the indissoluble bond of anathemas we confess to be condemned in eternity.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Passio Georgii","severity":"info","text":"The 'Passion of George' refers to the martyrdom account of Saint George, a popular but non-canonical hagiographical text condemned here as apocryphal.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"contradictio [al. interdictio] Salomonis","severity":"info","text":"The 'Contradiction (or Interdiction) of Solomon' is a lost or obscure apocryphal work, possibly a magical or wisdom text falsely attributed to Solomon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Phylacteria","severity":"info","text":"'Phylacteria' (phylacteries) are amulets or protective charms; the text condemns them as demonic rather than angelic, reflecting a polemic against superstitious practices.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Simon Magus, Nicolaus, Cerinthus, Marcion, Basilides, Ebinn, Paulus etiam Samosatenus, Photinus, et Bonosus","severity":"info","text":"This list enumerates early Christian heretics and schismatics, from Simon Magus (1st c.) to Bonosus (4th c.), whose teachings were condemned by the Roman Church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Montanus quoque cunO suis obscenissimis sequacibus","severity":"info","text":"Montanus and his followers (Montanists) were a 2nd-century prophetic movement; the text's 'most obscene followers' reflects the hostile characterization by orthodox opponents.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"sub anathematis indissolubili vinculo in æternum confitemur esse damnata","severity":"info","text":"This concluding anathema formula, 'under the indissoluble bond of anathemas we confess to be condemned in eternity,' underscores the definitive and perpetual condemnation of all listed works and persons.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text has variant readings (e.g., 'contradictio' vs. 'interdictio', 'angelorum' vs. 'nominibus', 'consorlibus' vs. 'sociis') that indicate textual instability in the manuscript tradition.","The list of heretics includes some names with uncertain identification (e.g., 'Ebinn' likely for 'Ebion', 'Maximus Unicus' obscure)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]}]}