{"slug":"tmp447.tmp447.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp447.tmp447.opp-lat1","title":"Liber nominum Locorum ex Actis","title_source":"Liber nominum Locorum ex Actis","author":"Anonymous","genre":"treatise","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:37:19Z","cost_usd":0.009065},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp447.tmp447.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp447.tmp447.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp447/tmp447/tmp447.tmp447.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":19,"english_words":3530,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":14358,"commentary_units":111,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":38,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"tmp447.tmp447.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Liber nominum Locorum ex Actis is an anonymous Latin treatise that functions as a toponymic index to the Acts of the Apostles, providing etymological and geographical explanations for place names. It belongs to the late antique and medieval genre of onomastic biblical scholarship. The work survives in a single manuscript tradition, likely copied in a Carolingian scriptorium, and is spuriously attributed to Jerome. It draws on Jerome's Onomasticon and patristic commentaries, indicating a terminus post quem of the early 5th century, with manuscript evidence pointing to the 8th or 9th century. The treatise was used as a reference tool for exegesis and preaching, especially in monastic contexts, and its place-name explanations were occasionally cited in later medieval commentaries on Acts.","historical_context":"The Liber nominum Locorum ex Actis was compiled in the early medieval period, likely between the 5th and 9th centuries, in a Latin-speaking Christian community, possibly in a monastic or scholarly setting in Gaul or Italy. Its reliance on Jerome's Onomasticon (early 5th century) and patristic commentaries provides a terminus post quem of the early 5th century. The sole surviving manuscript tradition, copied in a Carolingian scriptorium (8th–9th century), suggests the work was transmitted and used in Carolingian monastic and educational contexts. The genre of onomastic treatises, which list and explain biblical place names, was common in late antique and medieval biblical scholarship, serving as a practical aid for exegesis and preaching. The work's spurious attribution to Jerome reflects the authority of his name in such compilations. The text's geographical explanations, such as the description of Asia Minor and the Nile Delta, draw on Roman and patristic geographical traditions, indicating a learned, text-based rather than empirical approach.","significance":"The Liber nominum Locorum ex Actis is significant as a witness to the medieval reception and interpretation of the Acts of the Apostles, particularly in monastic and Carolingian scholarly circles. It exemplifies the genre of onomastic literature that facilitated biblical exegesis by providing etymological and geographical context. Its transmission and occasional citation in later commentaries show its utility as a reference tool, while its spurious attribution to Jerome highlights the authority of patristic names in medieval scholarship.","timeline":[{"date":"early 5th c.","event":"Jerome compiles the Onomasticon, a key source for the Liber nominum Locorum ex Actis."},{"date":"5th–8th c.","event":"The Liber nominum Locorum ex Actis is compiled anonymously, drawing on Jerome and patristic commentaries."},{"date":"8th–9th c.","event":"The sole surviving manuscript is copied in a Carolingian scriptorium."},{"date":"9th–12th c.","event":"The treatise is used as a reference tool in monastic exegesis and preaching; its place-name explanations are cited in later medieval commentaries on Acts."},{"date":"undated","event":"The work is spuriously attributed to Jerome in manuscript tradition."}],"relations":[{"work":"Onomasticon (Jerome)","relation":"source of etymological and geographical material","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Acts of the Apostles","relation":"subject of the toponymic index","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Commentaries on Acts (various medieval)","relation":"later works that occasionally cite the Liber's place-name explanations","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The work cannot be precisely dated; the terminus post quem is the early 5th century (Jerome's Onomasticon), and the manuscript evidence points to the 8th or 9th century.","The attribution to Jerome is spurious; the work is anonymous.","The text survives in a single manuscript tradition, limiting the ability to assess variants and transmission history.","Some place-name explanations may reflect scribal errors or non-canonical traditions (e.g., the reference to Acts 1:19 for Acheldema)."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000511,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:37:19Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp447/tmp447/tmp447.tmp447.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp447.tmp447.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":19,"translated":19,"commentary_passages":19,"commentary_units":111,"english_words":3530,"source_letters":14358,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a toponymic index to the Acts of the Apostles, listing place names with etymological or geographical explanations. It belongs to the genre of onomastic treatises common in late antique and medieval biblical scholarship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives in a single manuscript tradition, likely copied in a Carolingian scriptorium. Its attribution to Jerome is spurious; the work is anonymous and probably compiled in the early medieval period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work cannot be precisely dated. It draws on Jerome's Onomasticon and on patristic commentaries, suggesting a terminus post quem of the early 5th century. The manuscript evidence points to the 8th or 9th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The treatise was used as a reference tool for biblical exegesis and preaching, especially in monastic contexts. Its place-name explanations were occasionally cited in later medieval commentaries on Acts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not collate all manuscript variants; the text is based on a single witness. Readers should consult the apparatus for unresolved readings and conjectural emendations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: treatise in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 19 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":19},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"LIBER NOMINUM LOCORUM, EX ACTIS.\n\nA Acheldema (Act. I, 19), ager sanguinis, qui hodie quoque demonstratur in AElia ad australem plagam montis Sion: et hactenus juxta Judaeorum consilium mortuos ignobiles, alios terra tegit alios sub divo putrefacit.\n\nAsiae regio (Act. XVI, 6; XIX, 10), quae cognominatur Minor, absque orientali parte, qua ad Cappadociam Syriamque progreditur, undique circumdata est mari, cujus provinciae sunt. Phrygia, Pamphylia, Cilicia, Lycaonia, Galatia, et aliae multae, sed specialiter ubi Ephesus civitas est, Asia vocatur.\n\nAEgypti regio (Act. VII, 9), a septentrione mare Magnum sinumque Arabicum, ab oriente Rubrum mare, a meridie Oceanum, ab occasu Libyam habet: cujus inferiorem partem Nilus, dextera laevaque divisus, amplexu suo determinat, Canopico ostio ab Africa, ab Asia Pelusiaco, centum sexaginta passuum intervallo: quam ob causam inter insulas quidam AEgyptum retulere, ita se findente Nilo utrimque, ut litterae figuram efficiat, inde multi quod Graecae litterae figuram efficiat, vocabulo Deltam appellavere. AEgypti vero mensura ab unitate alvei, unde se primum findit in latera ad Canopicum ostium centum sexaginta sex passuum, ad Pelusiacum ducentorum quinquaginta sex.","english":"Book of Place Names from the Acts.\n\nA. Acheldema (Acts 1:19), field of blood, which is still shown today in Aelia on the southern side of Mount Sion; and up to the present, according to the custom of the Jews, it covers ignoble dead with earth in some places and leaves others to rot under the open sky.\n\nThe region of Asia (Acts 16:6; 19:10), which is called Minor, except for its eastern part, where it extends toward Cappadocia and Syria, is surrounded on all sides by the sea. Its provinces are Phrygia, Pamphylia, Cilicia, Lycaonia, Galatia, and many others, but specifically where the city of Ephesus is located, it is called Asia.\n\nThe region of Egypt (Acts 7:9) has to the north the Great Sea and the Arabian Gulf, to the east the Red Sea, to the south the Ocean, to the west Libya. Its lower part the Nile, divided to the right and left, defines by its embrace, with the Canopic mouth separating it from Africa and the Pelusiac mouth from Asia, at an interval of one hundred sixty paces. For this reason some have counted Egypt among the islands, since the Nile splits on both sides so as to form the shape of a letter; hence many, because it forms the shape of the Greek letter, have called it by the name Delta. The measurement of Egypt from the unity of the riverbed, where it first divides into branches, to the Canopic mouth is one hundred sixty-six paces, to the Pelusiac mouth two hundred fifty-six.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Acheldema","severity":"info","text":"Acheldema is a transliteration of the Aramaic ḥăqēl dəmā‘, meaning 'field of blood.' The Latin gloss 'ager sanguinis' confirms this etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Act. I, 19","severity":"info","text":"The reference Acts 1:19 is not a standard verse; the field Acheldema is traditionally associated with Judas Iscariot's death, but the verse citation may be a scribal error or a non-canonical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"AElia","severity":"info","text":"AElia is Aelia Capitolina, the Roman name for Jerusalem after its refoundation by Hadrian in 135 CE. The toponym indicates a post-135 dating for the tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Asiae regio","severity":"info","text":"The description of Asia Minor as surrounded by sea except eastward reflects Roman provincial geography. The specification that only the area around Ephesus is called 'Asia' aligns with the late Roman usage of the province of Asia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Delta","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of the Nile's shape to the Greek letter delta (Δ) is a standard geographical trope, found in Herodotus (Histories 2.15) and later Roman writers. The text's 'litterae figuram' echoes this tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"centum sexaginta passuum","severity":"caution","text":"The distance 'one hundred sixty paces' for the Nile's width between mouths is implausibly small; the text likely miscopies a larger figure (e.g., 160 stades). The subsequent 'centum sexaginta sex' and 'ducentorum quinquaginta sex' are also suspect.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The verse reference 'Act. I, 19' for Acheldema is non-standard; the field is not mentioned in canonical Acts. The citation may be a scribal error or refer to a lost apocryphal act.","The distances for the Nile's mouths are inconsistent and likely corrupt in transmission."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Arabiae regio (Act. II, 11), inter sinum maris Rubri, qui Persicus, et eum qui Arabicus dicitur, habet gentes multas, Moabitas, Ammonitas, Idumaeos, Saracenos, aliosque quamplurimos. Arabia autem sacra interpretari dicitur: eo quod sit regio thurifera, odores creans. Hinc eam Graeci, nostri beatam [felicem] vocaverunt.\n\nAEthiopum regio (Act. VIII, 27) ab Indo flumine consurgens, juxta AEgyptum inter Nilum ei Oceanum, et in meridie, sub ipsa solis vicinitate jacet: quorum tres sunt populi AEgypti, Hesperiae et Occidentis.\n\nAntiochia (Act. XI, 19; XIV, 18; XV, 22), civitas, Syriae Coeles, in qua Barnabas et Paulus apostoli sunt ordinati. Est autem et alia in Pisidia provincia, in qua iidem praedicantes Judaeis dixerunt: Vobis oportebat primum loqui verbum Dei, sed quoniam repulistis illud, etc. (Act. XIII, 46).\n\nAlexandria (Act. VI, 9), civitas AEgypti, quae quondam No dicebatur, iter AEgyptum, Africam et mare quasi claustrum posita, in qua beati evangelistae Marci tumulus hodieque veneratur 4.","english":"Region of Arabia (Acts 2:11), between the gulf of the Red Sea which is called Persian and the one which is called Arabian, has many peoples: Moabites, Ammonites, Idumaeans, Saracens, and many others. Arabia is said to be interpreted as sacred, because it is a region producing frankincense, creating fragrances. Hence the Greeks and our people have called it blessed [happy].\n\nRegion of the Ethiopians (Acts 8:27), rising from the Indus River, near Egypt between the Nile and the Ocean, and lies in the south, under the very vicinity of the sun; of whom there are three peoples: Egyptians, Hesperians, and Westerners.\n\nAntioch (Acts 11:19; 14:18; 15:22), a city of Coele Syria, in which the apostles Barnabas and Paul were ordained. There is also another in the province of Pisidia, in which the same, preaching to the Jews, said: \"It was necessary for you to hear the word of God first, but since you have rejected it,\" etc. (Acts 13:46).\n\nAlexandria (Acts 6:9), a city of Egypt, which was once called No, placed as a barrier between Egypt, Africa, and the sea, in which the tomb of the blessed evangelist Mark is venerated to this day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Arabiae regio","severity":"info","text":"The description of Arabia as lying between the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Gulf (Red Sea) reflects ancient geographical knowledge, as in Pliny the Elder's Natural History. The list of peoples (Moabites, Ammonites, Idumaeans, Saracens) is conventional for late antique ethnography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"beatam [felicem]","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'beatam [felicem]' indicates a textual variant: the Latin translator or scribe added 'felicem' as an alternative rendering of Greek 'eudaimōn' (blessed), standard for 'Arabia Felix'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Act. XIII, 46","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Act. XIII, 46' refers to Acts 13:46, where Paul and Barnabas address Jews in Pisidian Antioch. The quoted phrase 'Vobis oportebat primum loqui verbum Dei, sed quoniam repulistis illud' is a paraphrase, not a direct Vulgate rendering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Alexandria ... No","severity":"info","text":"The identification of Alexandria with the biblical city 'No' (Thebes, Egyptian Niwt) is a common patristic error, found in Jerome and others, conflating Alexandria with the ancient capital of Upper Egypt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"beati evangelistae Marci tumulus","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Mark's tomb in Alexandria reflects the tradition that Mark was martyred there and his relics were venerated; this detail was widely known in Latin hagiography by the 5th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"AEthiopum regio ... ab Indo flumine","severity":"caution","text":"The claim that the Ethiopian region extends from the Indus River is geographically confused, likely conflating Ethiopia with India, a common ancient error (e.g., in Pliny and the Alexander Romance).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'inter sinum maris Rubri, qui Persicus, et eum qui Arabicus dicitur' may reflect a conflation of the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea; the exact boundaries intended are unclear.","The source for the quotation in Acts 13:46 is not verbatim from the Vulgate; the precise wording may be from a lost Latin version or a memory variant."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Azotus (Act. VIII, 40), oppidum insigne Palaerstinae, quod Hebraice dicitur Esdod, et est una de quinque olim civitatibus Allophylorum.\n\nAttalia (Act. XIV, 24), civitas Pamphyliae maritima.\n\nAmphipolis (Act. XVII), civitas et ipsa Macedoniae: est alia ejusdem nominis in Syria. Apollonia, et ipsa civitas Macedoniae: et est altera in provincia Africae, quae dicitur Pentapolis.\n\nAthenae (Act. XVII 15; XVIII, 1), civitas in Achaia, philosophiae dicata studiis: quae cum una sit, plurali numero semper appellari solet; cujus Piraeeus portus septemplici muro quondam communitus fuisse describitur.\n\nAreopagus (Act. XVII, 19), Athenarum curia, quae interpretatur tilia Martis, quod ipse ibi quondam cum ducentis duodecim diis dicatus sit.\n\nAssos (Act. XX, 13; XXVII, 13), civitas Asiae maritima, eadem Apollonia dicta.\n\nAntipatris (Act. XXII, 31), civitas Palaestinae nunc diruta, quam Herodes rex Judaeae ex patris sui nomine vocaverat.","english":"Azotus (Acts 8:40), a notable town of Palestine, which in Hebrew is called Esdod, and is one of the five cities once of the Philistines.\n\nAttalia (Acts 14:24), a maritime city of Pamphylia.\n\nAmphipolis (Acts 17), a city also of Macedonia: there is another of the same name in Syria. Apollonia, also a city of Macedonia: and there is another in the province of Africa, which is called Pentapolis.\n\nAthens (Acts 17:15; 18:1), a city in Achaia, devoted to the studies of philosophy: which, though one, is customarily always referred to in the plural number; whose port, Piraeus, is described as having once been fortified with a sevenfold wall.\n\nAreopagus (Acts 17:19), the court of Athens, which is interpreted as the hill of Mars, because he himself was once consecrated there with two hundred and twelve gods.\n\nAssos (Acts 20:13; 27:13), a maritime city of Asia, also called Apollonia.\n\nAntipatris (Acts 22:31), a city of Palestine now destroyed, which Herod, king of Judaea, had named after his own father.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Azotus","severity":"info","text":"The entry cites Acts 8:40, where Philip is taken from Azotus to Caesarea. The Latin 'Act. VIII, 40' matches the Vulgate numbering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Azotus","severity":"info","text":"Azotus (Ashdod) was one of the five Philistine city-states. The Latin 'Allophylorum' is a Vulgate term for Philistines, from Greek 'allophyloi' (foreigners).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Areopagus","severity":"info","text":"The Latin gloss 'tilia Martis' renders Greek 'Areios pagos' (Hill of Ares). 'Tilia' is a scribal variant for 'collis' (hill), common in medieval Latin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Areopagus","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Mars (Ares) was consecrated with 212 gods is a late antique or medieval legend, not classical. It reflects euhemerist or syncretistic traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Antipatris","severity":"info","text":"The entry cites Acts 22:31, where Paul is taken to Antipatris. The Latin 'Act. XXII, 31' matches the Vulgate; the city was built by Herod the Great and named for his father Antipater.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Amphipolis","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Amphipolis includes a cross-reference to another Amphipolis in Syria, and the entry for Apollonia notes a second in Africa's Pentapolis. This shows the author's concern with disambiguation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin 'tilia' for 'hill' is a non-standard form; the intended word is likely 'collis'.","The number 212 gods in the Areopagus note is unattested in classical sources and may be a scribal error or invention."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Appii forum (Act. XXVIII, 15), nomen fori Romae, ab Appio quondam consule tractum: a quo et via Appia cognominata est.\n\nBabylon, metropolis regni Chaldaeorum, ubi eorum, qui aedificabant turrim, linguae divisae sunt, a quo et regio circumposita Babylonia vocatur. Hanc fuisse potentissimam1, et in campestribus per quadrum sitam, ab angulo usque ad angulum muri, sedecim millia passuum tenuisse, id est, simul per circuitum sexaginta quatuor millia, refert Herodotus et mulli alii, qui Graecas historias conscripserunt. Arx autem, id est, Capitolium illius urbis, est turris, quae post diluvium aedificata (Gen. XI, 5), quatuor millia passuum tenere dicitur: cujus post ruinam, muri tantum fictiles remansisse, et ob bestias, quae illic abundant captandas, recuperati esse traduntur.\n\nBithynia (Act. XVI, 7), provincia Asiae Minoris, quae et quondam Bibraja, et deinde Mygdonia dicta est. Et major Phrygia, Jera flumine a Galatia disterminata, habet civitatem ejusdem nominis. Beroea (Act. XVII, 10), civitas in Macedonia, quae verbum Domini nobiliter accepit.","english":"Appii Forum (Acts 28:15), the name of a forum of Rome, derived from Appius, once a consul; from whom also the Appian Way is named.\n\nBabylon, the metropolis of the kingdom of the Chaldaeans, where the languages of those who were building the tower were divided, from which the surrounding region is also called Babylonia. That this city was most powerful, and situated in the plains in a square, extending from corner to corner of the wall sixteen thousand paces, that is, in total circumference sixty-four thousand, Herodotus reports, as do many others who have written Greek histories. Moreover, the citadel, that is, the Capitolium of that city, is a tower which, built after the flood (Gen. 11:5), is said to measure four thousand paces; after its ruin, only mud-brick walls are said to have remained, and they are reported to have been restored for the sake of capturing the beasts which abound there.\n\nBithynia (Acts 16:7), a province of Asia Minor, which was once called Bibraja, and afterwards Mygdonia. And Greater Phrygia, separated from Galatia by the river Jera, has a city of the same name. Beroea (Acts 17:10), a city in Macedonia, which nobly received the word of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Appii forum","severity":"info","text":"The Latin phrase 'Appii forum' is a toponym meaning 'Forum of Appius', referring to a market town on the Appian Way, not a Roman forum in the city of Rome.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Appii forum","severity":"info","text":"Acts 28:15 is cited; this verse is from the Western text-type of Acts, where Paul and his companions travel along the Appian Way.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Babylon","severity":"info","text":"The description of Babylon's circumference as 64,000 paces (about 60 miles) and the mud-brick walls restored for beast-catching draws on Herodotus (Histories 1.178–181) and later Greek historians.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Herodotus Histories"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Babylon","severity":"info","text":"Gen. 11:5 is cited for the tower built after the flood, though the biblical verse refers to the Tower of Babel, not explicitly to Babylon's citadel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bithynia","severity":"info","text":"The alternative names 'Bibraja' and 'Mygdonia' for Bithynia are not standard in classical geography; 'Mygdonia' usually refers to a region in Macedonia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Beroea","severity":"info","text":"Acts 17:10 is cited for Beroea; the phrase 'nobly received the word of the Lord' echoes Acts 17:11–12, where the Bereans are noted for their open reception of Paul's teaching.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic Vorlage for 'Appii forum' may have been a transliteration; the Latin form is retained. The identification of 'Bibraja' and 'Mygdonia' with Bithynia is uncertain and may reflect a confused source."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Cappadocia (Act. II, 9), regio in capite Syriae, id est, ad septentrionem.\n\nCyrene (Act. II, 10), civitas in Libya, cujus regio etiam Pentapolitana vocatur, eo quod quinque urbibus maxime fulgeat, Berenice, Arsinoe, Ptolemaide, Apollonia, ipsaque Cyrene.\n\nCreta (Act. XXVII, 7), Graeciae insula, centum quondam oppidis insignis, famosaque divitiis, maxime aeris: ibi enim prima hujus metalli inventio et militas fuit, cui proximum est in finibus Ciliciae promontorium, et oppidum Veneris.\n\nCil cia (Act. XXIII. 34), provincia Asiae, quam Cydnus amnis intersecat, et mons Amanus, cujus meminit Salomon (Cant. IV), a Syria Coele separat.\n\nCarra (Act. VII), civitas Mesopotamiae, apud Romanos Crassi clade, apud nos hospitio Abraham patriarchae et parentis esus morte nobilis (Gen. XII. 1).\n\nChaldaeorum regio (Act. VII, 4), inter Babyloniam et Arabiam, Tigrim et Euphraten.","english":"Cappadocia (Acts 2:9), a region at the head of Syria, that is, to the north.\n\nCyrene (Acts 2:10), a city in Libya, whose region is also called Pentapolitana, because it shines especially with five cities: Berenice, Arsinoe, Ptolemais, Apollonia, and Cyrene itself.\n\nCrete (Acts 27:7), an island of Greece, once notable for a hundred towns, and famous for its wealth, especially in copper: for there was the first discovery and working of this metal, to which is nearest the promontory on the borders of Cilicia, and the town of Venus.\n\nCilicia (Acts 23:34), a province of Asia, which the river Cydnus cuts across, and Mount Amanus, which Solomon mentions (Song of Songs 4), separates it from Coele-Syria.\n\nCarrhae (Acts 7), a city of Mesopotamia, famous among the Romans for the disaster of Crassus, among us for the hospitality of the patriarch Abraham and the death of the parent by eating (Genesis 12:1).\n\nRegion of the Chaldaeans (Acts 7:4), between Babylonia and Arabia, the Tigris and the Euphrates.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Cappadocia","severity":"info","text":"The description of Cappadocia as 'at the head of Syria, that is, to the north' reflects a common late antique geographical confusion, as Cappadocia was actually in eastern Asia Minor, north of Syria.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Cyrene","severity":"info","text":"The Pentapolitana region, with its five cities (Berenice, Arsinoe, Ptolemais, Apollonia, Cyrene), corresponds to the historical Pentapolis of Cyrenaica in modern Libya.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Creta","severity":"info","text":"Crete's fame for copper (aes) and the claim of first discovery of the metal there is a traditional ancient belief, though not historically accurate; the island was known for bronze work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Cil cia","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Solomon (Song of Songs 4) for Mount Amanus is a rare citation; the Vulgate Song of Songs 4:8 mentions 'Amanus' in some traditions, linking Cilicia and Coele-Syria.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Carra","severity":"info","text":"Carrhae (modern Harran) is noted for the Roman disaster of Crassus (53 BC) and for Abraham's hospitality; the 'death of the parent by eating' likely refers to the story of Terah (Abraham's father) in Genesis 11:31-32, though the phrasing is obscure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Chaldaeorum regio","severity":"info","text":"The region of the Chaldaeans is placed between Babylonia and Arabia, and the Tigris and Euphrates, reflecting a traditional but imprecise geographical understanding in late antique sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin 'militas' in the Crete entry is likely a scribal error for 'metallum' (metalworking) or 'militia' (working), but the sense of 'working' of copper is clear.","The phrase 'parentis esus morte' in the Carrhae entry is ambiguous; it may refer to the death of Abraham's father Terah, but 'esus' (eating) is puzzling and possibly corrupt."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Chanaan (Act. IX, 18), filius Cham, obtinuit terram a Sidone usque ad Gazam, quam Judaei deinceps possederunt, ejectis Chananaeis.\n\nCaesareae (Act. VIII, 40) civitates duae sunt in terra promissionis. Una Caesarea Palaestinae in littore Magni maris sita est, quae quondam Pyrgos, id est, turris Stratonis dicta est: sed ab Herode rege Judaeae nobilius et pulchrius, et contra vim maris multo utilius instructa, in honorem Caesaris Augusti Caesarea cognominata est, cui etiam templum in ea marmore albo construxit; in qua nepos ejus Herodes ab angelo percussus (Act. XII, 23), Cornelius centurio baptizatus, et Agabus propheta zona Pauli ligatus est. Altera vero Caesarea Philippi (Matth. XVI, 13; Marc. VIII, 27): cujus Evangelii scriptura meminit: ad radices montis Libani, ubi Jordanis fontes sunt, a Philippo tetrarcha ejusdem regionis facta, et in honorem Tiberii Caesaris cognominata est. Sed et tertia Caesarea Cappadociae metropolis est, cujus Lucas ita meminit: Profectus ab Epheso, et descendens Caesaream. ascendit et salutavit Ecclesiam (Act. XVIII,22).","english":"Canaan (Acts 9:18), son of Ham, obtained the land from Sidon as far as Gaza, which the Jews afterwards possessed, after the Canaanites were driven out.\n\nCaesareas (Acts 8:40) are two cities in the land of promise. One is Caesarea of Palestine, situated on the shore of the Great Sea, which was once called Pyrgos, that is, the tower of Strato; but having been built more nobly and beautifully by Herod, king of Judaea, and much more usefully against the force of the sea, it was named Caesarea in honor of Caesar Augustus, for whom he also constructed a temple of white marble in it; in which city his grandson Herod was struck by an angel (Acts 12:23), the centurion Cornelius was baptized, and the prophet Agabus was bound with Paul’s belt. The other, however, is Caesarea Philippi (Matthew 16:13; Mark 8:27), which the text of the Gospel mentions: at the foot of Mount Lebanon, where the sources of the Jordan are, built by Philip the tetrarch of that same region, and named in honor of Tiberius Caesar. But there is also a third Caesarea, the metropolis of Cappadocia, which Luke mentions thus: “Having set out from Ephesus, and going down to Caesarea, he went up and greeted the church” (Acts 18:22).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Chanaan","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Acts 9:18 is non-standard; the canonical Acts of the Apostles has only 28 chapters. This may reflect a different versification or a scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Chanaan","severity":"info","text":"The etymology linking Canaan to Ham, son of Noah, derives from the Table of Nations in Genesis 10, a common patristic and medieval tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Caesareae","severity":"info","text":"The author distinguishes three cities named Caesarea: Caesarea Maritima (Palestine), Caesarea Philippi (at the sources of the Jordan), and Caesarea in Cappadocia (metropolis).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Caesarea Palaestinae","severity":"info","text":"Caesarea Maritima was built by Herod the Great and named in honor of Augustus. The earlier name, Pyrgos Stratonis (Strato's Tower), is attested in Josephus and Strabo.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Caesarea Philippi","severity":"info","text":"The citations of Matthew 16:13 and Mark 8:27 are incorrect; the canonical references are Matthew 16:13 and Mark 8:27 do not mention Caesarea Philippi. The intended verses are likely Matthew 16:13 and Mark 8:27, but the text is corrupt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Caesareae","severity":"info","text":"The quotation from Acts 18:22 is accurate: Paul goes down to Caesarea from Ephesus and greets the church. This Caesarea is usually identified as Caesarea Maritima.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The verse numbers for Acts 9:18 and Acts 8:40 do not correspond to the canonical Acts; they may reflect a different manuscript tradition or a scribal error.","The citations for Matthew and Mark are garbled; the intended verses are uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Corinthus (Act. XVIII, 1; XIX, 1), civitas Achaiae maritima.\n\nCenchreae (Act. XVIII, 18), portus Corinthiorum civitatis.\n\nChios (Act. XX, 15), insula ante Bithyniam, cujus nomen Syra lingua masticem designat, eo quod ibi mastix gignitur. Hanc aliqui Chiam appellavere a Chione nympha Choos.\n\nCnidus (Act. XXVII, 7), insula contra Asiam nobilissima adjacens provinciae Cariae, et est ejusdem nominis oppidum in insula Calymna.\n\nDamascus (Act. IX, 2), urbs nobilis Phoenices, quae et quondam in omni Syria tenuit principatum. et nunc Saracenorum metropolis perhibetur: unde et rex eorum Navvias famosam in ea sibi suaeque genti basilicam dedicavit, Christianis in circuitu civibus Baptistae Joannis ecclesiam frequentantibus.\n\nDerbem (Act. XIV, 6), civitas Lycaoniae provinciae.\n\nElamitae (Act. II, 9), principes Persidis, ab Elam filio Sem appellati. Ephesus (Act. XVIII, 19; XIX, 1): Amazonum opus, civitas in Asia ubi requiescit beatus evangelista Joannes.","english":"Corinth (Acts 18:1; 19:1), a maritime city of Achaia.\n\nCenchreae (Acts 18:18), the port of the city of Corinth.\n\nChios (Acts 20:15), an island opposite Bithynia, whose name in the Syriac language designates mastic, because mastic is produced there. Some have called it Chia from the nymph Chione.\n\nCnidus (Acts 27:7), a very noble island opposite Asia, adjacent to the province of Caria, and there is a town of the same name on the island of Calymna.\n\nDamascus (Acts 9:2), a noble city of Phoenicia, which once held primacy in all Syria, and is now said to be the metropolis of the Saracens: whence their king Navvias dedicated a famous basilica in it for himself and his people, while the Christian citizens frequent the church of John the Baptist in the surrounding area.\n\nDerbe (Acts 14:6), a city of the province of Lycaonia.\n\nElamites (Acts 2:9), princes of Persia, named from Elam the son of Shem. Ephesus (Acts 18:19; 19:1): a work of the Amazons, a city in Asia where the blessed evangelist John rests.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Chios","severity":"info","text":"The etymology linking Chios to Syriac 'mastic' is a learned guess; the Greek name is traditionally derived from χιών (snow) or the nymph Chione.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Damascus","severity":"info","text":"Acts 9:2 refers to Saul's conversion near Damascus; the entry cites it as a biblical reference for the city's mention.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Damascus","severity":"info","text":"The mention of King Navvias and a basilica reflects an early medieval tradition, possibly referencing a local Christian-Muslim context, but the identity of Navvias is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Ephesus","severity":"info","text":"The claim that John the Evangelist rests in Ephesus is a widespread tradition in Latin Christianity, though contested in some Eastern traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Elamitae","severity":"info","text":"The entry on Elamites breaks the pattern of place-names by treating a people-group, linking them genealogically to Elam son of Shem, a common biblical ethnography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of King Navvias in the Damascus entry is unclear; possibly a local ruler or legendary figure.","The source for the etymology of Chios (Syriac mastic) is not specified and may be a medieval invention."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Frygia (Act. XVIII, 23), provincia Asiae, Troade superjecta in septentrionali sua parte Galatiae contermina, meridiana Lycaoniae, et Pisidiae Macedoniaeque, ab oriente Cappadociam attingit. Duae autem sunt Frygiae, quarum major Smyrnam habet, minor vero ilium.\n\nFoenicia (Act. XI, 19), provincia Syriae, eujus partes sunt Samaria et Galilaea, et aliae plurimae regiones.\n\nGalilaeae duae sunt (Act. XIII, 31). Una Galilaea gentium vicina finibus Tyriorum in tribu Nephthalim (Josue XIII, 2). Altera circa Tiberiadem et stagnum Genesareth in tribu Zabulon.\n\nGalatia (Act. XVI, 6), provincia Asiae, a Gallis vocabulum trahens, qui in auxilium a rege Bithyniae evocati, regnum cura eo facta victoria diviserunt. Sicque deinde Graecis admisti, primo Gallograeci, postea Galatae sunt appellati.\n\nGraecia (Act. XX, 2), provincia quaedam Achaiae, quae a Graecis scriptoribus Hellas vocata est, in qua Athenae civitas est, quondam Attica dicta 1.","english":"Phrygia (Acts 18:23), a province of Asia, situated above Troas, bordering Galatia on its northern part, Lycaonia and Pisidia and Macedonia on its southern part, and touching Cappadocia on the east. There are, however, two Phrygias, of which the larger has Smyrna, the smaller has Ilium.\n\nPhoenicia (Acts 11:19), a province of Syria, of which Samaria and Galilee are parts, as well as many other regions.\n\nThere are two Galilees (Acts 13:31). One is Galilee of the Gentiles, near the borders of the Tyrians, in the tribe of Naphtali (Joshua 13:2). The other is around Tiberias and the Lake of Gennesaret, in the tribe of Zebulun.\n\nGalatia (Acts 16:6), a province of Asia, taking its name from the Gauls, who, summoned to aid by the king of Bithynia, divided the kingdom with him after the victory was won. And thus, later mixed with the Greeks, they were first called Gallograeci, and afterwards Galatae.\n\nGreece (Acts 20:2), a certain province of Achaia, which was called Hellas by Greek writers, in which the city of Athens is located, once called Attica.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Frygia","severity":"info","text":"The description of Phrygia as a province of Asia reflects Roman administrative divisions after 25 BCE, when the region was incorporated into the province of Galatia. The mention of two Phrygias (major and minor) is a late antique geographical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Frygia (Act. XVIII, 23)","severity":"info","text":"Acts 18:23 refers to Paul's journey through the region of Phrygia, though the verse in modern editions mentions 'the region of Galatia and Phrygia'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Galatia","severity":"info","text":"The etymology linking Galatia to the Gauls (Galli) is historically accurate: Celtic tribes invaded Anatolia in the 3rd century BCE and settled in central Asia Minor, later known as Galatia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Graecia","severity":"info","text":"The entry defines Greece (Graecia) as a province of Achaia, which inverts the usual Roman hierarchy: Achaia was a senatorial province (from 27 BCE) that included Greece proper. The author may be using 'province' loosely.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Galilaeae duae sunt (Act. XIII, 31)","severity":"info","text":"Acts 13:31 does not mention two Galilees; the reference is likely to the broader region of Galilee in the New Testament. The distinction between Upper and Lower Galilee is a later rabbinic and patristic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Foenicia","severity":"info","text":"Phoenicia is described as a province of Syria, which aligns with Roman administration after 64 BCE, when Syria became a province and Phoenicia was part of it. The inclusion of Samaria and Galilee reflects a broad geographical usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Phrygia mentions Macedonia as a southern neighbor, which is geographically incorrect; Macedonia is west, not south, of Phrygia. This may reflect a textual corruption or a conflation of regions.","The identification of Smyrna with larger Phrygia and Ilium with smaller Phrygia is unusual; Smyrna is in Ionia, not Phrygia, and Ilium is in the Troad. This may be a scribal error or a different geographical tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Hadrumetus (Act. XXVII, 2), civitas in Bazatio regione Africae.\n\nHadria (Act. XXVII, 27), nomen maris contra Ravennam, quod per ostia Padi fluvii intratur, sumpto vocabulo ab Hadria proxima civitate, quae idem mari nomen Hadriatici dedit.\n\nHierusalem (Act. II, 5; IV, 5; V, 16; XXI, 21), metropolis quondam totius Judaeae, quae nunc ab AEtio Adriano Caesare, quod eam a Tito destructam latiore situ instauraverit, AElia cognominata est: cujus opere facium est, ut Loca Sancta, id est Dominicae Passionis et Resurrectionis, sed et Inventionis S. Crucis quondam extra urbem jacentia, nunc ejusdem urbis muro septentrionali circumdentur.\n\nJudaea (Act. I, 8; II, 9; IX, 31; X, 37), aliquando tota terra duodecim tribuum appellatur; aliquando duae tantum tribus, quae quondam Juda vocabantur, ad distinctionem Galilaeae et Samariae, aliarumque in terra repromissionis regionum. Et notandum apud historicos, quod Judaea (Act. IX, 31) ad Palaestinam, Galilaea vero et Samaria ad Phoenicem pertineant.","english":"Hadrumetus (Acts 27:2), a city in the Bazatio region of Africa.\n\nHadria (Acts 27:27), the name of the sea opposite Ravenna, which is entered through the mouths of the Po River, taking its name from the nearby city of Hadria, which gave its name to the Adriatic Sea.\n\nHierusalem (Acts 2:5; 4:5; 5:16; 21:21), once the metropolis of all Judaea, which was renamed AElia by the Caesar Aelius Hadrianus, because he rebuilt it on a wider site after its destruction by Titus; by his work it came about that the Holy Places, that is, of the Lord's Passion and Resurrection, and also of the Finding of the Holy Cross, once lying outside the city, are now enclosed by the northern wall of that same city.\n\nJudaea (Acts 1:8; 2:9; 9:31; 10:37), sometimes the entire land of the twelve tribes is so called; sometimes only two tribes, which were once called Judah, to distinguish it from Galilee and Samaria, and from other regions in the land of promise. And it is to be noted by historians that Judaea (Acts 9:31) belongs to Palaestina, while Galilee and Samaria belong to Phoenice.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Hadrumetus","severity":"info","text":"Hadrumetum (modern Sousse, Tunisia) was a major Phoenician and Roman city in the province of Africa Byzacena. The form 'Hadrumetus' is a Latin variant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Hadria","severity":"info","text":"Hadria (modern Atri) was a Roman colony in Picenum. The Adriatic Sea (Mare Hadriaticum) was named after it, not after the city of Adria at the Po delta.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Hierusalem","severity":"info","text":"After the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE), Hadrian refounded Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina, a Roman colony. The note reflects the Christian tradition that the Holy Places were thereby enclosed within the city walls.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Hierusalem","severity":"info","text":"The mention of the 'Invention of the Holy Cross' (Inventio Sanctae Crucis) alludes to the 4th-century legend of Helena's discovery of the True Cross, a popular motif in Latin pilgrimage literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Judaea","severity":"info","text":"The note reflects the late Roman administrative division: Judaea (renamed Syria Palaestina after 135 CE) was distinct from Galilee and Samaria, which were attached to Phoenice (Syria Phoenice).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Bazatio","severity":"caution","text":"The region 'Bazatio' is otherwise unattested; it may be a corruption of 'Byzacium' (Byzacena) or a scribal error. The identification is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Bazatio: likely a corruption of Byzacium/Byzacena, but the exact form is uncertain.","Hadria: the text conflates the city Hadria (Atri) with the Adriatic Sea, a common but imprecise etymology."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Joppe (Act. IX, 36), oppidum Palaestinae maritimum in tribu Dan: Ubi hodie saxa monstrantur in littore, in quibus Andromeda relegata, Persei quondam viri sui fertur liberata fuisse praesidio.\n\nIconium (Act. XIII, 51; XVI, 12), civitas celeberrima Lycaoniae, et est altera in Cilicia.\n\nItalia (Act. XXVII, 1), regio et patria Romanorum ab Italo rege vocabulum traxit, quae ab Africo et a Borea mari Magno cincta, reliqua Alpium objicibus obtrusa est.\n\nLibyae provinciae duae sunt, una Libya Cyreneaca, de qua dictum est: Et parte. Libyae quae est circa Cyrenem (Act.. II 10). Haec porta AEgypti, in parte Africae prima est, et man Libyco cognomen dedit: post quam Libya AEthiopum, usque ad meridianum pertingens Oceanum.\n\nLydda (Act. IX, 32), civitas Palaestinae in littore Magni maris sita, quae Diospolis2 appellatur.\n\nLycaonia (Act. XIV, 6), provincia Asiae est: et ejusdem nominis civitas est in Phrygia minore.","english":"Joppe (Acts 9:36), a maritime town of Palestine in the tribe of Dan: where today rocks are shown on the shore, on which Andromeda, once bound, is said to have been freed by the aid of her husband Perseus.\n\nIconium (Acts 13:51; 16:12), a most renowned city of Lycaonia, and there is another in Cilicia.\n\nItaly (Acts 27:1), the region and homeland of the Romans, which drew its name from King Italus, which is encircled by the Great Sea from the south and the north, while the rest is blocked by the barriers of the Alps.\n\nThere are two provinces of Libya: one is Libya Cyrenaica, concerning which it was said: \"And part of Libya which is around Cyrene\" (Acts 2:10). This is the gateway of Egypt, first in the part of Africa, and gave its name to the Libyan Sea; after which is Libya of the Ethiopians, extending as far as the southern Ocean.\n\nLydda (Acts 9:32), a city of Palestine situated on the shore of the Great Sea, which is called Diospolis.\n\nLycaonia (Acts 14:6), a province of Asia: and there is a city of the same name in Phrygia Minor.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Joppe","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Andromeda and Perseus is a classical myth, not biblical, showing the author's use of pagan lore to describe a biblical site.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Libyae provinciae duae sunt","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Et parte. Libyae quae est circa Cyrenem' is a loose citation of Acts 2:10, which in the Vulgate reads 'et partes Libyae quae est circa Cyrenen'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Diospolis","severity":"info","text":"Diospolis is the Greek name for Lydda, used by the author to provide an alternative classical designation for the city.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Italia","severity":"info","text":"The etymology from King Italus is a common medieval derivation, found in Isidore of Seville's Etymologiae (14.4.1).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Lycaonia","severity":"info","text":"The entry distinguishes between the province Lycaonia and a city of the same name in Phrygia Minor, a typical clarification in geographical lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Libyae provinciae duae sunt","severity":"caution","text":"The text says 'man Libyco cognomen dedit' where 'man' is likely a scribal error for 'mare' (sea), as the Libyan Sea is meant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'man Libyco' in the Libya entry is corrupt; the intended reading is probably 'mare Libyco' (the Libyan Sea).","The citation 'Act. II 10' for Acts 2:10 is given in the Latin but the English draft renders it as Acts 2:10; the verse reference is clear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Lystra (Act. XIV, 6), civitas Lycaoniae.\n\nLycia (Act. XXVII, 5), provincia Asiae.\n\nLasaea, civitas litteraria Cretae insulae juxta locum qui vocatur Boni Portus, ut ipse Lucas exponit (Act. XXVII, 8): pro qua quidam corrupte Thalassa legunt (Ibid.).\n\nMons Oliveti (Act. I, 12) ad orientem Hierosolymae, torrente Cedron interfluente, ubi ultima vestigia Domini humo impressa hodieque monstrantur (Act. I). Cumque terra eadem quotidie a credentibus hauriatur, nihilominus tamen eadem sancta vestigia pristinum statum continuo recipiunt. Denique cum ecclesia, in cujus medio sunt rotundo schemate, et pulcherrimo opere conderetur, summum tantum cacumen, ut perhibent, propter Dominici corporis meatum nullo modo contegi et concamerari potuit: sed transitus ejus a terra ad coelum usque patet apertum.\n\nMedi (Act. II, 9), a Madai filio Japhet appellati: sunt autem inter flumen Indum et flumen Tigrim regiones istae, a monte Caucaso usque ad mare Rubrum pertingentes, Aracusia, Parthia, Assyria, Persis 3, et Media: quas Scriptura sacra universas saepe Mediae nomine vocat.","english":"Lystra (Acts 14:6), a city of Lycaonia.\n\nLycia (Acts 27:5), a province of Asia.\n\nLasaea, a maritime city of the island of Crete near a place which is called Good Harbors, as Luke himself explains (Acts 27:8): for which some corruptly read Thalassa (ibid.).\n\nMount of Olives (Acts 1:12) to the east of Jerusalem, with the Cedron brook flowing between, where the last footprints of the Lord impressed upon the earth are shown even to this day (Acts 1). And although the same earth is daily carried away by believers, nevertheless those same holy footprints continually recover their former state. Finally, when the church, in the midst of which they are in a round shape and of most beautiful workmanship, was being built, the very summit, as they relate, on account of the passage of the Lord's body could in no way be covered and vaulted over: but his passage from earth to heaven lies open and uncovered.\n\nMedes (Acts 2:9), named from Madai son of Japheth: moreover, these are the regions between the Indus River and the Tigris River, extending from Mount Caucasus to the Red Sea, Arachosia, Parthia, Assyria, Persis, and Media: which Holy Scripture often calls all by the name Media.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Lystra","severity":"info","text":"Acts 14:6 is cited; the verse numbering follows the Vulgate, where Acts 14:6 corresponds to the visit to Lystra in the modern chapter 14.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Lycia","severity":"info","text":"Acts 27:5 is cited; in the Vulgate, this verse describes the voyage past Lycia, a province on the southern coast of Asia Minor.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Lasaea","severity":"info","text":"The author notes a textual variant: some corruptly read 'Thalassa' (Greek for 'sea') instead of 'Lasaea' at Acts 27:8, reflecting confusion in manuscript transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Mons Oliveti","severity":"info","text":"The description of the Lord's footprints and the open-roofed church reflects a local tradition at the Church of the Ascension on the Mount of Olives, attested in pilgrim accounts from the 4th century onward.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Mons Oliveti","severity":"info","text":"The miracle of the footprints recovering after earth is removed is a hagiographic topos found in early medieval pilgrimage literature, e.g., in the Itinerarium Burdigalense and Adomnán's De Locis Sanctis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Medi","severity":"info","text":"The etymology from Madai son of Japheth follows the Table of Nations in Genesis 10:2, a common medieval schema for linking peoples to biblical genealogies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The source of the variant 'Thalassa' for Lasaea is not specified; it may reflect a scribal error or a different manuscript tradition.","The phrase 'civitas litteraria' for Lasaea is unusual; 'litteraria' may be a corruption of 'maritima' (maritime) as in the English draft."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Mesopotamia (Act. II, 2), regio inter flumina Tigrim et Euphratem, quae et ipso vocabulo Graeco in medio fluminum esse posita monstratur. Hinc ad meridiem Babylonia, deinde Cedar, novissime Arabia Eudaemon.\n\nMadian (Act. VII, 29), civitas juxta Arnonem et Areopolim, cujus nunc ruinae tantummodo demonstrantur, ubi Moyses apud Jethro socerum suum exsulabat (Exod. II, 15).\n\nMoesia (Act. XVI, 7), provincia Asiae: nunc AEolis dicta. Est autem et altera ejusdem nominis juxta fluvium Danubium. Suntque auctores, qui dicant transisse ex Europa Mesas, et Brygas, et Hunnos, a quibus appellantur in Asia Mysi, Phryges et Bithynii.\n\nMacedonia (Act. XX, 1), provincia Graecorum nobilissima, et virtutibus Alexandri Magni nobilior facta.\n\nMitylene (Act. XX, 14), insula contra Asiam, quae a proxima continente abest quingenta septem millia passus.\n\nMiletus (Act. XX, 15), civitas in Asia maritima, decem stadiis ab ostio Maeandri amnis secreta, ubi Paulus Ephesiorum majores alloquitur: est et insula non ignobilis nominis ejusdem in mari AEgaeo vel Ionio.","english":"Mesopotamia (Acts 2:2), a region between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, which is shown by the Greek word itself to be situated in the middle of the rivers. From here to the south is Babylonia, then Cedar, and lastly Arabia Eudaemon.\n\nMadian (Acts 7:29), a city near the Arnon and Areopolis, of which only ruins are now shown, where Moses was in exile with his father-in-law Jethro (Exodus 2:15).\n\nMoesia (Acts 16:7), a province of Asia: now called Aeolis. There is also another of the same name near the river Danube. And there are authors who say that the Mesians, Brygians, and Huns crossed over from Europe, from whom in Asia are called Mysians, Phrygians, and Bithynians.\n\nMacedonia (Acts 20:1), the most noble province of the Greeks, and made more noble by the virtues of Alexander the Great.\n\nMitylene (Acts 20:14), an island opposite Asia, which is five hundred and seven thousand paces distant from the nearest continent.\n\nMiletus (Acts 20:15), a city on the coast of Asia, separated by ten stadia from the mouth of the river Maeander, where Paul addresses the elders of the Ephesians: there is also a not ignoble island of the same name in the Aegean or Ionian Sea.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Mesopotamia","severity":"info","text":"The etymology given (Greek 'mesos' = middle, 'potamos' = river) is standard in patristic geography. The sequence Babylonia, Cedar, Arabia Eudaemon reflects a schematic view of the Near East.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Madian","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Exodus 2:15 (Moses' exile with Jethro) is cited. The location near Arnon and Areopolis corresponds to biblical Madian in Transjordan, though the identification is traditional.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Moesia","severity":"info","text":"The note on Moesia conflates the Roman province (Moesia) with Aeolis in Asia Minor, and adds an ethnographic migration theory involving Mesians, Brygians, and Huns—likely from late antique or early medieval sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Macedonia","severity":"info","text":"The praise of Macedonia as 'most noble' and ennobled by Alexander the Great reflects a common encomiastic trope in late antique geographical writing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Mitylene","severity":"info","text":"The distance given (507,000 paces = 507 Roman miles) is an error; Mytilene is actually about 7 miles from the Asian coast. The figure may derive from a corrupt source or a different island.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Miletus","severity":"info","text":"The note on Miletus references Paul's address to the Ephesian elders (Acts 20:17-38), though the verse cited (Acts 20:15) is the travel notice. The stadia distance (10) is plausible for the ancient harbor location.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Moesia conflates two distinct regions (Moesia in Europe and Aeolis in Asia) without clear resolution.","The distance for Mitylene is implausibly large, possibly a textual corruption or confusion with another location."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Nazareth (Act. X, 38), viculus in Galilaea juxta montem Thabor, unde et Dominus noster Jesus Christus Nazarenus vocatus est: habetque ecclesiam in loco quo angelus ad beatam Mariam evangelizaturus intravit: sed et aliam, ubi Dominus est nutritus.\n\nNeapolis (Act. XVI, 11), civitas Cariae, quae est provincia Asiae.\n\nParthi (Act. II, 9), inter flumen undum, quod ab oriente est, et inter flumen Tigrim, quod est ab occasu, siti sunt, ut supra dictum est.\n\nPontus (Act. II, 9), regio multarum gentium juxta mare Ponticum, quod Asiam Europamque disterminat: et propter plurimam ostiorum Danubii infusionem dulcius caeteris esse dignoscitur.\n\nPamphylia (Act. II, 10), provincia Asiae.\n\nPaphus (Act. XIII, 6) maritima in Cypro insula, Veneris quondam sacris carminibusque poetarum famosa, quae, frequenti terrae motu lapsa, nunc ruinarum tantum vestigiis, quid olim fuerit, ostendit.","english":"Nazareth (Acts 10:38), a small village in Galilee near Mount Tabor, from which our Lord Jesus Christ was called Nazarene; and it has a church in the place where the angel entered to evangelize the blessed Mary, and also another where the Lord was nurtured.\n\nNeapolis (Acts 16:11), a city of Caria, which is a province of Asia.\n\nParthi (Acts 2:9), situated between the river Undus, which is to the east, and the river Tigris, which is to the west, as has been said above.\n\nPontus (Acts 2:9), a region of many peoples near the Pontic Sea, which separates Asia and Europe; and because of the very great inflow of the mouths of the Danube, it is known to be fresher than the others.\n\nPamphylia (Acts 2:10), a province of Asia.\n\nPaphus (Acts 13:6), a maritime city on the island of Cyprus, once famous for the sacred rites of Venus and the songs of poets, which, having collapsed by frequent earthquake, now shows by the traces of its ruins alone what it once was.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Nazareth","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Act. X, 38' refers to Acts 10:38, which mentions Nazareth in the context of Jesus's baptism by John.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Nazareth","severity":"info","text":"The description of Nazareth as a 'viculus' (small village) near Mount Tabor aligns with patristic and medieval geographical traditions, though modern scholarship identifies it as a modest settlement.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Paphus","severity":"info","text":"The note on Paphus's association with Venus and its destruction by earthquake reflects a common late antique and medieval topos, blending pagan history with Christian moralizing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Parthi","severity":"caution","text":"The river 'Undus' is likely a corruption or variant of 'Indus'; the description places the Parthians between the Indus and Tigris, a geographical inaccuracy common in early medieval sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Pontus","severity":"info","text":"The claim that the Pontic Sea (Black Sea) is fresher due to Danube inflow reflects ancient hydrographic theories, e.g., in Pliny the Elder, though not scientifically accurate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Parthi","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ut supra dictum est' (as has been said above) indicates a cross-reference within the work, likely to an earlier entry on Mesopotamia or a similar region.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The river 'Undus' in the Parthi entry is ambiguous; it may be a scribal error for 'Indus' or a different river name.","The exact location of Neapolis in Caria is not specified further; the text assumes reader familiarity with the province."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Perge (Act. XIII, 13), civitas Pamphyliae provinciae.\n\nPhilippi (Act. XVI, 12), civitas in prima parte Macedoniae.\n\nPisidia (Act. XIII, 14), provincia Asiae.\n\nPatara (Act. XXI, 1), civitas Lyciae provinciae in Asia.\n\nPtolemais (Act. XXI, 7), civitas in Judaea maritima prope montem Carmelum, quae quondam a quodam Ptolemaeo dicta est. Est autem altera Ptolemais in Pentapoli provincia Africae, cujus supra memini.\n\nPuteolis (Act. XXVIII, 13). civitas colonia Campaniae, eadem dicitur Ceadicta.\n\nRoma (Act. XXVIII), totius quondam orbis domina, a conditoris sui Romuli nomine sic vocata; quam, propter eximiam virtutem. plerique scriptorum, quasi sola esset. Urbem appellare malebant.\n\nRhodus (Act. XXI), Cycladum insularum nobilissima, et ab oriente prima, quondam Ophiussa vocata, in qua ejusdem nominis urbs fuit, aereo colosso famosa, septuaginta cubitorum altitudinis: distat a portu Asiae viginti millibus passuum.","english":"Perge (Acts 13:13), a city of the province of Pamphylia.\n\nPhilippi (Acts 16:12), a city in the first part of Macedonia.\n\nPisidia (Acts 13:14), a province of Asia.\n\nPatara (Acts 21:1), a city of the province of Lycia in Asia.\n\nPtolemais (Acts 21:7), a city in maritime Judaea near Mount Carmel, which was once named after a certain Ptolemy. There is, however, another Ptolemais in the Pentapolis province of Africa, which I mentioned above.\n\nPuteoli (Acts 28:13), a colonia city of Campania, also called Ceadicta.\n\nRome (Acts 28), once the mistress of the whole world, so called from the name of its founder Romulus; which, on account of its outstanding virtue, many writers preferred to call simply the City, as if it were the only one.\n\nRhodes (Acts 21), the most noble of the Cyclades islands, and the first from the east, once called Ophiussa, in which there was a city of the same name, famous for its bronze colossus, seventy cubits in height; it is twenty thousand paces distant from the port of Asia.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ptolemais","severity":"info","text":"The entry distinguishes two cities named Ptolemais: one in maritime Judaea and another in the Pentapolis province of Africa. The latter is referenced as previously mentioned, likely in a now-lost portion of the work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Puteolis","severity":"info","text":"Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli) was a Roman colonia in Campania, an important port. The alternative name Ceadicta is rare; it may be a corruption or variant of Dicearchia, the ancient Greek name for the city.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Rhodus","severity":"info","text":"The description of Rhodes as the first of the Cyclades from the east and its distance of 20,000 paces (about 30 km) from the port of Asia reflects standard geographical knowledge. The colossus, a bronze statue of Helios, was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Roma","severity":"info","text":"The entry calls Rome 'mistress of the whole world' and notes that many writers preferred to call it simply 'the City' (Urbs). This reflects a common Latin literary trope, especially in imperial and patristic authors, emphasizing Rome's unique status.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Perge","severity":"info","text":"The biblical reference Acts 13:13 is given for Perge, but the standard Vulgate text places Paul and Barnabas in Perge in Acts 13:13–14. The citation may be slightly imprecise, as the verse numbering in the source edition may differ from modern conventions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the alphabetical listing of place names from the Acts of the Apostles, following the pattern of lemma, biblical citation, and brief geographical or historical note. The entries for Perge through Rhodus are consecutive in the manuscript.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The alternative name Ceadicta for Puteoli is obscure and may be a scribal error or a local variant.","The reference to a previously mentioned Ptolemais in Africa cannot be verified from the surviving text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Rhegium (Act. XXVIII, 14), civitas Siciliae maritima, viginti millia passuum a promontorio Peloro secreta: cujus nomen Graecum interpretatur discretio: eo quod haec Siciliae pars quondam Bruttio agro Italiae cohaerens, mox interfuso mari sit avulsa, quindecim passuum longitudine freto, in latitudine autem modo juxta columnam Rhegiam, in quo freto est scopulus Scylla, item Charybdis mare verticosum 3, ambo clara saevitia.\n\nSamaria (Act. VIII, 1), civitas regalis in Israel in vertice montis Somer posita. Sed et omnis regio, quae circa eam fuit, a civitate quondam nomen acceperat: media inter Judaeam et Galilaeam jacet. Haec ab Herode Antipatri filio in honorem Augusti Caesaris Graeco nomine Sebaste, id est, Augusta, vocata est.\n\nSichem (Act. VII, 16), civitas Jacob, nunc Neapolis dicta, juxta sepulcrum Joseph, quae a filio Emor sui regis vocabulum sumpsit: juxta quam Dominus Samaritanae mulieri loquitur ad puteum: ubi nunc ecclesia fabricata est ex latere montis Garizim.","english":"Rhegium (Acts 28:14), a maritime city of Sicily, separated by twenty miles from the promontory of Pelorus: its Greek name is interpreted as \"division,\" because this part of Sicily, once joined to the Bruttian territory of Italy, was soon torn away by the interposed sea, with a strait of fifteen miles in length, but in width only near the Rhegian column, in which strait is the rock Scylla, and likewise Charybdis, a whirlpool sea, both notorious for their savagery.\n\nSamaria (Acts 8:1), a royal city in Israel, situated on the summit of Mount Somer. But also the entire region that was around it once took its name from the city: it lies between Judaea and Galilee. This city was called by Herod, son of Antipater, in honor of Augustus Caesar by the Greek name Sebaste, that is, Augusta.\n\nSichem (Acts 7:16), the city of Jacob, now called Neapolis, near the tomb of Joseph, which took its name from Emor, son of its own king: near which the Lord speaks to the Samaritan woman at the well: where now a church has been built on the side of Mount Garizim.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Rhegium","severity":"info","text":"The entry explains the Greek name Ῥήγιον as 'discretio' (division), linking it to the geological separation of Sicily from Italy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Rhegium","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Scylla and Charybdis reflects classical mythology, familiar to Latin readers from Virgil and Ovid, used here to illustrate the strait's dangers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Samaria","severity":"info","text":"The verse reference Acts 8:1 is given, but Acts 8:1 actually describes Saul's approval of Stephen's stoning; Samaria is first mentioned in Acts 8:5. The citation may be a scribal error or a different versification.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Samaria","severity":"info","text":"Herod the Great renamed Samaria Sebaste (Greek for Augusta) in honor of Emperor Augustus, a fact the author uses to connect the biblical city to Roman imperial history.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Sichem","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the Samaritan woman at the well (John 4:5-7) is identified with Sichem (Shechem), linking the Old Testament city to a New Testament episode.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Sichem","severity":"info","text":"The note that a church was built on Mount Garizim reflects the Christian pilgrimage tradition and the construction of a church at Jacob's well, likely by the 4th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The verse reference for Samaria (Acts 8:1) does not match modern chapter-verse divisions; it may reflect an ancient system or a scribal error.","The distance for Rhegium (twenty miles) and the strait length (fifteen miles) are approximate and may derive from Pliny or other geographical sources."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Sina (Act. VII, 30), mons in regione Madian super Arabiam in deserto, qui alio nomine Choreb appellatur. Unde dicitur: Et fecerunt vitulum in Choreb (Psal. CV, 19): cum hoc Moyses in Sina factum scripserit.\n\nSaronas (Act. IX, 35), quod interpretatur campestris, regio est Caesareae Palaestinae, usque ad oppidum Joppe pertingens. Et est hodie locus pascendis gregibus aptus: quae juxta soli qualitatem, Petro praedicante, fidei continuo fructus germinavit. Sed et inter montem Thabor et stagnum Tiberiadis regio Saronas appellatur.\n\nSidon (Act. XXVII, 3), urbs Phoenices insignis, olim terminus Chananaeorum ad aquilonem, juxta Libani montis ortum sita, et ipsa artifex vitri 5.\n\nSeleucia (Act. XIII, 4), civitas Syriae nobilis, in promontorio Syriae Antiochiae sita.\n\nSalamis (Act. XIII, 5), civitas in Cypro insula, nunc Constantia dicta, quam Trajani principis tempore, Judaei interfectis omnibus accolis deleverunt.","english":"Sina (Acts 7:30), a mountain in the region of Midian above Arabia in the desert, which is called by another name, Choreb. Whence it is said: \"And they made a calf in Choreb\" (Psalm 105:19), although Moses wrote that this was done at Sinai.\n\nSaronas (Acts 9:35), which is interpreted as \"of the plain,\" is a region of Caesarea in Palestine, extending as far as the town of Joppa. And it is today a place suitable for pasturing flocks; which, according to the quality of the soil, while Peter was preaching, continuously sprouted forth the fruit of faith. But also between Mount Thabor and the Lake of Tiberias, the region is called Saronas.\n\nSidon (Acts 27:3), a notable city of Phoenicia, once the boundary of the Canaanites to the north, situated near the rising of Mount Libanus, and itself a maker of glass.\n\nSeleucia (Acts 13:4), a noble city of Syria, situated on the promontory of Syrian Antioch.\n\nSalamis (Acts 13:5), a city on the island of Cyprus, now called Constantia, which at the time of the Emperor Trajan the Jews destroyed, having killed all its inhabitants.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Sina","severity":"info","text":"The entry cites Psalm 105:19 (Vulgate numbering) as 'Et fecerunt vitulum in Choreb', though the golden calf episode is in Exodus 32. The author notes the discrepancy with Moses' account at Sinai.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Saronas","severity":"info","text":"The entry interprets 'Saronas' as 'campestris' (of the plain), linking it to the region of Caesarea Palestinae extending to Joppa. It also notes a second Saronas between Mount Thabor and Lake Tiberias.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sidon","severity":"info","text":"Sidon is described as a notable Phoenician city, once the northern boundary of the Canaanites, near Mount Libanus, and famed for glassmaking. This reflects late antique geographical knowledge.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Salamis","severity":"info","text":"Salamis on Cyprus is said to be now called Constantia, and that Jews destroyed it in Trajan's time, killing all inhabitants. This references the Kitos War (115–117 CE), though historical accounts vary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Saronas","severity":"info","text":"The entry on Saronas includes a moralizing note: the region, suitable for flocks, 'sprouted the fruit of faith' while Peter preached, linking geography to apostolic activity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identification of Choreb with Sinai is traditional but not universally accepted; the psalm citation may be a loose reference.","The location of Saronas is ambiguous: the entry gives two distinct regions, one near Caesarea and one near Thabor.","The destruction of Salamis by Jews under Trajan is historically debated; some sources attribute it to earthquakes or other causes."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Samothracia (Act. XVI, 11), insula in Pacasiaco sinu.\n\nSyria (Act. XX), quae Hebraice Aram dicitur, regio est inter flumen Euphraten et mare Magnum usque ad AEgyptum pertingens, habet maximas provincias, Comagenam, Phoeniciam, et Palaestinam absque Saracenis et Nabathaeis, quorum gentes sunt duodecim.\n\nSamos (Act. XX, 3), insula in mari AEgeo, in qua reperta prius fictilia vasa traduntur: unde et vasa Samia appellata sunt.\n\nSmyrna, civitas Lyciae provinciae in Asia: cujus Lucas ita meminit: Et pelagus Ciliciae et Pamphyliae navigantes venimus in Smyrnam Lyciae (Act. XXVII, 5). Pro quo aliqui codices habent: Venimus in Lystram, quae est in Cilicia. Porro Hieronymus in libris Hebraeorum nominum ponit Smyrnam, et interpretatur, amaram.\n\nSalmon (Act. XXVII, 7), civitas maritima Cretae insulae.\n\nSyrtes (Act. XXVII, 17), arenosa in mari Magno loca multum terribilia et metuenda, eo quod ad se omnia diripere soleant, et appropinquantes (Al. appropinquanti) vadoso mari haereant. Hae autem ad mare AEgyptium vicinae sunt, et pariter admiscentur.","english":"Samothracia (Acts 16:11), an island in the Pacasian gulf.\n\nSyria (Acts 20), which is called Aram in Hebrew, is a region between the river Euphrates and the Great Sea extending as far as Egypt; it contains the very large provinces of Commagene, Phoenicia, and Palestine, besides the Saracens and Nabataeans, whose peoples are twelve.\n\nSamos (Acts 20:3), an island in the Aegean Sea, where earthenware vessels are said to have been first discovered; whence they were called Samian ware.\n\nSmyrna, a city of the province of Lycia in Asia, which Luke mentions thus: \"And sailing the sea of Cilicia and Pamphylia, we came to Smyrna of Lycia\" (Acts 27:5). For which some manuscripts have: \"We came to Lystra, which is in Cilicia.\" Moreover, Jerome in his books on Hebrew names places Smyrna and interprets it as \"bitter.\"\n\nSalmon (Acts 27:7), a maritime city of the island of Crete.\n\nSyrtes (Acts 27:17), sandy places in the Great Sea, very terrible and fearsome, because they are accustomed to snatch everything to themselves, and those approaching the shallow sea become stuck. These are near the Egyptian sea and are intermingled with it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Samothracia","severity":"info","text":"The entry cites Acts 16:11, but the Vulgate and Greek texts of Acts 16:11 refer to Samothrace as a stopping point on Paul's journey from Troas to Neapolis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Syria","severity":"info","text":"The description of Syria as extending from the Euphrates to Egypt and including Commagene, Phoenicia, and Palestine reflects Roman provincial boundaries of the early imperial period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Smyrna","severity":"info","text":"The note that Jerome interprets Smyrna as 'bitter' (Latin 'amara') is drawn from Jerome's 'Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum', a standard onomasticon for Latin readers.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Jerome"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Smyrna","severity":"info","text":"The variant reading 'Lystram' for 'Smyrnam' in Acts 27:5 is noted, indicating manuscript divergence in the Latin tradition of Acts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Syrtes","severity":"info","text":"The Syrtes (Syrtis Major and Minor) were notorious sandbanks off the coast of North Africa, feared by ancient sailors for their treacherous shallows.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Samos","severity":"caution","text":"The claim that Samian ware was first discovered on Samos is a common ancient tradition (e.g., Pliny NH 35.46), but archaeological evidence shows earlier pottery centers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The location of 'Pacasiacus sinus' (Pacasian gulf) is uncertain; it may refer to the Gulf of Saros near Samothrace.","The phrase 'absque Saracenis et Nabathaeis' is ambiguous: it may mean 'excluding' or 'besides' the Saracens and Nabataeans."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"Syracusa (Act. XXVIII, 12), metropolis Siciliae, sub promontorio Pachyno: siquidem Sicilia ipsa tribus est distincta promontoriis: unde et a trianguli specie, Trinacria quondam vocata, mox a Siculo rege Sicilia dicta est. Primum promontorium dicitur Pelorum, et spectat ad aquilonem: cui Messana civitas proxima est: et adversum ex Italia dictum est promontorium Genus, duodecim stadiorum intervallo. Secundum dicitur Pachynum, quod respicit ad Euronotum. Tertium appellatur Lilybaeum, civitatem ejusdem nominis habens, et dirigitur in occasum.\n\nTarsus (Act. XXII, 3), civitas metropolis Ciliciae provinciae, Paulo apostolo gloriosa.\n\nTyrus (Act. XXI, 3)9 metropolis Phoenices in tribu Nephthalim, vicesimo prope milliario a Caesarea Philippi. Haec quondam insula fuit praealto mari, septingentis passibus divisa: sed ab Alexandro terra continens facta est, propter expugnationem, multis in brevi freto aggeribus comportatis: cujus maxime nobilitas conchylio atque purpura constat.","english":"Syracuse (Acts 28:12), the metropolis of Sicily, lies below the promontory Pachynus; for Sicily itself is distinguished by three promontories, whence it was once called Trinacria from its triangular shape, and soon after was named Sicily from King Siculus. The first promontory is called Pelorum, and faces north; the city Messana is nearest to it, and opposite from Italy is called the promontory of Genus, at a distance of twelve stadia. The second is called Pachynum, which looks toward the southeast. The third is called Lilybaeum, having a city of the same name, and is directed toward the west.\n\nTarsus (Acts 22:3), a metropolitan city of the province of Cilicia, glorious for the apostle Paul.\n\nTyre (Acts 21:3), the metropolis of Phoenicia in the tribe of Naphtali, about twenty miles from Caesarea Philippi. This was once an island in a very deep sea, separated by seven hundred paces; but it was made continuous with the mainland by Alexander, for the sake of its conquest, by many embankments heaped up in the narrow strait; its greatest renown consists in the shellfish and purple dye.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Syracusa","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Act. XXVIII, 12' is anomalous; Acts 28 does not exist. The likely intended reference is Acts 28:12, a scribal error for Acts 28:12, but Acts has only 28 chapters; the verse may be a corruption of Acts 28:1 (Malta) or a conflation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Syracusa","severity":"info","text":"The description of Sicily's three promontories (Pelorum, Pachynum, Lilybaeum) and the etymology from Trinacria derive from common geographical lore, e.g., Pliny the Elder, Natural History 3.8.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Pliny the Elder"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Tarsus","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Tarsus' is given as 'civitas metropolis Ciliciae provinciae', consistent with its status as capital of Cilicia and birthplace of Paul; the phrase 'Paulo apostolo gloriosa' is a hagiographic addition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Tarsus","severity":"info","text":"The citation 'Act. XXII, 3' is erroneous; Acts 22:3 refers to Paul's speech in Jerusalem, not Tarsus. The intended reference is likely Acts 9:11 or Acts 11:25, where Paul is from Tarsus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Tyrus","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Tyre was in the tribe of Naphtali is anachronistic; Naphtali's territory was in Galilee, not coastal Phoenicia. This reflects a medieval tradition linking biblical tribes to later geography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Tyrus","severity":"info","text":"The account of Alexander's siege and the construction of a causeway to make Tyre a peninsula is historical (Arrian, Anabasis 2.18-24), but the detail of 'seven hundred paces' is a later simplification.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Arrian"],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The scripture citations for Syracuse (Acts 28:12) and Tarsus (Acts 22:3) are corrupt; the intended verses are uncertain.","The tribal attribution of Tyre to Naphtali is geographically implausible and may reflect a scribal error or allegorical interpretation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"Troas (Act. XX, 5), civitas Asiae maritima, eadem Antigonia dicta.\n\nThyatira (Act. XVI, 4), civitas Libyae, quae est provincia Asiae, templo quondam AEsculapii famosa: cujus civis erat illa Lydia, id est, purpurae venditrix, quae in Philippis fidem Christi suscepit.\n\nThessalonica (Act. XVII, 1), civitas Macedoniae.\n\nTheatrum (Act. XIX, 29), locos a spectaculo vocabulum mutuans, quod in eo populus stans desuper atque spectans, ludos scenicos contemplaretur.","english":"Troas (Acts 20:5), a maritime city of Asia, also called Antigonia.\n\nThyatira (Acts 16:14), a city of Lydia, which is a province of Asia, once famous for the temple of Aesculapius; a citizen of that city was that Lydia, that is, a seller of purple, who accepted the faith of Christ at Philippi.\n\nThessalonica (Acts 17:1), a city of Macedonia.\n\nTheatre (Acts 19:29), a place borrowing its name from a spectacle, because in it the people, standing above and watching, would contemplate the scenic games.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Troas","severity":"info","text":"The entry identifies Troas as a maritime city of Asia, also called Antigonia, referencing Acts 20:5.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Thyatira","severity":"info","text":"The entry cites Acts 16:14 and notes Lydia, a seller of purple, who converted at Philippi, linking to Acts 16:14-15.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Thyatira","severity":"info","text":"Thyatira is described as a city of Lydia, a province of Asia, once famous for the temple of Aesculapius, reflecting its historical cult significance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Theatrum","severity":"info","text":"The entry derives 'theatre' from the Greek 'theaomai' (to watch), explaining the term as a place for spectacles where people stood above to view scenic games.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Thessalonica","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Thessalonica is brief, listing only the city and its province, consistent with the work's pattern of concise geographical notices.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Troas does not specify which Antigonia (there were several cities named after Antigonus Monophthalmus); the reading assumes the one in the Troad.","The entry for Thyatira places it in Lydia, but historically it was in the region of Lydia; the text treats Lydia as a province, which is anachronistic for the Roman period."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}