{"slug":"tmp492.tmp492.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp492.tmp492.opp-lat1","title":"C. L. Ptolemaei Inerrantium stellarum significationes (a Graeco translatae)","title_source":"C. L. Ptolemaei Inerrantium stellarum significationes (a Graeco translatae)","author":"Auctores Varii","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:36:43Z","cost_usd":0.009852},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp492.tmp492.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp492.tmp492.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp492/tmp492/tmp492.tmp492.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":21,"english_words":3716,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":14198,"commentary_units":122,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":38,"work_notes":4,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"tmp492.tmp492.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Latin text 'C. L. Ptolemaei Inerrantium stellarum significationes (a Graeco translatae)' is a translation of a lost Greek work attributed to Claudius Ptolemy, the 2nd-century CE Alexandrian astronomer and astrologer. It deals with the astrological meanings of fixed stars, likely drawing on Ptolemaic star lore. The Latin version survives in a single manuscript tradition and was probably produced in the late medieval period (13th–14th centuries). It was used in medieval astrological compilations and influenced Renaissance star catalogues. The edition lacks a critical apparatus for the Greek Vorlage, and variants in the Latin transmission are not fully collated.","historical_context":"The work is attributed to Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100–170 CE), who worked in Alexandria, Egypt, under the Roman Empire. Ptolemy's 'Tetrabiblos' and 'Almagest' were foundational for later astrology and astronomy. The Greek original of this star-lore text is lost; the Latin translation likely emerged in the 13th–14th centuries, a period of intense translation activity from Greek and Arabic into Latin, especially in southern Italy and Spain. The text was used by Latin astrologers and compilers, such as those in the court of Alfonso X of Castile, and later by Renaissance humanists like Nicolaus Leonicus (Nicolò Leonico Tomeo, 1456–1531), who translated Greek astronomical texts. The work's transmission reflects the medieval and Renaissance interest in Ptolemaic astrology and the systematization of star lore.","significance":"This text is significant as a witness to the transmission of Ptolemaic astrological star lore from Greek into Latin, influencing medieval and Renaissance astrological practice. It bridges ancient Greek astronomy and later European star catalogues, such as those of the 16th century. Its survival in a single manuscript tradition highlights the fragility of such texts and the importance of manuscript studies for understanding the history of astrology.","timeline":[{"date":"2nd c. CE","event":"Claudius Ptolemy active in Alexandria; Greek original of the work likely composed."},{"date":"13th–14th c.","event":"Latin translation produced, possibly in Italy or Spain, during the period of translation from Greek and Arabic."},{"date":"15th–16th c.","event":"Work used by Renaissance humanists like Nicolaus Leonicus; influence on later star catalogues."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Single manuscript tradition of the Latin text survives; Greek Vorlage lost."}],"relations":[{"work":"Tetrabiblos","relation":"Attributed to the same author (Ptolemy) and shares astrological content.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Almagest","relation":"Ptolemy's major astronomical work; star lore may derive from it.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Liber Hermetis","relation":"Another astrological text with star lore, possibly used in similar medieval compilations.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Alfonsine Tables","relation":"Medieval astronomical tables that incorporated Ptolemaic star data.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["Attribution to Ptolemy is traditional but unverified; the Greek original is lost.","The Latin translation date is uncertain, likely 13th–14th centuries, but not precisely datable.","The edition lacks a critical apparatus for the Greek Vorlage; variants in the Latin transmission are not fully collated.","The work survives in a single manuscript tradition, limiting textual evidence."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000443,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:36:42Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp492/tmp492/tmp492.tmp492.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp492.tmp492.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":21,"translated":21,"commentary_passages":21,"commentary_units":122,"english_words":3716,"source_letters":14145,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Latin text is a translation from a Greek original attributed to Ptolemy. The Greek source is lost; the Latin version survives in a single manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work’s attribution to Ptolemy (2nd cent. CE) is traditional but unverified. The Latin translation likely dates to the late medieval period, possibly 13th–14th cent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not provide a critical apparatus for the Greek Vorlage. Variants in the Latin transmission are not fully collated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work was used in medieval astrological compilations, notably by Latin authors citing Ptolemaic star lore. It influenced later Renaissance star catalogues.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 21 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":21},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"C. L. PTOLEMÆI INERRANTIUM STELLARUM SIGNIFICATIONES, Per Nicolaum Leonieum e Græco translatæ.\n\nJANUARIUS.\n\nK. Sui clevari incipit longiusculi fiunt dies, Aquila et Coron occidunt, tempestatemque efficiunt.\n\niv. Sol magis ascendit, Cancri medium occidit, ventique ponunt.\n\niii. Reliquum Cancri occidit, et varius aeris fit flatus.\n\nM. Hiems dimidiata, Aquilones continui,Delphinus cum Canc oritur matutino.\n\nNON. Fidicula exoritur, Aquila occidit, Delphinus totus emergit, ventorumque fit concursus.\n\nviii. Aquila vesperi occidit, flat Auster.\n\nvii. Septentriones et Aquilo vehementer flantes concurrunt.\n\nvi. Martis domicilium, Auster et Favonius simul ftant, Capricornus emergere incipit, pluvia s:mul et caligo vespertino.\n\nv. Auster flai cum pluvia.\n\niv, Pluvius flat Auster violentior.\n\niii. Septentrio multo imbre et aspera tempestate flat.","english":"C. L. PTOLEMY’S SIGNIFICATIONS OF THE FIXED STARS, Translated from the Greek by Nicolaus Leonicus.\n\nJANUARY.\n\nKalends. The day begins to lengthen; the days become somewhat longer; Aquila and Corona set, and they produce a storm.\n\n4th. The sun rises higher; the middle of Cancer sets, and the winds abate.\n\n3rd. The remainder of Cancer sets, and there is a changeable blowing of the air.\n\nIdes. Midwinter; continuous north winds; Delphinus rises with Cancer in the morning.\n\nNones. Lyra rises; Aquila sets; Delphinus fully emerges, and there is a clash of winds.\n\n8th. Aquila sets in the evening; Auster blows.\n\n7th. The Septentriones and Aquilo blow violently and clash.\n\n6th. The domicile of Mars; Auster and Favonius blow together; Capricorn begins to emerge; rain and fog together in the evening.\n\n5th. Auster blows with rain.\n\n4th. A rainy Auster blows more violently.\n\n3rd. Septentrio blows with much rain and a harsh storm.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"K.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for the Kalends (K.) begins the month, followed by numbered days counting backward from the Nones and Ides, a standard Roman calendar format.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sui clevari incipit longiusculi fiunt dies","severity":"info","text":"The Latin phrase 'Sui clevari incipit' is a transliteration of Greek, likely meaning 'the day begins to lengthen'; 'longiusculi' is a comparative form.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Aquila et Coron occidunt","severity":"info","text":"The setting of Aquila (the Eagle) and Corona (the Crown) in January reflects ancient parapegmata, which correlated stellar phases with weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Septentriones","severity":"info","text":"'Septentriones' here likely refers to the constellation Ursa Major (the Great Bear), also called the Septentriones in Latin, associated with north winds.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Martis domicilium","severity":"info","text":"'Martis domicilium' (the domicile of Mars) is an astrological term indicating that the sun is in the sign of Capricorn, considered the house of Mars in some traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Nicolaus Leonicus","severity":"info","text":"Nicolaus Leonicus (Nicolò Leonico Tomeo, 1456–1531) was a Venetian humanist who translated Greek astronomical texts into Latin; this translation was printed in the 16th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text contains several corrupt or transliterated Greek phrases (e.g., 'Sui clevari', 'K.') that obscure the exact original wording.","The day numbers (iv, iii, etc.) are ambiguous as to whether they count backward from the Nones or Ides; the translation assumes a standard Roman calendar sequence."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"rR. Auster spirat.\n\nID. Astrum obscurum, prima Mali pars occidit, noctu eli.un pluit.\n\nxix. Astrum obscurum, varia Aquilonis et Scptentrionis inconstantia;Leo occultari incipit; pluviae fiunt.\n\nxviii. Septentrio et Aquilo vehementes flant.\n\nxvii. Sol in Aquario, Vulturnus cum pluvia.\n\nxvi. Fidicula occidere incipit matutino, ventorum concursus fiunt.\n\nxv, Leo et Delphinus matutino occidunt: Aquilo, Septentrio et Auster concurrunt, pluviæque fiunt.\n\nxiv. Conversio et hiemis medium.\n\nxiii. Aquilo flat et Auster, medium Cancri occidit, Aquarius emergere incipit.\n\nxii. Aquarius totus emergit, Africus spirat, et pluit.\n\nxi. Fidicula cum Cancro occidit, et vesperi pluit.\n\nx. Aquilo flat cum pluvia.\n\nix. Hiemat dies, vehementius nant Aquilo et Vulturnus.\n\nv ii. Tempestas turbidior, iidcm flant venti.\n\nvii. Hiemat dies, iidem flant venti, Fidicula occidcre incipit.","english":"The south wind blows.\n\nIdes. An obscure star, the first part of May sets; at night it rains.\n\nNineteenth. An obscure star, variable inconstancy of the North Wind and the North; Leo begins to be hidden; rains occur.\n\nEighteenth. The North and the North Wind blow violently.\n\nSeventeenth. The Sun in Aquarius, the Southeast Wind with rain.\n\nSixteenth. The Lyre begins to set in the morning; conflicts of winds occur.\n\nFifteenth. Leo and the Dolphin set in the morning: the North Wind, the North, and the South Wind clash, and rains occur.\n\nFourteenth. The turning and the middle of winter.\n\nThirteenth. The North Wind and the South Wind blow; the middle of Cancer sets; Aquarius begins to emerge.\n\nTwelfth. Aquarius entirely emerges; the Southwest Wind blows, and it rains.\n\nEleventh. The Lyre sets with Cancer, and it rains in the evening.\n\nTenth. The North Wind blows with rain.\n\nNinth. The day is wintry; the North Wind and the Southeast Wind blow more violently.\n\nEighth. A more disturbed storm; the same winds blow.\n\nSeventh. The day is wintry; the same winds blow; the Lyre begins to set.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Auster","severity":"info","text":"Auster is the Latin term for the south wind, corresponding to the Greek νότος (notos). Its mention here signals a standard wind-name in parapegmatic literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Fidicula","severity":"info","text":"Fidicula (literally 'little lyre') is the Latin calque for the constellation Lyra. Its use reflects the translation technique of Nicolaus Leonicus, who often renders Greek constellation names with descriptive Latin equivalents.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows the structure of a Greek parapegma, a star-calendar that correlates stellar phases with weather predictions. The Roman day-markers (Kalends, Nones, Ides) are superimposed on the original Greek scheme.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The entries are ordered by day-number (Ides, xix, xviii, etc.) but the sequence is not strictly chronological: 'Ides' (13th–15th) appears before 'xix' (19th), suggesting a possible scribal misordering or a conflation of two calendrical systems.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"eli.un","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'noctu eli.un pluit' is corrupt: 'eli.un' likely represents a misreading or abbreviation (perhaps for 'et luna' or 'et aliquid'). The translation 'at night it rains' is conjectural.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This Latin translation by Nicolaus Leonicus (15th–16th cent.) made Ptolemy's astrometeorological work accessible to Renaissance humanists, who valued it for its synthesis of astronomy and weather lore.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The day-numbering is inconsistent: 'Ides' (13th–15th) precedes 'xix' (19th), possibly due to scribal error or conflation of Roman and Egyptian calendar systems.","The phrase 'noctu eli.un pluit' is corrupt; the intended reading is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"vi. Auslrllru clarum in Apectore Leonis occidcre incipit, Fidicula vesperi occidit, flat Aquilo, et interdum pluit.\n\nv. Ventorum concursus cum nivibus.\n\niv. Delphinus occidere incipit.\n\niii. Fidicula circa primam facem parte sui occidere incipit, vehemens flat Aquilo cam imbre.\n\nPR. Imbres cum nivibus permisti cadunt\n\nXXXI.\n\nFEBRUARIUS.\n\nK. Obscurum astrum apparet, Auster et Vulturnus flant. Fidicula occidere incipit.\n\niv. Aer crassus est, Favonius nare inciDit.\n\niii. Medium Leonis cum Fidicula occidit, Septentriones et Aquilo flant.\n\nPR. Delphinus occidit, Auster vesperi violentior fit, et pluit.\n\nNON. Zona Orionis emergit, turbidus est aer Favonii flatu.\n\nviii. Fidicula occidit, et Favonius ab occasu flat\n\nvii. Veris initium, Favonius spirat\n\nv. Favonius et Aquilo spirant.\n\nv. Obscurum astrum, emergit Aquarius.\n\niv. Septentrio cum Favonio flat, interdum etiampluit.","english":"vi. A bright star in the Lion's breast begins to set; the Lyre sets in the evening; the North Wind blows, and it sometimes rains.\n\nv. A clash of winds with snows.\n\niv. The Dolphin begins to set.\n\niii. The Lyre, around the first hour, begins to set with part of itself; the North Wind blows violently with rain.\n\npr. Rains mixed with snows fall.\n\n31st.\n\nFebruary.\n\nKalends. An obscure star appears; the South Wind and the Southeast Wind blow. The Lyre begins to set.\n\niv. The air is thick; the West Wind begins to blow.\n\niii. The middle of the Lion sets with the Lyre; the North Winds and the North Wind blow.\n\npr. The Dolphin sets; the South Wind becomes more violent in the evening, and it rains.\n\nNones. Orion's Belt emerges; the air is turbulent with the blowing of the West Wind.\n\nviii. The Lyre sets, and the West Wind blows from the west.\n\nvii. The beginning of spring; the West Wind blows.\n\nvi. The West Wind and the North Wind blow.\n\nv. An obscure star; Aquarius emerges.\n\niv. The North Wind blows with the West Wind; sometimes it also rains.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Auster et Vulturnus flant","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of Auster (south wind) and Vulturnus (southeast wind) is typical of Roman wind classification; Vulturnus is often associated with stormy weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Fidicula","severity":"info","text":"Fidicula is the Latin name for the constellation Lyra, often translated as 'the Lyre' in astronomical contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Favonius","severity":"info","text":"Favonius is the Roman name for the west wind, associated with the onset of spring and mild weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XXXI. FEBRUARIUS.","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks the transition from January to February with a clear day-number (31st) and month heading, following the Roman calendar structure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Aer crassus est","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Aer crassus est' (the air is thick) may indicate fog or haze, but the exact meteorological meaning is ambiguous in this context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Veris initium","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'Veris initium' (beginning of spring) on a specific calendar date parallels Roman agricultural and astronomical markers for seasonal change.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Aer crassus est' could refer to fog, haze, or simply overcast conditions; the exact meteorological interpretation is uncertain.","The day numbers (vi, v, iv, iii, pr) are Roman calendar notations for days before the Nones or Ides, but the specific month reference for the first set is not explicitly stated in this passage."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"iii, Subsolanus spirat, et Arcturus oritur.\n\nVentorum concursus et pugna.\n\nID. Sagittarius vesperi occidit, tempestas aspera.\n\nxvi. Crater vesperi oritur et, commutatis ventis, superat Auster.\n\nxv. Sol in piscibus, hicmat ac...\n\nxiv. Septentrio flat cum Austro. Sol novus.\n\nxiii. Virgo occidit juxta Geminos. Auster flat cum Favonio et Aquilone.\n\nxii. Malus vesperi occidit. Favonius spirat, et Virgo occidere incipit.\n\nxi. Septentrio et Auster flant: Malus occultatur.\n\nx. Aquilo pluviosus spirat. Leo occidit. Aquilones Chelidonii appellati incipiunt, ct per quatriduum flant. Hirundines apparent.\n\nix. Arcturus circa primam vigiliam orcidcre in. cipit, Favonius spirat, noxque nubila exsistit.\n\nviii. Halcyonii appellati dies.\n\nvii. Corus et Aquilo simul flant.\n\nvi. Aquarius oriri incipit, et pluit.\n\nv. Arcturus emergit et pluit.\n\niv. Areturus oritur matutino.","english":"iii. The east wind blows, and Arcturus rises.\n\nA clash and battle of winds.\n\nThe same day. Sagittarius sets in the evening; a harsh storm.\n\nxvi. Crater rises in the evening, and with the winds shifting, the south wind prevails.\n\nxv. The sun is in Pisces; it winters and...\n\nxiv. The north wind blows together with the south wind. A new sun.\n\nxiii. Virgo sets next to Gemini. The south wind blows together with the west wind and the north wind.\n\nxii. The mast sets in the evening. The west wind blows, and Virgo begins to set.\n\nxi. The north wind and the south wind blow; the mast is hidden.\n\nx. The rainy north wind blows. Leo sets. The winds called Chelidonian north winds begin, and blow for four days. Swallows appear.\n\nix. Arcturus begins to set around the first watch; the west wind blows, and the night is cloudy.\n\nviii. The days called Halcyon days.\n\nvii. The northwest wind and the north wind blow together.\n\nvi. Aquarius begins to rise, and it rains.\n\nv. Arcturus emerges, and it rains.\n\niv. Arcturus rises in the morning.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"iii, Subsolanus spirat, et Arcturus oritur.","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a sequence of dated or numbered entries (iii, ID, xvi, etc.) typical of parapegmata, astronomical-weather calendars. The numbering is inconsistent, suggesting a compilation from multiple sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Subsolanus","severity":"info","text":"Subsolanus is the Latin term for the east wind, corresponding to Greek Apeliotes. It is one of the classical twelve winds, here indicating a seasonal wind shift.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Arcturus","severity":"info","text":"Arcturus is the brightest star in the constellation Boötes. Its heliacal rising or setting was a key seasonal marker in ancient parapegmata, often associated with stormy weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ventorum concursus et pugna.","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'clash and battle of winds' reflects a common motif in ancient weather lore, where opposing winds were thought to cause storms. This entry likely marks a period of turbulent weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"xv. Sol in piscibus, hicmat ac...","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for xv is truncated ('hicmat ac...'), likely a scribal error or lacuna in the manuscript. The intended text may have described the sun's position in Pisces and associated weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Aquilones Chelidonii","severity":"info","text":"Aquilones Chelidonii ('swallow north winds') are seasonal north winds associated with the arrival of swallows in spring. The term derives from Greek χελιδών (swallow) and is a technical term in ancient meteorology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numbering system (iii, ID, xvi, etc.) is inconsistent and may reflect different calendrical traditions or scribal errors. The entry for xv is incomplete, and the meaning of 'hicmat ac...' is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"iii. Malus vesperi occidit.\n\nPR. Favonius late spirat. Vernus est dies.\n\nXXVIII.\n\nMARTIUS.\n\nK. Auster ct Africus simul spirant.\n\nvi. Yindemiator apparere incipit. Aquilo gelidus flat. Arcturus occidit matutino.\n\nv. Aer nimbosus, et pluit. Arcturus emergit elevato Sole, et flat Aquilo.\n\niv. Arcturus similiter emergit.\n\niii. Arcturus inlerdiu emergit.\n\nPRe Aquilo flat, nubilosum coelum.\n\nNON. Equus occidit matutino, et flat Aquilo. Coro- ' na matutino occultatur, aquarum de cœlo pluvies.\n\nviii. Marinae aves apparere incipiunt. Aquilo et Septentriones flant. Principium Veris est. Sol Piscium dimidium obtinet. Equus occidit.\n\nvii. Milvus apparere incipit, flat Auster, Piscisque in tergore matutino occultari incipit.\n\nvi. Equus occidit matutino. Milvus a sublimi deorsum vergit. Vindemiator occidit. Arcturus autem emergit, et gclidus flat Aquilo.","english":"iii. The mast sets in the evening.\n\nPR. The west wind blows late. It is a spring day.\n\nXXVIII.\n\nMARCH.\n\nK. The south wind and the Africus blow together.\n\nvi. Vindemiator begins to appear. The cold north wind blows. Arcturus sets in the morning.\n\nv. The sky is cloudy, and it rains. Arcturus emerges with the sun raised, and the north wind blows.\n\niv. Arcturus emerges similarly.\n\niii. Arcturus emerges during the day.\n\nPRe. The north wind blows, the sky is cloudy.\n\nNON. The Horse sets in the morning, and the north wind blows. Corona is hidden in the morning, rains of water from the sky.\n\nviii. Sea birds begin to appear. The north wind and the Septentriones blow. It is the beginning of spring. The sun occupies half of Pisces. The Horse sets.\n\nvii. The kite begins to appear, the south wind blows, and the Fish begins to be hidden on its back in the morning.\n\nvi. The Horse sets in the morning. The kite descends from on high. Vindemiator sets. Arcturus, however, emerges, and the cold north wind blows.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Malus","severity":"info","text":"Malus (mast) is a Latin calque of the Greek ἱστός, a constellation or asterism not otherwise identified; it likely refers to the mast of the ship Argo.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vindemiator","severity":"info","text":"Vindemiator (the Vintager) is the Latin name for the star Vindemiatrix (ε Virginis), whose morning or evening appearance signals vintage time.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Equus","severity":"info","text":"Equus (the Horse) is a Latin constellation name, probably Pegasus or part of it; its setting is a seasonal marker.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Corona","severity":"info","text":"Corona (the Crown) is the constellation Corona Borealis; its morning occultation marks a seasonal change.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Africus","severity":"info","text":"Africus is the Roman name for the southwest wind, corresponding to the Greek Λίψ; it is associated with stormy weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XXVIII. MARTIUS.","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'XXVIII. MARTIUS' marks the 28th day of the month in the Roman calendar; the entries that follow are parapegma-style weather and star phases for late March.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Malus' as a specific constellation is uncertain; it may be a corruption or a rare term.","The sequence of day numbers (iii, vi, v, iv, iii, etc.) is not strictly sequential, possibly due to textual corruption or a non-linear parapegma structure."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"v. Hiemis abscessio, et Aquilonis ad Septentriones commutatio.\n\niv. Desinit Piscis a tergore elevari. Septentrio vel Auster flat.\n\nHi. Argo navis emergit vesperi. Favonius et Auster flant, et in Leonis cauda hiemat dies.\n\nPR. Aquilo per totum flat diem.\n\nID. Equus occidit, et Aquilo flat gelidus.\n\nxvii. Sol in Ariete. Favonius late spirat. Ciconia apparet, et mare transmittit.\n\nxvi. Inconstantes venti. Aquilo spiraL.\n\nxv. Auster flat. Milvus diluculo apparet.\n\nxiv. Aquilo serenus spirat.\n\nxiii. Equus occidit matutino. Aquilo vel SepteRtrio flat.\n\nxii. Aries in latus emergit. Pluit aut ningit.\n\nxi. Cancer tergore oritur. Auster flat.\n\nx. Æquinoctium, pluit, interdum tonat.\n\nix. Septentriones et Aquilo flant. Equus occidit matutino.\n\nviii. Pisces tergore emergunt, nil imbre mista cadit. Aries matulino emergit cum mari, turb. tio aeris.","english":"v. The departure of winter, and the change of the North Wind to the North.\n\niv. The Fish ceases to rise from its back. The North Wind or the South Wind blows.\n\nHi. The ship Argo emerges in the evening. The West Wind and the South Wind blow, and it is a wintry day in the tail of Leo.\n\nPR. The North Wind blows throughout the entire day.\n\nID. The Horse sets, and the cold North Wind blows.\n\nxvii. The Sun in Aries. The West Wind blows widely. The stork appears and crosses the sea.\n\nxvi. Unsteady winds. The North Wind blows.\n\nxv. The South Wind blows. The kite appears at dawn.\n\nxiv. The clear North Wind blows.\n\nxiii. The Horse sets in the morning. The North Wind or the North Wind blows.\n\nxii. Aries rises on its side. It rains or snows.\n\nxi. Cancer rises from its back. The South Wind blows.\n\nx. The equinox; it rains, sometimes it thunders.\n\nix. The North Winds and the North Wind blow. The Horse sets in the morning.\n\nviii. The Fishes rise from their backs; nothing mixed with rain falls. Aries rises in the morning with the sea; disturbance of the air.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Hiemis abscessio","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Hiemis abscessio' marks the end of winter, a seasonal transition typical in parapegmata. The English draft renders it as 'departure of winter'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Favonius","severity":"info","text":"Favonius is the Latin name for the west wind, corresponding to Greek Zephyrus. It appears here in the entry for 'Hi' (likely a day marker) alongside Auster (south wind).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Argo navis","severity":"info","text":"The ship Argo is a constellation in the southern sky, associated with the myth of Jason. Its evening rising is a seasonal marker in ancient astronomy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"v. ... iv. ... Hi. ... PR. ... ID. ... xvii. ...","severity":"info","text":"The passage uses a sequence of day markers (v., iv., Hi., PR., ID., xvii., etc.) typical of parapegmata, each linking a calendar date to astronomical and meteorological phenomena.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Septentrio vel Auster flat","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 'iv.' gives two alternative winds (north or south), which may reflect textual uncertainty or genuine variability in the source. The English draft preserves the disjunction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Aries in latus emergit","severity":"info","text":"The rising of Aries 'on its side' is a technical description of a specific phase of the constellation, used in ancient astrometeorology to predict weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The day markers (v., iv., Hi., PR., ID., xvii., etc.) are not fully explained; their exact referents in the calendar are uncertain. The reading assumes they are sequential day numbers or abbreviations for Roman calendar days.","The phrase 'in Leonis cauda hiemat dies' is ambiguous: it may mean 'it is a wintry day in the tail of Leo' (a position of the sun or moon) or refer to a specific weather pattern."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"vii. Æquinoctium vernum, pluit, interdum et tonat.\n\nvi. Nox et dies aequales exsistunt.\n\nv. Scorpius occidit: vehemens flat ventus, pluviasque cum tonitribus commiscet.\n\niv. Scorpius occidit. Septentrio flat pluvius.\n\niii. Auster flat et pluit.\n\nPR. Ventorum procellæ; et sæpe pluit. XXXI.\n\nAPRILIS.\n\nK. Scorpius occidit: Sol dici partem unam addit. Aquilonis flatu nebulosum est coelum: Vergiliæ oriri et præsignificari incipiunt.\n\niv. Nebulosus aer per omnes terras.\n\niii. Vergiliæ occidunt vespertino.\n\nPR. Flat Africus.\n\nNON. Favonius spirat.\n\nviii. Suculæ emergunt: pluviaeque ab Austro devolvuntur.\n\nvii. Auster flat, et Vergiliarum reliquum occidit.\n\nvi. Favonius flare incipit matutino: Vergiliæ occidunt.\n\nv. Australes procellae.\n\niv. Aquilo vehcmens flat, vesper est pluviosas.\n\niii. Frigidi flant venti, et pluit.\n\nPR. Suculæ occultantur.","english":"vii. The vernal equinox; it rains, and sometimes it also thunders.\n\nvi. Night and day become equal.\n\nv. Scorpius sets: a violent wind blows, and mingles rains with thunder.\n\niv. Scorpius sets. The North Wind blows rainy.\n\niii. The South Wind blows and it rains.\n\nPR. Storms of winds; and it often rains. 31st.\n\nAPRIL.\n\nK. Scorpius sets: the sun adds one part to the day. The sky is cloudy with the North Wind blowing: the Vergiliae begin to rise and to be foretold.\n\niv. Cloudy air throughout all lands.\n\niii. The Vergiliae set in the evening.\n\nPR. The Africus Wind blows.\n\nNON. The Favonius Wind blows.\n\nviii. The Suculae emerge: and rains are rolled down from the South.\n\nvii. The South Wind blows, and the remainder of the Vergiliae sets.\n\nvi. The Favonius Wind begins to blow in the morning: the Vergiliae set.\n\nv. Southern storms.\n\niv. The North Wind blows vehemently, the evening is rainy.\n\niii. Cold winds blow, and it rains.\n\nPR. The Suculae are hidden.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"vii. Æquinoctium vernum, pluit, interdum et tonat.","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a calendar of weather and astronomical phenomena, with each entry keyed to a day or period. The sequence from March 31 (PR) through April entries shows a shift from equinoctial conditions to stellar risings and settings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Vergiliæ","severity":"info","text":"Vergiliae is the Latin name for the Pleiades star cluster, derived from the Latin 'virga' (rod) or 'ver' (spring), referencing their prominence in spring. The term appears in the April entries as a marker for seasonal change.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Suculæ","severity":"info","text":"Suculae (Latin for 'little pigs') is an alternative name for the Hyades star cluster, often associated with rainy weather. Their emergence and occultation are noted in the April calendar as indicators of seasonal transitions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Æquinoctium vernum","severity":"info","text":"The vernal equinox, around March 20-21 in the Julian calendar, marks the beginning of spring. The text's placement of this entry in the March section reflects the Roman calendar's alignment with astronomical events, though the exact date may vary due to calendar drift.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Scorpius occidit","severity":"info","text":"The setting of Scorpius (Scorpio) is mentioned multiple times in both March and April entries. This repetition may reflect different phases of the constellation's visibility or a scribal duplication, as the same phrase appears in entries v and iv of March and again in the April K entry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"PR. Ventorum procellæ; et sæpe pluit. XXXI.","severity":"caution","text":"The abbreviation 'PR' likely stands for 'Pridie' (the day before the Kalends), but the numeral XXXI (31) is anomalous for March, which has 31 days; the Kalends of April is April 1, so March 31 is correctly the day before. The entry may be a summary or a marginal note, and its placement is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact referent of 'PR' is ambiguous: it may denote the day before the Kalends (Pridie) or a heading for a section of proverbial weather signs.","The repetition of 'Scorpius occidit' in both March and April entries may indicate a textual corruption or a deliberate reference to different visibility phases.","The numeral XXXI in the March PR entry is unclear: it could be a day count, a page number, or a scribal error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ID. Aquilo flat, parvum præsepe exoritur.\n\nxviii. Obscurum astrum, et venti, et imbres.\n\nxvii. Suculae occidunt: frigidi spirant venti: Perseus oritur.\n\nxvi. Suculae occidunt: spirat Favonius.\n\nxv. Sol in Tauro, Suculæ occultantur.\n\nxiv. Africus flat.\n\nxiii. Suculae penitus occidunt. Africus flat vesperi.\n\nxii. Favonius spirat.\n\nxi. Tauri caput occidit et pluit.\n\nx. Vergiliae exoriuntur: Favonius spirat.\n\nix. ridicula circa primam facem apparet.\n\nviii. Fidicula cernitur, et pluit.\n\nvii. Praesepe emergit: desiuit Ver.\n\nvi. Suculae penitus occidunt, et Veris conversio.\n\nv. Auster flat.\n\niv. Austrina dies, et pluvia.\n\niii. Hœdi oriuntur: Auster flatmaiutino.\n\nPR, Canis occultatur vesperi: aer conturbatur ab Austro, et Aquilo se simul permiscet.\n\nXXX.\n\nMAIUS.\n\nK. Canis occultatur, rores descendunt.\n\nvi. Suculae cum Sole oriuntur.\n\nv. Centaurus apparet totus: Favonius spirat.","english":"Id. The North Wind blows; the Little Bear rises.\n\nxviii. A dark star, and winds, and rains.\n\nxvii. The Hyades set: cold winds blow; Perseus rises.\n\nxvi. The Hyades set: the West Wind blows.\n\nxv. The Sun in Taurus; the Hyades are hidden.\n\nxiv. The Southwest Wind blows.\n\nxiii. The Hyades set completely. The Southwest Wind blows in the evening.\n\nxii. The West Wind blows.\n\nxi. The head of Taurus sets, and it rains.\n\nx. The Pleiades rise: the West Wind blows.\n\nix. A ridiculous thing appears around the first torch.\n\nviii. The Lyre is seen, and it rains.\n\nvii. The Little Bear emerges: spring has ended.\n\nvi. The Hyades set completely, and the turning of spring.\n\nv. The South Wind blows.\n\niv. A southerly day, and rain.\n\niii. The Kids rise: the South Wind blows in the morning.\n\nPR, The Dog is hidden in the evening: the air is disturbed by the South Wind, and the North Wind mingles with it.\n\nXXX.\n\nMAY.\n\nK. The Dog is hidden; dews descend.\n\nvi. The Hyades rise with the Sun.\n\nv. The Centaur appears entirely: the West Wind blows.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Praesepe","severity":"info","text":"Praesepe (the 'Manger') is the open cluster in Cancer, also called the Little Bear in the English draft; the Latin text uses Praesepe consistently for this asterism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Suculae","severity":"info","text":"Suculae (the 'Little Pigs') is a Latin calque for the Hyades, a star cluster in Taurus; the term appears repeatedly in this passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Fidicula","severity":"info","text":"Fidicula ('little lyre') is the Latin name for the constellation Lyra; its visibility marks a seasonal transition in the parapegma.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ID. ... xxx. ... K.","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a parapegma: 'ID.' marks the Ides of April, 'xxx.' the 30th, and 'K.' the Kalends of May, each followed by astronomical and meteorological notes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ridicula circa primam facem apparet","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ridicula circa primam facem apparet' is obscure; 'ridicula' may be a corruption or a rare term for a faint star or asterism, and 'prima fax' likely refers to the first torch of a constellation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Ptolemaei Inerrantium stellarum significationes","severity":"info","text":"This Latin translation of a Greek parapegma attributed to Ptolemy was transmitted through medieval Latin manuscripts, often excerpted in astronomical compilations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'ridicula' is uncertain; it may be a textual corruption or a rare star name.","The phrase 'Veris conversio' (turning of spring) could refer to the solstice or the end of spring; the context suggests the latter."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"iv. Scorpius sursum emergit: Aquilo flat: et rores cadunt.\n\niii. Fidicula oritur matutino.\n\nPR. Dimidium Scorpionis occidit.\n\nNON. Vergiliae oriuntur matutino, et spirat Favonius.\n\nviii. Principium æstatis: Favonius prevalet.\n\nvii. Eodem flat modo Favonius.\n\nvi. Fidicula oritur. Suculæ occidunt. Tauri caput apparet.\n\nv. Vergiliae apparent.\n\niv. Vergiliae oriuntur. Auster flat.\n\niii. Suculae occidunt. Austrini sunt flatus.\n\nPR. Scorpius occidit, et Fidicula oritur matutino.\n\nID. Cancer exoritur: et flat Auster.\n\n:vii. Initium aestatis.\n\nxvi. Procyon, quam quidam caniculam vocant, occidiL\n\niv. Sol in Geminis.\n\nxiv. Auster flat vesperi.\n\nxiii. Suculæ oriuntur, et flat Aquilo.\n\nxii. Arcturus occidit, aerque conturbatur.\n\nxi. Sagittarius occidit, et flat Auster.\n\nx. Gemini exoriuntur, et Aquila.\n\nix. Suculae oriri incipiunt, et pluit.","english":"iv. Scorpius emerges upward; the North Wind blows; and dews fall.\n\niii. The Lyre rises in the morning.\n\nPR. Half of Scorpius sets.\n\nNON. The Pleiades rise in the morning, and the West Wind blows.\n\nviii. The beginning of summer; the West Wind prevails.\n\nvii. The West Wind blows in the same manner.\n\nvi. The Lyre rises. The Hyades set. The head of Taurus appears.\n\nv. The Pleiades appear.\n\niv. The Pleiades rise. The South Wind blows.\n\niii. The Hyades set. The winds are southerly.\n\nPR. Scorpius sets, and the Lyre rises in the morning.\n\nID. Cancer rises; and the South Wind blows.\n\n:vii. The beginning of summer.\n\nxvi. Procyon, which some call the Little Dog, sets.\n\niv. The Sun in Gemini.\n\nxiv. The South Wind blows in the evening.\n\nxiii. The Hyades rise, and the North Wind blows.\n\nxii. Arcturus sets, and the air is disturbed.\n\nxi. Sagittarius sets, and the South Wind blows.\n\nx. Gemini rise, and Aquila.\n\nix. The Hyades begin to rise, and it rains.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a sequence of calendar entries, each keyed to a Roman day (iv, iii, PR, NON, viii, etc.) and describing stellar phases and weather. The mix of day-marks (Ides, Nones, Kalends) and numerals reflects a hybrid Roman-Egyptian parapegma tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Fidicula","severity":"info","text":"Fidicula (Latin for 'little lyre') is the standard Latin name for the constellation Lyra. Its use here, alongside 'Suculae' (Hyades) and 'Vergiliae' (Pleiades), shows the Latin translator adapting Greek constellation names.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Suculae","severity":"info","text":"Suculae (Latin 'little pigs') is a Latin calque for the Hyades, a star cluster in Taurus. The name reflects a folk etymology connecting the Greek Hyades ('rainy ones') with Latin sus ('sow').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The entry for xvi mentions Procyon, which some call 'canicula' (little dog). This reflects the dual naming of the star: Procyon (Greek 'before the dog') and Canicula (Latin 'little dog'), both referring to its rising before Sirius.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry ':vii. Initium aestatis' is preceded by a colon, unlike other day-marks. This may indicate a textual corruption or a marginal note incorporated into the sequence. The repetition of 'beginning of summer' at viii and :vii suggests a scribal duplication or variant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This Latin translation of Ptolemy's parapegma was transmitted through medieval manuscript traditions, often bound with astrological or calendrical compilations. The mix of Roman day-names and Greek stellar phases reflects the work's role in bridging Hellenistic astronomy and Latin encyclopedism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The day-marks (iv, iii, PR, NON, viii, etc.) are not consistently aligned with a single calendar system; PR likely stands for Pridie (day before Kalends), but the sequence is not strictly chronological. The entry ':vii' may be a scribal error or a variant notation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"viii. Capella oritur matutino, et flat Aquilo.\n\nvii. Taurus occidit. Auster etAquilo flant.\n\nvi. Auster spirat.\n\nv. Fidicula oritur matutino: et Auster flat.\n\niv. Auster vehemens flat.\n\niii. Vergiliæexoriuntur, imbres cum tonitribus flunt.\n\nPB. Tempestas aspera, hiemat aer: ingentia vesperi tonitrua commoventur.\n\nXXXI.\n\nJUNIUS.\n\nK. Suculæ totæ emergunt: Auster flat.\n\niv. Aquilo exoritur: acris tempestas, et flat Favonius.\n\niii. Australes procellæ cum tonitruis.\n\nPR.Auster flat, et pluit.\n\nNON. Aquilo exoritur; flatauster, et pluit.\n\nviii. Aquilo flat, ct pluit.\n\nvii. Arcturus occidit matutino: Favonius spirat.\n\nvi. Delphinusemergere incipit: Arcturus occidit.\n\nv. Aquilo flat, et modice pluit.\n\niv. Pluviosus aer cum tonitruis, et Australis dies.\n\niii. Turbulentum coelum cum tonitruis.\n\nPR. Favonius vel Corus flat, et tonat.\n\nID. Delphinus emergit: Auster flat.","english":"viii. Capella rises in the morning, and the North Wind blows.\n\nvii. Taurus sets. The South Wind and the North Wind blow.\n\nvi. The South Wind blows.\n\nv. The Lyre rises in the morning: and the South Wind blows.\n\niv. The South Wind blows violently.\n\niii. The Pleiades rise, and rains with thunder occur.\n\nPB. A harsh storm, the air is wintry: great thunders are stirred up in the evening.\n\nXXXI.\n\nJUNE.\n\nK. The whole of the Suculae emerge: the South Wind blows.\n\niv. The North Wind rises: a sharp storm, and the West Wind blows.\n\niii. Southern gales with thunders.\n\nPR. The South Wind blows, and it rains.\n\nNON. The North Wind rises; the South Wind blows, and it rains.\n\nviii. The North Wind blows, and it rains.\n\nvii. Arcturus sets in the morning: the West Wind blows.\n\nvi. The Dolphin begins to emerge: Arcturus sets.\n\nv. The North Wind blows, and it rains moderately.\n\niv. Rainy air with thunders, and a Southern day.\n\niii. Turbulent sky with thunders.\n\nPR. The West Wind or the Northwest Wind blows, and it thunders.\n\nID. The Dolphin emerges: the South Wind blows.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Capella","severity":"info","text":"Capella (α Aurigae) is a bright star whose morning rising was a seasonal marker in Roman parapegmata. Its appearance here signals a shift in wind and weather patterns.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Suculae","severity":"info","text":"Suculae (the 'Little Pigs') is a Latin calque for the Hyades star cluster, derived from Greek Ὑάδες. The term reflects a folk-etymological connection to swine, common in Roman agricultural calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the parapegmatic sequence for June (Iunius), with daily entries marked by Kalends (K.), Nones (NON.), Ides (ID.), and other abbreviations (PR., PB.). The pattern of stellar risings and settings paired with wind directions is typical of the genre.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for viii. (June 8?) reads 'Aquilo flat, ct pluit' — 'ct' is likely a scribal error for 'et' (and). The same abbreviation appears in the NON. entry, suggesting a consistent copying mistake.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The winds named (Aquilo, Auster, Favonius, Corus) correspond to the classical Greco-Roman wind rose: Aquilo = north/northeast, Auster = south, Favonius = west, Corus = northwest. Their alternation reflects seasonal weather expectations in Mediterranean climatology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The abbreviation 'PB.' before the storm entry is unclear; it may stand for 'Pridie' (the day before) or be a corrupt marker. The reading 'ct' for 'et' is a likely scribal error."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"xviii. Orionis humcri elevantur, et principia aestatis.\n\nv vii. Obscurum astrum. Favonius ct Auster flant.\n\nxvi. Aeris tempestas et Aquilonii flatus.\n\nxv. Favonius cum Austro spirat. Orionis humeri apparent.\n\nxiv. Sol in Cancro. Orion exoritur matutino.\n\nxiii. Auster et Favonius flant, pluit et tonat.\n\nxii. Serpentarius occidit matutino.\n\nxi. Auster cum Aquilone spirat.\n\nx. Exortus Orionis.\n\nix. Obscuri astri exortus, et calorum intentio.\n\nviii Æstivus cardo, et momentanea aeris perturbatio.\n\nvii. Africus et Favonius simul spirant.\n\nvi. Brevissima nox. Orion exoritur.\n\nv. Pluit vesperi. Canis apparere incipit.\n\nIV. Ventorum conflictus.\n\niii. Canis exoritur matutino. Zona Orionis apparet\n\nPR. Arcturus occidit matutino, et acris interapcries.\n\nXXX.\n\nJULIUS.\n\nK. Aer ab Aquilone conturbatur.\n\nvi. Obscurum astrum: Auster flat, vcl Favonius.","english":"xviii. The shoulders of Orion are raised, and the beginning of summer.\n\nvii. An obscure star. Favonius and Auster blow.\n\nxvi. A disturbance of the air and blasts of Aquilo.\n\nxv. Favonius blows together with Auster. The shoulders of Orion appear.\n\nxiv. The Sun in Cancer. Orion rises in the morning.\n\nxiii. Auster and Favonius blow; it rains and thunders.\n\nxii. Serpentarius sets in the morning.\n\nxi. Auster blows together with Aquilo.\n\nx. The rising of Orion.\n\nix. The rising of an obscure star, and an intensification of the heats.\n\nviii. The summer solstice, and a momentary disturbance of the air.\n\nvii. Africus and Favonius blow together.\n\nvi. The shortest night. Orion rises.\n\nv. It rains in the evening. Canis begins to appear.\n\niv. A conflict of winds.\n\niii. Canis rises in the morning. The belt of Orion appears.\n\nii. Arcturus sets in the morning, and a tempering of the air.\n\ni.\n\nXXX.\n\nJULIUS.\n\nK. The air is disturbed by Aquilo.\n\nvi. An obscure star: Auster blows, or Favonius.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a calendar of astrometeorological phenomena for July, following the pattern of the previous June entries. Each numbered entry (xviii, vii, etc.) pairs a stellar event with a weather prediction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Favonius","severity":"info","text":"Favonius is the Latin name for the west wind, associated with spring and mild weather. It is distinct from Africus (southwest wind) and Aquilo (north wind).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Auster","severity":"info","text":"Auster is the Latin name for the south wind, often bringing rain and warmth. Its pairing with Favonius (west wind) in several entries suggests variable or transitional weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Orionis humeri","severity":"info","text":"The 'shoulders of Orion' (Orionis humeri) refer to the stars Betelgeuse and Bellatrix. Their heliacal rising in July marked the beginning of summer in some ancient calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Obscurum astrum","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'obscurum astrum' (obscure star) appears three times (vii, ix, vi) without identification. It may refer to a star of lesser magnitude or one whose identity was lost in transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Ptolemaei Inerrantium stellarum significationes","severity":"info","text":"This work is a Latin translation of a Greek text attributed to Ptolemy, listing the weather significations of fixed stars. It was used in medieval and Renaissance astrology and meteorology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numbering of entries (xviii, vii, etc.) does not follow a clear sequential order, possibly due to corruption or a non-standard calendar system.","The identity of the 'obscurum astrum' is uncertain; it may be a star or a small constellation not clearly identified in the source tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"v. Austriua dies, et conturbatio acris.\n\niv. Orion exoritur, Ciconia occidit et Favonius spirat\n\niii. Medium Cancri exoritur.\n\nPR. Etesiæ flant, et cum Austro Aquilones.\n\nNON. Corona occidit matutino: flat Auster.\n\nviii. Cepheus exoritur, et Austrina aeris perturbatio.\n\nvii. Orion totus emergit. Auster flat.\n\nvi. Etesiarum prodromi flatus spirant.\n\nv, Imbres cum tonitribus, flat Aquilo.\n\nIV. Orion totus oritur matutino, ut pro dromi invalescunt flatus.\n\niii. Africus flat turbulentus.\n\nPRo Aquilo flat.\n\nID. Canicula exoritur Etesiæ invalescunt.\n\nxviii. Orion exoritur, et violentus flat Aquilo.\n\nxvi. Æstatis dimidium, et dies Aquilonis flatu a! gentior.\n\nxv. Favonius et interdum Auster spirant. Canis oritur matutino, et etesiæ amplius invalescunt.\n\nxiv. Orion exoritur. Corus flat, totusque apparet Orion.\n\nxiii. Sol in Lconc. Corus spirat, et Canis cxoritur.","english":"v. A southerly day, and disturbance of the air.\n\niv. Orion rises, the Stork sets, and Favonius blows.\n\niii. The middle of Cancer rises.\n\nPR. The Etesian winds blow, and the North winds with the South wind.\n\nNON. The Crown sets in the morning: the South wind blows.\n\nviii. Cepheus rises, and a southerly disturbance of the air.\n\nvii. Orion entirely emerges. The South wind blows.\n\nvi. The forerunners of the Etesian winds blow.\n\nv. Rains with thunder, the North wind blows.\n\nIV. Orion rises entirely in the morning, and the forerunner winds grow strong.\n\niii. Africus blows turbulently.\n\nPRo The North wind blows.\n\nID. The Little Dog rises; the Etesian winds grow strong.\n\nxviii. Orion rises, and the North wind blows violently.\n\nxvi. The middle of summer, and a day more violent with the North wind's blast.\n\nxv. Favonius and sometimes the South wind blow. The Dog rises in the morning, and the Etesian winds grow stronger.\n\nxiv. Orion rises. Corus blows, and Orion appears entirely.\n\nxiii. The Sun in Leo. Corus blows, and the Dog rises.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a sequence of numbered entries (v, iv, iii, PR, NON, viii, vii, vi, v, IV, iii, PRo, ID, xviii, xvi, xv, xiv, xiii) typical of parapegma literature, where each entry correlates a calendar date with a stellar or meteorological event.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Etesiae","severity":"info","text":"Etesiae (ἐτησίαι) are the annual north winds of the Mediterranean summer, often called 'etesian winds' in English. The text distinguishes prodromi ('forerunners') from the full Etesiae, a standard meteorological distinction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The parapegma tradition, exemplified by Ptolemy's Phaseis, correlates stellar risings and settings with seasonal wind changes. This passage reflects that practice, linking Orion, Canicula (Sirius), and Corona to wind shifts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The numbering in the Latin text is inconsistent: entries jump from v to IV (uppercase) and include non-numeric markers (PR, NON, PRo, ID). This may reflect scribal confusion or conflation of multiple parapegma sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This Latin compilation, attributed to 'Auctores Varii', transmits Greek parapegmatic material (likely from Ptolemy's Phaseis) into a medieval Latin context, preserving Hellenistic meteorological lore for later European readers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text conflates multiple numbering systems (Roman numerals, abbreviations like PR for 'pridie' and NON for 'Nonae'), making precise calendar alignment uncertain.","The entry 'xvi. Æstatis dimidium' may refer to the midpoint of summer (solstice) or a specific calendar date; the Latin is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"xii. Etesiæ cum aliis ventis per unum et viginti flant dies.\n\nxi. Prodromi flatus late spirant.\n\nx. Cancer totus cum Leone exoritur, et Aquila occidit.\n\nix. Leo cum Sole exoritur et Cane. Cancer descendit.\n\nviii. Gemini occidere incipiunt. Canis emergit, et Austrini sunt flatus.\n\nvii. Caligo arenosa. Aquila occidit, Leo exoritur, flat Auster.\n\nvi. Canicularis aestus.\n\nv. Vehementes calores. Etesiae valenter spirant.\n\niv. Lucida stella in Leonis pectore exoritur. Aquilo gelidus propter aestum.\n\niii. Autumnales fructus apparere incipiunt. Aquila occidit matutino, acrque turbidus fit.\n\nPR. Auster cum Africo simul spirant.\n\nXXXI.\n\nAUGUSTUS.\n\nK. Aquila occidit matutino, flat Africus, arcntes suntaestus.\n\niv. Aquila occidit, aer Austrinus.\n\niii. Austrina dies.\n\nPR. Lconis medium exoritur. Arbor in hoc biduo apparet. Auster nimbosus vehementer HaL","english":"xii. The Etesian winds blow together with other winds for twenty-one days.\n\nxi. The Forerunner winds blow broadly.\n\nx. The whole of Cancer rises with Leo, and Aquila sets.\n\nix. Leo rises with the Sun and with Canis. Cancer sets.\n\nviii. Gemini begin to set. Canis emerges, and the winds are from the South.\n\nvii. Sandy haze. Aquila sets, Leo rises, the South wind blows.\n\nvi. The heat of the Dog Star.\n\nv. Intense heats. The Etesian winds blow strongly.\n\niv. The bright star in Leo’s breast rises. The North wind is cold on account of the heat.\n\niii. Autumn fruits begin to appear. Aquila sets in the morning, and the air becomes disturbed.\n\nPR. The South wind and the Africus wind blow together.\n\nXXXI.\n\nAUGUST.\n\nK. Aquila sets in the morning, the Africus wind blows, and the heats are burning.\n\niv. Aquila sets, the air is from the South.\n\niii. A southerly day.\n\nPR. The middle of Leo rises. The tree appears in this two-day period. The South wind, stormy, blows violently.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a calendar of weather and stellar phenomena for late July–August, with entries keyed to Roman calendar dates (PR, K, iv, iii, etc.) and numbered days of the month (XXXI, AUGUSTUS).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Etesiae","severity":"info","text":"Etesiae (Greek ἐτησίαι) are the annual Etesian winds, north winds of summer in the eastern Mediterranean, here said to blow for twenty-one days with other winds.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Prodromi","severity":"info","text":"Prodromi (Greek πρόδρομοι, 'forerunners') are the precursor winds that precede the Etesian winds, here described as blowing broadly (late spirant).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'bright star in Leo's breast' is Regulus (α Leonis), a first-magnitude star whose heliacal rising marked seasonal transitions in ancient parapegmata.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin text is corrupt at the end: 'arcntes suntaestus' likely garbles 'ardentes sunt aestus' (the heats are burning), and 'HaL' may be a truncated or misread abbreviation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sequence of entries (xii, xi, x, ix, viii, vii, vi, v, iv, iii, PR) mirrors the descending day-numbers of a parapegma, a genre of inscribed calendar found in Ptolemy's Phaseis and other ancient sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin 'arcntes suntaestus' is corrupt; the intended reading is likely 'ardentes sunt aestus'.","The final 'HaL' may be a fragment of a heading or a misreading; the English draft omits it.","The tree (arbor) in the last entry is not identified; it may refer to a specific seasonal marker in the parapegma tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"NON. Corona occidil. Leonis medium exoritur, vehemens flatAuster, et Grues apparent.\n\nvii. Fidicula contrahitur. Austrina dies aestuosa.\n\nvii. Orionis medium occultatur, et dies ab Austro caliginosus, et aestuosus.\n\nvi. Leo exoritur, æstus intolerabilis, nebnlosus aer: Orionis exoritur medium.\n\nv. Obscurum astrum. Septentrio lenis spirat, aestus mediocris.\n\niv. Lunaris defectus in hanc diem incurrere solet. Auster et Aquilo spirant, et calores sunt ingentes.\n\niii. Fidicula occidit matutino.Autumnus inchoat. Ventorum concursus fit.\n\nM. Ventorum conflictus et pugna.\n\nID. Delphinus cum Lepore occidit.\n\nxix. Æstuosi et squalentes calores.\n\nxviii. Obscurum astrum, et Favonius cum austro spirat.\n\nxvii. Delphinus occidit matutino.\n\nxvi.Autumni initium.\n\nxv. Fidicula occidit, et flat Aquilo.\n\nxiv. Delphinus occultatur, mediocris æstus.\n\nxiii. Fidicula occidit matutino. Sol in Virgine. Auster flat, pluit, et tonat.","english":"NON. The Crown sets. The middle of Leo rises, the South Wind blows violently, and Cranes appear.\n\nvii. The Lyre is obscured. A south wind day, hot and sultry.\n\nvii. The middle of Orion is hidden, and the day is misty from the South Wind, and hot.\n\nvi. Leo rises, the heat is intolerable, the air cloudy: the middle of Orion rises.\n\nv. An obscure star. The North Wind blows gently, the heat is moderate.\n\niv. A lunar eclipse is accustomed to fall on this day. The South Wind and the North Wind blow, and the heats are immense.\n\niii. The Lyre sets in the morning. Autumn begins. A confluence of winds occurs.\n\nM. A conflict and battle of winds.\n\nID. The Dolphin sets with the Hare.\n\nxix. Hot and stifling heats.\n\nxviii. An obscure star, and the West Wind blows with the South Wind.\n\nxvii. The Dolphin sets in the morning.\n\nxvi. The beginning of Autumn.\n\nxv. The Lyre sets, and the North Wind blows.\n\nxiv. The Dolphin is hidden, the heat is moderate.\n\nxiii. The Lyre sets in the morning. The Sun is in Virgo. The South Wind blows, it rains, and it thunders.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"NON","severity":"info","text":"The lemma NON is a Latin abbreviation for Nonae, the Nones of the Roman calendar, marking the 5th or 7th day of the month.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Corona","severity":"info","text":"Corona refers to the constellation Corona Borealis, the Northern Crown.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Fidicula","severity":"info","text":"Fidicula is a Latin term for the constellation Lyra, often translated as 'the Lyre'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Lunaris defectus","severity":"info","text":"Lunaris defectus means 'lunar eclipse'. The text notes that a lunar eclipse is accustomed to fall on this day, reflecting the parapegmatic tradition of recording astronomical events.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"M","severity":"info","text":"The lemma M likely stands for Mane, 'in the morning', indicating a time of day for the wind conflict described.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ID","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma ID is ambiguous; it may be an abbreviation for Idus, the Ides of the Roman calendar, or a corruption. The reading here follows the English draft as 'ID'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma ID is ambiguous; it may stand for Idus (the Ides) or be a scribal error.","The sequence of numbered entries (NON, vii, vii, vi, v, iv, iii, M, ID, xix, xviii, xvii, xvi, xv, xiv, xiii) suggests a parapegmatic calendar, but the exact numbering system is not fully consistent."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"xii. Sol in tota Virgine.\n\nsi. Virgo exoritur.\n\nx. Septentrio leuis spirat, tota exoritur Yirgo, aeris cst serenitas.\n\nix. Virgo exoritur. Aquilo flat.\n\nviii. Etesiæ ponunt. Aquilo frigidior flare incipit.\n\nvii. Delphinus exoritur, et Auster flat.\n\nvi. Vindemiator emergit. Auster ct Favonius simul flant.\n\nv. Yirgo apparere incipit.\n\niv. Favonius lenis spirat.\n\niii. Yirgo exoritur, Favonius molliter flat.\n\nPR. Andromeda exoritur.\n\nXXXI.\n\nSEPTEMBER.\n\nK. Andromeda exoritur, iMbres cum tonitruis fiunt, flat Vulturnus: inconstantes sunt venti.\n\nvi. Australis Piscis non amplius occultatur\n\nv. Tonat et pluit.\n\niv. Arcturus cum Vindemiatore exoritur: Malus occultatur.\n\niii. Mercurii domicilium. Favonius spirat: et ex ventorum inconstanlia imbres cadunt. PR. Equus exoritur.\n\nNON. Capella emergit: Africus flat vesperi, et pluit.\n\nviii. Arcturus apparet: flat Aquilo, et interdum tonat.","english":"xii. The Sun in the whole of Virgo.\n\nsi. Virgo rises.\n\nx. A light North Wind blows, the whole of Virgo rises, and the air is clear.\n\nix. Virgo rises. Aquilo blows.\n\nviii. The Etesian winds cease. Aquilo begins to blow more coldly.\n\nvii. Delphinus rises, and Auster blows.\n\nvi. Vindemiator emerges. Auster and Favonius blow together.\n\nv. Virgo begins to appear.\n\niv. A gentle Favonius blows.\n\niii. Virgo rises, Favonius blows softly.\n\nPR. Andromeda rises.\n\nXXXI.\n\nSEPTEMBER.\n\nK. Andromeda rises, showers with thunder occur, Vulturnus blows: the winds are unsteady.\n\nvi. The Southern Fish is no longer hidden.\n\nv. It thunders and rains.\n\niv. Arcturus rises with Vindemiator: Malus is hidden.\n\niii. The domicile of Mercury. Favonius blows: and from the unsteadiness of the winds, showers fall. PR. Equus rises.\n\nNON. Capella emerges: Africus blows in the evening, and it rains.\n\nviii. Arcturus appears: Aquilo blows, and sometimes it thunders.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"xii. Sol in tota Virgine.","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 'xii' (12th day before the Kalends of September, i.e., 21 August) marks a solar position, not a stellar phase, breaking the pattern of risings and settings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Etesiae","severity":"info","text":"'Etesiae' (Etesian winds) are annual north winds of the Mediterranean summer; their cessation here signals a seasonal transition, likely late August.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vindemiator","severity":"info","text":"'Vindemiator' (the Vintager) is the star Vindemiatrix (ε Virginis); its emergence marks the vintage season in Roman agricultural calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Vulturnus","severity":"info","text":"Vulturnus is the Roman southeast wind, associated with stormy weather; its mention with thunder and unsteady winds reflects Mediterranean late-summer variability.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Arcturus cum Vindemiatore exoritur","severity":"info","text":"The simultaneous rising of Arcturus (α Boötis) and Vindemiator (ε Virginis) is a parapegmatic marker also found in Ptolemy's Phaseis (e.g., for 5 September).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Yirgo","severity":"caution","text":"The spelling 'Yirgo' (for Virgo) appears twice in the Latin text; it is a scribal variant or error, not a different constellation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry 'si. Virgo exoritur' may be a misplacement or abbreviation; its position between 'xii' and 'x' is unclear.","The label 'PR.' and 'K.' likely abbreviate 'Pridie' and 'Kalendae' but their exact referents in the sequence are uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"vii. Virginis medium exoritur. Favonius spirat cum Africo.\n\nvi. Idem aeris status.\n\nv. Idem aeris status.\n\niv. Arcturus exoritur.\n\niii. Arcturo exoriente imbres cadunt.\n\nPR. Vergiliae cum Equo exoriuntur.\n\nID. Hirundines non videntur: Capella exoritur, et pluit.\n\nxvi. Duodecatemorion, id est, XII portio antumni incipit.\n\nxv. Favonius lite spirat cum Africo.\n\nxiv. Piscis exoritur, et Septentrio ponit.\n\nxiii. Sol in Libra: Cratcr apparet: Aratri nodium cernitur matutino.\n\nxii. Arcturo exoriente imbres copiosi cadunt.\n\nxi. Æquinoctium autumnale, et Pisces occidunt.\n\nx. Argo descendit: pluviosi acris conturbatio.\n\nii. Pisces occidunt: Austrinæ flunt pluviae: aeris ventorumque conturbationes et maris tempestates.\n\nviii. Lunaris defectus in hanc incurrit diem. Centaurus exoritur.\n\nvii. Nebulosus aer et turbulentus exsistit.\n\nvi. Hædi exoriuntur: et Auster vehemens flat.","english":"vii. The middle of Virgo rises. The West Wind blows with the Southwest Wind.\n\nvi. The same state of the air.\n\nv. The same state of the air.\n\niv. Arcturus rises.\n\niii. When Arcturus rises, rains fall.\n\nPR. The Pleiades rise with the Horse.\n\nID. Swallows are not seen: Capella rises, and it rains.\n\nxvi. The Duodecatemorion, that is, the twelfth part of autumn begins.\n\nxv. The West Wind blows gently with the Southwest Wind.\n\nxiv. The Fish rises, and the North Wind sets.\n\nxiii. The Sun in Libra: Crater appears: the knot of Aratus is seen in the morning.\n\nxii. When Arcturus rises, copious rains fall.\n\nxi. The autumnal equinox, and the Fishes set.\n\nx. Argo sets: disturbance of the rainy air.\n\nii. The Fishes set: southerly rains flow: disturbances of the air and winds, and storms of the sea.\n\nviii. A lunar eclipse falls on this day. Centaurus rises.\n\nvii. The air becomes cloudy and turbulent.\n\nvi. The Goats rise: and the South Wind blows violently.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"vii. Virginis medium exoritur","severity":"info","text":"The numbering in this passage is disordered: after PR and ID, the sequence jumps to xvi, xv, xiv, xiii, xii, xi, x, ii, viii, vii, vi. The English draft follows the Latin order, but the Coptic original likely had a different sequence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Duodecatemorion","severity":"info","text":"Duodecatemorion is a Greek loanword (δωδεκατημόριον) meaning 'twelfth part,' here referring to a division of the zodiac or season. The Latin text glosses it as 'XII portio antumni' (twelfth part of autumn).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Aratri nodium","severity":"caution","text":"Aratri nodium is likely a corruption or variant of 'Aratri nodus' (the knot of the Plough, i.e., the constellation Argo or a part of it). The English draft renders it as 'the knot of Aratus,' which is a different reading; the Latin text has 'Aratri' (of the plough), not 'Arati' (of Aratus).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Lunaris defectus","severity":"info","text":"Lunaris defectus (lunar eclipse) is a rare astronomical event noted in parapegmata. Its inclusion here suggests a specific date or a traditional association with the rising of Centaurus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Vergiliae cum Equo exoriuntur","severity":"info","text":"The rising of the Pleiades (Vergiliae) with the Horse (Equus, i.e., Pegasus) is a common parapegmatic entry, found in similar form in Ptolemy's Phaseis and other ancient weather calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ii. Pisces occidunt","severity":"caution","text":"The entry numbered 'ii' appears out of sequence (after x and before viii). It may be a scribal error or a misplaced marginal note. The content (Pisces setting, southerly rains) fits the autumnal context but the numbering is anomalous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numbering of entries is inconsistent and may reflect a corrupt or reordered Coptic exemplar.","Aratri nodium could be a corruption of 'Arati nodus' (knot of Aratus) or 'Aratri nodus' (knot of the Plough); the Latin text supports the latter."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"v. Yirgo desistit emergerc. Vergiliæ matutino et vesperi apparent: Hædi cumSole exoriuntur: ventorum et marisprocellæ validæ fiunt.\n\niv. Auster vehemens flat: tempestates horridæ.\n\niii. Vergiliæ matutino cernuntur, et pluvius flat Auster.\n\nPR. Capella emergit usque ad vespertinum Vergiliarum occasum.\n\nXXX.\n\nOCTOBER.\n\nK. Ycrgiliae in oriente apparere incipiunt: Auster flat matutino.\n\niv. lidem Auslrini flatus:et Vergiliarum exortus.\n\niii. Heniochus, id est Auriga occidit, et ab Aquilone tonat.\n\nPR. Hædi exoriuntur, et pluit.\n\nNON. Corona emergit, et conversio est aestatis.\n\nviii. Arietis medium occidit cum Scorpione.\n\nvii. Eadem, quae prior, significatio.\n\nvi. Corona cum Hædis exoritur: aer conturbatur.\n\nv. Hædi cum Vergiliis emergunt, et flat Africus.\n\niv. Libra oriri incipit, Favonius spirat.\n\niii. Corona exoritur matutino: venticommutanlur, asperaque in marifiL hiems.","english":"v. Virgo ceases to rise. The Pleiades appear in the morning and evening; the Kids rise with the Sun; strong winds and storms at sea occur.\n\niv. The South Wind blows violently; dreadful tempests.\n\niii. The Pleiades are seen in the morning, and the rainy South Wind blows.\n\nPR. Capella rises until the evening setting of the Pleiades.\n\nXXX.\n\nOctober.\n\nK. The Pleiades begin to appear in the east; the South Wind blows in the morning.\n\niv. The same southerly winds; and the rising of the Pleiades.\n\niii. Heniochus, that is, the Charioteer sets, and it thunders from the north.\n\nPR. The Kids rise, and it rains.\n\nNON. Corona rises, and there is a change of summer.\n\nviii. The middle of Aries sets with Scorpius.\n\nvii. The same signification as the previous.\n\nvi. Corona rises with the Kids; the air is disturbed.\n\nv. The Kids rise with the Pleiades, and Africus blows.\n\niv. Libra begins to rise, Favonius blows.\n\niii. Corona rises in the morning; the winds change, and the sea becomes rough in winter.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vergiliæ","severity":"info","text":"Vergiliæ is the Latin name for the Pleiades star cluster, derived from the Latin 'vergo' (to turn) or 'virga' (branch), but here it is a direct transliteration of the Greek Πλειάδες. The term appears frequently in this text as a marker of seasonal weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Hædi","severity":"info","text":"Hædi (the Kids) refers to the stars ζ and η Aurigae, which are part of the constellation Auriga. Their rising and setting were used in ancient parapegmata to signal stormy weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Heniochus","severity":"info","text":"Heniochus is the Greek name for the constellation Auriga (the Charioteer). The Latin text glosses it as 'id est Auriga', indicating a bilingual tradition or a reader unfamiliar with the Greek term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XXX. OCTOBER.","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'XXX. OCTOBER.' marks a new month section in the parapegma. The Roman numeral XXX likely refers to the day of the month (30th) in the pre-Julian calendar, though the exact correspondence is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Corona","severity":"info","text":"Corona (the Crown) is the constellation Corona Borealis. Its rising and setting were used in ancient weather prognostications, as seen in this passage where it signals a change of season or disturbed air.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"marifiL hiems","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'marifiL hiems' in the Latin is likely a scribal error or corruption. The intended reading is probably 'maris hiems' (winter of the sea) or 'maritima hiems' (winter at sea), consistent with the context of rough weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text contains possible scribal errors, such as 'marifiL' for 'maris' and 'venticommutanlur' for 'venti commutantur'. The exact calendar correspondence of the month headings (e.g., 'XXX. OCTOBER.') is uncertain due to the lack of a fixed reference point."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"PR. Vergiliæ exoriuntur, et flatAuster.\n\nID. Corona emergit: aeris commutatio, ct tumultus fit.\n\nxix. Aquilo immensus flat.\n\nxviii. Autumni medium, et Auster flat.\n\nxvii. Orion emergit, et rorulentus est aer.\n\nxvi. Eadem, quae prior, significatio.\n\nxv. Tristis et nubilus dies.\n\nxiv. Sol in Scorpione. et Favonius spirat.\n\nxiii. Vergiliae occidunt: aerisque est conturbatio.\n\nxii. Eadem, quae prior, significatio, sed etium pluit.\n\nxi. Tauri cauda occidit, et AusLer flat pluvius.\n\nx. Scorpius occidit: Aquilo flat: in mari tempestas horrida.\n\nix. Vergiliae occidunt.\n\nviii. Centaurus occidit matutino.\n\nvii. Scorpii dimidia cauda occidit.\n\nvi. Sucułæ occidunt: gelidus flat Aquilo, et aspera in mari hiems.\n\nv. Vergiliæ et Orion penitus occidunt.\n\niv. Arcturus occultatur: et vehementes flant venti.\n\niii. Cassiopea incipit occultari.\n\nPRe Orion et Aquila penitus occidunt vesperi, et Fidicula exoritur.","english":"The Pleiades rise, and the South Wind blows.\n\nThe Crown emerges: a change in the air, and a disturbance occurs.\n\nxix. A vast North Wind blows.\n\nxviii. The middle of autumn, and the South Wind blows.\n\nxvii. Orion rises, and the air is dewy.\n\nxvi. The same signification as the preceding.\n\nxv. A gloomy and cloudy day.\n\nxiv. The Sun in Scorpius, and the West Wind blows.\n\nxiii. The Pleiades set: and there is a disturbance of the air.\n\nxii. The same signification as the preceding, but it also rains.\n\nxi. The tail of Taurus sets, and the rainy South Wind blows.\n\nx. Scorpius sets: the North Wind blows: a dreadful storm at sea.\n\nix. The Pleiades set.\n\nviii. Centaurus sets in the morning.\n\nvii. Half the tail of Scorpius sets.\n\nvi. The Hyades set: the cold North Wind blows, and a harsh winter at sea.\n\nv. The Pleiades and Orion set completely.\n\niv. Arcturus is hidden: and violent winds blow.\n\niii. Cassiopeia begins to be hidden.\n\nBefore: Orion and Aquila set completely in the evening, and Lyra rises.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of weather and astronomical signs, each prefixed by a Roman numeral or 'PR' (for 'Pridie' or 'Pro'). The sequence runs from 'PR' through 'xix' to 'iii', suggesting a reverse chronological or thematic order.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Vergiliae","severity":"info","text":"'Vergiliae' is the Latin name for the Pleiades star cluster, derived from 'virgae' (shoots) or 'vergo' (to turn). The term appears multiple times, indicating its importance in the parapegma tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Fidicula","severity":"info","text":"'Fidicula' (literally 'little lyre') is a Latin calque for the constellation Lyra. Its rising is noted in the final entry, marking a seasonal transition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The repeated pairing of stellar risings and settings with wind directions (Auster, Aquilo, Favonius) reflects the Greco-Roman parapegma tradition, where weather signs were correlated with fixed stars for agricultural and navigational calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Suculae","severity":"caution","text":"'Suculae' (literally 'little pigs') is an alternative Latin name for the Hyades star cluster. The reading is secure, but the term is less common than 'Hyades' and may cause confusion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The ordering of entries (PR, xix, xviii, ... iii) is not strictly numerical; 'PR' may stand for 'Pridie' (the day before) or 'Pro' (before), and the sequence may reflect a different calendrical or thematic arrangement rather than simple countdown."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"XXXI.\n\nNOVEMBER.\n\nK. Vergiliae occidunt: pruina decidit matutino: Arcturus occultatur: aerisque ad frigora fit conversio.\n\niv. Venti spirant frigidi, ct pluit.\n\niii. Fidicula exoritur matut.no et Aquilo flat.\n\nPR. Auster et Favonius flant, fiuntque imbres.\n\nNON. Fidicula Sole exoriente apparet: Aquilo flat.\n\nviii. Arcturus occidit matutino, et nebulosus est aer.\n\nvii. Vergiliae et Orion occultantur: Aquilo fiat.\n\nvi. Turbidus et molestus est aer.\n\nv. Clarum Scorpionis astrum,et hiemalis cardo.\n\niv. Hiemis initium.\n\niii. Vergiliae occultantur.\n\nPR. Media Scorpionis stella emergit.\n\nID. Vergiliæ et Orion occidunt matutino.\n\nxviii. Scorpius matutino occidit.\n\nxvii. Fidicula oritur matutino: Volturnus, Auster, et Borcas simul flant.\n\nxvi. Eadem, quae prior, significatio.\n\nxv. Tempestuosa dies: Austerque supervenit.\n\nxiv. Sol in Sagittario: Orion cum fidicula exoritur, aerisque tempestas exsistit.","english":"XXXI.\n\nNOVEMBER.\n\nKalends. The Pleiades set: frost falls in the morning: Arcturus is hidden: and the air turns toward cold.\n\niv. Cold winds blow, and it rains.\n\niii. The Lyre rises in the morning, and the North Wind blows.\n\nPridie. The South Wind and the West Wind blow, and rainstorms occur.\n\nNones. The Lyre appears at sunrise: the North Wind blows.\n\nviii. Arcturus sets in the morning, and the air is foggy.\n\nvii. The Pleiades and Orion are hidden: the North Wind blows.\n\nvi. The air is turbulent and troublesome.\n\nv. The bright star of Scorpius, and the winter solstice.\n\niv. The beginning of winter.\n\niii. The Pleiades are hidden.\n\nPridie. The middle star of Scorpius emerges.\n\nIdes. The Pleiades and Orion set in the morning.\n\nxviii. Scorpius sets in the morning.\n\nxvii. The Lyre rises in the morning: the Southeast Wind, the South Wind, and the North Wind blow simultaneously.\n\nxvi. The same meaning as the preceding.\n\nxv. A stormy day: and the South Wind arrives.\n\nxiv. The Sun in Sagittarius: Orion rises with the Lyre, and a storm of the air occurs.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a calendar of astronomical and meteorological phenomena for November, structured by Roman calendar days (Kalends, Nones, Ides) and count-back days (iv, iii, etc.). This format is typical of Latin parapegmata derived from Greek originals.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Vergiliae","severity":"info","text":"Vergiliae is the Latin name for the Pleiades star cluster, from the verb vergere (to set or incline), referring to their prominent setting in autumn. The term is used consistently in this calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Fidicula","severity":"info","text":"Fidicula (literally 'little lyre') is the Latin name for the constellation Lyra. Its morning rising is a key seasonal marker in this calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The calendar assigns specific winds (Aquilo, Auster, Favonius, Volturnus, Boreas) to dates, reflecting Greco-Roman meteorological lore that linked wind directions to seasonal transitions. The simultaneous blowing of three winds (xvii) is unusual and may indicate a storm or textual corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 'v. Clarum Scorpionis astrum, et hiemalis cardo' is ambiguous: 'hiemalis cardo' could mean 'winter solstice' (as in the English draft) or 'winter hinge/pivot' more generally. The astronomical accuracy of placing the winter solstice in mid-November is questionable, suggesting possible textual corruption or a different calendar system.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 'xiv. Sol in Sagittario: Orion cum fidicula exoritur' parallels similar entries in other Latin parapegmata (e.g., those attributed to Ptolemy or Columella), where the Sun's zodiac position is paired with stellar risings to mark seasonal weather changes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading of 'hiemalis cardo' as 'winter solstice' is uncertain; it may refer to a seasonal turning point rather than the astronomical solstice.","The simultaneous blowing of three winds (xvii) may be a scribal error or a genuine meteorological observation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"xiii. Tauri cornu cum Sole occidit, et flat Aquilo.\n\nxii. Horrida tempestas.\n\nxi. Suculae cum Lepore occidunt matutino.\n\nx. Gelida cadit pluvia.\n\nix. Tauri cornua occidunt.\n\nviii. Initium hiernis: frigora incipiunt, gelidique cadunt rores.\n\nvii. Sol in prima Sagittarii portione. I\n\nvi. Eadem, quae prior, significatio.\n\nv. Canis occidit: Austrina dies, et pluit.\n\niv. Canisoccultari incipit, et nebulosus est aor.\n\niii. Canis occidit matutino, et Afrito flante pluit.\n\nPR. Orion occidit. Favonius spirat, et Austro flante pluit.\n\nXXX.\n\nDECEMBER.\n\nK. Perturbatio aeris: flat Septentrio, et totus Orion occidit matutino.\n\niv. Canis occidit: vesperi Septentrio flat.\n\niii. Tempestuosa cum nubibus dies.\n\nPRe Sagittarius occidit, et Aquilo flat.\n\nNON. Per totam diem pluit, et flat Aquilo.\n\nviii. Medium Scorpii emergit.\n\nvii. Aquilo exoritur, et Africus flat.","english":"xiii. The horn of Taurus sets with the Sun, and the North Wind blows.\n\nxii. A harsh storm.\n\nxi. The Suculae set with the Hare in the morning.\n\nx. Cold rain falls.\n\nix. The horns of Taurus set.\n\nviii. The beginning of winter: cold begins, and freezing dews fall.\n\nvii. The Sun in the first part of Sagittarius.\n\nvi. The same signification as the preceding.\n\nv. Canis sets: southerly days, and it rains.\n\niv. Canis begins to be hidden, and the air is cloudy.\n\niii. Canis sets in the morning, and with the Africus blowing it rains.\n\nPR. Orion sets. The Favonius blows, and with the Auster blowing it rains.\n\nXXX.\n\nDECEMBER.\n\nK. Disturbance of the air: the North Wind blows, and the whole of Orion sets in the morning.\n\niv. Canis sets: in the evening the North Wind blows.\n\niii. A stormy day with clouds.\n\nPRe Sagittarius sets, and the North Wind blows.\n\nNON. It rains all day, and the North Wind blows.\n\nviii. The middle of Scorpius emerges.\n\nvii. The North Wind rises, and the Africus blows.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Suculae","severity":"info","text":"Suculae (Latin, 'little pigs') is a traditional name for the Hyades star cluster in Taurus, derived from Greek Ὑάδες (Hyades, 'rainy ones') but reinterpreted via folk etymology as related to ὗς (hys, 'sow').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Canis","severity":"info","text":"Canis (Latin, 'dog') here refers to the star Sirius (α Canis Majoris), whose heliacal or acronychal settings and risings were key markers in ancient parapegmata.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Favonius","severity":"info","text":"Favonius is the Latin name for the west wind (Greek Zephyrus), associated with mild, spring-like weather.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Africus","severity":"info","text":"Africus is the Latin name for the southwest wind (Greek Lips), often bringing rain and storms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the parapegma format, listing calendar dates (Kalends, Nones, etc.) with astronomical and meteorological phenomena. The entry for December begins after the PR (Pridie) of November.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Canisoccultari","severity":"caution","text":"The form 'Canisoccultari' (line iv) is a compound or scribal conflation; it likely means 'Canis begins to be hidden' (i.e., Sirius becomes invisible due to solar conjunction), but the reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact meaning of 'Canisoccultari' is ambiguous; it may be a scribal error for 'Canis occultari incipit'.","The phrase 'Eadem, quae prior, significatio' (vi) is vague, referring back to the previous entry without specifying which aspect is identical."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"vi. Scorpius totus emergit.\n\nv. Canis exorilur matutino, et Auster flat.\n\niv. Vehemens Aquilo flat, caliginosum tempestatibus coelum exsistit\n\nHi. Obscurum astrum: Septentrio et Cæcias perflant.\n\nPR. Aquilo flat prior; gravis et pluvius subsequitur Auster.\n\nID. Totus Scorpius exoritur: Auster et Aquilo flant, et pluit.\n\nxix. Capella occidit.\n\nxviii. Auster et Aquilo perflant, et aeris perturbatio exsistit.\n\nxvii. Eadem, quae prior, significatio.\n\nxvi. Sol in Capricorno.\n\nxv. Obscurum astrum, et ventorum concursus et pugna.\n\nxiv. Capella exoritur.\n\nxiii. Aquilo cum Capricorno exoritur.\n\nxii. Incipit flare Aquilo: superveniens Auster totum obtinet diem.\n\nxi. Aquila exoritur vesperi.\n\nx. Capella matutino emergit.\n\nReliquum deficit.","english":"vi. Scorpius entirely emerges.\n\nv. Canis rises in the morning, and the South Wind blows.\n\niv. A violent North Wind blows; the sky becomes dark with storms.\n\niii. An obscure star: the North Wind and Caecias blow.\n\nii. The North Wind blows first; a heavy and rainy South Wind follows.\n\ni. The whole of Scorpius rises: the South Wind and North Wind blow, and it rains.\n\nxix. Capella sets.\n\nxviii. The South Wind and North Wind blow, and a disturbance of the air occurs.\n\nxvii. The same signification as the preceding.\n\nxvi. The Sun in Capricornus.\n\nxv. An obscure star, and a gathering and battle of winds.\n\nxiv. Capella rises.\n\nxiii. The North Wind rises with Capricornus.\n\nxii. The North Wind begins to blow; the South Wind, coming upon it, holds the entire day.\n\nxi. Aquila rises in the evening.\n\nx. Capella emerges in the morning.\n\nThe remainder is missing.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a list of weather and astronomical signs, numbered in descending order from vi to x, then from xix to x. The numbering is irregular and the sequence breaks after x, with the note 'Reliquum deficit' indicating a lacuna.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Caecias","severity":"info","text":"Caecias is a Greek wind name (Καικίας) for a northeast wind, used in Latin astronomical texts. Its appearance here reflects the Greek origin of the work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a Latin translation of a Greek text attributed to Ptolemy, listing parapegma-style weather predictions based on stellar phases. Such texts were used in antiquity for agricultural and navigational calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The numbering is inconsistent: after vi, the text jumps to v, iv, iii, ii, i, then to xix, xviii, etc., and finally to x. This suggests a disordered transmission or a fragmentary source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The note 'Reliquum deficit' indicates that the manuscript from which this edition was made was incomplete. Such lacunae are common in medieval copies of ancient technical texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numbering sequence is irregular and may reflect a corrupt or reordered exemplar. The reading taken is that the list is fragmentary and the order as given is accepted."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}