{"slug":"tmp444.tmp444.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp444.tmp444.opp-lat1","title":"Libri nominum Hebraicorum pars quaedam ex operibus Philonis Judaei collecta","title_source":"Libri nominum Hebraicorum pars quaedam ex operibus Philonis Judaei collecta","author":"Anonymous","genre":"treatise","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:15:24Z","cost_usd":0.004491},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp444.tmp444.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp444.tmp444.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp444/tmp444/tmp444.tmp444.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":7,"english_words":1229,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":6238,"commentary_units":41,"commentary_kinds":6,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":16,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"tmp444.tmp444.opp-lat1","abstract":"The *Libri nominum Hebraicorum pars quaedam ex operibus Philonis Judaei collecta* is an anonymous Latin compilation of Hebrew name etymologies extracted from the writings of Philo of Alexandria. It survives only in Latin manuscripts, as the original Greek Philonic sources are largely lost or fragmentary, making this work a key witness to lost traditions. The compilation was used by medieval scholars, including Jerome, for biblical onomastic glosses, influencing patristic and scholastic exegesis. Its date is uncertain, likely 4th–5th century for the Latin translation, though the compilation may be later. Attribution to Philo is traditional but not secure. The work does not identify specific Philonic sources for each etymology, and manuscript variants are not collated.","historical_context":"The work likely originated in a Latin-speaking Christian milieu, possibly in North Africa or Italy, during the 4th–5th centuries, when interest in Hebrew etymologies for biblical exegesis was strong. It reflects the practice of excerpting and compiling patristic sources, particularly Philo, whose allegorical interpretations were valued by early Christian scholars. The compilation may have been produced in a monastic or scholastic setting, serving as a reference for biblical commentary. Its transmission is exclusively through Latin manuscripts, with no surviving Greek original, indicating a Western Christian context. The work's reliance on Philo suggests a community familiar with Hellenistic Jewish exegesis, but the Latin adaptation shows Christian reinterpretation, as seen in moralized glosses like Abel as 'mourning'. The date remains uncertain due to lack of direct evidence; the 4th–5th century range is plausible for the translation, but the compilation could be later, perhaps 6th–7th century.","significance":"This work is significant as a rare witness to lost Philonic material and as a key source for medieval onomastic traditions. It influenced Jerome's *Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum* and later biblical glosses, shaping patristic and scholastic exegesis. Its etymologies, though sometimes corrupt, provide insight into early Christian reception of Jewish allegorical interpretation.","timeline":[{"date":"1st c. CE","event":"Philo of Alexandria writes his allegorical commentaries in Greek, containing Hebrew name etymologies."},{"date":"4th–5th c.","event":"Probable date of Latin translation of Philonic excerpts, possibly in North Africa or Italy."},{"date":"4th–5th c.","event":"Jerome compiles *Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum*, likely using similar onomastic sources."},{"date":"6th–7th c.","event":"Possible later compilation of the *Libri nominum Hebraicorum* as a distinct work."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Manuscripts of the work circulate in Western monastic and scholastic centers for biblical study."},{"date":"Modern era","event":"The work is edited and studied as a witness to lost Philonic texts and medieval onomastica."}],"relations":[{"work":"Philo of Alexandria, *Quaestiones et solutiones in Genesin*","relation":"Source of many etymologies, now lost in Greek; Latin fragments survive.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Jerome, *Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum*","relation":"Related onomastic compilation; may have used similar sources or been influenced by this work.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Origen, *Hexapla*","relation":"Earlier onomastic tradition; Origen's work also provided Hebrew etymologies for biblical names.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Eusebius of Caesarea, *Onomasticon*","relation":"Contemporary geographical onomasticon; shares interest in biblical name meanings.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Anonymous, *Interpretationes Hebraicorum nominum* (various manuscripts)","relation":"Part of a broader genre of Latin onomastica; this work is one of several similar compilations.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["Date uncertain; the 4th–5th century range is plausible for the translation, but the compilation may be later (6th–7th century).","Attribution to Philo is traditional and not secure; the work is a compilation, not a direct translation of a known Philonic treatise.","The original Greek sources are lost or fragmentary, making the Latin a key but incomplete witness.","Manuscript variants are not collated in this edition, and the work does not identify which Philonic source each etymology derives from.","Some etymologies show corruption or conflation, as in the gloss for Benjamin ('filius dierum' instead of 'son of the right hand')."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000592,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:15:24Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp444/tmp444/tmp444.tmp444.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp444.tmp444.opp-lat1","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":7,"translated":7,"commentary_passages":7,"commentary_units":41,"english_words":1229,"source_letters":6238,"commentary_kinds":6},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a Latin compilation of Hebrew name etymologies, drawn from Philo of Alexandria’s writings, likely for biblical exegesis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Survives only in Latin manuscripts; the original Greek of Philo’s works is lost or fragmentary, making the Latin a key witness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Used by medieval scholars like Jerome and later commentators for onomastic glosses in biblical study, influencing patristic and scholastic traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Date uncertain; likely 4th–5th century Latin translation, but the compilation may be later. Attribution to Philo is traditional, not secure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not identify which Philonic source each etymology derives from, nor does it collate all manuscript variants.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: treatise in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 7 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":7},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"LIBRI NOMINUM HEBRAICORUM PARS QUAEDAM EX OPERIBUS PHILONIS JUDAEI COLLECTA.\n\nInterpres Latin.\n\nA Adam, terra. Abel, nomen est lugentis Abram, pater sublimis. Abraham, pater electus soni. Abiud, patae meus. AElim, portae interpretamur. AEthopia humilitas. Agar, inquilinus. Amalec, populus elingens. Anna, gratia. Aaron, montanus. Arphaxat, qui exponitur, conturbavit aerumnam. Aunan, interpretatur oculi. Amorrhaei, loquentes. B Babylon, confusio. Babylon, transpositio· Balac, amens. Bathuel, filia Dei. Balaam, vanus populus. Balla, deglutio. Benjamin, filius dierum. Beseleel, in umbra Uei. Beelphegor, superius os cutis. C Cades, sanctus. Cain, possessio. Chaldim, interpretatur aequabilitas. Chaleb, totum cor. Cham, interpretatur calor. Chamos, quasi palpatio. Chanaan, commotio. Charran, fossa, vel specus. Cherubim, multa scientia. D Damascus, sacci sanguis. Dan, judicium. Debon, judicatio. Dina, judicium. Dothaim, derelictio sufficiens. Dothain, defectio non parva. E Edem. deliciae. Edom, terrenus· Eliezer, Deus adjutor meus. Eliphas, Deus me dispersit. Emor, asinus. Enoch, gratia tua, Enoch, gratiosus. Enos, spes. Enos, a (??) Latinis homo nominatus. Ephraim, fertilitas memoriae. Ephraim, fertilitas interpretatur. Ephron, pulvis. Esau, qui modo factura, modo quercus interpretatur. Eschol, ab igne ducens nomen. Esebon, interpretatur cogitationes. Eva, vita. Evilat, parturiens.","english":"A Part of the Books of Hebrew Names Collected from the Works of Philo Judaeus.\n\nThe Latin Translator.\n\nA Adam, earth. Abel, is the name of one mourning. Abram, sublime father. Abraham, father of chosen sound. Abiud, my father. Ælim, we interpret as gates. Ethiopia, humility. Agar, sojourner. Amalek, a people licking. Anna, grace. Aaron, mountainous. Arphaxad, who is explained, he disturbed a hardship. Aunan, is interpreted as eyes. Amorites, speaking. B Babylon, confusion. Babylon, transposition. Balak, senseless. Bathuel, daughter of God. Balaam, vain people. Balla, I swallow. Benjamin, son of days. Bezaleel, in the shadow of God. Beelphegor, upper mouth of skin. C Cades, holy. Cain, possession. Chaldim, is interpreted as evenness. Caleb, whole heart. Ham, is interpreted as heat. Chamos, as if a groping. Canaan, commotion. Charran, ditch, or cave. Cherubim, much knowledge. D Damascus, sack of blood. Dan, judgment. Debon, judging. Dinah, judgment. Dothaim, sufficient abandonment. Dothain, not a small defect. E Eden, delights. Edom, earthly. Eliezer, God is my helper. Eliphas, God has scattered me. Emor, donkey. Enoch, your grace. Enoch, gracious. Enos, hope. Enos, called man by the Latins. Ephraim, fertility of memory. Ephraim, is interpreted as fertility. Ephron, dust. Esau, who is interpreted sometimes as making, sometimes as oak. Eshcol, deriving its name from fire. Heshbon, is interpreted as thoughts. Eve, life. Evilat, giving birth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"LIBRI NOMINUM HEBRAICORUM PARS QUAEDAM EX OPERIBUS PHILONIS JUDAEI COLLECTA","severity":"info","text":"The title attributes the collection to Philo Judaeus, but the work is a Latin compilation of Hebrew name etymologies, not a direct translation of any known Philonic treatise.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Adam","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'terra' (earth) for Adam reflects the common etymological link to Hebrew 'adamah' (ground), standard in patristic and medieval onomastica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Abel","severity":"info","text":"The interpretation 'nomen est lugentis' (name of one mourning) connects Abel to Hebrew 'hebel' (vapor, transience) but here moralized as grief, a common Christian reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Abraham","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'pater electus soni' (father of chosen sound) reflects the popular etymology from 'ab' (father) and 'raham' (multitude), but with 'soni' added, possibly a corruption or conflation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Benjamin","severity":"info","text":"The interpretation 'filius dierum' (son of days) is unusual; standard etymology is 'son of the right hand'. This may derive from a misreading of Hebrew 'yamin' (right hand) as 'yamim' (days).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Enos","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss 'a (??) Latinis homo nominatus' shows a lacuna or corruption in the Latin; the intended word may be 'ab' (from) or 'apud' (among), but the text is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The attribution to Philo Judaeus is spurious; the work is a medieval Latin compilation of uncertain origin.","The entry for Enos contains a textual corruption indicated by '(??)' in the Latin.","Several etymologies (e.g., Benjamin, Abraham) deviate from standard Hebrew derivations, suggesting reliance on secondary sources or scribal error."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"G Galaad, migratio testimonii. Gedeon, interpretatur praedonum receptaculum. Geon, pectus, aut cornupeta. I Jacob, qui impetit calcibus, supplantator. Israel, Deum videns. Japheth, latitudo. Jordanes, descensus exponitur. Joseph, Domini appositio. Joseph, exponitur adjectio. Jothor, superfluus interpretatur. Ir, coriaceus interpretatur. Isaac, risus, et laetitia. Ismael, auditus Dei. Issachar, merces. Judas, qui interpretatur Domino confessio. Josua, salus Domini L Laban, candidus. Lia, fatigatio, renuens et laborans. Lot, interpretatur declinatio. M Median, ex Judicio vocatur. Mambre, a visione denominatur. Manasses ex oblivione. Meleha. regina. Melchisedec, quoque regem pacis, hoc esi Salem (sic enim interpretatur). Moab, ex patre. Moses, ex aqua assumptus. Mos, AEgyptiorum lingua aqua dicitur. Moses enim translatus nominatur sumptio: quin etiam contrectatio dici potest. Nadab, voluntarius interpretatur. Nachor, idem est quod luminis requies. Naid, commotio. Nebrod, transfugium. Nephthalim, aperit et dilatat. Noe interpretatur requies, aut justus. Noe, qui interpretatur solidus. Osee, interpretatur qualis iste. Or, lux. P Pharao, dissipator. Physon, interpretatur oris mutatio. Phua, rubor interpretatur. Pitho, sermonem persuasibilem. Psontomphanech, in responso os judicans. R Rachel, visio profanationis. Raquel, pastoritia Dei ars.","english":"G Galaad, migration of testimony. Gedeon, is interpreted as a den of robbers. Geon, breast, or a horned animal. J Jacob, who strikes with the heels, a supplanter. Israel, seeing God. Japheth, breadth. Jordanes, is explained as descent. Joseph, the Lord's addition. Joseph, is explained as addition. Jothor, is interpreted as superfluous. Ir, is interpreted as leathery. Isaac, laughter, and joy. Ismael, hearing of God. Issachar, reward. Judas, who is interpreted as confession to the Lord. Josua, salvation of the Lord. L Laban, white. Lia, weariness, refusing and laboring. Lot, is interpreted as turning aside. M Median, is called from judgment. Mambre, is named from a vision. Manasses, from oblivion. Meleha, queen. Melchisedec, also king of peace, that is Salem (for thus it is interpreted). Moab, from father. Moses, taken from water. Mos, in the Egyptian language is called water. For Moses is named as a taking up: indeed, it can also be called a handling. Nadab, is interpreted as willing. Nachor, is the same as rest of light. Naid, commotion. Nebrod, flight. Nephthalim, opens and expands. Noe, is interpreted as rest, or just. Noe, who is interpreted as solid. Osee, is interpreted as what is this. Or, light. P Pharao, scatterer. Physon, is interpreted as change of mouth. Phua, is interpreted as redness. Pitho, persuasive speech. Psontomphanech, judging the mouth in response. R Rachel, vision of profanation. Raquel, the art of shepherding of God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Galaad","severity":"info","text":"Galaad is the Latin form of Gilead, a region east of the Jordan. The etymology 'migration of testimony' is not standard; it likely derives from a folk etymology connecting the Hebrew root g-l-‘ (to reveal) with 'ed (witness).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Melchisedec","severity":"info","text":"Melchisedec appears in Genesis 14:18 as king of Salem. The gloss 'king of peace' (rex pacis) plays on the Hebrew melekh (king) and shalom (peace), though Salem is here identified with Jerusalem, not peace.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Moses","severity":"info","text":"The etymology of Moses from Egyptian 'mos' (water) reflects a tradition found in Philo (Vita Mosis 1.17) and Josephus (Ant. 2.228). The Latin translator adds 'contrectatio' (handling) as an alternative, perhaps from a different Greek source.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Philo of Alexandria","Josephus"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows an alphabetical sequence from G to R, but with gaps (e.g., H, I, K, O, Q are missing or incomplete). This suggests the source was excerpted or the Latin translator omitted some entries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Psontomphanech","severity":"caution","text":"Psontomphanech is a garbled form of the Egyptian name Psonthomphanech (Joseph's Egyptian name, Zaphenath-Paneah, Gen 41:45). The Latin 'in responso os judicans' is a literal rendering of a Greek folk etymology, not a historical translation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Joseph appears twice with slightly different Latin (appositio vs. adjectio), possibly from two different source manuscripts or a scribal duplication.","The entry for Noe gives two different interpretations (rest/just vs. solid), suggesting conflation of two sources."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Ramese, interpretatur quassatio tineae, vel efferans mentem. Rebecca, patientia. Ruben, videns filius. Ruma, videns aliquid. S Samuel, interpretatur ordinatus Deo. Sara, principatus metis. Sarra, princeps. Sepphora, avicula. Sychem, humerus. Syria, interpretatur sublimis. Sicima, quae vox interpretatur succolatio. Settin, sentes. Sur, munitio, vel directio. Symeon, exauditio. Sennaar, excussio. T Thamar, interpretatur palma. Thamna, defectus fluctuans. Tharra, interpretatur odoris exploratio. Z Zabulon, natura nocturna nominatur. Zelpha, oris iter.\n\nPhilo.\n\nA, p. 57., p. 509.. 1,, p. 292. (??),. 414., p. 477., p. 53. 2,, 'p. 427., p. et 432.,, p. et 602., p. 259. -, p. 10Yi., p. 413., p. 104. B, p. 320.. p. 293. 7,, p. 329., p. 157.., (??), p. 428.. p., p. 596., p. 1061. K, p. 479., p. 161., p. 494., p. 1064., p. 280., p. 104., ibid·, p. 571., p. 668., p. 488.. p. 201., p. 104., p. 423., p, 160., p. 468. E E, p. 110., p. et 318., p. 489. 2,, p. 432.., p, 423., p. 338., p. 352,, p, 180.. p. 3., p. 278., p. et 429., p. 331., p. 433., p. 413., p. 103., p. et alibi., p. 54., p. 64. -, p. 339,, p. 52. I, p. 1057. 1,. Ib. et p. 480., p. 282. ’, p. 1101., p. 530., p. 1058., p. et 1060., p., p. et alibi,, p. 1063., p. et 1076., p. 233., ibid., p. 1063., p. 456., p. et 1084., p. 410. M M, p. 1601. M -, p. 413., p. 278., p. 430. - -, p. 75. M. M -. a -, p. 605. M -, p. 1064. N, p. 414.","english":"Rameses is interpreted as a shaking of the moth, or a mind that grows wild. Rebecca, patience. Reuben, seeing a son. Ruma, seeing something. S Samuel is interpreted as appointed by God. Sarah, principality of the measure. Sarra, prince. Zipporah, a little bird. Shechem, shoulder. Syria is interpreted as lofty. Sicima, which word is interpreted as a shaking. Shittim, thorns. Sur, fortification, or direction. Simeon, hearing. Shinar, a shaking. T Tamar is interpreted as a palm tree. Timnah, a wavering defect. Terah is interpreted as an exploration of scent. Z Zebulun is named nocturnal nature. Zilpah, the path of the mouth.\n\nPhilo.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ramese","severity":"info","text":"Ramese is the Latin form of the Hebrew place-name Ra‛meses (Exod 1:11). The interpretation 'quassatio tineae' (shaking of the moth) is a folk etymology, possibly from a Hebrew root r‛š (to shake) and ʿš (moth).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Rebecca","severity":"info","text":"Rebecca (Rebekah) is a biblical figure (Gen 24). The interpretation 'patientia' (patience) is not directly from the Hebrew name (meaning 'to tie' or 'to bind') but reflects a moralizing etymology common in patristic onomastica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sarra","severity":"info","text":"Sarra is the Latin form of Sarah (Sarai). The entry distinguishes Sara (principatus metis, 'principality of the measure') from Sarra (princeps, 'prince'), likely reflecting two different etymological traditions or a scribal variant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Philo","severity":"info","text":"The closing 'Philo' attributes the source to Philo of Alexandria, though the work is a Latin compilation from his writings. The page numbers that follow (e.g., p. 57, p. 509) likely refer to a printed edition of Philo's works, possibly the 16th-century Basel edition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"A, p. 57., p. 509.. 1,, p. 292. (??),. 414., p. 477., p. 53. 2,, 'p. 427., p. et 432.,, p. et 602., p. 259. -, p. 10Yi., p. 413., p. 104. B, p. 320.. p. 293. 7,","severity":"info","text":"The block of page references after 'Philo' is a scribal or editorial index keying each name to a location in a source edition. The letters (A, B, E, I, K, M, N) likely correspond to alphabetical sections of the onomasticon, and the numbers to page or column references.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Sicima","severity":"caution","text":"Sicima (Shechem) is glossed as 'succolatio' (a shaking), but the Latin is uncertain; the manuscript may read 'succussatio' (a shaking) or 'succollatio' (a carrying on the shoulders). The English draft renders it as 'a shaking', following the likely sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The page references after 'Philo' are corrupt and inconsistently formatted; their exact referents are unclear.","The distinction between Sara and Sarra may reflect a scribal error or two separate entries for the same name.","The interpretation of Sicima as 'succolatio' is textually uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"-, p. 430., p. 110., p, 295. - 1113.;, p. 75., p. 477., p.., p. 172. -, p. 54., p. 498., p. 577. -, p. 1059. P, p. 428.,, p. 1061., p. 577. ', p. 160. ', p. 1060.. 450., p. et 294. 5,, p. et 1058., p. et 1058., p. 498., p. 1074., p. 64., p. 65.., p. 578.,,, p. 479., p, 1060., p. 330., p. 313., p. 432., p. 572. Z -, p. 1113., p. 428.\n\nHieronymus.\n\nA Adam, homo, sive terrenus, aut indigena, vel terra rubra. Abel, luctus, vel vapor, vel miserabilis. Abram, paler excelsus. Abraham, paler videns populum. Abiu, paler meus est, sive pater meus iste. Abiud, patris robur, sive pater eorum. AElam, ante fores, sive vestibulum. AEthiopiam, tenebras, vel caliginem. Agar, advena, vel conversa. Amalec, populus lambens, vel lingens. In Genesi. Amalec, populus bruchus, sive populus lingens. In Exodo. Anna, gratia ejus. Aaron, mons fortitudinis, sive mons fortis. In Exodo. Mons eorum. In Luca. Arphaxad, sanans depopulationem. Aunan, moeror eorum, vel labores. Amorrhaeum, amarum, vel loqueutem. B Babylon, confusio. Babylon, confugio. Balac, lingens, vel elidens, aut involvens. Bathuel, virgo Dei. Balaam, vanus populas, sive praecipitans eos, vel sine populo. Balla, inveterata. Benjamin, filius dexterae. Beseleel, in umbra Dei. Balfeor, habeas us pelliceum. C Cades, sancta, sive mutata. Cain, possessio, vel lamentatio. Chaldaei, quasi daemonia, vel quasi ubera, aut feroces.","english":"Adam, man, or earthly, or native, or red earth. Abel, mourning, or vapor, or wretched. Abram, exalted father. Abraham, father seeing the people. Abiu, my father is, or this is my father. Abiud, strength of the father, or their father. Ælam, before the doors, or vestibule. Æthiopiam, darkness, or gloom. Agar, stranger, or convert. Amalec, licking people, or licking people. In Genesis. Amalec, locust people, or licking people. In Exodus. Anna, her grace. Aaron, mountain of strength, or strong mountain. In Exodus. Their mountain. In Luke. Arphaxad, healing the depopulation. Aunan, their grief, or labors. Amorrhæum, bitter, or speaking. B Babylon, confusion. Babylon, refuge. Balac, licking, or dashing, or enveloping. Bathuel, virgin of God. Balaam, vain people, or precipitating them, or without people. Balla, aged. Benjamin, son of the right hand. Beseleel, in the shadow of God. Balfeor, having a skin garment. C Cades, holy, or changed. Cain, possession, or lamentation. Chaldæi, like demons, or like breasts, or fierce.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a series of page references (e.g., p. 430, p. 110) that likely index entries in a manuscript or earlier edition, followed by the name 'Hieronymus' as a source attribution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Abel","severity":"info","text":"The interpretation of Abel as 'luctus, vel vapor, vel miserabilis' (mourning, or vapor, or wretched) reflects standard patristic etymologies, e.g., Jerome's Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Jerome"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Amalec","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Amalec cites two different books: 'In Genesi' and 'In Exodo', indicating that the compiler drew from separate biblical contexts for the same name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Aaron","severity":"info","text":"The dual citation for Aaron ('In Exodo' and 'In Luca') suggests the compiler used both the Old and New Testaments, a common practice in medieval onomastic works.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The initial string of page numbers (e.g., 'p. 430., p. 110., p, 295. - 1113.') is corrupt or misformatted, possibly due to scribal or editorial error; the intended referents are unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Hieronymus","severity":"info","text":"The attribution to 'Hieronymus' (Jerome) aligns this work with the tradition of Jerome's Hebrew names, widely copied and adapted in medieval Latin scholarship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The page numbers at the start are fragmentary and may refer to folio or column numbers in a lost manuscript; their exact meaning is uncertain.","The entry for 'Balfeor' (possibly Baal-peor) is obscure; the Latin 'habeas us pelliceum' may be a corruption of 'habens usum pelliceum' (having a skin garment)."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Chaleb, quasi cor, aut omne cor. sive canis. Cham, calidus. Chamos. congregatio, sive quasi attrectanti, vel palpanti. Chanaan,, hoc est motus eorum, vel negotiator, aut humilis. Charran, foramina, sive ira, vel fodiens eos. Cherubim, scientiae multitudo, aut scientia ct intellectus· D Damascus, sanguinis potus, sive sanguinis osculum, vel sanguis sacci. Dan, judicium, aut judicans. Dibon, sufficiens ad intelligendum, vel abundanter intelligens. Dina, judicium istud. Dothaim, pabulum, vel viride eorum, aut sufficientem defectionem. E Eden, voluptas, sive deliciae, vel ornatus. Edom, rufus, sive terrenus. Eliezer, Dei auxilium. Eliphas, Dei mei aurum. Emor, asinus. Enoch, dedicatio. Enos, homo, sive desperatus, vel violentus. Ephraim, frugiferum sive crescentem. Ephron, pulvis moeroris, vel pulvis inutilis, sive pulvis eorum. Esau, factura, sive roboreus, vel acervus lapidum, seu vanus, aut frustra. Eschol, botrus, sive ignis omnis. Esebon, cogitatio, sive cingulum moeroris. Eva, calamitas, aut vae, vel vita. Evila, dolens, vel parturiens. G Galaad, acervus testimonii, sive transmigratio testimonii. Gedeon. circumiens, sive tentatio iniquitatis eorum. Geon, pectus, sive praeruptum. I Jacob, supplantator. Israel, princeps Dei, vel rectus Dei. Japhet, latitudo. Jordanis, descensio eorum. Joseph, augmentum. Joseph, apposuit, sive apponens. In Matthaeo. Jethran, superfluus eorum.","english":"Caleb, as if heart, or every heart, or dog. Cham, hot. Chamos, congregation, or as if touching, or groping. Canaan, that is, their movement, or merchant, or lowly. Charran, holes, or anger, or digging them. Cherubim, multitude of knowledges, or knowledge and understanding. D Damascus, drink of blood, or kiss of blood, or blood of sack. Dan, judgment, or judging. Dibon, sufficient for understanding, or abundantly understanding. Dinah, that judgment. Dothaim, fodder, or their greenness, or sufficient defection. E Eden, pleasure, or delights, or ornament. Edom, red, or earthly. Eliezer, help of God. Eliphaz, gold of my God. Emor, donkey. Enoch, dedication. Enos, man, or desperate, or violent. Ephraim, fruitful or growing. Ephron, dust of sorrow, or useless dust, or their dust. Esau, making, or strong, or heap of stones, or vain, or in vain. Eshcol, cluster, or every fire. Heshbon, thought, or girdle of sorrow. Eve, calamity, or woe, or life. Havilah, grieving, or giving birth. G Gilead, heap of testimony, or migration of testimony. Gideon, going around, or trial of their iniquity. Geon, breast, or steep. J Jacob, supplanter. Israel, prince of God, or straight of God. Japheth, breadth. Jordan, their descent. Joseph, increase. Joseph, he added, or adding. In Matthew. Jethran, their superfluous.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Chaleb","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Chaleb, quasi cor, aut omne cor. sive canis' offers three interpretations: 'as if heart, or every heart, or dog'. The first two derive from the Hebrew root לב (lev, 'heart'), while 'canis' reflects a folk etymology linking Caleb to the Hebrew כלב (kelev, 'dog').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Cherubim","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'scientiae multitudo, aut scientia et intellectus' for Cherubim echoes a tradition found in Jerome's interpretation of the plural form as 'multitude of knowledge' (scientiarum multitudo), reflecting the angelic order's association with wisdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Damascus","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'sanguinis potus, sive sanguinis osculum, vel sanguis sacci' for Damascus derives from a popular ancient etymology connecting the city's name to the Hebrew דם (dam, 'blood'), possibly influenced by the city's violent history in biblical narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Joseph","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Joseph appears twice: first under the letter J with 'augmentum', then with 'apposuit, sive apponens' and the note 'In Matthaeo'. This duplication suggests the compiler drew from two sources, the second possibly a New Testament genealogy (Matthew 1:16).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Eva","severity":"info","text":"The triple gloss for Eve—'calamitas, aut vae, vel vita'—reflects a well-known patristic wordplay: 'Eva' as an anagram of 'vae' (woe) and as 'vita' (life), contrasting the Fall and the promise of salvation through the Virgin Mary (the 'new Eve').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Chamos","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Chamos. congregatio, sive quasi attrectanti, vel palpanti' is textually uncertain: the period after 'Chamos' may be a scribal error, and the interpretations are unusually vague. The name likely refers to the Moabite god Chemosh, but the glosses do not match standard etymologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Chamos is corrupt or misattributed; the glosses do not align with known etymologies for the Moabite deity Chemosh.","The duplication of Joseph may indicate two separate sources or a scribal error; the note 'In Matthaeo' suggests a New Testament context for the second entry."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Er, vigilia, sive pellicias, aut surrectio, vel effusio. Isaac, risus, vel gaudium. Ismael, auditio Dei. Issachar, esi merces. juda, laudatio, vel confessio. Jesu, salvator. L Laban, candidus. Lia, laboriosa. Lot, vinctus, sive declinatio. M Median, de judicio, sive de causa. Mamre, de visione, sive perspicuam. Manasse, oblitus, sive necessitas. Melcha, regina ejus. Melchisedec, rex justus Moab, de patre. Moses, attrectans, vel palpans aut sumptus ex aqua, sive assumptio. Nadab, spontaneus. Nachor, requies luminis, vel requiescente luco, vel obsecratio novissima. Naid, motus, vel fluctuatio. Nemrod, tyrannus, vel profugus, aut transgressor. Nephthali, conservavit me, vel dilatavit me, vel certe implicuit me. Noe, requies. Osec salvator. Or, lumen. P Pharao, dissipans, sive disconperuit eum. Physon, os pupillae, sive oris mutatio. Phua, hic adverbium loci, sive apparebo, sed melius, rubrum. Phithom, os abyssi, vel subito. Somthonphanech, salvator mandi. R Rachel, ovis, aut visio sceleris, vel videns principium, sive videns Deum. Raguel, pastor Dei, vel pabulum ejus Deus. Ramesse, pabulum, vel tinea, sive malitia de tinea. Rebecca, multa patientia vel multum accepit, sive patientia. Ruben, videns filius, vel videns in medio. Remma, videns aliquid, vel excelsa. S Samuel, nomen ejus Deus. Sarai, princeps mea. Sara, princeps. Sephora, avis ejus, sive pulchritudo ejus, sive placens.","english":"Er, watch, or of skins, or rising up, or outpouring. Isaac, laughter, or joy. Ismael, hearing of God. Issachar, there is a reward. Judah, praise, or confession. Jesus, savior. L Laban, white. Leah, laborious. Lot, bound, or declination. M Median, from judgment, or from cause. Mamre, from vision, or clear. Manasseh, forgotten, or necessity. Melcha, his queen. Melchisedec, just king. Moab, from father. Moses, handling, or feeling, or taken from water, or assumption. Nadab, spontaneous. Nachor, rest of light, or resting grove, or last entreaty. Naid, motion, or fluctuation. Nimrod, tyrant, or fugitive, or transgressor. Naphtali, he preserved me, or he enlarged me, or he entangled me. Noah, rest. Hosea, savior. Or, light. P Pharaoh, scattering, or he uncovered him. Pishon, mouth of the pupil, or change of mouth. Puah, here an adverb of place, or I will appear, but better, red. Pithom, mouth of the abyss, or suddenly. Somthonphanech, savior of the world. R Rachel, sheep, or vision of crime, or seeing the beginning, or seeing God. Raguel, shepherd of God, or his pasture is God. Ramesses, pasture, or moth, or malice of moth. Rebecca, much patience, or she received much, or patience. Reuben, seeing a son, or seeing in the middle. Remma, seeing something, or high. S Samuel, his name is God. Sarai, my princess. Sarah, princess. Zipporah, his bird, or his beauty, or pleasing.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Er","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Er' (עֵר) is glossed with four alternatives: 'vigilia' (watch), 'pellicias' (of skins), 'surrectio' (rising up), and 'effusio' (outpouring). The variety reflects the etymological speculation typical of this tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Isaac","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'risus' (laughter) for Isaac (יִצְחָק) echoes the biblical etymology from Genesis 17:17, where Abraham laughs at the promise of a son. The alternative 'gaudium' (joy) is a semantic extension.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Melchisedec","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'rex justus' (just king) for Melchisedec (מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק) reflects the standard patristic interpretation, as in Jerome's Hebraicae Quaestiones, where the name is parsed as 'king of righteousness'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Moses","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Moses' (מֹשֶׁה) is glossed with 'attrectans' (handling), 'palpans' (feeling), 'sumptus ex aqua' (taken from water), and 'assumptio' (assumption). The water etymology alludes to the infant Moses being drawn from the Nile (Exodus 2:10).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Somthonphanech","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Somthonphanech' (צָפְנַת פַּעְנֵחַ) is the Egyptian name given to Joseph in Genesis 41:45. The gloss 'salvator mandi' (savior of the world) is a Christian interpretation, reading the name as a type of Christ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Phua","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss for 'Phua' (פּוּעָה) includes 'hic adverbium loci' (here an adverb of place) and 'apparebo' (I will appear), but the preferred reading is 'rubrum' (red). The text's uncertainty reflects the difficulty of identifying the biblical referent (possibly a midwife in Exodus 1:15).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Er' is ambiguous: the four glosses may derive from different Hebrew roots (עִיר, עוֹר, etc.) or from confusion with similar forms.","The entry 'Somthonphanech' is a Greek transcription of the Egyptian name; the Latin gloss 'salvator mandi' is a Christian theological addition not present in the Hebrew or Greek sources."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Sychem, humeri, vel labor. Syria, sublimis, sive humecta. Sichimorum, humeri, Settim, spinae. Sur, murus, vel directus, aut continens. Symeon. exauditio, vel nomen habitaculi. Sennaar, excussio dentium, sive fetor eorum.(??) T Thamar, palma, sive amaritudo, vel commutans. Thamna, vetans, vel deficiens. Tharo, exploratores odoris, sive exploratio ascensionis, vel pastio. Z Zabulon, habitaculum eorum, vel jusjurandum ejus, aut habitaculum fortitudinis, vel fluxus noctis. Zelpha, ambulans os, vel fluens os: ab ore, non ab osse.","english":"Sychem, shoulders, or labor. Syria, lofty, or moist. Sichimorum, shoulders. Settim, thorns. Sur, wall, or straight, or containing. Symeon, hearing, or name of a dwelling. Sennaar, shaking of teeth, or their stench. T Thamar, palm, or bitterness, or changing. Thamna, forbidding, or failing. Tharo, explorers of scent, or exploration of ascent, or pasturage. Z Zabulon, their dwelling, or his oath, or dwelling of strength, or flow of night. Zelpha, walking mouth, or flowing mouth: from mouth, not from bone.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sychem","severity":"info","text":"Sychem is the Latin form of Shechem, a place name in the Hebrew Bible. The gloss 'humeri' (shoulders) reflects a popular etymology from the Hebrew root שכם (shekhem, shoulder).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Symeon","severity":"info","text":"Symeon (Simeon) is glossed as 'exauditio' (hearing) and 'nomen habitaculi' (name of a dwelling). The first derives from Hebrew שמע (shama, to hear); the second is obscure, possibly a conflation with a place name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sennaar","severity":"caution","text":"Sennaar (Shinar) is glossed as 'excussio dentium' (shaking of teeth) and 'fetor eorum' (their stench). These are fanciful etymologies; the Hebrew שנער (Shinar) is a region in Mesopotamia, not etymologically related to teeth or stench.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Thamar","severity":"info","text":"Thamar (Tamar) is glossed as 'palma' (palm tree), 'amaritudo' (bitterness), and 'commutans' (changing). The first is correct (Hebrew תמר, tamar, palm tree); the others are secondary associations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Zelpha","severity":"caution","text":"Zelpha (Zilpah) is glossed as 'ambulans os' (walking mouth) and 'fluens os' (flowing mouth), with a note clarifying 'ab ore, non ab osse' (from mouth, not from bone). This suggests a deliberate disambiguation from Latin 'os' (bone).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the alphabetical list of Hebrew names, covering letters S, T, and Z. The entry for Sennaar includes a parenthetical question mark, indicating textual uncertainty in the source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The glosses for Sennaar are etymologically unsupported and may reflect scribal error or allegorical interpretation.","The parenthetical question mark after Sennaar's entry suggests a textual crux in the manuscript tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}