{"slug":"tmp933.tmp933.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp933.tmp933.opp-lat1","title":"Testamentum","title_source":"Testamentum","author":"Perpetuus Turonensis Episcopus","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:09:27Z","cost_usd":0.003785},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp933.tmp933.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp933.tmp933.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp933/tmp933/tmp933.tmp933.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":7,"english_words":1399,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":5275,"commentary_units":38,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":15,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"tmp933.tmp933.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Testamentum of Perpetuus, bishop of Tours (c. 460–490), is a late 5th-century episcopal will that survives in a single manuscript tradition, likely copied at Tours. Its authenticity as a verbatim document is debated; the text shows signs of later interpolation, especially in the list of bequests. Cited in early medieval canon law collections, it served as a model for episcopal dispositions and was used by hagiographers to support Tours' ecclesiastical privileges. The legal force of the testamentum is uncertain, and its provisions conflict with known 5th-century Frankish property law. The edition (ogl-pl) does not collate all known manuscript variants.","historical_context":"Perpetuus was bishop of Tours from approximately 460 to 490, a period when the city was a major religious center under the growing cult of St. Martin. The testamentum is a rare early medieval episcopal will, composed in Latin and reflecting late antique legal and devotional language. It survives only in a single manuscript tradition, likely copied at Tours, and shows signs of later interpolation, particularly in the list of bequests. The text was cited in early medieval canon law collections, such as the Decretum Gratiani, as a model for episcopal dispositions, and later hagiographers used it to support Tours' ecclesiastical privileges. Its legal force is uncertain; it may be a literary forgery or a later summary, and its provisions conflict with known 5th-century Frankish property law. The edition (ogl-pl) does not collate all known manuscript variants, so readers should consult the critical apparatus in the MGH edition for a fuller stemma.","significance":"The Testamentum of Perpetuus is significant as a rare early medieval episcopal will, offering insights into late antique ecclesiastical property law, the cult of St. Martin, and the blending of legal and devotional language. It was used in canon law and hagiography to support Tours' privileges, and its disputed authenticity highlights the challenges of interpreting early medieval documents.","timeline":[{"date":"c. 460–490","event":"Perpetuus serves as bishop of Tours."},{"date":"Late 5th century","event":"Composition of the Testamentum, possibly as a verbatim will or later summary."},{"date":"Early medieval period","event":"The testamentum is copied in a single manuscript tradition at Tours."},{"date":"12th century","event":"The Decretum Gratiani cites the testamentum as a model for episcopal dispositions."},{"date":"Later medieval period","event":"Hagiographers use the testamentum to support Tours' ecclesiastical privileges."},{"date":"Modern era","event":"Scholars debate the authenticity and legal force of the testamentum."}],"relations":[{"work":"Decretum Gratiani","relation":"Cited as a model for episcopal dispositions","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"MGH edition of the Testamentum","relation":"Provides critical apparatus for manuscript variants","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Cult of St. Martin","relation":"The testamentum reflects the growing importance of Martin's cult at Tours","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Frankish property law","relation":"Provisions conflict with known 5th-century Frankish property law","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Episcopal wills of late antiquity","relation":"A rare example of an early medieval episcopal will","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The exact date of the testamentum is unknown; it is placed in the late 5th century based on Perpetuus' episcopacy.","The authenticity of the testamentum as a verbatim episcopal will is debated; it may be a literary forgery or later summary.","The text shows signs of later interpolation, especially in the list of bequests.","The legal force of the testamentum is uncertain, and its provisions conflict with known 5th-century Frankish property law.","The edition (ogl-pl) does not collate all known manuscript variants; consult the MGH edition for a fuller stemma."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000513,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:09:27Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp933/tmp933/tmp933.tmp933.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp933.tmp933.opp-lat1","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"short-output-warn","i":7,"words":6}],"stats":{"passages":7,"translated":7,"commentary_passages":7,"commentary_units":38,"english_words":1399,"source_letters":5230,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Perpetuus was bishop of Tours c. 460–490. The testamentum is a late 5th-century document, but its exact date and authenticity as a verbatim episcopal will are debated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Survives only in a single manuscript tradition, likely copied at Tours. The text shows signs of later interpolation, especially in the list of bequests.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Cited in early medieval canon law collections (e.g., the Decretum Gratiani) as a model for episcopal dispositions. Used by later hagiographers to support Tours’ ecclesiastical privileges.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition (ogl-pl) does not collate all known manuscript variants. Readers should consult the critical apparatus in the MGH edition for a fuller stemma.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The testamentum’s legal force is uncertain: it may be a literary forgery or a later summary. Its provisions conflict with known 5th-century Frankish property law.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 7 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":7},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"TESTAMENTUM PERPETUI EPISCOPI.\n\nin noine Jesu Christi, Amen. Ego Perpetuus peccatur, Turonicæ Ecclesiae sacerdos abire nolui sine testamento, ne fraudentur auperes iis quæ itU. perna gratia. mihi on merito liberaliter et amanter contulit; et ne, quod abs t, transcant ad alios quam ad Ecclesiam, sacerdotis bona.\n\nPresbyteris. diaconibus et clericis Ecclesiæ meæ pacem Domini Jesu Christi do, lego, Amen. Confirma hoc, Domine, quod operatus cs in nobis; nesciant schismata, stabiles in fide permaneant; quicunque regulam Evangelii fuerit secutus, sit bene lictus omni benedictione spirituali in supernis per Christum Jesum, Amen. Et Dominus Jesus occidat impium vento oris sui, Amen, Amen. Pax Ecclesiæ, pax populo, in ur be, in agro a Deo et. Patre Domini Jesu Christi, Athen. Veni, Domine, et noli sustinere, Amen. Vobis itaque prestyieris, diaconibus et clericis Ecclesiæ meæ cum consilio Agilonis comitis sepeliendum cadaver mortis hujus ubicunque elegeritis, permitto: scio quod Redemptor meus non moritur, et in carne vdebo liber.toreni meum, Amcn. Tamen si indigno mibi feceritis misericordiam, quam supplex postulo, optarem ad domini Martini pedes in diem quiescere judicii: videritis, judicabitis, eligetis; volo, statuo, ratum jubeo quod vobis dominis et fratribus meis placecrit.","english":"TESTAMENT OF PERPETUUS, BISHOP.\n\nIn the name of Jesus Christ, Amen. I, Perpetuus, a sinner, priest of the Church of Tours, did not wish to depart without a testament, lest the poor be defrauded of those things which, through the grace of God, were liberally and lovingly bestowed upon me, though not by my merit; and lest, which God forbid, the goods of a priest pass to others rather than to the Church.\n\nTo the presbyters, deacons, and clerics of my Church, I give and bequeath the peace of the Lord Jesus Christ, Amen. Confirm, O Lord, that which you have wrought in us; may they know no schisms, may they remain steadfast in faith; whosoever shall have followed the rule of the Gospel, let him be blessed with every spiritual blessing in the highest through Christ Jesus, Amen. And may the Lord Jesus strike down the impious with the wind of his mouth, Amen, Amen. Peace to the Church, peace to the people, in the city, in the countryside, from God and the Father of the Lord Jesus Christ, Amen. Come, Lord, and do not delay, Amen. To you, therefore, my presbyters, deacons, and clerics, with the counsel of Count Agilo, I permit the burial of this dead body wherever you shall choose: I know that my Redeemer does not die, and in the flesh I shall see my deliverer, Amen. Yet if you should grant to me, unworthy as I am, the mercy which I humbly entreat, I would wish to rest at the feet of Lord Martin until the day of judgment: you shall see, you shall judge, you shall choose; I wish, I ordain, I decree as ratified whatever pleases you, my lords and brothers.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Perpetuus","severity":"info","text":"Perpetuus was bishop of Tours c. 460–490, a key figure in the development of the cult of St. Martin. This testament is a rare early medieval episcopal will.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"peccatur","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'peccatur' is a non-standard form; the expected classical form is 'peccator' (sinner). This may reflect late Latin orthography or a scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"regulam Evangelii","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'regulam Evangelii' (rule of the Gospel) echoes early monastic and ecclesiastical usage, possibly alluding to Matthew 5–7 or the Sermon on the Mount as a standard of conduct.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Agilonis comitis","severity":"info","text":"Count Agilo is otherwise unattested; his mention here suggests a local secular authority involved in ecclesiastical affairs, typical of late antique Gaul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Veni, Domine, et noli sustinere","severity":"info","text":"This phrase is a liturgical acclamation, possibly from a prayer or litany, inserted into the testament. It breaks the narrative flow and reflects the blending of legal and devotional language.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ad domini Martini pedes","severity":"info","text":"The wish to be buried at the feet of St. Martin reflects the growing importance of Martin's cult at Tours. This testament is an early witness to the practice of ad sanctos burial.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text contains several non-classical Latin forms (e.g., 'peccatur', 'auperes' for 'pauperes', 'itU' for 'ita') that may be scribal errors or late Latin variants.","The phrase 'in noine' is likely a misspelling of 'in nomine'.","The clause 'quod operatus cs in nobis' is grammatically unclear; 'cs' may be a contraction for 'es' (you are) or a scribal error."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Imprimis itaque ego Perpetuus volo liberos esse liberasque homines et feminas quotquot habeo in villa Saponaria, quos emi de mea pecunia, ut ut pueros, quos in die discessus mei non manumisero in Ecclesia: ita tamen ut libere serviant, quandiu vixeri I. Ecclesiæ meae, sed absque servitute ad haeredes transmissibili ct glebatica.\n\nDo etiam Ecclesiæ meæ agrum quem Aligarius mihi vendidit in dicta villa Saponaria, cum stagno. Item molendina supra Carum prope dictam villam; nec non pecuaria et prata ipsi Ecclesia meæ do, lego.\n\nVillam de Bertiniaco cum sylva et omni reditu, ea conditione qua mihi a Daniele diacono vendita esi, Ecclesiæmeæ pariter do, lego. Ita tamen. ut de corum proventibus oleuin paretur pro domini Marini sepulcro indeficienter illustrando: quod si fuerit neglectum, et voluntas mea, quod non spero, cassa, dicta villa de Bertiniaco cum adjunctis, bxredibus meis mox nominandis cedat, volo, statuo, jubeo.","english":"First of all, I, Perpetuus, wish that all the free men and free women whom I have in the villa of Saponaria, whom I bought with my own money, be free, as well as the boys whom I do not manumit in the Church on the day of my departure: yet in such a way that they serve freely as long as I live for my Church, but without servitude transmissible to heirs and without glebe-service.\n\nI also give to my Church the field which Aligarius sold to me in the said villa of Saponaria, with the pond. Likewise the mills on the Cher near the said villa; and also the livestock and meadows I give and bequeath to my Church.\n\nThe villa of Bertiniacum with the wood and all revenue, on the same condition as it was sold to me by the deacon Daniel, I likewise give and bequeath to my Church. Yet in such a way that from their proceeds oil is prepared for unfailingly illuminating the tomb of the Lord Martin: which if it be neglected, and my will, which I do not hope, be void, the said villa of Bertiniacum with its appurtenances shall pass to my heirs soon to be named: I will, I ordain, I command.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"glebatica","severity":"info","text":"The term glebatica (from gleba, 'clod of earth') refers to a servile obligation tied to the land, often translated as 'glebe-service' or 'villeinage'. It indicates that the freed persons are not bound to the soil for future generations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"domini Marini sepulcro","severity":"info","text":"The tomb of Saint Martin of Tours was a major pilgrimage site. Perpetuus, as bishop, ensures perpetual illumination there, a common pious bequest in Merovingian Gaul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"volo, statuo, jubeo","severity":"info","text":"The triple formula 'I will, I ordain, I command' is a legal and rhetorical intensification, reinforcing the binding nature of the conditional bequest. It echoes Roman testamentary language.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"vixeri I","severity":"caution","text":"The reading 'vixeri I' is likely a scribal error or abbreviation for 'vixero' ('I shall have lived') or 'vixerint' ('they shall have lived'). The sense is that the freed persons serve the Church during the testator's lifetime.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Testamentum Perpetui","severity":"info","text":"This testament is preserved in the 'Spicilegium' of Luc d'Achéry and later in Migne's Patrologia Latina. It is a rare early medieval episcopal will, valued for evidence of manumission and church property.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'vixeri I' is ambiguous: it may be a corrupt form of 'vixero' (I shall have lived) or 'vixerint' (they shall have lived). The translation adopts the sense of service during the testator's lifetime.","The identity of 'Aligarius' and 'Daniel diaconus' is not further specified in the text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Quidquid et quoquo in loco, et a quacunque persona fuerit mihi debitum, quo die abs essero, debitoribus ipsis do, lego. Exigere quod dimitto nullus præsumat, volo, statuo.\n\n. Tibi fratri et consacerdoti dilectissimo Eufronio thecam ex argento de reliquiis sanctorum do, lego, Illam intelligo quam deferre solebam; nam deauratam a iam quae est in capsario meo, cum duobus calicibus aureis, et cruce simililer aurea, quam Mabuinus fecit, Ecclesiae meae do, lego. Simul et omnes libros meos, praeter Evangeliorum librum, quem scripsit Hilarius quondam Pictaviensis sacerdes, quem tibi Eufronio fratri et consacerdoti, dilectissimo cum præfata theca do, lego, volo, statuo. Memor esto mei, Amen.\n\nEcclesiæ sancti Dionysii de Rambasci co, calicem argenteum, et crucem similiter argenteam in cujus manubrio est rcliquia de eodem S. Dionysio, do, lego","english":"Whatever and wherever, and from whatever person, may be owed to me, on the day I am absent, I give and bequeath to the debtors themselves. I wish and decree that no one presume to demand what I remit.\n\nTo you, brother and most beloved fellow priest Eufronius, I give and bequeath a silver reliquary of the saints. I mean that one which I used to carry; for the gilded one which is in my chest, together with two gold chalices and a likewise gold cross which Mabuinus made, I give and bequeath to my Church. Likewise all my books, except the book of the Gospels which Hilary, once priest of Poitiers, wrote, which I give and bequeath to you, Eufronius, brother and most beloved fellow priest, together with the aforesaid reliquary. I wish and decree. Be mindful of me, Amen.\n\nTo the church of Saint Dionysius of Rambasci, I give and bequeath a silver chalice and a likewise silver cross in whose handle is a relic of the same Saint Dionysius.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"abs essero","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'abs essero' is a Latin corruption or scribal error for 'abessero' (future perfect of absum, 'I shall be absent'), referring to the testator's death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"thecam ex argento de reliquiis sanctorum","severity":"info","text":"'Thecam' (from Greek θήκη) means a reliquary or container for relics; here it is a silver reliquary for saints' relics, distinct from the gilded one mentioned later.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Hilarius quondam Pictaviensis sacerdes","severity":"info","text":"Hilary of Poitiers (c. 310–367) was a bishop and theologian; the reference to a Gospel book he wrote likely indicates a manuscript of high value and authority, bequeathed to Eufronius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"do, lego, volo, statuo","severity":"info","text":"The repeated legal formula 'do, lego, volo, statuo' (I give, bequeath, wish, decree) is typical of late Roman and early medieval testaments, emphasizing the binding nature of the bequests.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Mabuinus","severity":"info","text":"Mabuinus is likely a goldsmith or artisan; the naming of a craftsman in a testament highlights the value and provenance of the cross, and such details are rare in surviving documents.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Rambasci co","severity":"caution","text":"The place name 'Rambasci co' is likely a corruption or abbreviation; it probably refers to a church of Saint Dionysius (Saint-Denis) in a location such as Rambouillet or a similar site, but the reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'abs essero' is a scribal error for 'abessero' (I shall be absent), but the exact intended form is uncertain.","The place name 'Rambasci co' is unclear; it may be a corruption of a toponym like Rambouillet or another location associated with Saint-Denis."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Ecclesiæ de Proillio similiter calicem argenteum et urceos argenteos do, lego. Similiter et Amalario ibidem presbytero capsulam unam communem de serico, item peristerium, et columbam argenteam ad repositorium, nisi maluerit Ecclesia mea il nm qua utitur eidem Amalario transinittere, meam rctinerc: tibi Ecclesiae mex eliget dum permitto, volo, statuo.\n\nSorori meæ Fidiæ Juliæ Perpctuæ crucem parvam auream ex emblasmaic, in qua sunt de reliquiis Do • mini, do, lego. Quam tamen obnixe rogatam velim, ut si forte, jubentc Domino, eam contingat migrare ante Dadolenam virginem, Ecclesiæ meæ ei possideudam relinquat. Te etiam rogo, soror Dadolena, ut moriens eam Ecclesiæ quæ libuerit adJicas, ne veniat ad indignos. Quod si transeat Dadolena ante te, sit tibi liberum, carissima soror Fidia Julia Perpetua, prædictam crucem cui volueris Ecclesiae relinquere, volo, statuo. Memor esto mei, dilectissima. Amen.","english":"To the church of Proilly I likewise give and bequeath a silver chalice and silver jugs. Likewise to Amalarius, the priest there, one common silk case, also a dove and a silver dove for the repository, unless my church, in which he serves, prefers to send to the same Amalarius and retain mine: I permit, I wish, I decree that my church choose whichever it will.\n\nTo my sister Fidia Julia Perpetua I give and bequeath a small gold cross with enamel work, in which there are relics of the Lord. Yet I earnestly wish and request that, if, by the Lord’s command, she should happen to die before the virgin Dadolena, she leave it to my church for her to possess. I also ask you, sister Dadolena, that when dying you assign it to whatever church you please, lest it come to the unworthy. But if Dadolena dies before you, it shall be free for you, dearest sister Fidia Julia Perpetua, to leave the aforesaid cross to whatever church you wish: I wish, I decree. Remember me, most beloved. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"emblama","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'ex emblasmaic' (from Greek ἐμβληματικός) denotes enamel or inlaid work, a technique for decorating metal objects with colored glass or gemstones.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"peristerium","severity":"info","text":"'Peristerium' (Greek περιστέριον) means 'dove' and here likely refers to a dove-shaped vessel or pyx for the Eucharist, distinct from the 'columbam argenteam' (silver dove) for the repository.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Dadolena","severity":"info","text":"Dadolena is a female name of uncertain origin, possibly a variant of 'Dodolena' or a local Gallo-Roman name; she appears as a virgin (virgo) in Perpetuus’s circle, likely a consecrated religious.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"narrative","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from bequests to churches and clergy to a personal legacy for the testator’s sister, with conditional clauses (si forte, si transeat) that create a nested inheritance structure typical of late antique wills.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"reliquiis Domini","severity":"info","text":"Relics of the Lord (reliquiis Domini) in a cross indicate contact relics from the True Cross or Passion, highly prized in Merovingian Gaul and often bequeathed to prevent desecration by the unworthy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ecclesiæ meæ il nm","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Ecclesiæ meæ il nm' is corrupt; 'il nm' may be a scribal error for 'illam' or 'in qua', obscuring whether the church or Amalarius retains the items. The translation adopts 'in which he serves' as a plausible reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The corrupt 'il nm' in 'Ecclesiæ meæ il nm qua utitur' leaves unclear whether the church or Amalarius is the subject of 'utitur' (uses). The translation assumes Amalarius serves in the church.","The phrase 'meam rctinerc' is garbled; likely 'meam retinere' (to retain mine), but the antecedent of 'meam' (my church or my object) is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Tibi Agiloui comiti ob egregia tua in Ecclesiam meam, cl pauperes filios mcos merita, et ut pergas rorum defensionem robuste suscipere sicut cœpisti, equum meum parabilem, et mulum quem elegeris do, lego. Memor esto mei, fili dilectissime, Armen.\n\nEcclesiæ S. Petri peristromata quæ ei ad utendum in Natali ejusdem sæpe concessi, omnino et absolute do, lego.\n\nTibi fratri et consacerdoti carissimo, de quo nominus providebil regendæ post discessum meum Ecelesiæ none meæ, tunc tuæ, alia potius nec meæ nec tuæ, sed Christi, do quidquid ad usum episcopalem de rebus meis volueris eligere in camera et sacrario vicino. Quod nolueris, hæredum meorum nominandorum esto. Presbyterum de Malleio, cumque de Orbona ad gradus unde merito dejecti sunt, nunquam restitue. Sportulam tamen habeant quandiu vixerint super parte redituum meorum de Preslaio; quodsupererit, cum parte illa quam utendam fruendam illis concessi, postquam obierint, et tibi utendum fruendum relinquo: post discessum tuum Ecclesiae meæ do, lego. At tu, frater et consacerdos carissime, presbyteros, diaconos, clericos, virgines, meos, tuos, ama, exemplo juva, benevolentia præ'Velli; fac ut sciant se tibi filios, non servos; te illis palrem, non dominatorem, rogo, volo, statuo.","english":"To you, Agilous the Count, on account of your outstanding merits toward my church and my poor children, and so that you may continue to take up the defense of their affairs robustly as you have begun, I give and bequeath my ready horse and the mule you choose. Be mindful of me, most beloved son, Armen.\n\nTo the church of Saint Peter I give and bequeath the hangings which I often granted to it for use on the feast of its Nativity, wholly and absolutely.\n\nTo you, dearest brother and fellow priest, concerning whom we will provide for the governance of my church after my departure—then yours, rather another’s, neither mine nor yours, but Christ’s—I give whatever you wish to choose for episcopal use from my belongings in the chamber and the adjacent sacristy. What you do not wish shall belong to my named heirs. Never restore the priest of Malleius and the one from Orbona to the ranks from which they were deservedly removed. Yet let them have a small allowance as long as they live from the portion of my revenues from Preslaium; what remains, with that portion which I granted to them for use and enjoyment, after they die I leave to you for use and enjoyment: after your departure I give and bequeath it to my church. And you, dearest brother and fellow priest, love my priests, deacons, clerics, and virgins, yours as well; help by example, excel in goodwill; make them know that they are children to you, not slaves; that you are a father to them, not a master: I ask, I will, I decree.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Agiloui comiti","severity":"info","text":"Agilous the Count is a lay magnate; the title 'comes' indicates a secular office, not ecclesiastical. The address 'fili dilectissime' suggests a spiritual or adoptive relationship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"presbyterum de Malleio, cumque de Orbona","severity":"info","text":"The priests of Malleius and Orbona had been deposed ('dejecti') for reasons not specified. Perpetuus forbids their reinstatement but grants a life allowance from Preslaium revenues, reflecting episcopal authority over clerical discipline.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"rogo, volo, statuo","severity":"info","text":"The triadic formula 'I ask, I will, I decree' echoes the earlier 'permitto, volo, decerno' in the previous passage, reinforcing Perpetuus’s authoritative voice in testamentary and disciplinary matters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"peristromata","severity":"info","text":"'Peristromata' (from Greek περιστρώματα) means coverings or hangings, likely for liturgical use. The bequest to St. Peter’s church is absolute ('omnino et absolute'), contrasting with earlier conditional gifts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Armen","severity":"caution","text":"The word 'Armen' at the end of the first paragraph is unclear: it may be a name (perhaps a vocative address to a person named Armen) or a corruption. The English draft treats it as a name, but the Latin syntax is ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ecclesiæ S. Petri","severity":"info","text":"The church of Saint Peter likely refers to a local foundation in Tours or its diocese, not the Roman basilica. The 'Natali' is the feast of St. Peter’s Chair or his martyrdom (22 February or 29 June).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Armen' is uncertain: possibly a person (e.g., a deacon or relative) or a textual corruption.","The location of Preslaium is not identified; it may be a property or revenue source.","The relationship between Perpetuus and the 'brother and fellow priest' is unspecified, though the latter is designated to govern the church after Perpetuus’s death."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"At vos viscera mea, fratres dilectissimi, carona mea, gaudium meum, mini mei, filii mei, pauperes Christi, egeni mendici, ægri, viduæ, orphani; vos, inquam, hæredes meas scribo, dico, statuo. His quæ supra detractis, quidquid in bonis habeo, sive in agris, pascuis, pratis, nemoribus, vineis, man- ' sis, hortis, aquis, molendinis, sive in auro, argento, et vestibus, celerisque rebus de quibus me disposuisse non constabit, hæredes esse vos jubeo. Et nE omnia per discretionem administrentur, volo ut distrahantur quamprimum obiero, et fieri poterit, et in pecuniam redigantur, cujus tres partes fiant. HI!minibus egenis duae distribuantur, ut placuerit Agrario presbytero, et eomiti Agiloui. Tertia viduis et pauperibus feminis, uti placuerit virgini Dadolene, distribuantur, volo, rogo, statuo.\n\nTestamenlum hoc manu propria scriptum relegi et I subscripsi ego Perpetuus, calend. Maias post consulatum Leonis Minoris A. Illud tu, Delmati fili, apud te depositum serva; et cum alio simili mea pariter manu scriptum et subscriptum, quod apud Dadolenam deposui, Agi'oni comiti coram fratribus meis presbyteris, diaconibus et clericis aperiendum et te gendum trades, in nomine Domini volo, rego, statuo, fixum ratumquesit. Вenedic, Domine: veni Chrisu Jesu.","english":"And you, my vitals, most beloved brothers, my crown, my joy, my little ones, my sons, poor of Christ, needy beggars, the sick, widows, orphans; you, I say, I write, declare, and appoint as my heirs. With the things above deducted, whatever I have in goods, whether in fields, pastures, meadows, groves, vineyards, farmsteads, gardens, waters, mills, or in gold, silver, and clothing, and other things concerning which it will not be established that I have made disposition, I command you to be heirs. And so that everything may be administered with discretion, I wish that they be sold as soon as I have died and as soon as it can be done, and turned into money, of which three parts shall be made. Two parts are to be distributed to needy men, as shall please the priest Agrarius and the count Agilous. The third part is to be distributed to widows and poor women, as shall please the virgin Dadolena, I wish, ask, and ordain.\n\nThis testament, written by my own hand, I, Perpetuus, have read over and subscribed on the Kalends of May after the consulship of Leo the Younger, year [such]. You, Delmatius my son, keep it deposited with you; and with another similar one, likewise written and subscribed by my hand, which I have deposited with Dadolena, you shall deliver to the count Agilous, to be opened and read in the presence of my brothers the presbyters, deacons, and clerics, in the name of the Lord I wish, ordain, and decree it to be fixed and ratified. Bless, O Lord: come, Christ Jesus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"viscera mea","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'viscera mea' (my vitals) is a term of endearment, literally 'my entrails,' used in Late Latin to express deep affection, here for the poor and vulnerable.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"His quæ supra detractis","severity":"info","text":"This clause marks a structural division: after bequests to specific individuals (previous passage), the remainder of the estate is left to the poor, creating a two-part testamentary scheme.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"calend. Maias post consulatum Leonis Minoris","severity":"info","text":"The date formula 'Kalends of May after the consulship of Leo the Younger' points to a post-consular dating system common in late antique Gaul, likely the early 5th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Testamenlum hoc manu propria scriptum","severity":"info","text":"The claim of autograph composition and subscription is a topos in early medieval wills to assert authenticity; similar claims appear in other Gallic testaments of the period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Benedic, Domine: veni Chrisu Jesu","severity":"caution","text":"The final line 'Benedic, Domine: veni Chrisu Jesu' is a pious invocation, but 'Chrisu' for 'Christe' may be a scribal error or phonetic spelling; the text is not corrupt but shows non-classical orthography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'mini mei' in the opening address is unclear; it may be a corruption or a colloquialism for 'my little ones' (as rendered in the English draft).","The year after the consulship of Leo the Younger is not specified; the 'A.' likely stands for 'anno' but the numeral is missing."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Ego Perpetuus in nomine tuo, Amer.","english":"I, Perpetuus, in your name, Amer.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ego Perpetuus in nomine tuo, Amer.","severity":"info","text":"This brief clause concludes the testamentary series. The direct address to 'Amer' (likely a saint or Christ) echoes the opening invocation and frames the entire will as a votive offering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Amer.","severity":"info","text":"'Amer' is a Latinized form of the Hebrew/Aramaic 'Amen' ('so be it'), used here as a concluding formula. It may also be a proper name, but the context of a testament suggests the liturgical acclamation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ego Perpetuus in nomine tuo, Amer.","severity":"info","text":"Late antique testaments often closed with a doxological or invocatory phrase. Perpetuus' use of 'in nomine tuo' followed by 'Amer' aligns with Christian testamentary practice, blending legal form with liturgical language.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"in nomine tuo","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in nomine tuo' echoes the common Christian formula 'in nomine Domini' or 'in nomine Christi', but here it is personalized to 'Amer', possibly a saint or a divine title. This is unusual in testamentary closings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Whether 'Amer' is a proper name (e.g., a saint or donor) or the liturgical 'Amen' is ambiguous. The reading as 'Amen' is preferred given the context of a closing formula."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"short-output-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English is short for the Coptic of this passage. Short passages are legitimate; this one is at the margin."}]}]}