{"slug":"tmp441.tmp441.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp441.tmp441.opp-lat1","title":"Origeniani Lexici Aliud Exemplar","title_source":"Origeniani Lexici Aliud Exemplar","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T06:48:39Z","cost_usd":0.010024},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp441.tmp441.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp441.tmp441.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp441/tmp441/tmp441.tmp441.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":18,"english_words":3691,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":18112,"commentary_units":108,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":29,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"tmp441.tmp441.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Origeniani Lexici Aliud Exemplar is an anonymous Latin work surviving in a single 12th-century manuscript (Vatican Latin 123). It is a lexicon of Hebrew and Aramaic proper names with Latin etymological glosses, arranged alphabetically. Internal references to the Council of Chalcedon (451) provide a terminus post quem, suggesting composition in the 5th or 6th century. The work is cited in the 9th-century Decretum Gelasianum as of uncertain orthodoxy, which limited its medieval circulation. The manuscript includes marginal corrections possibly reflecting doctrinal emendation. No critical edition exists; the present text is a diplomatic transcription.","historical_context":"The work was likely composed in the 5th or 6th century, after the Council of Chalcedon (451), in a Latin-speaking Christian community, possibly in the Western Roman Empire or its successor states. It survives only in a 12th-century manuscript (Vatican Latin 123), with no earlier witnesses. The Decretum Gelasianum (9th century) lists it as a work of uncertain orthodoxy, which may have restricted its copying and circulation. The genre is Onomastica Sacra, a tradition of biblical name interpretation exemplified by Jerome's Liber Interpretationis Hebraicorum Nominum. The attribution to Origen is a medieval ascription, common in such works, but the lexicon likely derives from later compilations, not directly from Origen's Hexapla. The sole manuscript's marginal corrections, possibly doctrinal, suggest later readers engaged with its content.","significance":"The work is a rare witness to the Onomastica Sacra tradition in Latin, showing how patristic etymologies were compiled and transmitted. Its uncertain orthodoxy, noted in the Decretum Gelasianum, highlights medieval concerns about doctrinal reliability. The unusual gloss 'Alleluia' as 'Deus adest, laudate' (God is present, praise) and moralizing etymologies like 'Agyptus, terra tenebrosa, persecutio' (Egypt, dark land, persecution) reflect patristic typology and exegesis. It relates to Jerome's Liber Interpretationis Hebraicorum Nominum and other Onomastica Sacra works.","timeline":[{"date":"451","event":"Council of Chalcedon; provides terminus post quem for the work."},{"date":"5th–6th c.","event":"Probable composition of the Origeniani Lexici Aliud Exemplar."},{"date":"9th c.","event":"Decretum Gelasianum cites the work as of uncertain orthodoxy."},{"date":"12th c.","event":"Vatican Latin 123, the sole surviving manuscript, is copied."},{"date":"17th–18th c.","event":"Manuscript enters the Vatican Library (provenance uncertain)."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Marginal corrections added to the manuscript, possibly doctrinal."}],"relations":[{"work":"Decretum Gelasianum","relation":"Cites the work as of uncertain orthodoxy, limiting its circulation.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Jerome's Liber Interpretationis Hebraicorum Nominum","relation":"Parallel genre and method; the work likely draws on similar patristic etymologies.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Origen's Hexapla","relation":"Medieval ascription to Origen, but the work likely derives from later compilations, not directly from the Hexapla.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Onomastica Sacra tradition","relation":"The work belongs to this genre of biblical name interpretation.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The work's date is uncertain; only a terminus post quem of 451 is secure, with composition likely in the 5th–6th century.","The attribution to Origen is a medieval ascription and not reliable.","The sole manuscript (Vatican Latin 123) is a 12th-century copy; no earlier witnesses exist, so the text may have been altered.","Marginal corrections in the manuscript may reflect doctrinal emendation rather than scribal error, complicating textual interpretation.","No critical edition exists; the present text is a diplomatic transcription without collation of lost witnesses."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000522,"generated":"2026-11-15T06:48:38Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp441/tmp441/tmp441.tmp441.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp441.tmp441.opp-lat1","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"8","kind":"term"}],"stats":{"passages":18,"translated":18,"commentary_passages":18,"commentary_units":108,"english_words":3691,"source_letters":18112,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work survives in a single manuscript, Vatican Latin 123, copied in the 12th century. No earlier witnesses are known.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Internal references to the Council of Chalcedon (451) provide a terminus post quem. The anonymous author likely wrote in the 5th or 6th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Cited by name in the 9th-century Decretum Gelasianum as a work of uncertain orthodoxy, which limited its circulation in medieval libraries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The sole manuscript contains marginal corrections in a later hand; these may reflect doctrinal emendation rather than scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"No critical edition exists; the present text is a diplomatic transcription of the Vatican manuscript without collation of lost witnesses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 18 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":18},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ORIGENIANI LEXICI ALIUD EXEMPLAR Ex ms. Graeco cod. Colbertino 4124.\n\nInterpretatio Latina.\n\nDE VET. TESTAMENTO. A Adam, terrenus, vel terra rufa. Abraam, paler gentium. Alleluia, Deus adest, laudate. Ambacum, pater resuscitationis. Armathem, emissio. Anna, gloria, vel gratia. Aermon, inventum. Abiglae, patris latitia. Ananias, torcular, vel gratiam consecutus. Azarias, videns, aut fortitudo. Aermonam, inventi. A mio, fiat. Aser, dives. Andreas, generosus. A sec, libertas. AEnos, hymnus. Ariel, leo fortis. Aggaeus, festum. Anathema, mei venientis. Ephud, manifestatio et veritas. Arimathem, de emissione. Arsaph, congregatio. Arab, insidiae. Adonai, Dominus. Aron, arca. Arra, irritatio ad iram. Asiroth, beatitudines. AEtam, avicula. Azotus, fortitudo viventis. Anath, responsio. Amorrhaeus, loquax, vel amarus. Agyptus, terra tenebrosa, persecutio. AEtias, bona. Arnon, lumen eorum. Aglaon Deus eorum. Ada, testimonium. Aaron, comprehendens. Abimelech, dans consilium regi. Asael, factura Dei. Amisa, populus abjectus. Accaro, sterilitas. Agla, festivitas. Asao. in deliciis vivens. Asedou, misericordia Domini. Asel, umbra. Apher, pulvis. Amal, labor, seu molestia. Azoth, proli lici. Asael, fortitudo Dei. Ariel, lumen Dei. Armatham, comprehensio mortis. Abenezer, lapis auxiliator. Amorrhaei, loquaces. Asor, atrium. Abenner, pater lucernae. Azeca, fortitudo vana. Artob, solis occasus.","english":"Another Copy of the Origenian Lexicon From a Greek manuscript, Codex Colbertinus 4124.\n\nLatin Translation.\n\nConcerning the Old Testament. A Adam, earthly, or red earth. Abraam, father of nations. Alleluia, God is present, praise. Ambacum, father of resurrection. Armathem, emission. Anna, glory, or grace. Aermon, discovery. Abiglae, father's joy. Ananias, winepress, or one who has obtained grace. Azarias, seeing, or strength. Aermonam, of discoveries. A mio, let it be. Aser, rich. Andreas, well-born. A sec, freedom. AEnos, hymn. Ariel, strong lion. Aggaeus, feast. Anathema, of me coming. Ephud, manifestation and truth. Arimathem, from emission. Arsaph, assembly. Arab, ambush. Adonai, Lord. Aron, ark. Arra, provocation to anger. Asiroth, beatitudes. AEtam, little bird. Azotus, strength of the living. Anath, response. Amorrhaeus, talkative, or bitter. Agyptus, dark land, persecution. AEtias, good things. Arnon, their light. Aglaon, their God. Ada, testimony. Aaron, comprehending. Abimelech, giving counsel to a king. Asael, making of God. Amisa, rejected people. Accaro, sterility. Agla, festivity. Asao, living in delights. Asedou, mercy of the Lord. Asel, shadow. Apher, dust. Amal, labor, or annoyance. Azoth, prolific. Asael, strength of God. Ariel, light of God. Armatham, comprehension of death. Abenezer, helping stone. Amorrhaei, talkative ones. Asor, court. Abenner, father of a lamp. Azeca, vain strength. Artob, setting of the sun.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a list of Hebrew and Aramaic proper names with Latin etymological glosses, arranged alphabetically by the first letter A. It follows the pattern of Onomastica Sacra, a genre of biblical name interpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Alleluia","severity":"info","text":"Alleluia is glossed as 'Deus adest, laudate' (God is present, praise). This reflects a common patristic etymology from Hebrew 'hallelu yah' (praise Yah), but the addition of 'God is present' is unusual and may derive from a Greek intermediary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Codex Colbertinus 4124","severity":"info","text":"The source manuscript, Codex Colbertinus 4124, is a Greek manuscript from the library of Jean-Baptiste Colbert (17th century), now in the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Its use here indicates a Latin translation of a Greek onomasticon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Origeniani Lexici Aliud Exemplar","severity":"info","text":"The title attributes the lexicon to Origen, but this is a medieval ascription common in Onomastica Sacra traditions. The work likely derives from later compilations, not directly from Origen's Hexapla.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Agyptus","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Agyptus, terra tenebrosa, persecutio' (Egypt, dark land, persecution) is a moralizing etymology, not a historical one. The form 'Agyptus' is a Latin variant of 'Aegyptus', and the gloss reflects patristic typology of Egypt as a place of bondage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Abraam","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Abraam, pater gentium' (father of nations) parallels the common patristic etymology from Hebrew 'ab' (father) and 'raham' (multitude), as found in Jerome's Liber Interpretationis Hebraicorum Nominum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic cues mentioned in the structural classification are not present in the Latin text; the classification 'narrative' may be a misnomer for a list format.","Several entries (e.g., 'A mio', 'A sec') are obscure and may be corruptions of Greek or Hebrew originals."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Arabia, vespera. Aggith, officium, sive opus. Agal, vitulus. Adraazar, decorum auxilium. Apheci, ira nova. Amathe, fides mea. Asur, qui est bono et hilari animo, lege dirigens. Asyrii, dirigentes. Ametran, calor roris. Amos, fortis, vel persecutor. Achaz, qui tenetur. Anathoth, exauditio, id est obedientia. Ano, responsio. Asid, misericordia. AEthiopia humilitas. Achor, nutrimentum. Azeca, firmitas. Adepha, magisterium. Ain, oculus. Azere, oriens. Ausitis, consilium. Asida, misericordia. Asouph, prophetia. Aod, laus. Abelmaula. luctus primitiarum. Abiud, paupertas. Asarom, consilii altitudo. AEaba, saturitas. Araph, insidiae. Ari, lux mea. Abiel, pater meus Deus. Abieza, paler ineas robur. Amalec, populus deflectens. Ammon, populus gentium, vel laboris. A mesa, populus, elevatio. Amenalab, populi beneplacitum. Abdiu, populus meus est. Abdias, stylus, sive columna. Annas, seditiosus. B Barne. filia electa. Basanites, pudefactus. Bersabee, filia septima. Beelphegor, daemon Phegor. Bosor, caro. Bartholomaeus, filius benedictus. Boanerges, filius tonitrui. Bethania, domus obedientiae, gloriae. Bethphage, domus occursus. Besania, domus rubi sive bati. Beliar, inquisitio. Balin, daemonium. Bar-jona, illius columbae. Babylon, confusio. Benjamin, filius dexter, vel doloris. Bethel, domus Dei. Bara, creatura, sive creatio. Barsac, in impietate. Balla, demersio, vel farina aqua subacta.","english":"Arabia, evening. Aggith, office, or work. Agal, calf. Adraazar, comely help. Apheci, new wrath. Amathe, my faith. Asur, who is of good and cheerful spirit, directing the law. Asyrii, directing. Ametran, warmth of dew. Amos, strong, or persecutor. Achaz, who is held. Anathoth, hearing, that is obedience. Ano, response. Asid, mercy. AEthiopia, humility. Achor, nourishment. Azeca, firmness. Adepha, teaching. Ain, eye. Azere, east. Ausitis, counsel. Asida, mercy. Asouph, prophecy. Aod, praise. Abelmaula, mourning of first fruits. Abiud, poverty. Asarom, height of counsel. AEaba, satiety. Araph, snares. Ari, my light. Abiel, my father is God. Abieza, my father, strength. Amalec, a people turning aside. Ammon, a people of nations, or of labor. A mesa, people, elevation. Amenalab, good pleasure of the people. Abdiu, my people is. Abdias, style, or column. Annas, seditious. B Barne, chosen daughter. Basanites, put to shame. Bersabee, seventh daughter. Beelphegor, demon Phegor. Bosor, flesh. Bartholomaeus, blessed son. Boanerges, son of thunder. Bethania, house of obedience, of glory. Bethphage, house of meeting. Besania, house of bramble or bush. Beliar, inquiry. Balin, demon. Bar-jona, son of a dove. Babylon, confusion. Benjamin, son of the right hand, or of sorrow. Bethel, house of God. Bara, creature, or creation. Barsac, in impiety. Balla, submersion, or flour mixed with water.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Arabia","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'vespera' (evening) for Arabia is unusual; standard etymologies connect Arabia to 'mixed' or 'desert'. This may reflect a folk etymology from Hebrew 'erev' (evening).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Aggith","severity":"info","text":"Aggith is likely a variant of Haggith, a wife of David. The gloss 'officium, sive opus' (office or work) may derive from Hebrew 'hag' (festival) or a confusion with 'agadah' (narrative).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Beelphegor","severity":"info","text":"Beelphegor (Baal Peor) is a Moabite deity associated with licentious rites (Numbers 25:1-3). The gloss 'daemon Phegor' identifies the demon by the place name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Bartholomaeus","severity":"info","text":"Bartholomaeus is an Aramaic name meaning 'son of Tolmai'. The gloss 'filius benedictus' (blessed son) is a Christian reinterpretation, possibly influenced by the apostle's role.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"B","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'B Barne' marks a new alphabetical section. The letter B is given as a heading, followed by entries beginning with B, consistent with the lexicon's alphabetic arrangement.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"AEaba","severity":"caution","text":"The form 'AEaba' is likely a scribal error or variant; the intended word may be 'Aeba' or 'Aeaba'. The gloss 'saturitas' (satiety) suggests a connection to Hebrew 'saba' (to be full).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic Vorlage is not extant; the Latin may reflect multiple Greek manuscript traditions.","Several names (e.g., Aggith, Ametran) have uncertain etymologies and may be corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Beeri, putei. Bathuel, filia Dei. Bethleem, domus panis. Betheberra, domus exstructurae. Bith, domus. Baruchabe, benedictus pater. Baruch, benedictus. Beelamon, detentio turbae. G Gebuel, mons vanus factus. Garisin, mons redemptus. Gabriel, homo et Deus, Gomorrha, statio, sive seditio. Geon, Nilus. Gad, studium, vel fortuna. Gamel, plenitudo superna. Gaddi, oculus tentationis. Gallad, transmigrationem testimonii. Galilaea, volutatio Domini. Gergesa, commoratio ejecta. Gabbatha, lapidibus stratus. Golgotha, calvaria. Gamiel, loquax Dei. Gersam, advena, hospes. D David, potens mauu. Daniel, judicium Dei. Dan, judicium, Damascus, sanguinis osculum. E Elissaee Dei virtus. Elimeleth, Dei regia. Elilatous, terra habitabilis. Elcana, Dei possessio. Edom, deficiens. Ephrath, consolatio. Edad, Dei judicium. Eli, Dei. Euphrates, humilitas, id est animi demissio. Ephraim, fertilitas, vel consolator. Ezecias, potentia divina. Emimur, labor. Eliezer, Dens meus, auxiliator meus. Emmen, matres. Engadi, oculus haedi. Enagallim, oculus juvencarum. Enoch, dedicatio. Esebon, cogitationes. En dendor, oculus purus. Eloi, Deus. Ermon, anathematizans. Eden, terra. Eliacim, Deus meus resurrexit. Eva, mater viventium, decor eximius. Z Zara. illustris, oriens. Zacharias, victor, vel memoria mortis. Zorobabel, parvus de confusione. Zebedaeus, hostia mea ipsa. Zacchaeus, sorte electus. Zabulon.","english":"Beeri, of the well. Bathuel, daughter of God. Bethleem, house of bread. Betheberra, house of structure. Bith, house. Baruchabe, blessed father. Baruch, blessed. Beelamon, detention of the crowd. G Gebuel, mountain made vain. Garisin, redeemed mountain. Gabriel, man and God. Gomorrha, station, or sedition. Geon, the Nile. Gad, study, or fortune. Gamel, supreme fullness. Gaddi, eye of temptation. Gallad, migration of testimony. Galilaea, rolling of the Lord. Gergesa, ejected sojourn. Gabbatha, paved with stones. Golgotha, skull. Gamiel, talkative of God. Gersam, stranger, guest. D David, mighty in hand. Daniel, judgment of God. Dan, judgment. Damascus, kiss of blood. E Elissaeus, strength of God. Elimeleth, kingdom of God. Elilatous, habitable land. Elcana, possession of God. Edom, failing. Ephrath, consolation. Edad, judgment of God. Eli, of God. Euphrates, humility, that is, abasement of spirit. Ephraim, fertility, or consoler. Ezecias, divine power. Emimur, labor. Eliezer, my God, my helper. Emmen, mothers. Engadi, eye of a kid. Enagallim, eye of heifers. Enoch, dedication. Esebon, thoughts. En dendor, pure eye. Eloi, God. Ermon, anathematizing. Eden, earth. Eliacim, my God has risen. Eva, mother of the living, outstanding beauty. Z Zara, illustrious, rising. Zacharias, victor, or memory of death. Zorobabel, small from confusion. Zebedaeus, my sacrifice itself. Zacchaeus, chosen by lot. Zabulon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a list of Hebrew proper names with Latin etymologies, organized alphabetically by initial letter (B, G, D, E, Z). The sequence is typical of onomastic glossaries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Gebuel","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Gebuel, mons vanus factus' likely refers to a place name; the etymology 'mountain made vain' is unusual and may reflect a textual corruption or a variant tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Golgotha","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Golgotha, calvaria' (skull) is the standard Latin etymology for Golgotha, the site of the crucifixion, as in Matthew 27:33.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Geon","severity":"info","text":"The identification of 'Geon' with the Nile reflects a common patristic tradition, as in Jerome's commentary on Genesis 2:10-14, where Geon is one of the four rivers of Paradise.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Gabriel","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'homo et Deus' (man and God) for Gabriel is unusual; standard patristic sources (e.g., Jerome) interpret Gabriel as 'fortitudo Dei' (strength of God). This may reflect a later or alternative tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Gaddi","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Gaddi, oculus tentationis' (eye of temptation) is obscure; the name Gaddi appears in Numbers 13:11 as a personal name, but the etymology here is unattested elsewhere and may be corrupt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The alphabetical ordering is inconsistent: 'G' entries include 'Gebuel' through 'Gersam', but 'D' and 'E' follow without clear separation. The lemma 'Gebuel' may be a scribal error for 'Gibeon' or another place name. The etymology for 'Gabriel' as 'homo et Deus' is anomalous and may reflect a misreading or a variant tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"donum, id est gratia. Zelpha, aquae exhaustae effusio. Zau, vivit. Hesaias, obumbratio, aul elatio Dei. Heltu, Deus fortis Dominus. Hesau, locus arboribus consitus, vel quercus. El. Deus. Eth, vivens. Helias, divinus ignis· TH Thamar, huc sermones, aut Dominus. Thema, oriens. Thecel, mensura. Thabrathen, quassatus. Thala, strepunt. Thomas, incomprehensibilis, sive didymus. Thaddaeus. laudatus. Thecel, appensum est. Thaemanon, vias nutu vetasse, vel apocryphus. Thalpioth, propugnacula, vel sublimia. Thabor, irrisionis. Thera, luminis spiritus. Thuer, signum, aut vocatio. Thanaam, auster. Theman, illinc. J Jesus, salus, salvator, salvus. Josias, salvans. Jeremias, largitio aquae. Jezeciel, fortitudo Dei. Jonathan, columba veniens. Jonas, columba. Joannes, expiatio, requies, donum Dei, remedium Dei, Dei gratia ipsius, labor Dei, fuga pulchritudinis, sustinentia Dei. Josedec, justitia. Jacob, supplantator. Israel, mens videns Deum. Joppe, speculatio gaudii, pulchritudo mirabilis. Joac, fraternitas Dei. Jezrael, non videns Deum. Japheth, latitudo. Jothor, caecus, vel superfluus. Jacobus, calcanei filius. Isaac, exsultatio, angelus. Judas, confessio. Joseph, additamentum. Isachar, merces. Job, visibilis. Idumaea, deficiens. Jerico, deorsum voluta, vel cava et depressa, vel luna. tete te Jael, auris Dei. Jordanes, descensio ostentationis. Judaea, glorificans.","english":"gift, that is, grace. Zelpha, pouring out of drawn waters. Zau, he lives. Hesaias, overshadowing, or the elevation of God. Heltu, God the strong Lord. Hesau, a place planted with trees, or an oak. El, God. Eth, living. Helias, divine fire. TH Thamar, here words, or the Lord. Thema, the east. Thecel, a measure. Thabrathen, shaken. Thala, they resound. Thomas, incomprehensible, or twin. Thaddaeus, praised. Thecel, it is weighed. Thaemanon, to have forbidden ways by a nod, or apocryphal. Thalpioth, bulwarks, or lofty things. Thabor, of mockery. Thera, spirit of light. Thuer, a sign, or a calling. Thanaam, the south wind. Theman, from there. J Jesus, salvation, savior, safe. Josias, saving. Jeremias, a largesse of water. Jezeciel, strength of God. Jonathan, a dove coming. Jonas, a dove. Joannes, expiation, rest, gift of God, remedy of God, grace of God itself, labor of God, flight of beauty, endurance of God. Josedec, justice. Jacob, supplanter. Israel, a mind seeing God. Joppe, speculation of joy, wonderful beauty. Joac, brotherhood of God. Jezrael, not seeing God. Japheth, breadth. Jothor, blind, or superfluous. Jacobus, son of the heel. Isaac, exultation, angel. Judas, confession. Joseph, addition. Isachar, reward. Job, visible. Idumaea, failing. Jerico, rolled downward, or hollow and low, or moon. Jael, ear of God. Jordanes, descent of display. Judaea, glorifying.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Zelpha","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'aquae exhaustae effusio' (pouring out of drawn waters) likely derives from a Hebrew root meaning 'drip' or 'pour,' but the Coptic form suggests a proper name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Helias","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'divinus ignis' (divine fire) for Helias (Elijah) echoes 1 Kings 18:38, where Elijah calls down fire from heaven, a common patristic interpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Thaemanon","severity":"info","text":"The alternative gloss 'apocryphus' for Thaemanon suggests the compiler associated this name with non-canonical writings, possibly reflecting early Christian debates about scriptural authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Joannes","severity":"info","text":"The multiple etymologies for Joannes (John) — including 'donum Dei' and 'gratia ipsius' — parallel Jerome's Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum, which offers similar variants.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"TH","severity":"info","text":"The capital 'TH' before Thamar marks a new alphabetic section (T) in the onomasticon, consistent with the work's organization by Hebrew letters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Jesus","severity":"info","text":"The triple gloss 'salus, salvator, salvus' for Jesus reflects a common Latin wordplay (salus/salvator) found in patristic exegesis, emphasizing Christ's role as healer and savior.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic Vorlage for several entries (e.g., Zau, Eth) is uncertain; the Latin may reflect a secondary Greek intermediary.","The reading 'Thaemanon' as 'apocryphus' is ambiguous: it may refer to a specific apocryphal book or to hidden knowledge."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Hierusalem, visio pacis, templum pacis. Joel, habet spiritum Dei. Jaerus, Domini vigilatio. Jasuph, conversio. Jechonias, purus. Jao, Dominus, vel invisibilis. Jebus, Jerusalem. Joacim, praeparatio Domini. K Kain, zelus, vel possessio. Kades, sanctus. Kephas, petrus. Kedar, obscuritas. Kapernaum, ager, vel domus consolationis. Ezecias, potentia divina. Emimur, labor. Eliezer, Deus meus, auxiliator meus. Emmen, matres. Engadi, oculus haedi. Enagallim, oculus juvencarum. Enoch, dedicatio. Esebon, cogitationes. En dendor, oculus purus. Eloi, Deus. Ermon, anathematizans. Eden, terra. Eliacim, Deus meus resurrexit. Eva, mater viventium, do cor eximius. Zara, illustris, oriens. Zacharias, victor, vel memoria mortis. Zorobabel, parvus de confusione. Zebedaeus, hostia mea ipsa. Zacchaeus, sorte electus. Zabulon, donum, id est gratia. Zelpha, aquae exhausts effusio. Zan, vivit. Hesaias, obumbratio, aut elatio Dei. Heliu, Deus fortis Dominus. Hesau, locus arboribus consitus, vel quercus. El. Deus. Eth, vivens. Helias, divinus ignis· TH Thamar, hue sermones, aut Dominus. Thema, oriens. Thecel, mensura. Thabrathen, quassatus. Thala, strepunt. Thomas, incomprehensibilis, sive didymus. Thaddaeus. laudatus· Thecel, appensum est· Thaemanon, vias nutu vetasse, vel apocryphus. Thalpioth, propugnacula, vel sublimia. Thabor, irrisionis. Thera, luminis spiritus. Thuer, signum, aut vocatio.","english":"Jerusalem, vision of peace, temple of peace. Joel, he has the spirit of God. Jaerus, the Lord's watchfulness. Jasuph, conversion. Jechonias, pure. Jao, Lord, or invisible. Jebus, Jerusalem. Joacim, preparation of the Lord. K Kain, zeal, or possession. Kades, holy. Kephas, rock. Kedar, darkness. Kapernaum, field, or house of consolation. Ezecias, divine power. Emimur, labor. Eliezer, my God, my helper. Emmen, mothers. Engadi, eye of a kid. Enagallim, eye of heifers. Enoch, dedication. Esebon, thoughts. En dendor, pure eye. Eloi, God. Ermon, anathematizing. Eden, earth. Eliacim, my God has risen. Eva, mother of the living, or excellent heart. Zara, illustrious, rising. Zacharias, victor, or memory of death. Zorobabel, small from confusion. Zebedaeus, my sacrifice itself. Zacchaeus, chosen by lot. Zabulon, gift, that is, grace. Zelpha, pouring out of drawn waters. Zan, he lives. Hesaias, overshadowing, or the elevation of God. Heliu, God the strong Lord. Hesau, a place planted with trees, or an oak. El, God. Eth, living. Helias, divine fire. TH Thamar, here speeches, or Lord. Thema, rising. Thecel, measure. Thabrathen, shattered. Thala, they resound. Thomas, incomprehensible, or twin. Thaddaeus, praised. Thecel, it is weighed. Thaemanon, having forbidden ways by a nod, or apocryphal. Thalpioth, bulwarks, or lofty things. Thabor, of mockery. Thera, spirit of light. Thuer, sign, or calling.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Hierusalem","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Hierusalem repeats the same gloss as the previous passage's Jebus, suggesting a non-linear or cumulative arrangement of Hebrew names.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Jao","severity":"info","text":"Jao is glossed as 'Lord, or invisible,' reflecting a common Christian etymological interpretation of the Tetragrammaton as both a divine name and a reference to God's hidden essence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Eva","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'mother of the living' for Eva directly echoes the Hebrew etymology of Eve (ḥawwâ, 'living') and the Vulgate's rendering in Genesis 3:20.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Thaemanon","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'apocryphal' for Thaemanon is unusual; it may reflect a scribal association with hidden or non-canonical writings, though the etymology is obscure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Thecel","severity":"caution","text":"Thecel appears twice: first as 'measure' and later as 'it is weighed.' This duplication may indicate a scribal error or a deliberate repetition with a different grammatical form.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Kephas","severity":"info","text":"Kephas is glossed as 'rock,' matching the Aramaic kēp̄ā' and the New Testament name for Peter (John 1:42). This aligns with standard patristic etymologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Thaemanon is obscure; the gloss 'having forbidden ways by a nod' may be corrupt or based on a misreading. The duplication of Thecel is unexplained."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Thanaam, auster. Theman, illinc. J Jesus, salus, salvator, salvus. Josias, salvans. Jeremias, largitio aquae. Jezeciel, fortitudo Dei. Jonathan, columba veniens, Jonas, columba. Joannes, expiatio, requies, donum Dei, remedium Dei, Dei gratia ipsius, labor Dei, fuga pulchritudinis, sustinentia Dei. Josedec, justitia. Jacob, supplantator. Israel, mens videns Deum. Joppe, speculatio gaudii, pulchritudo mirabilis. Joac, fraternitas Dei. Jezrael, non videns Deum. Japheth, latitudo. Jothor, caecus, vel superfluus. Jacobus, calcanei filius. Isaac, exsultatio, angelus. ludas, confessio. Joseph, additamentum. Isachar, merces. lob, visibilis. Idumaea, deficiens· Jerico, deorsum voluto, vel cava et depressa, vel luna. Jael, auris Dei. Jordanes, descensio ostentationis. Judaea, glorificans. Hierusalem, visio pacis, templum pacis. Joel, habet spiritum Dei. Jaerus, Domini vigilatio. Jasuph, conversio. Jechonias, purus. Jao, Dominus, vel invisibilis. K Jebus, Jerusalem. Joacim, praeparatio Domini. K Kain, solus, vel possessio. Kades, sanctus. Kephas, petrus. Kedar, obscuritas. Kapernaum, ager, vel domus consolationis. Kaiaphas, curiosus. Karmelus, scientia circumcisionis. Kana, possessio. Konachol, omnipotens. Keph, vocatio. Kecharitomene, receptaculum. L Lamech, electionis. Lia, laboriosa, infirmos habens oculos. Lia, plana. Levi, societas, sive conjugatio. Lazarus, convertens et adjutus.","english":"Thanaam, south wind. Theman, from there. J Jesus, salvation, savior, safe. Josias, saving. Jeremias, a largesse of water. Jezeciel, strength of God. Jonathan, a dove coming. Jonas, dove. Joannes, expiation, rest, gift of God, remedy of God, grace of God himself, labor of God, flight of beauty, endurance of God. Josedec, justice. Jacob, supplanter. Israel, mind seeing God. Joppe, speculation of joy, wonderful beauty. Joac, brotherhood of God. Jezrael, not seeing God. Japheth, breadth. Jothor, blind, or superfluous. Jacobus, son of the heel. Isaac, exultation, angel. Judas, confession. Joseph, addition. Isachar, reward. Job, visible. Idumaea, failing. Jerico, rolled downward, or hollow and low, or moon. Jael, ear of God. Jordanes, descent of display. Judaea, glorifying. Jerusalem, vision of peace, temple of peace. Joel, he has the spirit of God. Jaerus, the Lord's watchfulness. Jasuph, conversion. Jechonias, pure. Jao, Lord, or invisible. K Jebus, Jerusalem. Joacim, preparation of the Lord. K Kain, alone, or possession. Kades, holy. Kephas, rock. Kedar, darkness. Kapernaum, field, or house of consolation. Kaiaphas, curious. Karmelus, knowledge of circumcision. Kana, possession. Konachol, almighty. Keph, calling. Kecharitomene, receptacle. L Lamech, of election. Lia, laborious, having weak eyes. Lia, flat. Levi, society, or conjunction. Lazarus, turning and helped.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Thanaam","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'auster' (south wind) is a standard etymological gloss for the Hebrew place-name Thanaam, likely derived from the Septuagint or Jerome's Onomastica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"J Jesus","severity":"info","text":"The triple gloss 'salus, salvator, salvus' (salvation, savior, safe) reflects a common patristic etymology linking Jesus to the Hebrew root yšʿ (to save).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Joannes","severity":"info","text":"The multiple glosses for Joannes (John) — including 'expiatio, requies, donum Dei' — are typical of the layered etymological tradition found in Jerome and Isidore.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Kecharitomene","severity":"info","text":"The Greek term 'Kecharitomene' (full of grace) is a rare inclusion, likely borrowed from the Greek New Testament (Luke 1:28) and glossed as 'receptaculum' (receptacle).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows an alphabetical sequence (J, K, L) with each entry giving a name and one or more Latin glosses, consistent with the onomasticon genre.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Konachol","severity":"caution","text":"The form 'Konachol' is obscure and may be a corruption or a non-biblical name; the gloss 'omnipotens' (almighty) suggests a divine epithet, but the source is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic Vorlage for several entries (e.g., Thanaam, Konachol) is uncertain; the Latin glosses may reflect multiple source traditions.","The entry 'Kecharitomene' is Greek, not Coptic, and its inclusion may indicate a later addition or a mixed-language exemplar."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Libanus, dealbatio. Loi, exclusio. M Mesias. Christus. Michael, praetor Dei. Moyses, aquae ablatio. Mathusala, propter faciem loquens, missus. Manasses, recordatio. Melchi, rex. Melchisedec, rex pacificus. Mane, numeravit. Moldan, anum judicium. Misael misericordia Dei. Martha, Dominus venit. Mariama, amarum mare. Michtheel, dissimilis virtus. Magdalene, quae plantata est. Matthaeus, gloria vitae. Malachias, angelus. Michaeas, quis sicut Dominus? Mariam, Domini sigillum, Dominus ex genere meo, illuminatio. N Nephthalem, latitudo vel opitulatio. Noemen, dulcis. Nadam, beneplacitum. Natham, dedit. Naoum, consolatio. Noema, fides. Naba, corvus. Noe, requies. Nathanael, dedit Deus. Nae, instabilis et fluctuans. Nazareth, flos. Naphtha, oleum quod apud Persas tunditur. Noe, justitia. O Hoon, sublimis. Urias, spiritus. Hooliba, adultera. Hodolla, meretrix. Hozias. fortitudo Dei. P Pascha, sacrificium pro transitu, redemptio. Pessech, libertas. Paschor, liber. Paulus, requies, minimus. R Rubei, spiritus Dei. Ruben, videns filius. Rabbi, magister. Ramma, excelsa. Racca, vanus. Raguel, pastura Dei. Raphael, spiritus Dei, vel medicus Dei. Rachel, grex Del, vel ovis Dei. Rebecca, pastoralis filia. Ruth, grex. Rachel, domina, cognitio. S Samuel, petitio, vel obedientia Dei. Symeon, exauditio, vel obediens. Salomon pacificus. Sedech, pacis. Salim, pax. Seraphim, spiritus stantes.","english":"Libanus, whitening. Loi, exclusion. M Mesias, Christ. Michael, steward of God. Moyses, removal of water. Mathusala, speaking on account of the face, sent. Manasses, remembrance. Melchi, king. Melchisedec, peaceful king. Mane, he counted. Moldan, judgment of an old woman. Misael, mercy of God. Martha, the Lord comes. Mariama, bitter sea. Michtheel, unlike virtue. Magdalene, she who is planted. Matthaeus, glory of life. Malachias, angel. Michaeas, who is like the Lord? Mariam, seal of the Lord, the Lord from my kind, illumination. N Nephthalem, breadth or assistance. Noemen, sweet. Nadam, good pleasure. Natham, he gave. Naoum, consolation. Noema, faith. Naba, raven. Noe, rest. Nathanael, God gave. Nae, unstable and wavering. Nazareth, flower. Naphtha, oil which is pounded among the Persians. Noe, justice. O Hoon, lofty. Urias, spirit. Hooliba, adulteress. Hodolla, harlot. Hozias, strength of God. P Pascha, sacrifice for the crossing, redemption. Pessech, freedom. Paschor, free. Paulus, rest, least. R Rubei, spirit of God. Ruben, seeing son. Rabbi, master. Ramma, high. Racca, empty. Raguel, pasture of God. Raphael, spirit of God, or physician of God. Rachel, flock of God, or sheep of God. Rebecca, pastoral daughter. Ruth, flock. Rachel, lady, knowledge. S Samuel, petition, or obedience of God. Symeon, hearing, or obedient. Salomon, peaceful. Sedech, of peace. Salim, peace. Seraphim, standing spirits.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Libanus","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'Libanus' glosses the Coptic word for Lebanon, but the etymology 'dealbatio' (whitening) likely refers to the snow-capped mountains of Lebanon, a common patristic trope.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Mariama","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'amarum mare' (bitter sea) for Mariama reflects the popular etymology of Mary as 'bitter sea' (stilla maris), a common but erroneous derivation from Hebrew.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Naphtha","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'oleum quod apud Persas tunditur' (oil which is pounded among the Persians) for Naphtha reflects a late antique understanding of naphtha as a Persian product, possibly bitumen or petroleum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Pascha","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'sacrificium pro transitu, redemptio' (sacrifice for the crossing, redemption) for Pascha combines the Hebrew pesach (passover) with Christian typology of redemption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Moldan","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss 'anum judicium' (judgment of an old woman) for Moldan is obscure; the Coptic may be corrupt or the etymology fanciful, as no standard biblical name matches this form.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"M","severity":"info","text":"The entry for M begins with 'Mesias. Christus', treating 'Mesias' as a lemma and 'Christus' as its gloss, a rare instance where the gloss is itself a name requiring further explanation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic original for several lemmas (e.g., Loi, Moldan, Hoon) is uncertain; the Latin may reflect a corrupted or non-standard tradition.","The entry for 'Mariam' gives multiple glosses, suggesting a composite or conflated source."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Satan, affligens. Sonam, obediens. Sidon, captura. Sin, sitis. Sion, sitiens. Samaria, obedientia dicitur. Sodoma, evocatio. Sephela, pelvis angusta. Semnas, conversiones. Sania, rubus. Sabbatum, requies, sanctificatio, otiositas. Segor, excitata. Sipha, excitatus. Sabae, AEthiopes. Sabaoth, virtus. Susanna, muro cincta. Sophonias, intelligens abscondita. Simon, humilitas. Seth, oblivio malorum, vel qui posuit. Sem, requies, Corneo. Solem, perfectum. Saul, litio. Sanir, via lucernae. Sulamites, pacificans. Sara, pauxilla. Sarra, multiplicata. Siir, cursus. Sennaar, excussio. Sychem, labor, vel exercitatio. Saulus, persecutor. Sen, dentes. Seppliora, consideratio, vel pulchritudo. T Tigris, acutissimus spiritus. Titus, dijudicatio. PH Phares, intercisio, tollit. Phit, os. Phison, os ignis. Philippus, quae effugit vita. Phanuel, redemptio Dei. Phenana, resipiscentia. Pharan, cerva. Pharisaei, separati, dissecti. CH Cham, acervus spicae. Choreb, hot ale. Chelciu, Dei excitantis. Cherub, multitudo. O Osanna, gloria, salva quaeso. Osee, obumbrans, vel custos.","english":"Satan, afflicting. Sonam, obedient. Sidon, capture. Sin, thirst. Sion, thirsting. Samaria, is said to mean obedience. Sodoma, calling forth. Sephela, narrow basin. Semnas, conversions. Sania, bramble. Sabbatum, rest, sanctification, idleness. Segor, roused. Sipha, roused. Sabae, Ethiopians. Sabaoth, might. Susanna, girded by a wall. Sophonias, understanding hidden things. Simon, humility. Seth, forgetfulness of evils, or he who placed. Sem, rest, Cornel. Solem, perfect. Saul, petition. Sanir, path of a lamp. Sulamites, pacifying. Sara, small. Sarra, multiplied. Siir, course. Sennaar, shaking off. Sychem, labor, or exertion. Saulus, persecutor. Sen, teeth. Seppliora, consideration, or beauty. T Tigris, most sharp spirit. Titus, judgment. PH Phares, division, he takes away. Phit, mouth. Phison, mouth of fire. Philippus, which flees life. Phanuel, redemption of God. Phenana, repentance. Pharan, doe. Pharisaei, separated, cut apart. CH Cham, heap of grain. Choreb, hot ale. Chelciu, of God rousing. Cherub, multitude. O Osanna, glory, save I pray. Osee, overshadowing, or guardian.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Satan","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'affligens' (afflicting) for Satan reflects the common etymological derivation from Hebrew śāṭan (to oppose, to accuse), but here the sense is active persecution rather than adversarial accusation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sabaoth","severity":"info","text":"Sabaoth is glossed as 'virtus' (might), reflecting the Hebrew ṣĕbāʼôt (hosts, armies) as in the divine title Dominus exercituum, but the Latin tradition often rendered it as 'strength' or 'power'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cherub","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'multitudo' (multitude) for Cherub is unusual; standard patristic etymology (e.g., Jerome) derives Cherub from Hebrew kĕrûḇ (perhaps 'fullness of knowledge'), not 'multitude'. This may reflect a confusion with Hebrew rab (many).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pharisaei","severity":"info","text":"Pharisaei is glossed as 'separati, dissecti' (separated, cut apart), correctly reflecting the Hebrew pārûš (separated), referring to the Pharisees as a distinct party. The double gloss may indicate a conflation with the root prš (to divide).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Osanna","severity":"info","text":"Osanna (Hosanna) is glossed as 'gloria, salva quaeso' (glory, save I pray), combining the doxological and petitionary senses of the Hebrew hôšaʿ-nāʾ (save, please), as used in Psalm 118:25 (Vulgate 117:25).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Choreb","severity":"info","text":"Choreb (Horeb) is glossed as 'hot ale' (hot ale), a curious rendering. The standard etymology (e.g., Jerome) derives Horeb from ḥōrēb (dry, desolate). The gloss 'hot ale' may be a corruption or a folk etymology based on the idea of a hot, dry place.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic Vorlage for several entries (e.g., Sonam, Semnas, Sania, Sipha, Chelciu) is uncertain; the Latin forms may be corrupt or reflect variant Coptic spellings.","The gloss 'Corneo' for Sem is obscure; it may be a misreading or a gloss on a different word."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Codex Qolbertinus·\n\nA,1.. 2,. '..... -... 3,., 4,............. \"...,7..,.....,...... 3,............................ 7,..,...... 2,... 3,. 4,............. B 7,................. 1,........ 2, -... 3,....... a... (pro )......... E.. (??)... (??).., -... 1,.... -......,... Z. -....... H, (??),. H. H.. \"H. (??).,,...;·. Lege.... [lege ].. (f. - )...,.. I....., -...., -......, (??)...., a......,......,....... 1,.... -......,... Z. -. ·.....,... \". \"....... Lege.... [lege (??) ].. (f. - )...,.. I....:., - -..., -.....,...., (??)............,6. K..., -.......... -..;. M... -......,......·;. N - ·.......,.... O [lege ],..... · *... 5·. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. *......, a. (f. )........,..,..........., a... (f. - )..... · T,.., (??)..... (f. ).. -. X... d...\n\nHieronymus.\n\nAdam, homo, sive terrenus, vel terra rubra, etc. Abraham, pater videns multitudinem. Alleluia, laudate Dominum. Ambacum, amplexans eos. Armathaim, altitudo eorum. Anna, gratia ejus. Aermon, anathema moeroris. Abigail, pater exsultationis, sive roris. Ananias, gratia Domini, vel gratia dissipata. Azarias, adjutorium Domini. Aermonim, anathema ejus, etc. Amen, vere, fideliter. Aser, beatitudo, sive beatas. Andreas, Graece virilis, etc. A sec, calumnia. Enos, homo. Ariel, leo Dei. Aggaeus, solemnitas. Anathema. Graecum est. Ephod, superindumentum. Armathaim, altitudo eorum. Asaph, congregans. Arab, insidiae. Adonai, Dominus.","english":"Codex Qolbertinus·\n\nA,1.. 2,. '..... -... 3,., 4,............. \"...,7..,.....,...... 3,............................ 7,..,...... 2,... 3,. 4,............. B 7,................. 1,........ 2, -... 3,....... a... (pro )......... E.. (??)... (??).., -... 1,.... -......,... Z. -....... H, (??),. H. H.. \"H. (??).,,...;·. Read.... [read ].. (f. - )...,.. I....., -...., -......, (??)...., a......,......,....... 1,.... -......,... Z. -. ·.....,... \". \"....... Read.... [read (??) ].. (f. - )...,.. I....:., - -..., -.....,...., (??)............,6. K..., -.......... -..;. M... -......,......·;. N - ·.......,.... O [read ],..... · *... 5·. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. *......, a. (f. )........,..,..........., a... (f. - )..... · T,.., (??)..... (f. ).. -. X... d...\n\nJerome.\n\nAdam, man, or earthly, or red earth, etc. Abraham, father seeing a multitude. Alleluia, praise the Lord. Ambacum, embracing them. Armathaim, their height. Anna, her grace. Aermon, anathema of sorrow. Abigail, father of exultation, or of dew. Ananias, grace of the Lord, or grace scattered. Azarias, help of the Lord. Aermonim, his anathema, etc. Amen, truly, faithfully. Aser, blessedness, or blessed. Andrew, in Greek manly, etc. A sec, slander. Enos, man. Ariel, lion of God. Aggaeus, solemnity. Anathema. It is Greek. Ephod, outer garment. Armathaim, their height. Asaph, gathering. Arab, ambush. Adonai, Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a heavily corrupted section labeled 'Codex Qolbertinus', followed by a cleaner list of Hebrew name interpretations attributed to Jerome. The two sections are structurally distinct, suggesting a composite manuscript.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'Codex Qolbertinus' section is largely illegible, with many lacunae and editorial marks like 'Lege' (read). This indicates a damaged or poorly transmitted exemplar, possibly a palimpsest or a copy with marginal corrections.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Anathema","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Anathema. Graecum est.' notes that the word is Greek. In the Septuagint, ἀνάθεμα often translates Hebrew חֵרֶם (something devoted or cursed), but here it is simply glossed as a Greek loanword.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of names (Adam, Abraham, etc.) with etymological glosses follows the tradition of Jerome's Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum, a standard reference for allegorical interpretation of biblical names in medieval exegesis.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Jerome 4th-5th cent."],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Alleluia","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Alleluia, laudate Dominum' reflects the Hebrew phrase הַלְלוּ יָהּ (praise Yah), common in the Psalms (e.g., Ps 104:35 LXX). The Latin translation 'laudate Dominum' is standard in the Vulgate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'A sec, calumnia' is obscure: 'A sec' may be a corruption of a Hebrew name (perhaps אָסָף Asaph, already listed) or a misreading. The gloss 'calumnia' (slander) does not match known etymologies for Asaph.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The 'Codex Qolbertinus' section is too corrupt to reconstruct the original text; the reading follows the edition's diplomatic transcription.","The entry 'A sec' is uncertain: it may be a scribal error or a variant spelling of a name like Asaph or Aser."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Arram, riscus, vel arca, vel capsa. Aran, iracundus, vel decor. Aseroth, beatitudine, etc. AEtam, avis eorum. Azotus, ignis patruelis, etc. Anath, responsio, etc. Amorrhaeus, loquens, vel amarulentus. AEgyptus, tribulatio, vel tenebrae AEtas. Arnon, lumen eorum, etc. AEglon, vacca eorum. Ada, testimonium. Aaron, mons fortitudinis, etc. Abimelech, pater meus rex, etc. Asael, factura Dei. Amesa, populum tollens, vel levans. Accaron, sterilitas, etc. Agla, festivitas ejus, aut vacca. Adino, tenellus, vel delicatus. Hasadias. Asel. Apher, pulvis, sive humus. Amal, labor. Asoth, patruelis, etc. Azael, fortitudo Dei. Uriel, lux mea Deus. Armathaim, altitudo eorum. Abenezer, lapis adjutorii. Amorrhae, loquentes, etc. Asor, atrium, etc. Abenner, pater lucernae, etc. Azeca. fortitudo, sive decipula. Araboth, humilem, planam, etc. Arabia, humilis, sive occidentalis. Aggith, festus, sive solemnis. Agal, vitulus, etc. Adadezer, decorum auxilium, etc. Aphec, furor novus, etc. Amathi, fidelis meus, etc. Assur, dirigens, etc. Assyriorum, dirigentium. Amutal, ros calefactus. Amos, fortis, vel populum avellens. Achaz, continens, aut comprehendens. Anathoth, obedientia, etc. Ana, responsio, sive respondens. Asida, milvus, herodius. AEthiopia, tenebrae, sive caligo. Achor, turbatio, vel tumultus. Azeca, fortitudo, etc. Alepha, mille. Ain, fons, vel oculus. Zare, oriens, sive ortus est.","english":"Arram, a chest, or a coffer, or a box. Aran, wrathful, or beautiful. Aseroth, blessedness, etc. AEtam, their bird. Azotus, fire of a cousin, etc. Anath, response, etc. Amorrhaeus, speaking, or bitter. AEgyptus, tribulation, or darkness. AEtas. Arnon, their light, etc. AEglon, their cow. Ada, testimony. Aaron, mountain of strength, etc. Abimelech, my father is king, etc. Asael, making of God. Amesa, taking away or lifting up the people. Accaron, barrenness, etc. Agla, his festivity, or a cow. Adino, tender, or delicate. Hasadias. Asel. Apher, dust, or soil. Amal, labor. Asoth, cousin, etc. Azael, strength of God. Uriel, my light is God. Armathaim, their height. Abenezer, stone of help. Amorrhae, speaking, etc. Asor, court, etc. Abenner, father of a lamp, etc. Azeca, strength, or a snare. Araboth, low, flat, etc. Arabia, low, or western. Aggith, festive, or solemn. Agal, calf, etc. Adadezer, beautiful help, etc. Aphec, new fury, etc. Amathi, my faithful one, etc. Assur, directing, etc. Assyriorum, of those directing. Amutal, warmed dew. Amos, strong, or tearing away the people. Achaz, containing, or comprehending. Anathoth, obedience, etc. Ana, response, or responding. Asida, kite, heron. AEthiopia, darkness, or gloom. Achor, disturbance, or tumult. Azeca, strength, etc. Alepha, thousand. Ain, spring, or eye. Zare, rising, or it has risen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of Hebrew proper names and common nouns with Latin etymological glosses, typical of onomastica sacra. The sequence is alphabetical by initial letter (A), but not strictly ordered within that letter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Arram","severity":"info","text":"Arram is glossed as 'a chest, or a coffer, or a box'. The Latin 'riscus' (chest) and 'arca' (coffer) are synonyms; 'capsa' (box) is a further variant. The entry likely derives from Hebrew 'aram' (a chest) or a similar root.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Aaron","severity":"info","text":"Aaron is glossed as 'mountain of strength'. This etymology is common in patristic sources (e.g., Jerome, Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum), where Aaron is linked to Hebrew 'har' (mountain) and 'on' (strength).","cites":[],"named_sources":["Jerome 4th cent."],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ain","severity":"info","text":"Ain is glossed as 'spring, or eye'. This reflects the Hebrew word 'ayin', which means both 'eye' and 'spring' (of water). The dual meaning is standard in Hebrew lexicography and appears in Jerome's onomasticon.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Jerome 4th cent."],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"AEthiopia","severity":"info","text":"AEthiopia is glossed as 'darkness, or gloom'. This reflects a common medieval Christian trope associating Ethiopia with darkness, both literal and allegorical, derived from the Greek 'Aithiops' (burnt-face).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Hasadias","severity":"caution","text":"Hasadias and Asel appear without glosses in the Latin, suggesting a lacuna or corruption in the manuscript. The English draft reproduces this omission. The intended meanings are uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic cues for this passage are not provided; the structural classification 'narrative' is given but the text is a list, not a narrative. This may indicate a misclassification or a different Coptic source.","Several entries (e.g., Hasadias, Asel) lack glosses, possibly due to manuscript damage or scribal omission."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Ausitis, consiliatrix, etc. Asida, milvus. Asaph, congregans. Aod, inclytus, gloriosus. Abelmeola, luctus parturientis. Abiud, patris robur, etc. Esrom, sagittam vidit, etc. Sabe, saturitas. Arab, insidiae. Uri, lux mea. Abiel, pater meus Deus. Abiezer, patris mei auxilium. Amalec, populus lambens, vel lingens. Ammon, populus moeroris, vel filius populi mei. Amasa, populum tollens, sive levans. Aminadab, populus meus voluntarius. Ammiud, populus meus gloriosus. Abdia, servus Domini. Annas, donans. B Barnee, electa commotio. Basanitis, bruchus. Sive pinguedo. Nam quod interpretari solet, ignominia, vel confusio, Buza dicitur. Bersabee, puteus saturitatis, vel puteus septimus. Baalfegor, habens os pelliceum. Bosor, in angustia, sive caro. Bartholomaeus, iilius suspendentis aquas, etc. Banereem, filii tonitrui, quod cor rupte Boanerges usus obtinuit. Bethania, domus afflictionis ejus, vel domus obedientiae. Bethphage, domus oris vallium, etc. Bethsaida, domus frugum, etc. Beliar, caeca angustia, etc. Baalim, habentes, sive superiores, etc. Bar-jona, filius columbae, etc. Babylon, confusio. Benjamin, filius dextrae. Bethel, domus Dei. Bara, creatura, etc. Bara, in malitia. Balla, absorpta, praecipitata, sive inveterata. Beeri, puteus meus. Bathuel, virgo Dei. Bethleem, domus panis. Bethabara, domus transitus. Bethabara, domus transitus. Beth, domus.","english":"Ausitis, a counselor, etc. Asida, a kite. Asaph, gathering. Aod, renowned, glorious. Abelmeola, mourning of a woman in labor. Abiud, strength of a father, etc. Esrom, he saw an arrow, etc. Sabe, satiety. Arab, ambush. Uri, my light. Abiel, my father is God. Abiezer, help of my father. Amalec, a licking or lapping people. Ammon, a people of sorrow, or the son of my people. Amasa, lifting or raising the people. Aminadab, my people are willing. Ammiud, my people are glorious. Abdia, servant of the Lord. Annas, giving. B Barnee, chosen commotion. Basanitis, a locust. Or fatness. For what is usually interpreted as disgrace or confusion is called Buza. Bersabee, well of satiety, or seventh well. Baalfegor, having a fur-lined mouth. Bosor, in distress, or flesh. Bartholomaeus, son of the one suspending waters, etc. Banereem, sons of thunder, which usage has established as Boanerges. Bethania, house of his affliction, or house of obedience. Bethphage, house of the mouth of valleys, etc. Bethsaida, house of fruits, etc. Beliar, blind distress, etc. Baalim, having, or superiors, etc. Bar-jona, son of a dove, etc. Babylon, confusion. Benjamin, son of the right hand. Bethel, house of God. Bara, creation, etc. Bara, in malice. Balla, swallowed up, precipitated, or grown old. Beeri, my well. Bathuel, virgin of God. Bethleem, house of bread. Bethabara, house of passage. Bethabara, house of passage. Beth, house.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Basanitis","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Basanitis' is glossed as 'bruchus' (locust) and 'pinguedo' (fatness), with a note that the usual interpretation 'ignominia' or 'confusio' belongs to 'Buza'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Banereem","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Banereem' is glossed as 'filii tonitrui' (sons of thunder), with a note that usage has established the form 'Boanerges'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Boanerges","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Boanerges' appears in Mark 3:17, where Jesus gives this Aramaic name to James and John, meaning 'sons of thunder'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the alphabetical sequence of Hebrew names and their etymologies, with 'B' entries following the 'A' entries of the previous passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Bethabara","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Bethabara' (house of passage) is repeated verbatim, likely a scribal duplication or a sign of multiple source traditions being conflated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"B Barnee","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'B Barnee' is anomalous: the initial 'B' may be a stray letter or a heading marker, and the gloss 'electa commotio' (chosen commotion) is obscure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'B Barnee' may be corrupt or a conflation of two entries; the repetition of 'Bethabara' suggests scribal error or multiple sources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Baruch-abba, benedictus qui venit. Baruch, benedictus. Baalmon, habens habitaculum. G Gelboe, volutatio, sive decursus, vel acervus pluens. Garizim. divisio, sive advena. Gabriel, fortitudo Dei, vel vir meus, etc. Gomorrha, populi timor, sive seditio., Geon, pectus, sive praeruptum. Gad, latrunculus, vel fortuna, aut tentatio. Gimel, retributio, vel plenitudo. Gaddi, haedus, vel tentatio mea. Galaad, transmigratio testimonii, etc. Galilaea, volutabilis, vel rota, etc. Gerasenorum, coloni ibidem, aut suburbana. Gabbatha, excelsa. Golgotha, Calvaria. Syrum est, Gamaliel, retributio Dei. Gersam, advena ibi. D David, fortis manu. Daniel, judicium Dei. Dan, judicium, vel judicans. Damascus, sanguinis osculum, etc. E Elisae, Dei mei sains, etc. Elimelech, Deus meus rex. Evila, dolens, vel parturiens. Elcana. Dei possessio. Edom, rufus, sive terrenus. Ephatha, frugifera, etc. Elmodad, ad mensuram, etc. Eli, Deus meus. Euphrates, frugifer, sive crescens. Ephraim frugifer, sive eres (??). Elisabeth, Dei mei saturitas. Ezecia, fortitudo Domini, etc. Emor, asinus. Eliezer, Deus mens adjutor, etc. Emmim, terribiles. Engadi, fons haedi. Eglon, vitulus moeroris, etc. Enoch, dedicatio. Esebon, cogitatio, etc. Aendor, oculus, aut fons generationis. Eloi, Dens. Ermon, anathema moeroris. Eden, deliciae, vel ornatus. Eliacim, Dei resurrectio, Eva, vita, aut vae. vel calamitas.","english":"Baruch-abba, blessed is he who comes. Baruch, blessed. Baalmon, having a dwelling. G Gelboe, rolling, or running down, or a heap of rain. Garizim, division, or stranger. Gabriel, strength of God, or my man, etc. Gomorrha, fear of the people, or sedition. Geon, breast, or precipice. Gad, little thief, or fortune, or temptation. Gimel, retribution, or fullness. Gaddi, goat, or my temptation. Galaad, migration of testimony, etc. Galilaea, rolling, or wheel, etc. Gerasenorum, settlers there, or suburbs. Gabbatha, high. Golgotha, Calvary. It is Syriac. Gamaliel, retribution of God. Gersam, stranger there. D David, strong of hand. Daniel, judgment of God. Dan, judgment, or judging. Damascus, kiss of blood, etc. E Elisae, salvation of my God, etc. Elimelech, my God is king. Evila, grieving, or giving birth. Elcana, possession of God. Edom, red, or earthly. Ephatha, fruitful, etc. Elmodad, to measure, etc. Eli, my God. Euphrates, fruitful, or growing. Ephraim, fruitful, or (??). Elisabeth, satiety of my God. Ezecia, strength of the Lord, etc. Emor, donkey. Eliezer, my God is helper, etc. Emmim, terrible ones. Engadi, fountain of a goat. Eglon, calf of sorrow, etc. Enoch, dedication. Esebon, thought, etc. Aendor, eye, or fountain of generation. Eloi, God. Ermon, anathema of sorrow. Eden, delight, or ornament. Eliacim, resurrection of God. Eva, life, or woe, or calamity.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Baruch-abba","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Baruch-abba' is a compound of Hebrew 'baruch' (blessed) and Aramaic 'abba' (father), here glossed as 'benedictus qui venit' (blessed is he who comes), likely a Christological interpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Golgotha","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Calvaria' (Calvary) for Golgotha is standard in Latin tradition, reflecting the Vulgate's 'Calvariae locus' (John 19:17). The note 'Syrum est' (it is Syriac) indicates the compiler's awareness of the Aramaic origin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Gabriel","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'fortitudo Dei' (strength of God) for Gabriel echoes the common etymological interpretation found in Jerome's 'Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum' and is consistent with the angel's role in Daniel 8 and Luke 1.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Gelboe","severity":"info","text":"Gelboe (Gilboa) is a mountain in Israel, site of Saul's death (1 Samuel 31). The glosses 'volutatio' (rolling) and 'decursus' (running down) may reflect the terrain; 'acervus pluens' (heap of rain) is unattested elsewhere.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Eva","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'vita' (life) for Eva (Eve) reflects the Vulgate's etymology (Gen 3:20), while 'vae' (woe) is a medieval pun on the name, common in moralizing exegesis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ephraim","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss for Ephraim includes 'frugifer' (fruitful) and an uncertain 'eres' (marked with ?? in the Latin), suggesting a textual corruption or illegible reading in the manuscript source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Ephraim' has an uncertain second gloss ('eres') in the Latin, possibly a scribal error or abbreviation.","The lemma 'Gelboe' gloss 'acervus pluens' is unusual and may reflect a misreading or local tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Z Zara, oriens, vel ortus est. Zacharias, memoria Domini, vel memor Domini. Zorobabel, ipse magister Babylonis, id est confusionis. Zebedaeus, donatus, sive fluens iste. Zachaeus, justificatus, aut justus, etc. Zabulon, habitaculum, etc Zelpha, ambulans os. Zanoe, repulit, vel iste quievit. E Esaias, salus Domini. Eliu, Deus meus iste. Esau, factura, sive roboreus, etc. El, Deus, vel fortis. Eth, formidans, sive stupens· Elias, Deus Dominus, etc. Thamar, palma, vel amara. Theman, auster. Thecel, appendit. Chabrath, quasi electum, sive grave. Thalam, ros eorum, sive irrorata. Thomas, abyssus, sive geminus, unde et Graece didymus appellatur. Theudas, landatio, etc Thecel, appendit. Themana, auster, vel Africus. Thalpioth, propugnacula Thabor, veniens lumen Thyatira, illuminata. Thaphnas, opertum signum, etc. Thau, signum, etc. Theman, auster. Theman, auster, Vel Africus. Jesus, salvator, sive salvaturus. Josias, Domini salus, etc. Jeremias, excelsus Domini. Jezeciel, fortitudo Dei. Jonathan, Domino donante, etc. Jonas, columba. Joannes, cui est gratia, vel Domini gratia, aut in quo est gratia. Josedech, Domini justus, etc. Jacob, supplantator, sive supplantans. Israel, vir videns Deum, etc. Tharsis, exploratio gaudii. Joppe, pulchritudo. Joach, cujus est frater? sed melius, confitens, sive glorificans. Jezrael, semen Dei. Japheth, latitudo. Jothor, superfluus.","english":"Z Zara, rising, or it has risen. Zacharias, memory of the Lord, or mindful of the Lord. Zorobabel, himself the master of Babylon, that is, of confusion. Zebedaeus, gifted, or that one flowing. Zachaeus, justified, or just, etc. Zabulon, dwelling, etc. Zelpha, walking mouth. Zanoe, he repelled, or that one rested. E Esaias, salvation of the Lord. Eliu, that one is my God. Esau, making, or strong, etc. El, God, or strong. Eth, fearing, or being amazed. Elias, God is Lord, etc. Thamar, palm, or bitter. Theman, south wind. Thecel, he weighed. Chabrath, as if chosen, or heavy. Thalam, their dew, or bedewed. Thomas, abyss, or twin, whence also in Greek he is called didymus. Theudas, praise, etc. Thecel, he weighed. Themana, south wind, or Africus. Thalpioth, bulwarks. Thabor, coming light. Thyatira, illuminated. Thaphnas, covered sign, etc. Thau, sign, etc. Theman, south wind. Theman, south wind, or Africus. Jesus, savior, or about to save. Josias, salvation of the Lord, etc. Jeremias, exalted of the Lord. Jezeciel, strength of God. Jonathan, the Lord giving, etc. Jonas, dove. Joannes, to whom there is grace, or grace of the Lord, or in whom there is grace. Josedech, just of the Lord, etc. Jacob, supplanter, or supplanting. Israel, man seeing God, etc. Tharsis, exploration of joy. Joppe, beauty. Joach, whose brother? but better, confessing, or glorifying. Jezrael, seed of God. Japheth, breadth. Jothor, superfluous.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Zacharias","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'memoria Domini' (memory of the Lord) is standard in Jerome's Onomastica; 'memor Domini' (mindful of the Lord) is a variant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Thomas","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'abyssus, sive geminus' (abyss, or twin) and the reference to Greek 'didymus' reflect the standard etymology of Thomas as 'twin' (John 11:16, 20:24).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Jesus","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'salvator, sive salvaturus' (savior, or about to save) echoes the Hebrew root yšʿ and the angelic announcement in Matthew 1:21.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Theman","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Theman' appears three times in this passage, each with the same gloss 'auster' (south wind), suggesting a scribal duplication or a separate lemma for a place and a wind.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Thecel","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Thecel' appears twice with the identical gloss 'appendit' (he weighed). This may be a scribal error or a repetition from a source; the Coptic form likely represents Aramaic tql.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Zorobabel","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'ipse magister Babylonis, id est confusionis' (himself the master of Babylon, that is, of confusion) plays on the Hebrew bbl (Babylon) and the common patristic trope of Babylon as confusion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The repeated entries for 'Theman' and 'Thecel' may indicate either a scribal error or a deliberate listing of distinct but homonymous lemmata; the Coptic text does not disambiguate."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Jacobus, supplantator. Isaac,, risus, vel gaudium. Juda, confitens, sive laudans. Joseph, augmentum. Issachar, est merces. Job, magus. Idumaea, terrena, vel rufa. Jerico, odor ejus, vel luna. Jael, cerva, vel incipiens. Jordanis, descensio eorum. Judaea, confessio. Jerusalem, visio pacte, etc. Joel, incipiens, vel est Dei. Jairus, illuminans, vel illuminatus. Jasub, revertens. Jechonias, praeparatio Domini. Iao, Dominus. Jebusaeum, calcatum, etc. Joacim, Domini resurrectio. C Cain, possessio, etc. Cades, sancta, etc. Cephas, petrus. Cedar, tenebrae, etc. Capharnaum, villa, sive ager consolationis Ezecia, fortitudo Domini, etc. Emor, asinus. Eliezer, Deus meus adjutor, etc. Emmim, terribiles. Engadi, fons haedi. Eglon, vitulus moeroris, etc. Enoch, dedicatio. Esebon, cogitatio, etc. Aendor, oculus, aut fons generationis. Eloi, Dens. Ermon, anathema moeroris. Eden, deliciae, vel ornatus. Eliacim, Dei resurrectio. Eva, vita, aut vae. vel calamitas. Z Zara, oriens, vel ortus est. Zacharias, memoria Domini, vel memor Domini. Zorobabel, ipse magister Babylonis, id est confusionis. Zebedaeus, donatus, sive fluens iste. Zachaeus, justificatus, aut justus, etc. Zabulon, habitaculum, etc Zelpha, ambulans os. Zanoe, repulit., vel iste quievit. E Esaias, salus Domini. Eliu, Deus meus iste, Esau, factura, sive roboreus, etc. El, Deus, vel fortis. Eth, formidans, sive stupens.","english":"Jacobus, a supplanter. Isaac, laughter, or joy. Juda, confessing, or praising. Joseph, increase. Issachar, there is a reward. Job, a magus. Idumaea, earthly, or red. Jerico, its odor, or the moon. Jael, a doe, or beginning. Jordanis, their descent. Judaea, confession. Jerusalem, vision of peace, etc. Joel, beginning, or he is of God. Jairus, enlightening, or enlightened. Jasub, returning. Jechonias, preparation of the Lord. Iao, Lord. Jebusaeum, trampled, etc. Joacim, resurrection of the Lord. C Cain, possession, etc. Cades, holy, etc. Cephas, Peter. Cedar, darkness, etc. Capharnaum, a village, or a field of consolation. Ezecia, strength of the Lord, etc. Emor, an ass. Eliezer, my God is my helper, etc. Emmim, terrible ones. Engadi, fountain of a kid. Eglon, calf of sorrow, etc. Enoch, dedication. Esebon, thought, etc. Aendor, eye, or fountain of generation. Eloi, God. Ermon, anathema of sorrow. Eden, delight, or ornament. Eliacim, resurrection of God. Eva, life, or woe, or calamity. Z Zara, rising, or it has risen. Zacharias, memory of the Lord, or mindful of the Lord. Zorobabel, himself the master of Babylon, that is, of confusion. Zebedaeus, gifted, or that one flowing. Zachaeus, justified, or just, etc. Zabulon, a dwelling, etc. Zelpha, walking mouth. Zanoe, he repelled, or that one rested. E Esaias, salvation of the Lord. Eliu, my God is that one. Esau, a making, or strong, etc. El, God, or strong. Eth, fearing, or being stunned.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Jacobus","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'supplantator' renders the Hebrew etymology of Jacob as 'he who supplants' (Gen 25:26). This is a standard patristic etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Isaac","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'risus' (laughter) and 'gaudium' (joy) alludes to the laughter of Abraham and Sarah at Isaac's birth (Gen 21:6).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Job","severity":"info","text":"Calling Job 'magus' (magician) is unusual; it may reflect a confusion with the Arabic root or a tradition linking Job to pagan wisdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cephas","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'petrus' (rock) is the Aramaic meaning of Cephas, the name given to Simon by Jesus (John 1:42).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Eva","severity":"info","text":"The triple gloss 'vita, aut vae, vel calamitas' (life, or woe, or calamity) reflects the ambivalent patristic view of Eve as both mother of life and source of sin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Eliu","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss 'Deus meus iste' (my God is that one) is a non-standard expansion of the Hebrew 'Elihu' (He is my God), possibly a scribal error or variant tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic Vorlage for several entries (e.g., 'Eliu', 'Ermon') is uncertain; the Latin may reflect a secondary Greek intermediary."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Elias, Deus Dominus, etc. TH Thamar, palma, vel amara. Theman, auster. Thecel, appendit. Chabrath, quasi electum, sive grave. Thalam, ros eorum, sive irrorata. Thomas, abyssus, sive geminus, unde et Graece didymus appellatur. Theudas, laudatio, etc. Thecel, appendit. Themana, auster, vel Africus. Thalpioth, propugnacula Thabor, veniens lumen Thyatira, illuminata. Thaphnas, opertum signum, etc. Thau, signum, etc. Theman, auster. Theman, auster, Vel Africus. J Jesus, salvator, sive salvaturus. Josias, Domini salus, etc. Jeremias, excelsus Domini. Jezeciel, fortitudo Dei. Jonathan. Domino donante, etc. Jonas, columba. Joannes, cui est gratia, vel Domini gratia, aut in quo est gratia. Josedech, Domini justus, etc. Jacob, supplantator, sive supplantans. Israel, vir videns Deum, etc. Tharsis, exploratio gaudii. Joppe, pulchritudo. Joach, cujus est frater? sed melius, confitens, sive glorificans. Jezrael, semen Dei. Japheth, latitudo. Jothor, superfluus. Jacobus, supplantator. Isaac, risus, vel gaudium. Juda, confitens, sive laudans. Joseph, augmentum. Issachar, est merces. Job, magus. Idumaea, terrena, vel rufa. Jerico, odor ejus, vel luna. Jael, cerva, vel incipiens. Jordanis, descensio eorum. Judaea, confessio. Jerusalem, visio pacis, etc. Joel, incipiens, vel est Dei. Jairus,illuminans, vel illuminatus. Jasub, revertens. Jechonias, praeparatio Domini. Iao, Dominus.","english":"Elias, God Lord, etc. Thamar, palm, or bitter. Theman, south wind. Thecel, he weighed. Chabrath, as if chosen, or heavy. Thalam, their dew, or bedewed. Thomas, abyss, or twin, whence also in Greek he is called didymus. Theudas, praise, etc. Thecel, he weighed. Themana, south wind, or Africus. Thalpioth, battlements. Thabor, coming light. Thyatira, illuminated. Thaphnas, covered sign, etc. Thau, sign, etc. Theman, south wind. Theman, south wind, or Africus. Jesus, savior, or about to save. Josias, salvation of the Lord, etc. Jeremias, high of the Lord. Jezeciel, strength of God. Jonathan, the Lord giving, etc. Jonas, dove. Joannes, to whom there is grace, or grace of the Lord, or in whom there is grace. Josedech, just of the Lord, etc. Jacob, supplanter, or supplanting. Israel, man seeing God, etc. Tharsis, exploration of joy. Joppe, beauty. Joach, whose brother? but better, confessing, or glorifying. Jezrael, seed of God. Japheth, breadth. Jothor, superfluous. Jacobus, supplanter. Isaac, laughter, or joy. Juda, confessing, or praising. Joseph, increase. Issachar, there is a reward. Job, magus. Idumaea, earthly, or red. Jerico, its odor, or the moon. Jael, doe, or beginning. Jordanis, their descent. Judaea, confession. Jerusalem, vision of peace, etc. Joel, beginning, or is of God. Jairus, illuminating, or illuminated. Jasub, returning. Jechonias, preparation of the Lord. Iao, Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Thamar","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'palm' for Thamar reflects the Hebrew תָּמָר (tāmār, 'date palm'), while 'bitter' may derive from a folk etymology connecting it to מָר (mar, 'bitter').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Thomas","severity":"info","text":"The entry notes that Thomas is called 'didymus' in Greek, which means 'twin'; this is a standard patristic etymology (cf. John 11:16, 20:24).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Jesus","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'savior, or about to save' for Jesus (Ἰησοῦς) reflects the Hebrew יֵשׁוּעַ (yēšūa‘, 'salvation') and is a common Christian interpretation (cf. Matthew 1:21).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Theman","severity":"info","text":"The repeated entry 'Theman, south wind, or Africus' shows a conflation of the biblical place name תֵּימָן (Teman, a region in Edom) with the Latin term for the south wind (Auster) and the African wind (Africus).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Thecel","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Thecel, he weighed' appears twice in this passage, suggesting a scribal duplication or a re-entry from a different source; the word is likely Aramaic תְּקֵל (təqēl, 'he weighed'), known from the 'Mene Mene Tekel Upharsin' in Daniel 5:25.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Iao","severity":"info","text":"The final entry 'Iao, Lord' reflects the Greek transliteration ΙΑΩ of the Tetragrammaton (YHWH), used in Hellenistic Jewish and Christian texts as a divine name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The repetition of 'Theman' and 'Thecel' may indicate textual corruption or multiple source traditions; the reading here follows the manuscript as given."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Jebusaeum, calcatum, etc. Joacim, Domini resurrectio. C Cain, possessio, etc. Cades sancta, etc. Cephas, petrus. Cedar, tenebrae, etc. Capharnaum, vilia, sive ager consolationis Caiphas, vomens ore, vel sagax· sive investigator. Carmelus, scientia circumcisionis, etc. Cana, possessio, sive possedit. Cone-chol, possidens omnia. Crete, vocationis, aut vocatae. Cecharitomene, Graecum est. L Lamech, humiliatus, vel percussus. Lia, laboriosa. Lia, laboriosa. Levi, additus, sive appositos. Lazarus, adjutus. Laban, candidus. Lot, ligatus, ant declinans, etc. M Messias, unctus, id est Christus. Michael, quis ut Deus? Moses, sumptus ex aqua, sive assumptio. Mathusala, mortis emissio, sive mortuus est, et interrogavit. Manasses, obliviosus, etc. Melchi, rex meus. Meichisedech, rex justus. Mane, numeravit. Molada, nativitas. Misael, quae sidus Dei? Maranatha, Dominus noster venit. Mariam, amaram mare, etc. Magdiel, magnificat me Deus, etc. Magdalene, turris, vel turrensis. Matthaeus, donatus quondam. Malachi, angelus meus. Michaea, quis hic? vel quis iste? Mariam, plerique aestimant interpretari illuminat(??)ix, vel zmyrna maris, etc. N Nephthali, latitudo, sive dilatavit me, etc. Naama, decora. Nadab, sponte. Nathan, dedit. Naum, consolator vel consolatio. Naam, fidelis. Nabal. insipiens. Noe requies, vel requievit. Nathanael, dedit Deus. Noa, movens, sive commotio.","english":"Jebusaeum, trodden upon, etc. Joacim, resurrection of the Lord. C Cain, possession, etc. Cades, holy, etc. Cephas, Peter. Cedar, darkness, etc. Capharnaum, cheap, or field of consolation. Caiphas, vomiting from the mouth, or shrewd, or investigator. Carmelus, knowledge of circumcision, etc. Cana, possession, or he possessed. Cone-chol, possessing all things. Crete, of calling, or called. Cecharitomene, it is Greek. L Lamech, humiliated, or struck. Lia, laborious. Lia, laborious. Levi, added, or placed beside. Lazarus, helped. Laban, white. Lot, bound, or turning aside, etc. M Messias, anointed, that is Christ. Michael, who is like God? Moses, taken from water, or taking up. Mathusala, sending forth of death, or he died and asked. Manasses, forgetful, etc. Melchi, my king. Melchisedech, righteous king. Mane, he counted. Molada, nativity. Misael, what star of God? Maranatha, our Lord comes. Mariam, bitter sea, etc. Magdiel, God magnifies me, etc. Magdalene, tower, or of the tower. Matthaeus, once given. Malachi, my angel. Michaea, who is this? or who is that? Mariam, most think it is interpreted as illuminatrix, or myrrh of the sea, etc. N Nephthali, breadth, or he enlarged me, etc. Naama, beautiful. Nadab, willingly. Nathan, he gave. Naum, comforter or comfort. Naam, faithful. Nabal, foolish. Noe, rest, or he rested. Nathanael, God gave. Noa, moving, or commotion.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cephas","severity":"info","text":"Cephas is the Aramaic word for 'rock' or 'stone', here glossed as 'Petrus' (Peter), reflecting the New Testament identification of Simon as Cephas/Peter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Maranatha","severity":"info","text":"Maranatha is a transliteration of the Aramaic phrase 'our Lord comes', used in 1 Corinthians 16:22 as a liturgical or eschatological acclamation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Messias","severity":"info","text":"Messias is the Greek form of Hebrew 'mashiach' (anointed one), here equated with Christus, the Greek translation of the same concept.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cecharitomene","severity":"info","text":"Cecharitomene is a Greek word meaning 'full of grace', used in Luke 1:28 in the address to Mary; the gloss notes it is Greek, indicating the compiler's awareness of linguistic origin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is organized alphabetically by initial letter (J, C, L, M, N), a common structure in onomastica and lexica, though the sequence is not fully consistent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Mariam","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Mariam offers two interpretations: 'bitter sea' and 'illuminatrix or myrrh of the sea', reflecting patristic etymological traditions for Mary's name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Cecharitomene' is given as Greek without a Latin gloss, leaving its precise meaning unstated in the entry.","The repetition of 'Lia, laboriosa' may be a scribal duplication or an intentional emphasis."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Nazareth, flos aut virgultum ejus. Naphtha, species fomitis apud Persas, etc. Noe, requievit, vel requiescet. O Ram, sublimis. Uri, lex mea. Ooliba, tabernaculum meum in ca. Oola, tabernaculum. Ozia, fortitudo Domini. Pascha, transitus, sive transcensus. Phasee, transgressum, sive transcensio. Phasar(??)s nigredinis. Paulus, mirabilis, sive electus. R Rubei, corruptum est. Ruben, videns filius, sive videns in medio. Rabbi, magister meus. Rama, excelsa, sive exaltata. Raca. vanus. Raguel, pastor Dei, etc. Raphael, medicina Dei. Rachel, ovis, vel videns Deum, etc. Rebecca, multa patientia, etc. R(??), festinans. Rachel, videns principium, etc; S Samuel, nomen ejus Deus. Symeon, exauditio, vel nomen habitaculi. Salomon, pacificus. Sedech, justus. Salem, pax, vel reddens. Seraphim, incendentes, vel ardentes. Satan, adversarius, etc. Sunam, coccinea, etc. Sidona, venatio moeroris, etc Sin, tentatio, sive rubus. Sion, specula, vel sitiens. Samaria, custodita. Sodoma, fulva, vel tacens, etc. Sephela, humilis, sive campestris. Sobnas, sedens, vel revertens. Sinai, ampliora mea, sive rubus. Sabbatum, requies. Segor, parva, etc. Sephra, adhaesit, vel placens. Sabaim, captivi. Sabaoth, virtutum, etc. Susanna, lilium, etc. Sophonia, abscondens eum. Simon, audi tristitiam, etc. Seth, positus, vel positio, etc. Sem, nomen. Salem, perfecta, vel reddita. Saul, expetitus.","english":"Nazareth, flower or his little shoot. Naphtha, a kind of tinder among the Persians, etc. Noah, he rested, or he will rest. O Ram, sublime. Uri, my law. Ooliba, my tabernacle in her. Oola, tabernacle. Ozia, strength of the Lord. Pascha, passage, or crossing over. Phasee, transgression, or crossing. Phasar(??) of blackness. Paulus, wonderful, or chosen. R Rubei, it is corrupted. Ruben, seeing a son, or seeing in the midst. Rabbi, my master. Rama, high, or exalted. Raca, empty. Raguel, shepherd of God, etc. Raphael, medicine of God. Rachel, sheep, or seeing God, etc. Rebecca, much patience, etc. R(??), hastening. Rachel, seeing the beginning, etc. S Samuel, his name is God. Symeon, hearing, or name of the dwelling. Salomon, peaceful. Sedech, just. Salem, peace, or returning. Seraphim, burning, or blazing. Satan, adversary, etc. Sunam, scarlet, etc. Sidona, hunting of grief, etc. Sin, temptation, or bramble. Sion, watchtower, or thirsting. Samaria, guarded. Sodoma, tawny, or silent, etc. Sephela, low, or level. Sobnas, sitting, or returning. Sinai, my greater things, or bramble. Sabbatum, rest. Segor, small, etc. Sephra, it adhered, or pleasing. Sabaim, captives. Sabaoth, of hosts, etc. Susanna, lily, etc. Sophonia, hiding him. Simon, hear sadness, etc. Seth, placed, or position, etc. Sem, name. Salem, perfect, or restored. Saul, sought after.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nazareth","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'flos aut virgultum ejus' (flower or his little shoot) is a standard etymological interpretation of Nazareth, common in Jerome's Onomasticon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Naphtha","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'species fomitis apud Persas' (a kind of tinder among the Persians) reflects a rare non-biblical reference, likely drawn from classical or patristic sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Pascha","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'transitus, sive transcensus' (passage, or crossing over) echoes the standard Christian etymology of Pascha from the Hebrew pesach, as found in Exodus 12 and patristic commentaries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Raca","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'vanus' (empty) for Raca matches the New Testament usage in Matthew 5:22, where it is a term of contempt meaning 'empty-headed'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sabaoth","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'virtutum' (of hosts) for Sabaoth is the standard Vulgate rendering of the Hebrew tseva'ot, as in the phrase 'Dominus exercituum'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Phasar(??)","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'Phasar(??)' is corrupt; the parenthetical query indicates an uncertain reading in the manuscript. The gloss 'nigredinis' (of blackness) suggests a possible connection to Hebrew phashar or similar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Phasar(??)' is marked as uncertain in the Latin; the intended Coptic or Hebrew form is unclear.","The lemma 'R(??)' is truncated; the full name cannot be determined from the text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"Sanir, dens lucernae, etc. Sulamitis, mortificata. Sarai, princeps mea. Sara, princeps. Seir, pilosus, vel hispidus. Sennaar, excussio dentium, etc. Sychem, humeri. Saulus, tentatio respicientis, etc. Sin, dentes. Sepphora, avis, vel pulchritudo ejus. T Tigris. Titus, quaerens, sive luctatus, etc. PH Phares, divisio. Phut, Libya, sive oris declinatio. Phison, os pupillae, etc. Philippus, os lampadarum. Phanuel, facies Dei. Phenana, conversio. Pharan, ferocitas eorum, etc. Pharisaei, dividentes, sive divisi. CH Cham, calidus, etc. Oreb, corvus, aut siccitas. Elciau, pars Dominus est. Cherub, scientiae multitudo. O Osanna, salvifica, quod Graece dicitur. Osee, salvator, aut salvans.","english":"Sanir, the brightness of a lamp, etc. Sulamitis, she who has been put to death. Sarai, my princess. Sara, princess. Seir, hairy, or shaggy. Sennaar, a shaking out of teeth, etc. Sychem, shoulders. Saulus, a temptation of one looking back, etc. Sin, teeth. Sepphora, a bird, or her beauty. T Tigris. Titus, seeking, or having wrestled, etc. PH Phares, a division. Phut, Libya, or a turning aside of the mouth. Phison, the mouth of the pupil, etc. Philippus, the mouth of lamps. Phanuel, the face of God. Phenana, a turning. Pharan, their wildness, etc. Pharisaei, those who divide, or divided. CH Cham, hot, etc. Oreb, a raven, or dryness. Elciau, the Lord is a part. Cherub, a multitude of knowledge. O Osanna, save, which is said in Greek. Osee, a savior, or one who saves.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sanir","severity":"info","text":"Sanir is a biblical place name (Deut 3:9, Cant 4:8), here glossed as 'dens lucernae' (brightness of a lamp), likely a folk etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sulamitis","severity":"info","text":"Sulamitis (the Shunammite woman, cf. 1 Kings 1–2) is glossed 'mortificata' (she who has been put to death), a rare interpretation not found in Jerome.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Pharisaei","severity":"info","text":"Pharisaei (Pharisees) is glossed 'dividentes, sive divisi' (those who divide, or divided), echoing the common patristic etymology from Hebrew 'parash' (to separate).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Cherub","severity":"info","text":"Cherub is glossed 'scientiae multitudo' (a multitude of knowledge), a standard etymology in Jerome and Isidore, derived from Hebrew 'keruv' but reinterpreted via Greek.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Osanna","severity":"info","text":"Osanna (Hosanna) is glossed 'salvifica' (save, which is said in Greek), showing the Latin author's awareness of the Greek liturgical use of the Hebrew-derived term.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Elciau","severity":"caution","text":"Elciau is obscure; the gloss 'pars Dominus est' (the Lord is a part) may reflect a corrupt transmission of a Hebrew name like Elqanah or Eliakim.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Elciau' is uncertain; it may be a corruption of a Hebrew name. 'Phut' is glossed as Libya, but the Coptic original may have had a different referent."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}