{"slug":"tmp848.tmp848.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp848.tmp848.opp-lat1","title":"Chronicum Alterum Sive Pseudochronicum [Incertus]","title_source":"Chronicum Alterum Sive Pseudochronicum [Incertus]","author":"Prosperus Aquitanus","genre":"chronicle","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:32:11Z","cost_usd":0.008535},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp848.tmp848.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp848.tmp848.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp848/tmp848/tmp848.tmp848.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":17,"english_words":3090,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":13174,"commentary_units":102,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":31,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"tmp848.tmp848.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Chronicum Alterum, also known as the Pseudochronicum, is a late antique Latin chronicle spuriously attributed to Prosper of Aquitaine. It survives in a single manuscript tradition, often appended to genuine works of Prosper in medieval codices, which complicates its textual history. The chronicle extends to the year 455, covering the period from the death of Emperor Valens (378) to the Vandal capture of Rome by Genseric (455). Its composition date is uncertain, likely originating in the 5th or 6th century, well after Prosper's death. Medieval scholars frequently cited it as Prosper's work, influencing later historical compilations until modern criticism identified it as pseudonymous.","historical_context":"The Chronicum Alterum was composed in Latin, likely in Gaul or Italy, during the 5th or 6th century, a period of political upheaval following the collapse of Roman authority in the West. The text extends the chronicle tradition of Jerome, covering events from 378 to 455, including the Vandal sack of Rome. Its attribution to Prosper of Aquitaine (c. 390–c. 455), a Christian writer and disciple of Augustine, is now considered spurious; the epithet 'Tiro' (recruit) was used to distinguish him from other Prospers. The work survives in a single manuscript tradition, often bound with genuine Prosperan works, which led to its medieval acceptance. The edition by Pierre Pithou (16th century) shaped early modern reception. The chronicle's inclusion of dubious figures like 'Priamus' as a Frankish king suggests reliance on unreliable sources.","significance":"The Chronicum Alterum is significant as a witness to late antique chronicle writing and the transmission of historical knowledge in the early Middle Ages. Its pseudonymous attribution to Prosper of Aquitaine influenced medieval historiography, as it was cited as authoritative until modern scholarship identified it as spurious. It relates to the chronicle tradition of Jerome and the works of Prosper, and its content reflects the historical concerns of the post-Roman world.","timeline":[{"date":"378","event":"Death of Emperor Valens; chronicle begins."},{"date":"383","event":"Murder of Emperor Gratian; end of six-year period from Valens' death."},{"date":"455","event":"Vandal capture of Rome by Genseric; chronicle ends."},{"date":"5th–6th c.","event":"Probable composition of the Chronicum Alterum."},{"date":"16th c.","event":"Edition by Pierre Pithou shapes early modern reception."}],"relations":[{"work":"Chronicon of Jerome","relation":"Continues and extends Jerome's chronicle from 378 to 455.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Genuine works of Prosper of Aquitaine","relation":"Often appended to these works in medieval manuscripts, leading to misattribution.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Chronicon of Prosper of Aquitaine","relation":"Spuriously attributed to Prosper; distinct from his genuine chronicle.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The composition date is uncertain; likely 5th or 6th century, but not precisely known.","Authorship is spurious; the work is not by Prosper of Aquitaine.","Survives in a single manuscript tradition; variant readings from later copies may affect interpretation.","The chronicle includes historically dubious figures, such as 'Priamus' as a Frankish king."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000399,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:32:11Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp848/tmp848/tmp848.tmp848.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp848.tmp848.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":17,"translated":17,"commentary_passages":17,"commentary_units":102,"english_words":3090,"source_letters":13080,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Chronicum Alterum, also called Pseudochronicum, is a late antique Latin chronicle traditionally attributed to Prosper of Aquitaine but now considered spurious.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives in a single manuscript tradition, often appended to genuine works of Prosper in medieval codices, complicating its textual history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The chronicle extends to the year 455, but its composition date is uncertain; it likely originated in the 5th or 6th century, well after Prosper's death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Medieval scholars often cited this chronicle as Prosper's, influencing later historical compilations until modern criticism identified it as pseudonymous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not collate all extant manuscripts; variant readings from later copies may affect interpretation of key passages.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: chronicle in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 17 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":17},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"CHRONICON ALTERUM..SUB TIRONIS PROSPERI NOMINE VULGATUM,.Quod a quibosdam tucatur PSEUDOCHRONICON.\n\nA morte Valenti, imperatoris ad Captam a Genserico Urbem, longe alud ab eo quod hactenus B. Hieronymi Chronico subjunctum est; ex edit. Pithæi\n\nI a Igitur Valente a Gothis in Thracia concremalo, Gratianus cum fratre Valentiniano regnat annos sex. Hic parvulum fratrem habens, regui consortem, probatæ ætatis virum Theodosium in societatem regni adsciscit. Hic Gratianus valde religioni favens et Ecclesiis per omnia promptus fuit.\n\nMartinus, Turonensium episcopus, apostolicis virtutibus insignis habetur.\n\nII. Theodosius in Orientis partibus lassam rempublicam reparavit.\n\nIII. Maximus tyrannus in Britannia a militibus imperator constitutur.\n\nIV. Incursantes Pictos et Scotos Maximus strenue superavit.\n\nPriamus quidam regnat in Francia,. quantum altius colligere potuiinus.","english":"ANOTHER CHRONICLE, commonly circulated under the name of Tiro Prosper, which some defend as a PSEUDOCHRONICLE.\n\nFrom the death of the emperor Valens to the capture of the City by Genseric, quite different from what has hitherto been appended to the Chronicle of Blessed Jerome; from the edition of Pithoeus.\n\nI. So after Valens was burned by the Goths in Thrace, Gratian reigned with his brother Valentinian for six years. Having a little brother as a partner in the rule, he admitted Theodosius, a man of proven age, into partnership in the empire. This Gratian was very favorable to religion and ready to assist the churches in all things.\n\nMartin, bishop of Tours, is considered distinguished for apostolic virtues.\n\nII. Theodosius restored the weakened republic in the eastern regions.\n\nIII. The tyrant Maximus is proclaimed emperor by the soldiers in Britain.\n\nIV. Maximus vigorously overcame the raiding Picts and Scots.\n\nA certain Priam reigned in Francia, as far as I have been able to gather.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"I a Igitur Valente a Gothis in Thracia concremalo","severity":"info","text":"The opening 'I a' marks a structural division, likely a chapter or section heading, though the numbering system is inconsistent with the later 'II', 'III', 'IV'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Tironis Prosperi","severity":"info","text":"'Tiro Prosper' refers to Prosper of Aquitaine, a 5th-century Christian writer. The epithet 'Tiro' (recruit) distinguishes him from other Prospers, but the work's attribution is spurious, hence 'Pseudochronicon'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"a morte Valenti ... ad Captam a Genserico Urbem","severity":"info","text":"The chronicle spans from the death of Emperor Valens (378) to the Vandal capture of Rome by Genseric (455), a period of 77 years. This frame distinguishes it from Jerome's chronicle, which ends earlier.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Gratianus cum fratre Valentiniano regnat annos sex","severity":"info","text":"Gratian reigned with Valentinian II from 375 to 383, but the six-year count here likely begins from Valens' death in 378, ending with Gratian's murder in 383.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ex edit. Pithæi","severity":"info","text":"The edition used is that of Pierre Pithou (Pithoeus), a 16th-century French jurist and editor of historical texts. His edition shaped the early modern reception of this chronicle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Priamus quidam regnat in Francia","severity":"caution","text":"The mention of 'Priamus' as a king in Francia is historically dubious; no such ruler is attested. The chronicler's uncertainty ('quantum altius colligere potuimus') suggests reliance on unreliable sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The structural marker 'I a' is unclear: it may be a scribal error or a remnant of a different numbering system. The identity of 'Priamus' is uncertain; it may be a corruption of a Frankish name or a legendary figure."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"V. Ambrosius libros contva Arianorum parfidiam luculentissimos ad Gratianum Augustum scribit.\n\nVI Maximus in Callias transfretavit et conflictu contra Gratianum habito,.eumdem fugitatem Lugdum interfecit.\n\nTheodosius annis XI.\n\nI. Maximus timens Orientalis imperii principem Theodosium cum Valentiniano faedus iniit.\n\nApud Treveros Manichæi deprehensi, summo Maximi studio exterminati.\n\nII: Justina mater Valentiniani Arianis favens, in Ambrosium et omnem Mediolanensem Ecclesiam diversa injuriarum genera congerit.\n\nReliquiæ Gervasii et Prothasii martyrum, ab Ambrosio primum Modiolani repertæ.\n\nHymni Ambrosii compositi, qui numquam ante in Ecclesiis Latinis modulis caneb antur.\n\nIII. Maximus indignum ducens contra Ecclesiæ statum agi, locum irrumpendi quod cum Valentiniano junxerat foedus, invenit. Valentinianus ventus imminentem jam cervicibus suis tyrannum, ad Theodosium confugit. e [Honorius et Arcadius XXXII, CCCC. Theodosius et Joannes xxv et XXII. Valentinianus et Martianus III, CCCC, XXV]. Augustinus Mediolani rhetoricam apprime docens,.omissis scholis, ad.fidem rectam convertitur, cum ante Manichaeus fuisset.","english":"5. Ambrose writes most brilliant books against the perfidy of the Arians to the Augustus Gratian.\n\n6. Maximus crosses over into Gaul and, after engaging in battle with Gratian, kills him as he flees at Lugdunum.\n\nTheodosius, 11 years.\n\n1. Maximus, fearing Theodosius, the prince of the Eastern empire, enters into a treaty with Valentinian.\n\nAt Trier, Manichaeans are apprehended and, by the great zeal of Maximus, exterminated.\n\n2. Justina, the mother of Valentinian, favoring the Arians, heaps various kinds of injuries upon Ambrose and the entire church of Milan.\n\nThe relics of the martyrs Gervasius and Protasius are discovered for the first time by Ambrose at Milan.\n\nThe hymns of Ambrose are composed, which had never before been sung in the Latin churches with melodies.\n\n3. Maximus, deeming it unworthy that things be done against the state of the Church, finds a pretext for breaking the treaty which he had joined with Valentinian. Valentinian, seeing the tyrant already threatening his neck, flees to Theodosius. [Honorius and Arcadius 32, 400. Theodosius and John 25 and 22. Valentinian and Marcian 3, 400, 25.] Augustine, while teaching rhetoric with great distinction at Milan, abandons his school and is converted to the true faith, having previously been a Manichaean.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Ambrosius libros contva Arianorum parfidiam luculentissimos ad Gratianum Augustum scribit","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'contva' is a scribal error for 'contra'; 'parfidiam' for 'perfidiam'. The sense is that Ambrose wrote brilliant books against Arian perfidy for Gratian.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Maximus in Callias transfretavit","severity":"info","text":"Magnus Maximus, a Roman usurper, crossed from Britain into Gaul in 383 and defeated Gratian, who was killed at Lugdunum (Lyon). This entry records that event.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Apud Treveros Manichæi deprehensi","severity":"info","text":"Trier (Augusta Treverorum) was an imperial capital. The persecution of Manichaeans under Maximus reflects late 4th-century anti-heretical measures.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Reliquiæ Gervasii et Prothasii martyrum","severity":"info","text":"The discovery of the relics of Gervasius and Protasius by Ambrose in 386 was a key event in the conflict with the Arians in Milan, bolstering Ambrose's authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Hymni Ambrosii compositi","severity":"info","text":"Ambrose introduced antiphonal hymn-singing in the Latin Church, a practice that became a hallmark of Milanese liturgy and a tool against Arianism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Augustinus Mediolani rhetoricam apprime docens","severity":"info","text":"Augustine's conversion in Milan in 386, after hearing Ambrose's sermons and abandoning Manichaeism, is a pivotal moment in Christian history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin 'Callias' is a corruption of 'Gallias' (Gaul). The phrase 'fugitatem Lugdum' is garbled: 'fugitatem' likely for 'fugientem' (fleeing), 'Lugdum' for 'Lugduni' (at Lyon). The bracketed regnal years are corrupt and their source unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"IV Theodosius cum exercitu ad Italiam transgrediens, Maximum interfecit, et Valentinianum proprio regno reddidit.\n\nJustina, quae Ecclesias vexaverat, ne regnum cum filio reciperet, morte praeventa est. Immane Thessalonicæ gestum facinus exstineti populi, egregio pœnitentiæ exemplo imperator religiosus eluit.\n\nV. Haeresis Apollinaristarum ab Apollinare cæpta. Ariani, qui lotum pene Orientem atque Occidentem commaculaverant, edieto gloriosi principis Ecclesiis spoliantur, qux catholicis deputatae sunt.\n\nVI. Joannes Ægyptius monachus, qui ob vitæ puritatem prophetiae gratiam a Domino meruit, insignis babetur.\n\nPost Damasum Romanae Ecclesiae regimen XXXVI, Syricius e suscipit.\n\nVII. Apud Alexandriam, defunctoPetro, Timotheus, et post hunc Theophilus episcopi constituuntur..\n\nJerosolymis post Cyrillum Joannes Ecclesiam recipit.\n\nApud Antiochiam, defuncto Miletio, substituitur Flavianus.","english":"4. Theodosius, crossing into Italy with his army, killed Maximus and restored Valentinian to his own realm.\n\nJustina, who had harassed the churches, was prevented by death from recovering the kingdom with her son. The monstrous crime at Thessalonica—the slaughter of the people—the religious emperor washed away by a remarkable example of penance.\n\n5. The heresy of the Apollinarists, begun by Apollinaris. The Arians, who had defiled nearly the whole East and West, are stripped of their churches by the edict of the glorious prince, and these are assigned to the Catholics.\n\n6. John the Egyptian monk, who by the purity of his life merited from the Lord the grace of prophecy, is held in high regard.\n\nAfter Damasus, Siricius takes up the governance of the Roman Church, the thirty-sixth.\n\n7. At Alexandria, after the death of Peter, Timothy, and after him Theophilus, are appointed bishops.\n\nAt Jerusalem, after Cyril, John receives the church.\n\nAt Antioch, after the death of Meletius, Flavian is substituted.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Justina","severity":"info","text":"Justina, mother of Valentinian II, was an Arian who opposed Ambrose and harassed Catholic churches; her death in 388 prevented her from regaining influence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Thessalonicæ gestum facinus","severity":"info","text":"The massacre at Thessalonica in 390, ordered by Theodosius, led to his public penance imposed by Ambrose, a famous episode in church-state relations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Apollinaristarum","severity":"info","text":"Apollinarism, taught by Apollinaris of Laodicea, held that Christ had a human body but a divine mind; condemned as heresy at Constantinople in 381.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Post Damasum ... Syricius","severity":"info","text":"Siricius succeeded Damasus as bishop of Rome in 384, listed here as the 36th; this aligns with standard episcopal lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IV ... V ... VI ... VII","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into numbered sections (IV–VII), each grouping events by theme or region, typical of chronicle organization.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Joannes Ægyptius monachus","severity":"info","text":"John of Egypt, a desert monk known for prophetic gifts, is noted here as a model of ascetic sanctity, reflecting the chronicle's hagiographic interest.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'edicto gloriosi principis' likely refers to Theodosius, but the specific edict is not named; it may be the law of 380 or 381 ordering Arian churches handed to Catholics.","The numbering of Siricius as 36th bishop of Rome depends on the list used; some counts differ slightly."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Ingens inter nostros contentio oborta, quod scilicet episcopi qui ab hæreticis depulsi fuerant nollent, his ab imperatore dejectis, alios quam se substitui sacerdotes.\n\nTerribile in cœlo signum columnae per omnia simile apparuit.\n\nVIII. Apud Alexandriam templa destructa, in quibus Serapis antiquissimum et notissimum templum, quod quasi quaedam columna ruentem sustinebat idololatriam.\n\nIX. X. Valentinianus Viennæ ab Arbogaste comite suo extinguitur, in cujus locum tyrannidem Eugenius invadit.\n\nXI. Ad vindicandum Valentiniani interitum. et opprimendam Eugenii tyrannidem, Theodosius in Italiam transgreditur, aperto Dei favore conspirantibus in idipsum elementis.\n\nEugenio superato, Theodosius XI regni sui anno diem obit.\n\nArcadius et Honorius XXXII annis.\n\nI. Constantinopolis eminentem iram Dei. igne super nubem terribiliter fulgente formidans, toto ad pœnitentiam animo conversa subterfugit.","english":"A great dispute arose among our people, because the bishops who had been driven out by heretics refused, after these were deposed by the emperor, to have any priests other than themselves substituted.\n\nA terrible sign appeared in the sky, a pillar resembling one in every respect.\n\nVIII. At Alexandria, temples were destroyed, among them the most ancient and renowned temple of Serapis, which, like a kind of pillar, was propping up the collapsing idolatry.\n\nIX, X. Valentinian was killed at Vienne by his count Arbogastes, and Eugenius seized the tyranny in his place.\n\nXI. To avenge the death of Valentinian and to crush the tyranny of Eugenius, Theodosius crossed into Italy, with the open favor of God, as the elements conspired together to the same end.\n\nAfter Eugenius was defeated, Theodosius died in the eleventh year of his reign.\n\nArcadius and Honorius, 32 years.\n\nI. Constantinople, dreading the manifest wrath of God, as fire blazed terribly above a cloud, turned its whole mind to penance and escaped.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Ingens inter nostros contentio oborta","severity":"info","text":"The dispute concerns bishops deposed by heretics who refuse replacement by others after imperial deposition of the heretics, reflecting ongoing schism after Theodosius' anti-heretical laws.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Serapis templum","severity":"info","text":"The destruction of the Serapeum at Alexandria in 391 CE was a key event in the Christianization of the empire, often cited by Christian chroniclers as a triumph over paganism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Theodosius XI regni sui anno diem obit","severity":"info","text":"Theodosius I died in 395 CE, which was the eleventh year of his reign (counting from 384 as his first year as Augustus in the East).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"VIII. IX. X. XI. I.","severity":"info","text":"The passage uses Roman numerals to mark separate entries, a common chronicle format; the sequence jumps from XI to I, possibly indicating a new section or regnal year for Arcadius and Honorius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Constantinopolis ... subterfugit","severity":"info","text":"The account of Constantinople's penance after a fiery sign echoes the late antique tradition of portents preceding divine judgment, common in chronicles to moralize history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Arcadius et Honorius XXXII annis","severity":"caution","text":"The 32-year reign for Arcadius and Honorius is imprecise: Arcadius reigned 395–408 (13 years), Honorius 395–423 (28 years); the figure may conflate their joint rule or reflect a different reckoning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Ingens inter nostros contentio oborta' does not specify which bishops or heretics are meant; the reading assumes a reference to the aftermath of Theodosius' anti-heretical measures.","The numbering 'I.' after 'Arcadius et Honorius XXXII annis' may indicate a new section or a regnal year; the reading treats it as a section marker."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Rufinus Bosphoritanus cum ad summam militfae pervenisset, præferri sibi Sliliconem non ferens, ab eodem interficitur, Hunorum: quo fulciebatur, præsidio superato.\n\nII. Claudianus poeta admiratione dignus habetur. Gildo Africanus in rebellione commota consueta Romanis stipendia subtraxit.\n\nPrudentius lyricos poeta noster, Hispanus genere illustri, ingenii sui robur exercet.\n\nIII. Stilico magister militiæ Gildonem Mauritaniæ interfecit; Afrita ad pristinum jus redacta.\n\n- Romanæ Ecclesiæ cathedram XXXVII Innocentius tenet.\n\nIV. Toto orbe Romano antiquæ superstitionis templa destructa.\n\nPaulinus, Nolanus postmodum episcopus, admirabili exemplo, venditis omnibus, cum esset dominus innumerabilium prædiorum, religionem expeditus elegit.\n\nV. Joannes Constantinopolites episcopus dictis factisque clarescit.\n\nMartinus post egregie actam vitam, corpore exuitur.","english":"Rufinus of Bosphorus, having attained the highest military command, and unable to bear that Stilicho was preferred to him, is killed by the same, after the Hunnic guard by which he was supported had been overcome.\n\nII. Claudianus the poet is considered worthy of admiration. Gildo the African, in a rebellion he stirred up, withheld the customary tribute from the Romans.\n\nPrudentius, our lyric poet, a Spaniard of illustrious family, exercises the strength of his genius.\n\nIII. Stilicho, master of the soldiers, killed Gildo in Mauretania; Africa is restored to its former right.\n\n- Innocentius holds the thirty-seventh chair of the Roman Church.\n\nIV. Throughout the entire Roman world, the temples of the ancient superstition are destroyed.\n\nPaulinus, afterwards bishop of Nola, by a remarkable example, having sold all his possessions, though he was the owner of countless estates, chose the unencumbered religious life.\n\nV. John, bishop of Constantinople, becomes famous for his words and deeds.\n\nMartin, after having lived a life of outstanding virtue, is divested of his body.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Rufinus Bosphoritanus","severity":"info","text":"Rufinus of Bosphorus is likely Flavius Rufinus, praetorian prefect of the East, killed in 395. The epithet 'Bosphoritanus' may refer to his origin near the Bosporus or his role in Constantinople.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Stilico","severity":"info","text":"Stilicho was a Vandal-Roman general and regent for Emperor Honorius. His rivalry with Rufinus led to Rufinus's murder by Gothic soldiers under Stilicho's command in 395.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Gildo Africanus","severity":"info","text":"Gildo was a Moorish chieftain who rebelled against the Western Roman Empire in 397-398, withholding the African grain supply. Stilicho suppressed the revolt and killed Gildo in Mauretania.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Prudentius","severity":"info","text":"Aurelius Prudentius Clemens (348–c. 413) was a Christian Latin poet from Spain, author of the Psychomachia and other works. The chronicle calls him 'lyricos poeta noster', claiming him as a Christian poet.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Innocentius","severity":"info","text":"Pope Innocent I held the see of Rome from 401 to 417. The chronicle numbers him as the 37th bishop, a standard reckoning in early medieval lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"templa destructa","severity":"info","text":"The destruction of pagan temples throughout the Roman world reflects the anti-pagan legislation of Theodosius I and his successors, especially the edict of 391-392 that closed temples and banned sacrifices.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Rufinus Bosphoritanus' is not entirely certain; it may conflate Flavius Rufinus with another figure. The phrase 'Hunorum: quo fulciebatur' is syntactically awkward; the colon may be a scribal error or punctuation for a missing verb."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"VI. Pelagins vesanus doctrina exsecrabili Ecclesias commaculare conatur.\n\nVII. Contentio ex doctrina Origenis synodum apud. Alexandriam movit, cujus exstitit sententia, ut extra Ecclesiam fieret, quicumque supradicti viri opera probavisset.\n\nVIII. Solis Pacta defectio.\n\nAugustinus plurima libris a innumeris disserit.\n\nIX. Severus ex disciplina S. Martini ejus vitanx tribus explicat libris.\n\nSæva lialiæ barbarici motus tempestas incubuit. Si quidem Radagaius rex Gothorum Italiæ limitem vastaturus transgreditur. Ex hoc Ariani, qui Romana. procul fuerant orbe fugaii, barbararum nationum, ad quas se contulere, præsidio erigi coepere.\n\nXI. Multis ante vastatis orbibus, Radagaius occubuit: cujus in tres partes per diversos principes. divisus exercitus aliquam repugnandi Romanis aperuit facultatem. Insigni triumpho exercitum teritæ parti hostium, circumactis Hunnorum auxiliaribus, Stilico usque ad internecionem delevit.","english":"VI. The mad Pelagius attempts to stain the Churches with his accursed teaching.\n\nVII. A controversy arising from the doctrine of Origen stirred a synod at Alexandria, whose judgment was that anyone who had approved the works of the aforementioned man should be cast out of the Church.\n\nVIII. A defect of the Sun's Pact.\n\nAugustine discourses on countless matters in very many books.\n\nIX. Severus, following the discipline of St. Martin, explains his life in three books.\n\nA savage storm of barbarian unrest fell upon Italy. For Radagaisus, king of the Goths, crossed the border to lay waste to Italy. From this, the Arians, who had been driven far from the Roman world, began to be raised up by the protection of the barbarian nations to which they had betaken themselves.\n\nXI. After many cities had been laid waste, Radagaisus fell: his army, divided into three parts under different leaders, opened up some opportunity for resistance to the Romans. In a notable triumph, Stilicho, with the aid of Hunnic auxiliaries, destroyed the third part of the enemy host to the last man.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pelagins","severity":"info","text":"The Latin text reads 'Pelagins' for Pelagius, the British ascetic whose denial of original sin and emphasis on free will were condemned as heresy in the 410s–420s.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Solis Pacta defectio","severity":"info","text":"This phrase, 'a defect of the Sun's Pact,' likely refers to a solar eclipse, but the wording is obscure; 'Pacta' may be a corruption or a rare term for a celestial phenomenon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"VIII. Solis Pacta defectio. Augustinus plurima libris a innumeris disserit.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for section VIII combines two unrelated events—a solar phenomenon and Augustine's literary activity—without connective syntax, typical of the chronicle's annalistic style.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Radagaius","severity":"info","text":"Radagaisus was a Gothic king who invaded Italy in 405–406 CE; his defeat by Stilicho with Hunnic auxiliaries is recorded by Orosius and Claudian.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Severus ex disciplina S. Martini","severity":"info","text":"This refers to Sulpicius Severus, whose Life of St. Martin (c. 397) became a foundational hagiographical text; the chronicle notes its three-book structure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Solis Pacta defectio","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Solis Pacta defectio' is textually uncertain; 'Pacta' may be a scribal error for 'facta' or another term, and the intended meaning is not fully clear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Solis Pacta defectio' is ambiguous: it may mean 'a defect of the Sun's Pact' or be a corruption of a standard term for eclipse.","The transition from section VIII to IX is abrupt, with no explicit connection between Augustine's works and Severus's hagiography."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Archadius Orientis imperium gubernans. vitam explet, parvum admodum Theodosium iilium imperii successorem relinquens.\n\nCælestinus XXXVIII Romanam Ecclesiam guberqavit.\n\nXIII. Diversarum gentium rabies Gallias dilacerare exorsa, immissu quaw maxime Stiliconis, indigne ferentis filio suo regnum negatum.\n\nXIV. Uticæ in foro Trajani terra diebus septem mugitum dedit.\n\nInter alia multum reipublicæ Stiliconis morte con. sultum est, qui saluli imperatoris tendebat insidias.\n\nNestorius Constantinopolites episcopus ad hæresim quæ, in Christo Deum ab homine separat vertitur. Joannes comes Africæ occisus est a populo.\n\nXV. Proculus Massiliensis episcopus clarus habetur, quo annuente magna de suspecto adulterio Re. medii episcopi quæstio agitatur.\n\nHac tempestate præ valetudine Romanorum, vires funditus attenuatæ Britanniæ.\n\nXVI. Saxonum incursione devistatam Galliarum partem Wandali atque Alani vastavere: quod reliquum fuerat Consiantinus tyrannus obsidebat.","english":"Arcadius, governing the empire of the East, ends his life, leaving as successor to the empire his son Theodosius, who was quite small.\n\nCelestine XXXVIII governed the Roman Church.\n\nXIII. The madness of various peoples began to tear apart the Gauls, incited especially by Stilicho, who bore indignantly that the rule was denied to his own son.\n\nXIV. At Utica, in the Forum of Trajan, the earth bellowed for seven days.\n\nAmong many other things, the state was greatly served by the death of Stilicho, who was plotting against the safety of the emperor.\n\nNestorius, bishop of Constantinople, turns to the heresy which separates God from man in Christ. John, the count of Africa, was killed by the people.\n\nXV. Proculus, bishop of Massilia, is held in high repute; with his consent, a great inquiry concerning the suspected adultery of Bishop Remedius is agitated.\n\nIn this time, with the strength of the Romans weakened, the resources of Britain were utterly exhausted.\n\nXVI. The Vandals and Alans laid waste to the part of Gaul devastated by the incursion of the Saxons; what was left, the tyrant Constantine was occupying.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Archadius Orientis imperium gubernans. vitam explet, parvum admodum Theodosium iilium imperii successorem relinquens.","severity":"info","text":"The Latin text notes the death of Arcadius and the succession of his young son Theodosius II. The phrase 'parvum admodum' emphasizes the child's age, a detail typical of chronicle entries marking dynastic transitions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cælestinus XXXVIII Romanam Ecclesiam guberqavit.","severity":"info","text":"The spelling 'guberqavit' is a variant or scribal error for 'gubernavit' (governed). The numeral XXXVIII indicates Celestine I as the 38th bishop of Rome, a standard enumeration in this chronicle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Stiliconis","severity":"info","text":"Stilicho, a Roman general of Vandal origin, was executed in 408 on suspicion of treason. The chronicle's claim that his death served the state reflects contemporary political propaganda.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XIII. Diversarum gentium rabies Gallias dilacerare exorsa","severity":"info","text":"The entry uses the numeral XIII to mark a new section, a common structural device in chronicles. The phrase 'diversarum gentium rabies' (madness of various peoples) introduces the barbarian invasions of Gaul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Nestorius Constantinopolites episcopus ad hæresim quæ, in Christo Deum ab homine separat vertitur.","severity":"info","text":"Nestorius became bishop of Constantinople in 428; his Christological views were condemned at the Council of Ephesus in 431. The chronicle places this entry after the death of Stilicho (408) and before the Vandal invasions (c. 406–409), suggesting a loose chronological arrangement.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Proculus Massiliensis episcopus clarus habetur","severity":"info","text":"Proculus of Marseille (Massilia) was a prominent bishop in early 5th-century Gaul, known for his role in the Pelagian controversy. The chronicle's positive notice reflects his orthodox reputation in later Latin tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The spelling 'guberqavit' for 'gubernavit' may be a scribal error or a regional variant; the intended meaning is clear.","The phrase 'parvum admodum Theodosium iilium' contains 'iilium' which is likely a corruption of 'filium' (son).","The entry on the earth bellowing at Utica (XIV) is a prodigy report; its source and exact date are uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Hispaniarum partem maximam Suevi occupavere. Ipsa denique orbis caput Boma depræ dationi Gothorum feedissime patuit.\n\nXVII; Constantinus tyrannus occiditur.\n\nXVIII. Rursum alia prædatio Galliarum, Gothia, qui Alarico duce Romam ceperant, Alpas transgredientibus\n\nXIX. Jovinus tyrannidem post Constantinum invadit, industria viri strenui, qui solus tyranno non cessit, Dardani.\n\nAtuiulfus, qui post Alaricum Gothis Imperitabat, a societate Jovini avertitur.\n\nSalustius quoque et Sebastianus occisi.\n\nValentia nobilissima Galliarum civitas a, thia effringitur, ad quam se fugiens dovinus contulerat.\n\nXX. Ingens in Galliis fames,\n\nAquitania Gothis tradita.\n\nPatroclus, Arelatensis episcopus, infami mercatu sacerdotia venditare ausus.\n\nHeraclianus, comes Africæ, qui in Romanae urbis reparationem strenuum exhibuerat ministerium, nova quædam molitus interimitur.","english":"The Suebi occupied the greatest part of Spain. Finally, the very capital of the world, Rome, lay most foully open to the plundering of the Goths.\n\nXVII. The tyrant Constantine is killed.\n\nXVIII. Again another plundering of Gaul, as the Goths, who had captured Rome under Alaric’s leadership, cross the Alps.\n\nXIX. Jovinus seizes tyranny after Constantine, through the efforts of a vigorous man, Dardanus, who alone did not yield to the tyrant.\n\nAtuulfus, who ruled the Goths after Alaric, is turned away from Jovinus’s alliance.\n\nAlso Salustius and Sebastianus are killed.\n\nValentia, the most noble city of Gaul, is breached, to which the fleeing Jovinus had betaken himself.\n\nXX. A great famine in Gaul.\n\nAquitaine is handed over to the Goths.\n\nPatroclus, bishop of Arles, dares to sell priestly offices in a shameful trade.\n\nHeraclianus, count of Africa, who had shown vigorous service in the restoration of the city of Rome, is killed while plotting some new schemes.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Boma","severity":"info","text":"The Latin text reads 'Boma', a clear scribal error for 'Roma' (Rome). The English draft correctly emends to 'Rome'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"deprædationi","severity":"info","text":"'Deprædationi' is a variant spelling of 'depraedationi', meaning plundering or pillaging. The form reflects late Latin orthography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Suevi","severity":"info","text":"The Suebi (Suevi) were a Germanic tribe that crossed the Rhine in 406 and settled in Gallaecia (northwest Spain) by 411, as recorded by Hydatius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"XVII","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Constantine the tyrant (usurper Constantine III) refers to his death in 411, after his defeat by Constantius III.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XIX","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Jovinus (Jovinus) and the subsequent sub-entries on Atuulfus, Salustius, and Sebastianus form a narrative cluster within the chronicle's annalistic framework.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Valentia","severity":"caution","text":"The city 'Valentia' is likely Valence in Gaul (modern Valence, Drôme), not Valencia in Spain, given the context of Gothic movements in Gaul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Dardani' (Dardanus) is uncertain; he may be a local official or military commander. The text 'a thia' in the Valentia entry is corrupt; the English draft omits it, possibly a misreading of 'a Gothia' or 'a theca'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"XXI. Placidia, soror imperatoris, diu captiva postea etiam regis uxor, rege fraude sublato, i Constantis connubio copulatur.\n\nXXII. Gotbi cum se iterum, Atauulfo perempto, movissent, Constantis repelluntur occursu.\n\nXXIII. Prædestinatorum hæresis, quae ab Augustino accepisse dicilur initium his temporibus serpere exorsa.\n\nXXIV. Tricesimus nonus Xistus Romanam Ecclesiam regit.\n\nXXV. Solis hoc anno facta defectio.\n\nXXVI. Faramundus regnat in Francia,\n\nXXVII. Signini. in cœlo mirabile apparuit.\n\nMaximus Lyranus, Hispaniarum dominatum vi obtinet.\n\nXXVIII Honoratus, Minervius, Castor, Jovianus singulorum monasteriorum Patres in Galhiis florent.\n\nXXIX. Constantio dignitas imperii ab Honorio \" sponte delata, qua vix octo mensibus usus interiit, Valentiniano octo annorum filio derelicto. '\n\nXXX. Maximus tyrannus de regno dejicitur ac Ravennam perductus sublimem spectaculorum pompam tricennalibus Honorii præbuit","english":"XXI. Placidia, the sister of the emperor, long a captive and later even the wife of a king, after the king was removed by treachery, is joined in marriage to Constantius.\n\nXXII. When the Goths stirred again, after Atauulfus had been killed, they are repelled by the advance of Constantius.\n\nXXIII. The heresy of the Predestinarians, which is said to have taken its beginning from Augustine, began to creep forth in these times.\n\nXXIV. The thirty-ninth Xistus rules the Roman Church.\n\nXXV. A defect of the sun occurred in this year.\n\nXXVI. Faramundus reigns in Francia.\n\nXXVII. A sign appeared in the sky, a marvel.\n\nMaximus Lyranus seizes dominion over the Spains by force.\n\nXXVIII. Honoratus, Minervius, Castor, Jovianus, Fathers of individual monasteries, flourish in Gaul.\n\nXXIX. The dignity of the empire was voluntarily conferred upon Constantius by Honorius; having enjoyed it for scarcely eight months, he died, leaving behind Valentinianus, a son of eight years.\n\nXXX. The tyrant Maximus is cast down from his kingdom and, led to Ravenna, provided a sublime spectacle for the tricennalia of Honorius.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Prædestinatorum hæresis","severity":"info","text":"The heresy of the Predestinarians likely refers to a rigorist interpretation of Augustine's teaching on predestination, which was condemned at the Council of Orange (529). The chronicle's claim that it began from Augustine is anachronistic and reflects later controversy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Xistus","severity":"info","text":"Xistus is the Latin form of Sixtus. The thirty-ninth bishop of Rome is Sixtus III (432–440), whose pontificate is here noted. The numeral 'tricesimus nonus' indicates the chronicle's episcopal list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Solis hoc anno facta defectio","severity":"info","text":"A solar eclipse is recorded. This likely corresponds to the eclipse of 19 July 418, which was visible in the Mediterranean region. The chronicle uses such notices as chronological markers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Faramundus regnat in Francia","severity":"caution","text":"Faramundus (Pharamond) is a legendary early king of the Franks, first appearing in the 8th-century Liber Historiae Francorum. His inclusion here is anachronistic and reflects later Frankish dynastic myth-making.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Maximus Lyranus","severity":"info","text":"Maximus Lyranus is otherwise unknown; the name may be a corruption or a local figure. The chronicle's notice of his seizure of Spain by force reflects the fragmented political situation of the early 5th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XXVII. Signini. in cœlo mirabile apparuit","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'Signini' is obscure; it may be a place name or a corruption. The phrase 'in cœlo mirabile apparuit' (a marvel appeared in the sky) is a typical chronicle entry for a celestial portent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Maximus Lyranus' is uncertain; he may be a local usurper or a legendary figure.","The term 'Signini' is unclear; it may be a place name or a textual corruption.","The chronicle's claim that the Predestinarian heresy began from Augustine is historically imprecise and reflects later theological polemic."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"XXXI. Placidia, cum insidias fratri tenderet, deprehensa cst, et Romam exsilio relegata,\n\nXXXII. Honorius Ravennx defunctus.\n\nNullo jure debitum Joannea ex primicerio notariorum regnum sumit, qui vulneratum multis cladibus reliquit imperium.\n\nThodosius annos XXVII.\n\nI. Placidia ad Theodosium auxilium precatum mittit.\n\nSigisvultdeus ad Africam contra Bonifacium properavit.\n\nII. In Galliis Exuperantius præfectus a, militibus interficitur.\n\nMuro Carthago circumdata, quæ ex tempore quo vetus illa destructa est, sanctione Romanorum, ne rehellioni esset. munimento murorum non est permisa 'pIlari.\n\nJoanne ab exercitu Orientia victo et perempto, Ravenna depraedatione vastata est.\n\nМejus, Gaudentii comitis a, militibus in Galliis, ocoisi filius, cum Chunnis Joanni opem rus. Italiam ingreditur.\n\nB. Valontinianus Romæ importor factus\n\nArelas a Gothis per Aetium liberaturV. Placidia tandera illata optato regno.","english":"XXXI. Placidia, when she was plotting against her brother, was caught and banished to Rome in exile.\n\nXXXII. Honorius died at Ravenna.\n\nJohn, from being chief of the notaries, seized the throne, to which he had no right, and left the empire wounded by many disasters.\n\nTheodosius, 27 years.\n\nI. Placidia sends to Theodosius to beg for help.\n\nSigisvultus hastened to Africa against Boniface.\n\nII. In Gaul, the prefect Exuperantius is killed by soldiers.\n\nCarthage is surrounded by a wall, which, from the time the old one was destroyed, by decree of the Romans, was not permitted to be fortified with walls, lest it be a rebellion.\n\nJohn, defeated and killed by the eastern army, Ravenna was laid waste by plunder.\n\nAetius, son of the count Gaudentius, killed by soldiers in Gaul, enters Italy with the Huns to bring aid to John.\n\nIII. Valentinian is made emperor at Rome.\n\nArles is freed from the Goths by Aetius.\n\nIV. Placidia, after enduring insults, attains the desired rule.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Placidia, cum insidias fratri tenderet, deprehensa cst, et Romam exsilio relegata","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'cst' is a scribal abbreviation for 'est', and 'deprehensa cst' means 'was caught'. The passage records Placidia's exile after plotting against her brother Honorius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Thodosius annos XXVII","severity":"info","text":"The note 'Thodosius annos XXVII' marks the reign length of Theodosius II (27 years), a typical chronicle formula. Theodosius II reigned 408–450, but the 27 years likely count from his accession as Augustus in 402 or from his father's death in 408.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sigisvultdeus ad Africam contra Bonifacium properavit","severity":"info","text":"Sigisvultus (or Sigisvult) was a Gothic general sent by the usurper John to Africa against the Roman general Boniface, who held the province for Theodosius II. This reflects the civil war of 425–426.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Muro Carthago circumdata, quæ ex tempore quo vetus illa destructa est, sanctione Romanorum, ne rehellioni esset. munimento murorum non est permisa 'pIlari","severity":"info","text":"The text notes that Carthage was forbidden by Roman decree to rebuild its walls after destruction, to prevent rebellion. This likely refers to the city's destruction in 146 BC and later restrictions under Roman rule.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Aetius, filius comitis Gaudentii, a militibus in Galliis occisus, cum Chunnis Joanni opem rus. Italiam ingreditur","severity":"info","text":"Aetius, later a prominent Roman general, is here described as the son of count Gaudentius, killed by soldiers in Gaul. He enters Italy with Huns to aid the usurper John, a detail paralleled in other chronicles (e.g., Prosper of Aquitaine).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Arelas a Gothis per Aetium liberatur","severity":"info","text":"The liberation of Arles from the Goths by Aetius is recorded. This event, dated to 425–426, is part of Aetius's early campaigns and is noted in later historical traditions as a key moment in his rise.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The spelling 'Sigisvultdeus' may be a variant of 'Sigisvultus' or a scribal error.","The phrase 'ne rehellioni esset' is corrupt; likely intended as 'ne rebellioni esset' (lest it be for rebellion).","The abbreviation 'cst' for 'est' is non-standard but clear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Clodius regnat in Francia.\n\nVi. Cassianus comperias in Ægypto i vitaa Patrum, doctrinasque et regulas, libris ad plurimos datis exprimit.\n\nVII. Actius Ihutungorum gentem a delere intendit.\n\nVIII. Viginti ferme millia mititum in Hispaniis contra W indalos pugnantium cæsa: Wandali in Africam transfretantes, ingentem, lacerata omni provincia, Romanis cladem dedere.\n\nIX. Consulatu Actius edito, B onifacium, qui ab Regina accitus ex Africa fuerat declinans, ad munitiora ascendit.\n\nAsperitas nimii frigoris etiam saluti plurimorum pernictes exstitit.\n\nBonifacius contra Aetium certamine hubito perculsus, victor quidem, sed moriturus abscedit.\n\nX C um ad Chuonorum gentem, cui tunc Rugila præerat, ost prælium se Aetius contulisset, impetrato auxilio ad R unanum solum regreditur.\n\nGothad ferundum auxilium a Romanis acciti.\n\nGermanus episcopus Antissiodori virtutibus et vitæ districtione clarescit.","english":"Clodius rules in Francia.\n\nVI. Cassian, having gathered together the lives of the Fathers in Egypt, together with their teachings and rules, sets them forth in books given to very many.\n\nVII. Aetius intends to destroy the people of the Huns.\n\nVIII. Nearly twenty thousand soldiers fighting in Spain against the Vandals are slain. The Vandals, crossing over into Africa, having laid waste the whole province, inflicted a huge defeat upon the Romans.\n\nIX. In the consulship of Aetius, having issued an edict, Boniface, who had been summoned from Africa by the Empress, declining, ascends to more fortified positions.\n\nThe harshness of excessive cold proved fatal even to the health of very many.\n\nBoniface, struck in a sudden battle against Aetius, though victorious, departs dying.\n\nX. When Aetius had betaken himself to the people of the Huns, over whom Rugila then presided, for battle, having obtained aid, he returns to Roman soil.\n\nThe Goths are summoned for auxiliary aid by the Romans.\n\nGermanus, bishop of Auxerre, becomes renowned for his virtues and the strictness of his life.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Clodius regnat in Francia","severity":"info","text":"Clodius is likely a Merovingian king, possibly Clodio (Chlodio), a semi-legendary early Frankish ruler. The chronicle's brief notice reflects a common late antique practice of noting barbarian kings without elaboration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Cassianus comperias in Ægypto i vitaa Patrum","severity":"info","text":"John Cassian (c. 360–435) was a monk and theologian who brought Eastern monastic traditions to the West. His works, especially the 'Institutes' and 'Conferences', were foundational for Western monasticism. The notice here likely refers to his compilation of sayings and rules from Egyptian desert fathers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Actius Ihutungorum gentem a delere intendit","severity":"info","text":"Aetius's intention to destroy the Huns (here 'Ihutungorum' likely a scribal variant for 'Hunnorum') predates his later alliance with them against Attila. This entry may reflect an earlier campaign, possibly in the 420s or 430s, before the Huns became a major threat under Attila.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"VIII. Viginti ferme millia mititum in Hispaniis contra W indalos pugnantium cæsa","severity":"info","text":"The numbering of entries (VI, VII, VIII, IX, X) is inconsistent with the previous passage's Roman numeral sequence (XXXI, XXXII, I, II). This suggests either a different source or a scribal error in the chronicle's compilation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Germanus episcopus Antissiodori virtutibus et vitæ districtione clarescit","severity":"info","text":"Germanus of Auxerre (c. 378–448) was a prominent Gallic bishop and saint. His inclusion here reflects the chronicle's interest in ecclesiastical figures alongside political and military events, a common feature of late antique chronicles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Bonifacius contra Aetium certamine hubito perculsus, victor quidem, sed moriturus abscedit","severity":"caution","text":"The text is corrupt: 'hubito' is likely a scribal error for 'subito' (sudden). The account of Boniface's death in battle against Aetius is historically problematic; other sources (e.g., Prosper of Aquitaine) record Boniface dying later, possibly from wounds or in a different context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Clodius' is uncertain; it may refer to Clodio or another early Frankish king. The numbering of entries (VI–X) is inconsistent with the previous passage's sequence, suggesting a compilation error or a different source. The text contains several scribal errors (e.g., 'Ihutungorum' for 'Hunnorum', 'hubito' for 'subito')."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"XI. Actius in gratiam receptus.\n\nRugila rex Chunnorum, cum quo pax firmata, moritur, cur Bleda succedit.\n\nXII. Galba alterior Tibatonem principem rebellionis secu a, a Romana societate discedit, a quo tracto initio, omnia pene Galliarum servilia in Bagaudam conspiravere.\n\nXIII. Bellum contra Burgundiorum ge tem memorabile exarsit, quo universa peue gens cum rege e Peretio deleta.\n\nXIV. Capto Tibatone, et cæteris scditionis pariim principibus vinctis, partim necatis, Bagaudarum commotio conquiescit.\n\nXV. Theodosianus liber, omnium legum legitimorum principum in unum collatarum, huc primum anno editus.\n\nSilvius turbatæ admodum mentis, post militiæ in palanof exacta munera, aliqua de religione conscri\n\nXVI. Ecclesiae Romanæ XL Leo suscepit principatum.\n\nXVII. Pacatis motibus Galliarum, Aetius ad Italiam regreditur.\n\nDeserta Valentinæ urbis rura Alanis, quibus Sambida præerat, partienda traduntur.","english":"XI. Aetius is received back into favor.\n\nRugila, king of the Huns, with whom peace had been confirmed, dies, and Bleda succeeds him.\n\nXII. Galba, having beheaded Tibato, the leader of the rebellion, withdraws from the Roman alliance; from this beginning, nearly all the slaves of the Gauls conspired in the Bagaudae.\n\nXIII. A memorable war blazed up against the Burgundian people, in which nearly the entire people, together with their king Gundicharius, were destroyed.\n\nXIV. With Tibato captured, and some of the leaders of the sedition bound, others killed, the uprising of the Bagaudae subsides.\n\nXV. The Theodosian Code, containing all the laws of legitimate emperors collected into one, is published for the first time in this year.\n\nSilvius, of a rather disturbed mind, after having performed the required duties of military service in the palace, writes something concerning religion.\n\nXVI. Leo XL received the principate of the Roman Church.\n\nXVII. With the disturbances of the Gauls pacified, Aetius returns to Italy.\n\nThe deserted lands of the city of Valentia are given over to be divided among the Alans, over whom Sambida presided.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Actius in gratiam receptus","severity":"info","text":"This entry marks Aetius's return to imperial favor after a period of disgrace, a recurring theme in the chronicle's narrative of his career.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bagaudam","severity":"info","text":"Bagaudae refers to bands of Gallic rebels, often slaves or peasants, who revolted against Roman authority in the 5th century. The term is used here to describe a widespread uprising.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Burgundiorum gentem ... cum rege e Peretio deleta","severity":"info","text":"This likely refers to the destruction of the Burgundian kingdom by the Huns in 436/437, a campaign led by Aetius. The king named 'e Peretio' is probably Gundicharius (Gundahar).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Theodosianus liber ... huc primum anno editus","severity":"info","text":"The Theodosian Code was promulgated in the East in 438 and in the West in 439. This entry dates its first publication to the year of this chronicle entry, consistent with that timeline.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Silvius turbatæ admodum mentis","severity":"info","text":"Silvius is otherwise unknown; the description 'of a rather disturbed mind' may reflect the chronicler's judgment or a source's characterization. His writing on religion is not extant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Galba alterior Tibatonem principem rebellionis secu a","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin is corrupt: 'alterior' likely for 'alterius' or 'alter', and 'secu a' probably for 'securi' (with an axe). The English draft interprets this as beheading, but the text is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Galba' is unclear; he may be a local Roman commander or a Gallic leader. 'Tibato' (Tibato) is otherwise unattested. The phrase 'e Peretio' for the Burgundian king is a corruption of Gundicharius."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"XVIII. Brit uniæ usque ad hoc tempus variis cladibus. eventibusque laceratæ, in ditionem Saxonum rediguntur.\n\nXIX. Alani, quibus terræ G alliæ ulterioris cum incutias dividendæ a patritio Aetio traditæ fuerant, resistentes armis subigunt, et expulsis dominis terræ, possessi nem VI adipiscuntur.\n\nXX. Sabaudia Burgundionum reliquiis datur, cum indigenis dividenda.\n\nXXI. Carthago a Wandalis capta cuM omni simul Afria lacrymabili clade et dammo imperii Romani po entiam dejecit. Ex hoc quippe a Wandalis pussidetur.\n\nXXII. Thracia Hunnorum incursine concutitur.\n\nXXIII. Bieda Chunnorum rex Attilæ fratris fraude percutitur. Cui ipse succedit.\n\nXXIV. Nova iterum Orienti consurgit ruina, qua septuaginta non minus civitates Ch annorum deprædatione vastatæ, cum nulla ab Occidentalibus ferrenturauxilia.\n\nXXV. Meroveus regnat in Francia.\n\nEudoxius arte medicus, pravi sed exercitati ingenii, in B ig auda id temporis mota delatus, ad Cbunnos confugit.","english":"XVIII. Britain, having been torn by various disasters and events up to this time, is reduced into the dominion of the Saxons.\n\nXIX. The Alans, to whom the lands of Further Gaul had been entrusted by the patrician Aetius to be divided together with the inhabitants, subdue those resisting by arms, and, after expelling the lords of the land, obtain possession of them for six years.\n\nXX. Sabaudia is given to the remnants of the Burgundians, to be divided with the natives.\n\nXXI. Carthage, captured by the Vandals together with all Africa, cast down the power of the Roman Empire by a lamentable disaster and loss. For from this time it is possessed by the Vandals.\n\nXXII. Thrace is shaken by an incursion of the Huns.\n\nXXIII. Bleda, king of the Huns, is struck down by the treachery of his brother Attila, who succeeds him.\n\nXXIV. A new ruin again arises for the East, by which no fewer than seventy cities are laid waste by the plundering of the Huns, while no aid is brought from the Westerners.\n\nXXV. Merovech reigns in Francia.\n\nEudoxius, a physician by skill, of depraved but practiced intellect, having been denounced in the disturbance of that time in Bigauda, flees to the Huns.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Brit uniæ","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'Brit uniæ' is a scribal compression for 'Britanniae' (Britain). The passage records the subjugation of Britain by the Saxons, a key event in the Anglo-Saxon settlement.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sabaudia","severity":"info","text":"'Sabaudia' refers to the region of Savoy. This entry records the settlement of Burgundian remnants there by Roman authority, a pivotal moment in the formation of the Burgundian kingdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Alani","severity":"info","text":"The Alans were an Iranian nomadic group settled in Gaul by Aetius. Their six-year possession of lands in Further Gaul reflects the fragmentation of Roman control in the mid-5th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Meroveus regnat in Francia","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Merovech (Meroveus) as king of the Franks is the earliest such reference in this chronicle, marking the beginning of the Merovingian dynasty. The dating is imprecise but conventionally placed around 450–458.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Eudoxius arte medicus","severity":"info","text":"Eudoxius, a physician, is described as 'pravi sed exercitati ingenii' (of depraved but practiced intellect). His flight to the Huns after involvement in the Bagaudae revolt illustrates the cross-cultural movement of educated Romans during the collapse of imperial authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"B ig auda id temporis mota delatus","severity":"caution","text":"The text reads 'B ig auda' for 'Bagauda' (the Bagaudae revolt). The spelling is corrupt, and the phrase 'id temporis mota delatus' is awkward; the sense is that Eudoxius was denounced in connection with the uprising of that time.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact location of 'Sabaudia' is not specified; it is conventionally identified with Savoy. The duration of Alan possession ('VI' years) may be a scribal error or a precise figure. The number of cities sacked by the Huns ('septuaginta non minus') is likely rhetorical."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"XXVI. Eucherius Lugdunensis episcopus, et I Hilarius Arelatensis egregiam vitam morte consuminani.\n\nXXVII. Hæresis nefana a quodam arhimandrita commota, cui favorem præbens Theodosius obiit, septem super viginti annis in imperio exactis. Cui Marianus substit titur.\n\nPlaculia quoque post irreprehensibilem conversationem hoc anno vitam explevit, filio vicesimum quintum annum i in imperio consummante.\n\nValentinianus et Martianus.\n\nI. Hac tempestate valde miserabilis republicæstatui. apparuit, cum ne uni quidem sit absque barbaro cultoreprovincia; et infanda Arianorum hæesis, quæ se nationibus barbaris miscuit, catholicæ nomen fidei. j toto orbe diffusa præsumat.\n\nAttila Gallias ingressus, quasi jure debitam poscit ui orem; uhi gravi cladc inflicta et accepta, ad propria recedit.\n\nII. Plurima hoc anno signa apparuerunt.\n\nIn sperata in Galliis clade accepta. furiatus Attila Itali um perit. quam incolæ meta solo territi præsidio mulavere.","english":"XXVI. Eucherius, bishop of Lugdunum, and Hilarius of Arelate, having led an exceptional life, ended it in death.\n\nXXVII. A nefarious heresy was stirred up by a certain archimandrite, to which Theodosius, having given his favor, died, having completed twenty-seven years in the empire. Marianus is substituted for him.\n\nPlaculia also, after an irreproachable manner of life, ended her life this year, as her son was completing the twenty-fifth year of his reign.\n\nValentinianus and Martianus.\n\nI. At this time the state of the republic appeared very wretched, since not even a single province was without a barbarian cultivator; and the unspeakable heresy of the Arians, which mingled with the barbarian nations, presumes to claim the name of the Catholic faith, spread throughout the whole world.\n\nAttila, having entered Gaul, demands a wife as if owed by right; after a severe defeat was inflicted and received, he withdraws to his own territory.\n\nII. Many signs appeared this year.\n\nHaving received an unexpected defeat in Gaul, a furious Attila attacks Italy, which the inhabitants, terrified by the mere ground, repelled with the help of a garrison.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Eucherius Lugdunensis episcopus, et I Hilarius Arelatensis egregiam vitam morte consuminani","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'consuminani' is a corrupt form; the intended reading is likely 'consummaverunt' (they ended). The entry records the deaths of two prominent Gallic bishops.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"arhimandrita","severity":"info","text":"'Arhimandrita' is a Latinized Greek term for the head of a monastery. The heresy stirred up by this archimandrite is unspecified but may refer to Eutychian or Nestorian controversies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Placulia","severity":"info","text":"Placulia is Aelia Pulcheria, Eastern Roman empress and sister of Theodosius II. Her 'irreprehensible conversation' refers to her pious life and vow of chastity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Valentinianus et Martianus","severity":"info","text":"The heading marks the start of the joint reigns of Valentinian III (Western emperor) and Marcian (Eastern emperor, 450–457), following Theodosius II's death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Attila Gallias ingressus, quasi jure debitam poscit ui orem","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'poscit ui orem' is corrupt; likely 'poscit uxorem' (demands a wife). This refers to Attila's claim on Honoria, sister of Valentinian III, as a pretext for invading Gaul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"In sperata in Galliis clade accepta","severity":"info","text":"The 'unexpected defeat in Gaul' is the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (451), where Aetius and Visigoths repelled Attila. The text then describes Attila's invasion of Italy (452).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'archimandrite' stirring heresy is not specified; possibly Eutyches or a similar figure.","The phrase 'quasi jure debitam poscit ui orem' is corrupt; the intended reading is likely 'poscit uxorem' (demands a wife).","The clause 'metu solo territi' (terrified by the mere ground) is obscure; it may refer to a legendary meeting with Pope Leo I or a natural barrier."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"III. Synodus Chalcedonensis, ubi Eutyche Dioscoroque damnatis, omnes qui se ab eis retraxerunt, in communionem recepti. confirmata universaliter fide, quæ de incarnatione Verti. secundum evangelicam ct apostolicam doctrinam per sanctum papam Leonem prædicabatur.\n\nAt ita in sedibus suis mortuo, magna primum inter filios ip ius certammde obtinendo regno exorta, deinde aliquot gentiu n, quæ Hunuis parebant. defectus secuti, causas et occasiones bellis dederunt, quibus ferocissimi populi mutuis incursibus conterentur.\n\nIV. Inter Valentinianum Augustum et Actium patricium, post promissæ invicem fidei sacramenta, post pac tum de conjunctione fili orum, diræ inimicitiæ convaluerunt: et unde fuit gratia charitatis augenda, inde exarsit fomes odiorum; incentore. ut credi um est, Heraclio spadone. qui ita sibi imperatoris animum in sincero famulatu astrinxerat, ut cum facile in quæ vellet impelleret. Cum ergo Actius placita instantius repetit, et causam filii communis agit, imperatoris manu et circumstantiumgladiis crudeliter confectus est, Boetio profecto prætorii simul perempto, qui ei multa amicitia copulatus erat.","english":"III. The Synod of Chalcedon, where Eutyches and Dioscorus having been condemned, all who had withdrawn from them were received into communion. The faith concerning the Incarnation of the Word, which was being preached according to evangelical and apostolic doctrine by the holy Pope Leo, was universally confirmed.\n\nAnd when he had died in his own seat, first a great struggle among his own sons for obtaining the kingdom arose, then defections of several nations which obeyed the Huns followed, giving causes and occasions for wars, by which the fiercest peoples were worn down by mutual incursions.\n\nIV. Between the Augustus Valentinian and the patrician Aëtius, after the oaths of mutual faith promised to each other, after the pact concerning the marriage of their children, dire enmities grew strong: and where the grace of charity ought to have been increased, there the tinder of hatreds blazed up; with the instigator, as is believed, being the eunuch Heraclius, who had so bound the emperor’s mind to himself in sincere servitude that he easily drove him wherever he wished. Therefore, when Aëtius more urgently pressed for the agreements and pleaded the cause of their common son, he was cruelly done to death by the emperor’s hand and the swords of those standing around, with Boethius, the prefect of the praetorium, who was bound to him by close friendship, being slain at the same time.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"III. Synodus Chalcedonensis","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into two numbered sections (III and IV), each treating a distinct historical event: the Council of Chalcedon and the murder of Aëtius. This structure is typical of Prosper's chronicle entries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"archimandrite","severity":"info","text":"The term 'archimandrite' (from Greek ἀρχιμανδρίτης) refers to the head of a monastery or a group of monasteries. In the previous passage, it designates Eutyches, the instigator of the Eutychian heresy condemned at Chalcedon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Synodus Chalcedonensis","severity":"info","text":"The Council of Chalcedon (451) condemned the monophysite teachings of Eutyches and Dioscorus, and affirmed Pope Leo I's Tome, which articulated the two natures of Christ. This was a defining moment in Christological controversy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Inter Valentinianum Augustum et Actium patricium","severity":"info","text":"The murder of Aëtius by Valentinian III occurred in 454. This event is placed after the Council of Chalcedon (451) and the death of Theodosius II (450), consistent with Prosper's chronological arrangement.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"At ita in sedibus suis mortuo","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'At ita in sedibus suis mortuo' is ambiguous: the subject is unclear. It likely refers to the death of Theodosius II (mentioned in the previous passage) or possibly to a Hun king. The Latin 'sedibus' may mean 'his seat' (i.e., throne or see).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Boetius","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Boetius' here refers to a prefect of the praetorium, not the philosopher Boethius (c. 480–524). This is a different person, a contemporary of Aëtius, killed alongside him in 454.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of 'At ita in sedibus suis mortuo' is ambiguous: it may refer to Theodosius II or to a Hun leader. The phrase 'aliquot gentium, quae Hunuis parebant' suggests the latter, but the previous passage ends with Theodosius's death.","The phrase 'filios ip ius' is a textual corruption; likely 'filios ipsius' (his sons)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"V. Mortem Aetii mors Valentiniani non longo post tempore consecuta est, tam imprudenter non declinata, ut interfecti Aetii amicos armigerosque ejus sibimet sociaret. Qui concepti facinoris opportunitatem dissimulanter aucupantes, egressum extra Urbem principem, et ludo gestationis intentum inopinatis ictibus confoderunt, Heractio simul, ut erat proximus, interempto, et nullo ex multitudine regia ad ultionem tanti sceleris accenso.\n\nUt autem hoc parricidiumperpetratum est, Maximus vir gemini consulatus et patriciæ dignitatis sumpsit imperium. Qui cum periclitanti reipublicæ profuturus per omnia crederetur, non sero docuMento quid animi haberet probavit: sic quidem, ut interfectores Valentiniani non solam a non plecteret, sed etiam in amicitiam reciperet, uxoremque ejus Augusti amissionem viri lugere prohibitam, intra paucissimos dies in conjugium suum transire cogeret. Sed hac incontinentia non diu potitus est. Nam post alterum mensem, nuntiuto ex Africa Genserici regs adventu, multisque nobilibus ac popularibus ex III bfugientibus, cum ipse quoque, data cunctis abeundi licentia, trepide vellet abscedere, a famulis reginæ dilamatus et membratim dejectus in Tiberim, scpultura quoque caruit.","english":"V. The death of Aëtius was followed not long after by the death of Valentinian, who had so imprudently failed to avoid it that he allied himself with the friends and armed retainers of the slain Aëtius. These men, covertly watching for an opportunity for the crime they had conceived, when the emperor had gone out of the city and was intent on a game of driving, pierced him with unexpected blows, killing Heraclius at the same time, as he was nearby, and none of the royal retinue was roused to avenge such a great crime.\n\nNow when this parricide had been committed, Maximus, a man of twin consulship and patrician rank, assumed the imperial power. Although he was believed in every way to be likely to benefit the endangered republic, he soon proved by a lesson what his intention was: namely, he not only did not punish the murderers of Valentinian but even received them into friendship, and he compelled the wife of the Augustus, who was forbidden to mourn the loss of her husband, to pass into his own marriage within a very few days. But he did not long enjoy this incontinence. For after the second month, when the arrival of King Genseric from Africa was announced, and many nobles and commoners were fleeing from the city, and he himself, having given everyone leave to depart, wished to leave in terror, he was torn apart by the queen’s servants and cast piecemeal into the Tiber, lacking even burial.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Mortem Aetii mors Valentiniani non longo post tempore consecuta est","severity":"info","text":"The Latin states that the death of Valentinian followed that of Aëtius 'not long after', but the chronology is compressed: Aëtius died in 454, Valentinian in 455.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"parricidium","severity":"info","text":"The term 'parricidium' (parricide) is used for the murder of Valentinian, though the victim is the emperor, not a father; it may denote treason or murder of a ruler.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Maximus","severity":"info","text":"Petronius Maximus, a wealthy senator, seized power after Valentinian's murder in 455. His brief reign ended when Genseric's Vandals sacked Rome; the chronicle's account of his death by the queen's servants is a legendary embellishment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Genserici regis adventu","severity":"info","text":"Genseric, king of the Vandals, invaded Italy in 455, leading to the sack of Rome. The chronicle's 'adventu' (arrival) reflects the threat that prompted Maximus' flight.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"V. Mortem Aetii...","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the fifth section of the chronicle, continuing a narrative of imperial decline after Aëtius' death, with a moralizing tone on the consequences of imprudence and tyranny.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"uxoremque ejus Augusti amissionem viri lugere prohibitam","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin is ambiguous: 'uxoremque ejus Augusti' could mean 'the wife of that Augustus' (Valentinian's widow Licinia Eudoxia) or 'the wife of the Augustus' (Maximus' own wife); the English draft takes the former, but the syntax is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'uxor' (wife) forced into marriage: likely Valentinian's widow, but the Latin could refer to Maximus' own wife.","The phrase 'ex III bfugientibus' is corrupt; the English draft reads 'from the city' but the Latin is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Post hunc Maximi exitum, confestim secuta est multis digna lacrymis Romana captivitas, et Urbem omni præsidio vacuam Gensericus obtinuit, occurrente sibi extra portas sancto Leone episcopo: cujus supplicatio iia eum, Deo agente, lenivit, ut cum omnia in potestateipsius essent, tradita sibi civitate, ab igne tamen et carle atque supaliciis abslineret. Per quatuordecim igitur dies secura et libera scrutatione omnibus opibus suis Roma vacuata esi; multaque millia captivorum, prout quoque aut aDlate, aut arte, placuerunt,cum regma et filiabus ejus Carthaginem abducta sunt e.","english":"After the death of Maximus, a Roman captivity worthy of many tears immediately followed, and Genseric obtained the city, empty of all defense, with the holy bishop Leo coming out to meet him before the gates. Leo’s supplication so softened him, with God acting, that, although everything was in his power, with the city handed over to him, he nevertheless refrained from fire, torture, and punishments. For fourteen days, therefore, Rome was emptied of all its wealth by a secure and free search; and many thousands of captives, as either age or skill pleased, were taken to Carthage along with the empress and her daughters.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Post hunc Maximi exitum","severity":"info","text":"The phrase refers to the death of the emperor Petronius Maximus, who ruled for only a few months in 455 and was killed by a mob or his own guards as the Vandals approached Rome.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Gensericus","severity":"info","text":"Genseric (also Geiseric) was the Vandal king who sacked Rome in 455. His invasion is often dated to June 2–16 of that year, consistent with the fourteen-day plunder mentioned here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"sancto Leone episcopo","severity":"info","text":"Pope Leo I (Leo the Great) famously interceded with Genseric in 455, persuading him to spare the city from fire and massacre, though the Vandals still looted extensively. This event is well attested in later sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"carle atque supaliciis","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text is corrupt: 'carle' is likely a scribal error for 'carne' (flesh, torture) or 'caede' (slaughter), and 'supaliciis' is a misspelling of 'suppliciis' (punishments). The sense is that Genseric refrained from fire, torture, and executions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Per quatuordecim igitur dies","severity":"info","text":"The fourteen-day duration of the Vandal sack of Rome is a standard figure in later chronicles, though some modern historians question its precision. It likely reflects the time needed to systematically strip the city of valuables.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"multaque millia captivorum","severity":"info","text":"The deportation of captives, including the empress Eudoxia and her daughters, to Carthage is a well-known consequence of the Vandal sack. This event is recorded by later historians such as Procopius and Victor of Vita.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text contains several scribal errors (e.g., 'carle' for 'carne' or 'caede', 'supaliciis' for 'suppliciis', 'esi' for 'est') that obscure precise details of Genseric's restraint. The reading adopted follows the standard interpretation that he forbade fire, torture, and executions.","The phrase 'prout quoque aut aDlate, aut arte, placuerunt' is garbled; 'aDlate' may be a corruption of 'aetate' (age) or 'adlati' (brought), and 'arte' likely means 'skill'. The sense is that captives were selected by age or skill for deportation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}