{"slug":"tmp445.tmp445.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp445.tmp445.opp-lat1","title":"Libri nominum Hebraicorum pars quaedam ex operibus Flavii Josephi collecta","title_source":"Libri nominum Hebraicorum pars quaedam ex operibus Flavii Josephi collecta","author":"Anonymous","genre":"treatise","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:04:35Z","cost_usd":0.002358},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp445.tmp445.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp445.tmp445.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp445/tmp445/tmp445.tmp445.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":4,"english_words":579,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":3003,"commentary_units":24,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":6,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"tmp445.tmp445.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Libri nominum Hebraicorum pars quaedam ex operibus Flavii Josephi collecta is an anonymous Latin compilation of Hebrew names with Latin etymologies, extracted from the works of Flavius Josephus. The text survives only in Latin manuscripts and is undated, likely originating in the early medieval period (6th–9th c.). It was used by medieval exegetes and lexicographers as a reference for Hebrew names, often alongside Jerome's Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum. The compilation arranges names alphabetically from A to P, with each entry introduced by a letter. Examples include Adonai glossed as 'dominus', Moses as 'mo' (water) + 'yses' (saved from water), and Pascha as 'transgressus' (passover). The work reflects medieval Latin interest in Hebrew onomastica and the transmission of Josephan material.","historical_context":"The work is a Latin compilation of Hebrew names extracted from Josephus, not a translation of a single Josephan passage. Its title indicates a selective, excerpting method. The text survives only in Latin manuscripts; no Greek original is known. Its transmission is tied to medieval Latin interest in Hebrew onomastica, often circulating with Jerome's works. The work is anonymous and undated. It likely originates in the early medieval period (6th–9th c.), but no firm evidence exists for a more precise date or author. This edition does not identify which Josephan works were used as sources, nor does it verify the accuracy of the Latin transcriptions against known Greek forms of the names. The compilation was used by medieval exegetes and lexicographers as a reference for Hebrew names, often alongside Jerome's Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum. The sample commentary shows entries like Adonai glossed as 'dominus', Moses as 'mo' (water) + 'yses' (saved from water) from Josephus, Antiquities 2.9.3, and Psonthomphanecus from Genesis 41:45 and Josephus, Antiquities 2.6.1.","significance":"This work matters as a witness to the medieval reception of Josephus and the development of Hebrew onomastica in Latin Christianity. It relates to Jerome's Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum and the broader tradition of biblical lexicography. Its survival in Latin manuscripts highlights the transmission of Josephan material through monastic and scholarly networks, though its anonymous and undated nature limits precise historical placement.","timeline":[{"date":"1st c.","event":"Flavius Josephus writes his works, including Antiquities of the Jews, which contain Hebrew name etymologies."},{"date":"4th c.","event":"Jerome compiles Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum, a key onomasticon."},{"date":"6th–9th c.","event":"Likely period for the compilation of Libri nominum Hebraicorum, based on manuscript evidence and medieval interest."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"The work circulates in Latin manuscripts, often alongside Jerome's works, used by exegetes and lexicographers."},{"date":"Modern era","event":"The work is edited and published in the ogl-pl series, with notes on its uncertain date and sources."}],"relations":[{"work":"Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum","relation":"Companion work; both are Latin onomastica used by medieval exegetes.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Antiquitates Judaicae","relation":"Source for etymologies, e.g., Moses and Psonthomphanecus.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Genesis","relation":"Biblical source for names like Psonthomphanecus (Genesis 41:45).","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The work is anonymous and undated; the 6th–9th c. range is a scholarly estimate based on manuscript transmission.","No Greek original is known; the Latin text may contain errors or adaptations from Josephus.","The edition does not identify which Josephan works were used, nor verify accuracy against Greek forms.","The entry 'Man. quid hoc est?' appears incomplete or corrupt, possibly a scribal note."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.0005,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:04:35Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp445/tmp445/tmp445.tmp445.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp445.tmp445.opp-lat1","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"4","kind":"term"}],"stats":{"passages":4,"translated":4,"commentary_passages":4,"commentary_units":24,"english_words":579,"source_letters":3003,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a Latin compilation of Hebrew names extracted from Josephus, not a translation of a single Josephan passage. Its title indicates a selective, excerpting method.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives only in Latin manuscripts; no Greek original is known. Its transmission is tied to medieval Latin interest in Hebrew onomastica, often circulating with Jerome's works.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is anonymous and undated. It likely originates in the early medieval period (6th–9th c.), but no firm evidence exists for a more precise date or author.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not identify which Josephan works were used as sources, nor does it verify the accuracy of the Latin transcriptions against known Greek forms of the names.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The compilation was used by medieval exegetes and lexicographers as a reference for Hebrew names, often alongside Jerome's Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: treatise in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 4 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":4},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"LIBRI NOMINUM HEBRAICORUM PARS QUAEDAM EX OPERIBUS FLAVII JOSEPHI COLLECTA.\n\nInterpres Latins\n\nA Adam, rufus. Abel, Inctus. Ammanus, generis filius. Adonai enim Hebraeorum lingua dominus dicitur. Aser, beatificus. B Babel, confusio. Baracus, fulgur. Benjamin nominavit, eo quod doloris causa matri fuerit. Bethel, Dei domus. C Cais, acquisitio. Corban, donum. Debora, apis. D Dan, divino judicio electus. Diglath, cnm angustia velox. E Ephraimes, redditus. Escon, pugna. Eva, significat vero illud cunctorum viventium matrem. G Galgal, significat vero nomen illud liberalem, ingenuum. Geon, significat vero redditum nobis ab oriente. Gadas, fortuitus. I Judas, gratiarum actionem noc nomen exprimit. Issacharis, significans eum qui ex mercede natus est. Josephus, additamentum. Isaeus, id risum significat. Israelus, significat vero illud juxta Hebraerorum sermonem, reluctantem angelo divino. Jobelus, libertatem vero significat haec vox. L Levi, communitatis velut firmitas. M Melchisedecus, significat illud regem justum. Man. quid hoc est? Moab, ex patre. Moyses, mo AEgyptii aquam vocant, yses vero ex aqua servatos. Mara, dolor vehemens. Manasses, significat quod oblivionem inducit. Mesre, AEgyptus. N Naamis, felicitas. Nephthalim, artificiosus. O Obedes, serviens. P Pascha, transgressus. Psonthomphanecus, significat hoc nomen occultorum repertorem. Phalech, partitio.","english":"A Certain Part of the Book of Hebrew Names Collected from the Works of Flavius Josephus.\n\nThe Latin Interpreter\n\nA Adam, red. Abel, lamented. Ammanus, son of the race. For Adonai in the Hebrew language is called lord. Aser, beatific. B Babel, confusion. Baracus, lightning. Benjamin he named, because he was the cause of pain to his mother. Bethel, house of God. C Cais, acquisition. Corban, gift. Debora, bee. D Dan, chosen by divine judgment. Diglath, swift with narrowness. E Ephraim, restored. Escon, battle. Eve, indeed signifies that mother of all living things. G Galgal, indeed that name signifies liberal, freeborn. Geon, indeed signifies restored to us from the east. Gadas, fortuitous. I Judas, that name expresses thanksgivings. Issachar, signifying one who is born from hire. Joseph, addition. Isaac, signifies laughter. Israel, indeed that signifies, according to the Hebrew speech, one wrestling with the divine angel. Jobel, indeed this word signifies liberty. L Levi, as it were the firmness of community. M Melchizedek, that signifies a just king. Man, what is this? Moab, from the father. Moses, the Egyptians call water mo, and yses those saved from water. Mara, vehement grief. Manasseh, signifies that which induces forgetfulness. Mesre, Egypt. N Naamah, happiness. Naphtali, skillful. O Obed, serving. P Passover, having crossed over. Psonthomphanech, this name signifies the discoverer of hidden things. Peleg, division.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a list of Hebrew names with Latin etymologies, arranged alphabetically from A to P, with each entry introduced by a letter of the alphabet.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Adonai","severity":"info","text":"Adonai is glossed as 'dominus' (lord), reflecting a standard Latin rendering of the Hebrew divine title.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Moyses","severity":"info","text":"The etymology of Moses as 'mo' (water) + 'yses' (saved from water) derives from Josephus, Antiquities 2.9.3, where the Egyptian etymology is given.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Josephus Antiquities"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Psonthomphanecus","severity":"info","text":"Psonthomphanecus is a Latinized form of the Egyptian name given to Joseph by Pharaoh, meaning 'discoverer of hidden things', as in Genesis 41:45 and Josephus, Antiquities 2.6.1.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Josephus Antiquities"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Man","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Man. quid hoc est?' appears incomplete or corrupt; it may be a fragment of a name or a scribal note, as no etymology is provided.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Pascha","severity":"info","text":"Pascha is glossed as 'transgressus' (having crossed over), aligning with the Hebrew pesach (passover) and the Latin tradition of interpreting it as a crossing or passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry 'Man. quid hoc est?' is ambiguous: it may be a truncated name (e.g., Manasseh) or a scribal query. The reading taken is that it is a corrupt or incomplete entry.","The name 'Ammanus' is unclear; it may be a variant of Ammon or Benjamin, but the gloss 'generis filius' (son of the race) is obscure."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Pharaon, apud regem significat. Phison, significat autem hoc nomen plenitudinem. Phora, significat vel dispersionem, vel florem. R Rubelum nominavit filium: quia miseratione divina sibi contigisset. Rooboth, spatiosus. S Sabbata, significat vero hoc nomen requiem, juxta Hebraeorum sermonem. Symeon, significat autem illud nomen, quod Deus eam exaudierit. Syenna, inimicitiam significat hoc nomen. Sampson, fortem vero significat nomen illud. Samuelus, a Deo exoptatus. Seiros, capillamentum, pilosum tegmen. Z Zoor, parvum. Zabulon, captus pignori.\n\nJosephus.\n\nA 1,, p. 5. a,, p. 6. p. 21.,, p. 145., p. 31. B, p. 12., p. 152. -, p. 34.. K, p. 6., p. 109., p. 152·, p. 30., p. 5. E, p. 44., p. 26. a, p. 5. 5, -, p. 137. -, p. 5., p. 30. I, p. 30. -, p. 31., ibid., p. 21. - -, p. 33. -, p. 96. A 8,, p. 30. M M, p. 18. M; p. 73. M. M, p. 56., p. 163. M p. 44. M, p. 13. N 1,, p. 163., p. 30. O, p. 164. N, p. 65. -, p, 44., p. 15., p. 269., p. 5. -, ibid. P, p. 30., p. 26. p. 4., -, p. 30., ibid. ', p. 160.;, p. 165. p. 26. a,, p. 20., p. 51.","english":"Pharaoh, signifies king. Phison, this name means fullness. Phora, means either dispersion or flower. R He named the son Rubelum, because he had obtained him by divine mercy. Rooboth, spacious. S Sabbata, this name means rest, according to the speech of the Hebrews. Symeon, that name means that God heard her. Syenna, this name means enmity. Sampson, that name means strong. Samuelus, desired from God. Seiros, hair, a hairy covering. Z Zoor, small. Zabulon, taken as a pledge.\n\nJosephus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pharaon","severity":"info","text":"The entry glosses Pharaon as 'king', reflecting the Egyptian title pharaoh, which in Latin tradition often denotes a generic ruler.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Phison","severity":"info","text":"Phison is identified with 'fullness', likely a reference to the river Pishon in Genesis 2:11, whose name was interpreted as 'fullness' in patristic sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sabbata","severity":"info","text":"Sabbata is glossed as 'rest', a standard etymology for Sabbath, here attributed to Hebrew speech.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sampson","severity":"info","text":"Sampson is interpreted as 'strong', aligning with the Hebrew name Shimshon, often linked to the word shemesh (sun) but here given a moral quality.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows an alphabetical sequence (P, R, S, Z) with brief etymologies, consistent with the onomasticon genre of the work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The closing 'Josephus' signals the source attribution, though the page references that follow are likely later editorial additions, not part of the original text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The page numbers and symbols after 'Josephus' are unclear in purpose; they may be manuscript folio references or editorial apparatus, but their exact meaning is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Hieronymus.\n\nA Adam, terrenus, sive terra rubra. etc. Abel, lucius, etc. Ammon, filius populi mei, etc. Adoni, dominus. Aser, beatus. B Babel, confusio. Barac, fulgurans. Benjamin, filius dextrae. Bethel, domus Dei. C Cain, possessio. Corbana, oblatio. D Debora, apis, vel Loquax. Dan. judicium, vel judicans. Diglath. E Ephraim, crescentem, vel frugiferum. Esec, calumnia. Eva, vita, vel calamitas, aut vae. G Galgal, volutabrum, vel rota, vel transmigratio perpetrata. Geon, pectus, sive praeruptum. Gad, latrunculus, vel fortuna, etc. I Juda, confessio, vel confitens. Issachar, est merces. Joseph, augmentum. Isaac, risus, sive gaudium. Israel, mens sive vir videns Deum, sed melius, rectus Dei. Jobel, dimittens, aut mutatui» sive defluet. L Levi, additus, sive assumptus. M Melchisedec, rex justus. Man, quid? Moab, ex patre. Moses, attrectans, vel palpans, aut sumptus es aqua, sive assumptio. Mara, amaritudo, vel amara. Manasses, oblitus, vel necessitas. Mesraim, AEgyptus. N Noemi, pulchra. Nephthaii, conservavit me, vel dilatavit me, vel certe, implicuit me. O Obed, serviens. P Phasee, transgressu;, sive transcensio. Psontonphanech, corrupte dicitur: nam in Hebraeo legimus: Saphneth phanee, quod interpretatur absconditorum repertor, etc. Phaleg, dividens. Pharao, dissipans, sive discooperiens eum. Phison, os pupillae, sive oris mutatio.","english":"Jerome.\n\nA Adam, earthly, or red earth. etc. Abel, mourning, etc. Ammon, son of my people, etc. Adoni, lord. Aser, blessed. B Babel, confusion. Barac, flashing. Benjamin, son of the right hand. Bethel, house of God. C Cain, possession. Corbana, offering. D Debora, bee, or talkative. Dan, judgment, or judging. Diglath. E Ephraim, increasing, or fruitful. Esec, false accusation. Eve, life, or calamity, or woe. G Galgal, wallowing-place, or wheel, or completed migration. Geon, breast, or precipice. Gad, little thief, or fortune, etc. J Judah, confession, or confessing. Issachar, there is a reward. Joseph, increase. Isaac, laughter, or joy. Israel, mind or man seeing God, but better, upright of God. Jobel, releasing, or lending, or it will flow down. L Levi, added, or taken up. M Melchizedek, just king. Man, what? Moab, from the father. Moses, touching, or feeling, or taken from water, or assumption. Mara, bitterness, or bitter. Manasseh, forgotten, or necessity. Mesraim, Egypt. N Naomi, beautiful. Naphtali, he preserved me, or he enlarged me, or certainly, he entangled me. O Obed, serving. P Phasee, transgression, or crossing over. Psontonphanech, is corruptly said: for in Hebrew we read: Saphneth phanee, which is interpreted as discoverer of hidden things, etc. Phaleg, dividing. Pharaoh, scattering, or uncovering him. Phison, mouth of the pupil, or change of mouth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Hieronymus","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with the name 'Hieronymus' (Jerome), indicating that the compiler attributes the following etymologies to Jerome, likely drawing from his Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Psontonphanech","severity":"caution","text":"The form 'Psontonphanech' is noted as corrupt; the compiler corrects it to 'Saphneth phanee', the Hebrew name given to Joseph in Genesis 41:45, meaning 'discoverer of hidden things'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Saphneth phanee","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'absconditorum repertor' (discoverer of hidden things) for Joseph's Egyptian name alludes to Genesis 41:45, where Pharaoh renames Joseph Zaphenath-paneah.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Israel","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 'Israel' offers multiple interpretations: 'mind or man seeing God' and 'upright of God', reflecting the common patristic practice of providing alternative etymologies, often derived from Jerome's Hebrew studies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Moses","severity":"info","text":"The etymology of 'Moses' as 'touching, or feeling, or taken from water, or assumption' echoes the widespread patristic tradition (e.g., Philo, Jerome) that derived the name from Hebrew 'mashah' (to draw out), referencing his rescue from the Nile.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Diglath","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Diglath' lacks an etymology, standing alone without interpretation. This may indicate a lacuna in the manuscript or the compiler's inability to provide a meaning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The source of the etymologies is attributed to Jerome, but the exact manuscript tradition is unclear.","The entry 'Diglath' is incomplete, possibly due to textual corruption."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Euphrates, frugifer, sive crescens R Ruben, videns filius, sive videns in medio. Rooboth, inclinatio, vel plateae. S. Sabbata, requies. Symeon, exauditio, vel nomen habitaculi. Satana, inimicitiae, vel contrarius. Samson, sol eorum, vel solis for titudo. Samuel, nomen ejus Deus. Seir, pilosus, vel hispidus. Z Soor, parva, vel meridiana. Zabulon, habitaculum fortitudinis, vel jusjurandum, etc.","english":"Euphrates, fruitful, or increasing. R Ruben, seeing a son, or seeing in the midst. Rooboth, inclination, or streets. S Sabbata, rest. Symeon, hearing, or name of a dwelling. Satana, hostilities, or adversary. Samson, their sun, or strength of the sun. Samuel, his name is God. Seir, hairy, or shaggy. Z Soor, small, or southern. Zabulon, dwelling of strength, or oath, etc.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Euphrates","severity":"info","text":"The river name is glossed as 'frugifer' (fruitful) and 'crescens' (increasing), reflecting its agricultural importance in Mesopotamia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ruben","severity":"info","text":"The name Ruben is parsed as 'videns filius' (seeing a son) or 'videns in medio' (seeing in the midst), both etymologies common in patristic onomastica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sabbata","severity":"info","text":"Sabbata is glossed as 'requies' (rest), a standard Christian interpretation of the Sabbath as a day of rest.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Satana","severity":"info","text":"Satana is explained as 'inimicitiae' (hostilities) or 'contrarius' (adversary), reflecting the Hebrew root śṭn (to oppose).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Samson","severity":"info","text":"Samson is glossed as 'sol eorum' (their sun) or 'solis fortitudo' (strength of the sun), a common etymology linking the name to Hebrew šemeš (sun).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Samuel","severity":"info","text":"Samuel is interpreted as 'nomen ejus Deus' (his name is God), a standard etymology from Hebrew šēm (name) and ʾēl (God).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic Vorlage for this passage is not extant; the Latin text is a compilation from Josephus and Jerome, and the exact source for each gloss is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}