{"slug":"tmp440.tmp440.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp440.tmp440.opp-lat1","title":"Origenianum Lexicum nominum Hebraicorum cum interpretatione Hieronymiana comparatum","title_source":"Origenianum Lexicum nominum Hebraicorum cum interpretatione Hieronymiana comparatum","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T07:42:43Z","cost_usd":0.021293},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp440.tmp440.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp440.tmp440.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp440/tmp440/tmp440.tmp440.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":39,"english_words":8043,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":40456,"commentary_units":233,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":3,"ambiguities":68,"work_notes":5,"external_links":3,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"tmp440.tmp440.opp-lat1","abstract":"The Origenianum Lexicum nominum Hebraicorum cum interpretatione Hieronymiana comparatum is an anonymous Latin glossary of Hebrew names, systematically compared with Jerome's interpretations. Surviving in a single late medieval manuscript, the work is dated tentatively between the 9th and 12th centuries based on paleography. It compiles multiple etymologies for each name, drawing on patristic allegorical traditions, and includes editorial notes indicating variant readings. The glossary was used by later medieval exegetes but had limited influence compared to Jerome's Onomasticon. Its compiler's method and sources beyond Jerome remain unclear, and the edition does not explore its relationship to other Hebrew-name glossaries.","historical_context":"The work was likely produced in a Latin-speaking monastic or cathedral school in Western Europe, possibly in the Carolingian or early Scholastic period (9th–12th centuries). The compiler compared Hebrew name interpretations with Jerome's, reflecting the enduring authority of Jerome's Onomasticon in medieval biblical scholarship. The glossary's alphabetical arrangement by Latin spelling and its inclusion of multiple allegorical meanings (e.g., 'Adam' as 'terrenus, homo, terra rubra') align with patristic exegetical methods. The single manuscript tradition, with variants noted by the compiler (e.g., 'Sic inveni'), suggests a text that evolved through copying. The work's limited circulation and reliance on Jerome indicate it was a specialized tool for exegetes, not a widely disseminated reference.","significance":"The glossary illustrates the medieval practice of compiling and comparing biblical name interpretations, showing how Jerome's work was adapted and supplemented. Its multiple etymologies for names like Adam and Abraam reflect the allegorical richness of patristic exegesis. The work's survival in a single manuscript and its anonymous transmission highlight the challenges of studying medieval scholarly tools. It relates to other Hebrew-name glossaries, such as those in Isidore's Etymologiae, and to the broader tradition of onomastic literature.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c.","event":"Jerome compiles his Onomasticon, the primary source for later Hebrew-name glossaries."},{"date":"9th–12th c.","event":"Probable composition of the Origenianum Lexicum, based on paleographic evidence from the sole surviving manuscript."},{"date":"Late medieval","event":"The single known manuscript copy is produced, possibly in a monastic scriptorium."},{"date":"Modern era","event":"The edition ogl-pl is published, based on the late medieval copy, with editorial notes on manuscript sources (Codex Regius 772, 2282; Vatican 1456)."}],"relations":[{"work":"Jerome's Onomasticon","relation":"Primary source for comparison; the glossary systematically compares its interpretations with Jerome's.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Isidore of Seville's Etymologiae","relation":"Related genre of Hebrew-name glossaries; the edition does not explore this relationship.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Patristic exegetical tradition","relation":"The multiple allegorical etymologies reflect patristic methods, e.g., in Origen and Augustine.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Jerome","label":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome","reason":"Jerome's Onomasticon is the primary source compared in the glossary."},{"key":"wikipedia:Isidore of Seville","label":"Isidore of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville","reason":"His Etymologiae is a related Hebrew-name glossary."},{"key":"wikipedia:Patristics","label":"Patristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patristics","reason":"The glossary's allegorical interpretations are rooted in patristic exegesis."}],"cautions":["The dating is uncertain; the work is assigned to the 9th–12th centuries only on paleographic grounds, with no firm evidence.","The compiler's identity and method are unknown; sources beyond Jerome are not identified.","The work survives in a single manuscript tradition, limiting knowledge of its transmission and influence.","The edition does not explore the relationship to other Hebrew-name glossaries, such as those in the Etymologiae."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000423,"generated":"2026-11-15T07:42:43Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp440/tmp440/tmp440.tmp440.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp440.tmp440.opp-lat1","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"ratio-warn","i":20,"ratio":0.934},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"9","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"27","kind":"term"}],"stats":{"passages":39,"translated":39,"commentary_passages":39,"commentary_units":233,"english_words":8043,"source_letters":40456,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a Latin glossary of Hebrew names, compared with Jerome’s interpretations, but the anonymous compiler’s method and sources remain unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Survives only in a single manuscript tradition; the edition ogl-pl is based on a late medieval copy, with no known earlier witnesses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Dating is uncertain; the work is often assigned to the 9th–12th centuries on paleographic grounds, but no firm evidence anchors it to a specific century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The glossary was used by later medieval exegetes for biblical name interpretations, but its influence is limited compared to Jerome’s own Onomasticon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not identify the compiler’s sources beyond Jerome; the relationship to other Hebrew-name glossaries (e.g., the Etymologiae) is not explored.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 39 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"2 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":39},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ORIGENIANUM LEXICON NOMINUM HEBRAICORUM Primum ex cod. Regio vel 772, 2282, editum, Ex Vaticano 1456, multo accuratius LATINE REDDITUM ET CUM HIERONYMIANA INTERPRETATIONE COMPARATUM.\n\nInterpretatio Latina.\n\nDICTIONARIUM. A Adam, terrenus, homo, terra rubra, vel terra caro facta, aut terra veniens, vel testificatio. Adama, terra virgo, vel terra sanguinolenta. Abel, a Deo, vel offerens ad Deum, aut vapor, vel luctus. Abraam, pater excelsi, aut pater filii. Aaron, arca, aut videns visiones, vel sermo, vel sublimitas, aut potens, aut spiritus. Abdiae, servus meus, confitens. Abenezer, populus adjutor, vel lapis adjutoris. Abesalom, patris pacis super ipsos. Aminadab, patris mei beneplacitum, vel populus desiderabilis. Abigaen, patris mei revelatio, sive ros. Appho, nunc, modo. Sic inveni. Abraam, pater electus, pater filiorum, vel transvectorius, vepater excelsi, vel pater conspicuus. Abiron, pater excelsus. Aggitus, festa, vel festum agentium. Agrippas, colligens repente. Agchus, aqua sordida ablutionis, vel revelatio. Aermon, lumen sublime, aut spiritus. Azael, illustris, visio, vel robur, aut potentia Dei. Azeca, soliditas. Athenae, tempore dissipatae. AEgyptus obtenebratio, vel tribulatio, vel incolatus. AEthiopia, humilitas. AElamitae, male aspicientes. Abba, pater. Abdemelech, serviens regi. Achar, distortio, primogenitus. Achicam, frater meus resurrectio.","english":"Origenian Lexicon of Hebrew Names First edited from the Royal Codex 772, 2282, from Vatican 1456, much more accurately rendered into Latin and compared with the Hieronymian interpretation.\n\nLatin Interpretation.\n\nDictionary. A Adam, earthly, man, red earth, or earth made flesh, or earth coming, or testimony. Adama, virgin earth, or blood-stained earth. Abel, from God, or offering to God, or vapor, or mourning. Abraam, father of the high one, or father of a son. Aaron, ark, or seeing visions, or speech, or sublimity, or mighty, or spirit. Abdiae, my servant, confessing. Abenezer, people helper, or stone of the helper. Abesalom, father's peace upon them. Aminadab, my father's good pleasure, or desirable people. Abigaen, my father's revelation, or dew. Appho, now, just now. Thus I found. Abraam, chosen father, father of sons, or crossing over, or father of the high one, or conspicuous father. Abiron, high father. Aggitus, feasts, or of those celebrating a feast. Agrippas, gathering suddenly. Agchus, dirty water of washing, or revelation. Aermon, sublime light, or spirit. Azael, illustrious, vision, or strength, or power of God. Azeca, solidity. Athenae, scattered in time. Egypt, darkness, or tribulation, or sojourn. Ethiopia, humility. Elamites, looking badly. Abba, father. Abdemelech, serving the king. Achar, distortion, firstborn. Achicam, my brother resurrection.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a title and editorial note, then a heading 'Interpretatio Latina', followed by a dictionary list from A to Achicam. The list is alphabetical by Latin spelling of Hebrew names.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Adam","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Adam offers multiple etymologies: 'terrenus, homo, terra rubra, vel terra caro facta, aut terra veniens, vel testificatio'. This reflects the patristic tradition of multiple allegorical interpretations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The title mentions two manuscripts: Codex Regius 772, 2282, and Vatican 1456. The edition claims to be more accurate than the Hieronymian interpretation, indicating a comparative philological project.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Sic inveni' after 'Appho, nunc, modo' suggests the compiler notes a personal discovery or a variant reading, reflecting the manuscript transmission process.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Abraam","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Abraam appears twice with different etymologies: first 'pater excelsi, aut pater filii', then later 'pater electus, pater filiorum, vel transvectorius, vepater excelsi, vel pater conspicuus'. This duplication may indicate a scribal error or conflation of sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"AEgyptus","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Egypt gives 'obtenebratio, vel tribulatio, vel incolatus', typical of allegorical interpretations in patristic lexica, linking the name to spiritual meanings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The duplication of Abraam and the meaning of 'vepater' (possibly a scribal error for 'vel pater') are unclear. The phrase 'Sic inveni' may indicate a personal note or a textual variant."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Achimelech, frater meus regis. Achor, perversitas. Aoth, confitens, laus. Abenner, patris lucerna, vel filii lucerna. Abia, patris, vel pater filius, vel patris mei. Abiathar, inutile. Abiazer, patris o computator. Abimelech, patris regnum, vel pater rex. Abiud, pater accedens. Agabus, nuntius, faustum nuntium. Agag, tectum, aut vitulus. Agar, commoratio, vel congregans, vel advena. Angelus, officium, vel circumcisio, vel sermo. Ader, decor eximius. Adrias, anxietas matorum. Adonai, Dominus. Aza, robur ejus, vel frater. Azarias, auxilium Domini, vel conversio Domini. Azotus, robur, vel ignis patruelis. AEdem, sanguinolentia, vel deliciae. AEtam, via, aul vestibulum, aut porticus. Aceldama, ager sanguinis. Acarim, jumentorum stabulum. Acrabim, scorpio. Alexander, populorum constrictio. Allophyli, cadentes cadavere. Alphaeus, fugitivus, vel millesimus ejus. Amalec, populus delambens, vel declinans. Ambacoum, acceptio. Aminadam, natio desiderabilis, vel populus placide acquiescens. Amyon, fidelis, vel populus noster. Amplen, populum aerariam artem tractantem. Amphipolis, populus qui ore corruit. Anameel, gratia Dei, vel gratia mortis, circumcisio. Andronicus, decorus. Anna, gratia ejus, vel gloria. Annas, gratificaturus. Antipatris, gratia relaxationis. Apollos, congregans eos. Apphii foro, libertatis ubertatis. Aradus, depositio. Ararat, testificatio, aut vellicata.","english":"Achimelech, my brother of the king. Achor, perversity. Aoth, confessing, praise. Abenner, father's lamp, or son's lamp. Abia, of the father, or father son, or of my father. Abiathar, useless. Abiazer, father's calculator. Abimelech, father's kingdom, or father king. Abiud, father approaching. Agabus, messenger, favorable message. Agag, roof, or calf. Agar, sojourn, or gathering, or stranger. Angelus, office, or circumcision, or word. Ader, outstanding beauty. Adrias, anxiety of evils. Adonai, Lord. Aza, his strength, or brother. Azarias, help of the Lord, or conversion of the Lord. Azotus, strength, or cousin's fire. AEdem, bloodiness, or delights. AEtam, way, or vestibule, or portico. Aceldama, field of blood. Acarim, stable of beasts of burden. Acrabim, scorpion. Alexander, constriction of peoples. Allophyli, falling corpse. Alphaeus, fugitive, or his thousandth. Amalec, people licking, or declining. Ambacoum, acceptance. Aminadam, desirable nation, or people quietly acquiescing. Amyon, faithful, or our people. Amplen, people practicing the art of copper. Amphipolis, people who fall by the mouth. Anameel, grace of God, or grace of death, circumcision. Andronicus, comely. Anna, his grace, or glory. Annas, about to gratify. Antipatris, grace of relaxation. Apollos, gathering them. Apphii foro, of liberty of abundance. Aradus, deposition. Ararat, testimony, or plucked.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Achimelech","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Achimelech, frater meus regis' interprets the name as 'my brother of the king', reflecting a literal parsing of Hebrew 'achi' (my brother) and 'melech' (king).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Angelus","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'Angelus, officium, vel circumcisio, vel sermo' is unusual: 'circumcisio' likely derives from a confusion with the Hebrew root 'mal' (to circumcise) or a scribal error for 'nuntius' (messenger).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Aceldama","severity":"info","text":"Aceldama (Aramaic 'ḥăqēl dəmā') appears in Acts 1:19 as the field near Jerusalem where Judas died; the gloss 'ager sanguinis' matches the Vulgate's 'Haceldama' (Acts 1:19).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Allophyli","severity":"info","text":"Allophyli (Greek 'ἀλλόφυλοι', 'foreigners') is the Septuagint's standard term for the Philistines; the gloss 'cadentes cadavere' ('falling corpse') is a creative etymology, not a translation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Achimelech","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the alphabetical sequence of Hebrew names, with entries from 'Achimelech' to 'Ararat', each followed by one or more Latin interpretations, typical of onomastica sacra.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"AEdem","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'AEdem' is ambiguous: it may represent Hebrew 'Eden' (delight) or 'Admah' (a place name); the gloss 'sanguinolentia, vel deliciae' suggests confusion between 'dam' (blood) and 'eden' (delight).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'AEdem' may conflate Hebrew 'Eden' and 'Admah'; 'Angelus' gloss 'circumcisio' is uncertain in origin; 'Allophyli' etymology is non-standard."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Arios pagos, circumrosa solemnitas, vel dissipata. Accaron, sterilitas, vel eradicatio. Aculas, cruciatus, elevatio. Alleluia, laus Deo viventi. Amath. fides mea, vel genus veniens. Amman, genus ex quo? Ammon, de genere meo. Ammanites, populus noster. Amesa, populi mei elevatio. Amen, fiat, ita sit. Amorrhaeus, dictus, vel irritans, vel populus avulsus. Anathot, responsio vana, vel comprehensio mortis. Ananias, donum Domini. Andreas, virtus decora, vel conjurationem, vel respondens legem. Antiochia, egestas, vel quae silebit. Apelles, congregans cos. Apollona, synagoga, disciplina eorum. Arabia, occasus solis, vel vespera. Aram, visio, vel lumen, aut sermo. Aroch, leo, vel rex. Armathem, montes arithmetici, vel comprehensio, vel adjectio. Artemas, anathematizans. Arode, qui dominatur. Assa, in deliciis vivens, aut orbatus. Asaph, congregatio, vel stillans. Asedec, justitia solis. Aser, dives, vel beatitudo. Asida, vultus misericordiae ejus, vel erodius, qui ciconia dicitur. Assyrii, dirigentes. Asyncritos, dirigens suffitum. Aunan, fons, vel corde damnum passus. Appho, patres. Achaz, fortitudo. Araps, virtutis. Arinath, altitudo ejus. Aristarchus, suscitans coronam humilitatis. Arioth, olera agrestia. Armageddon, excitatio in ea quae sunt coram. Aroer, novitas eorum. Artemis, quae suscitat aegrotationem. Arphaxat, prophetia concitata, vel conturbata aerumna.","english":"Arios pagos, circumcised solemnity, or scattered. Accaron, sterility, or eradication. Aculas, torture, elevation. Alleluia, praise to the living God. Amath, my faith, or a coming race. Amman, race from which? Ammon, from my race. Ammanites, our people. Amesa, elevation of my people. Amen, let it be, so be it. Amorrhaeus, spoken, or irritating, or a plucked people. Anathot, empty response, or comprehension of death. Ananias, gift of the Lord. Andreas, beautiful virtue, or conspiracy, or responding to the law. Antiochia, poverty, or which will be silent. Apelles, gathering them. Apollona, synagogue, their discipline. Arabia, setting of the sun, or evening. Aram, vision, or light, or speech. Aroch, lion, or king. Armathem, arithmetic mountains, or comprehension, or addition. Artemas, anathematizing. Arode, who rules. Assa, living in delights, or bereaved. Asaph, gathering, or dripping. Asedec, justice of the sun. Aser, rich, or blessedness. Asida, face of his mercy, or erodius, which is called a stork. Assyrii, directing. Asyncritos, directing incense. Aunan, fountain, or having suffered heart damage. Appho, fathers. Achaz, strength. Araps, of virtue. Arinath, his height. Aristarchus, rousing the crown of humility. Arioth, wild herbs. Armageddon, awakening in those things which are before. Aroer, their novelty. Artemis, who rouses sickness. Arphaxat, stirred-up prophecy, or troubled affliction.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Arios pagos","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'Arios pagos' transcribes Greek Ἄρειος πάγος (Areopagus). The gloss 'circumrosa solemnitas' likely reflects a folk etymology connecting pagos to 'pagus' (district) and 'circumrosa' (circumcised) as a corruption of 'Areios' (of Ares).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Alleluia","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'laus Deo viventi' (praise to the living God) interprets the Hebrew phrase הַלְלוּ־יָהּ (hallelu Yah) as a Christian doxology, aligning with patristic usage (e.g., Jerome, Ep. 108).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Armageddon","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Armageddon, excitatio in ea quae sunt coram' reflects the Greek Ἁρμαγεδών (Revelation 16:16), itself from Hebrew Har Megiddo. The gloss 'awakening in those things which are before' is a creative etymology, not a standard interpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Arios pagos","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin 'circumrosa solemnitas' is obscure; 'circumrosa' may be a scribal error for 'circumcisa' (circumcised) or 'circumrosa' (gnawed around). The English draft's 'circumcised solemnity' is speculative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Aser","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'dives, vel beatitudo' (rich, or blessedness) matches Jerome's interpretation of the tribe Asher (אָשֵׁר) as 'beatus' or 'dives' in his Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Arios pagos","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the alphabetical sequence of Hebrew and Greek proper names, each with one or more Latin etymologies. The entries are not in strict alphabetical order (e.g., 'Arios pagos' before 'Accaron'), suggesting a source with mixed ordering.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Arios pagos' is ambiguous: it may represent the Areopagus or a corrupted form of a Hebrew name. The gloss 'circumrosa solemnitas' is textually uncertain.","Several entries (e.g., 'Amath', 'Amman') have multiple glosses without clear priority, reflecting the compiler's reliance on multiple sources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Asael, factura Dei, vel umbra. Asemoth, ossa. Aseneth, ruina. Aseroth, beatitudines. Asur, animus, vel Mesopotamia. Assarion, decanumon. Astarte, Venus, vel etiam Astaroth. Augustus, festum agens, vel creatura, vel solemnitas addita. Ausites, genus consilii, vel consiliatricis. Achab, frater patris mei. Achaia, fraternitas eorum. Achiezer, frater meus auxilium. Achimas, frater meus consilium. Achitob, frater meus bonus. Achitophel, frater eus rosio; Latine, aceton edfelle, id est acetum et fel. B Baal, ascendentia, vel superiora, vel inferiora. Babylon, confusio transpositionis, vel captivitas. Bathuel, qui est venientis, aut virgo, vel invalida filia Dei. Bethel, domus Dei. Bethsamis. domus salutis. Amman, filius generis mei. Ipse pater Ammonitarum ex minore natus est, et ex majore Moab, de patre meo; ipse est pater Moabitarum. Bal, daemon, aut gaudens. Baltasar, vanitas beatitudine comprehensa. Baraac, domus laboris, vel spiritus. Bartholomaeus, filius suspendentis aquas. Barne, filius fluctuans, vel motus. Basan, ignominia siccitatis, vel contusae. Beelzebul, daemon cauponarius, vel devorans in requie oris. Est vero et nomen cujusdam Priapi pudendi beneconvasati. Berzellen, scientia itineris, vel ferri. Beliar, apostata, vel transgressor, vel inquisitor, vel caecorum lumen. Benjamin, filius doloris, vel filius dierum. Baalem, superiora daemonia, solem, lunam, aera.","english":"Asael, the making of God, or shadow. Asemoth, bones. Aseneth, ruin. Aseroth, beatitudes. Asur, mind, or Mesopotamia. Assarion, decanumon. Astarte, Venus, or also Astaroth. Augustus, celebrating a feast, or creature, or added solemnity. Ausites, kind of counsel, or of a counselor. Achab, brother of my father. Achaia, their brotherhood. Achiezer, my brother is help. Achimas, my brother is counsel. Achitob, my brother is good. Achitophel, his brother is a gnawing; in Latin, aceton edfelle, that is vinegar and gall. B Baal, ascendants, or higher things, or lower things. Babylon, confusion of transposition, or captivity. Bathuel, who is of the coming one, or virgin, or invalid daughter of God. Bethel, house of God. Bethsamis, house of salvation. Amman, son of my kind. He himself is the father of the Ammonites, born from the younger, and from the elder Moab, from my father; he himself is the father of the Moabites. Bal, demon, or rejoicing. Baltasar, vanity comprehended by beatitude. Baraac, house of labor, or spirit. Bartholomaeus, son of the one suspending waters. Barne, fluctuating son, or movement. Basan, ignominy of dryness, or bruised. Beelzebul, tavern-keeper demon, or devouring in the rest of the mouth. It is also the name of a certain Priapus of the shameful part well-concealed. Berzellen, knowledge of the way, or of iron. Beliar, apostate, or transgressor, or inquirer, or light of the blind. Benjamin, son of sorrow, or son of days. Baalem, higher demons, sun, moon, air.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Achitophel","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'aceton edfelle' (vinegar and gall) is a Latin calque of the Hebrew etymology, not a translation of the Greek or Hebrew name itself.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Beelzebul","severity":"info","text":"The identification with Priapus reflects a late antique Christian polemic linking foreign deities to phallic cults, not a standard Hebrew etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Amman","severity":"info","text":"The genealogical note on Ammon and Moab (from Lot's incest) echoes Genesis 19:30-38, though the phrasing 'from my father' is a first-person intrusion unique to this glossary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"B Baal","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'B Baal' marks a new alphabetic section; the preceding entries under A end with Achitophel, and the B section begins with Baal, following the glossary's alphabetical arrangement.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Augustus","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of 'Augustus' (a Roman imperial title) as a Hebrew name shows the glossary's Christian compiler adapted pagan or secular terms into a biblical etymological framework.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Astaroth","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Astarte, Venus, vel etiam Astaroth' conflates a singular goddess (Astarte) with a plural place-name (Astaroth), likely a scribal confusion or conflation of entries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic Vorlage for 'Asael' is uncertain; the Latin 'factura Dei' may reflect a different Hebrew root than the standard 'Asahel' (made by God).","The phrase 'ipse pater Ammonitarum' shifts to first-person narration ('de patre meo'), which may be a glossator's interpolation or a misreading of the source."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Badden, indumentum praecipuum, vel lineum, vel variegatum. Bernice, electus, instabilis. Beseleel, in umbra Dei. Beor, in pelle. Bethania, domus gloriae. vel domus a afflictionis, vel domus obedientiae. Bethsaida, domus venatorum, vel cibi. Bethphage, domus occursus, vel domus maxillarum, in qua sacerdotes habitabant juxta montem Olivarum. Boanerges, filii tonitrui, vel excelsi· Booz, in potentia, adventus potens. Bosor, caro. Bethleem, domus panis, aut vitae. Bethoron, domus speculatorum. Balaam, scelestus, aut vanitas populi, vel sermo, vel transactio. Baneas, ad aedificationem pertinentia. Barabbas, filius patris, vel filius magistri nostri. Bar-Jonas, filius columbae. Bar-Jona, fili Jona. Barnabas, filius consolationis. Baruch, benedictus. Barsabbas, filius convertens, vel filius quiescens. Batos, adoratio, vel odium. Bersabee, filia data est, vel filia saturata. Bel, vetustas, vel Saturnus. Bosora, anxietas ipsa, vel corpus. Buzites, contemptui habitus. G Gabathon, excelsa. Gabbatha, lapidibus stratus. Gaber. advena, multis, aut vir. Gabriel, adolescens Dei. vel potens, vel fortis, aut montanus Dei, vel homo Dei. Gadara, commoratio generationis haec. Gader, grex ovium. Gaza, fortitudo ejus, vel fortitudinis, semper divitiae. Gazerin, habitatio Gebal, hiatus antiquorum. Galaad, habitatio, testimonium Jasonis. Galgala, experimentum, vel simul vecti, vel congregati.","english":"Badden, a principal garment, or linen, or variegated. Bernice, chosen, unstable. Beseleel, in the shadow of God. Beor, in skin. Bethania, house of glory, or house of affliction, or house of obedience. Bethsaida, house of hunters, or of food. Bethphage, house of meeting, or house of jaws, in which priests dwelt near the Mount of Olives. Boanerges, sons of thunder, or of the exalted. Booz, in power, a powerful arrival. Bosor, flesh. Bethleem, house of bread, or of life. Bethoron, house of watchmen. Balaam, wicked, or vanity of the people, or speech, or transaction. Baneas, pertaining to building. Barabbas, son of the father, or son of our master. Bar-Jonas, son of a dove. Bar-Jona, son of Jonah. Barnabas, son of consolation. Baruch, blessed. Barsabbas, son of one converting, or son of one resting. Batos, adoration, or hatred. Bersabee, daughter is given, or daughter satiated. Bel, old age, or Saturn. Bosora, anxiety itself, or body. Buzites, held in contempt. G Gabathon, high places. Gabbatha, paved with stones. Gaber, stranger, many, or man. Gabriel, youth of God, or powerful, or strong, or mountainous of God, or man of God. Gadara, dwelling of this generation. Gader, flock of sheep. Gaza, his strength, or of strength, always riches. Gazerin, dwelling. Gebal, gap of the ancients. Galaad, dwelling, testimony of Jason. Galgala, experiment, or carried together, or gathered.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bethania","severity":"info","text":"The three interpretations of Bethania as 'house of glory', 'house of affliction', and 'house of obedience' reflect different etymological traditions, likely from Hebrew or Aramaic roots.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Boanerges","severity":"info","text":"Boanerges, meaning 'sons of thunder', is a New Testament term applied by Jesus to James and John (Mark 3:17). The alternative 'of the exalted' is less common.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Bethphage","severity":"info","text":"Bethphage, 'house of jaws', is a village on the Mount of Olives mentioned in the New Testament (Matthew 21:1). The note that priests dwelt there is a local tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bar-Jonas","severity":"info","text":"Bar-Jonas is given as 'son of a dove', but the name is also interpreted as 'son of Jonah' (Bar-Jona), reflecting the Aramaic bar for 'son' and the name Jonah.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Gabriel","severity":"info","text":"Gabriel is interpreted as 'youth of God', 'powerful', 'strong', 'mountainous of God', or 'man of God'. These multiple etymologies are typical of Jerome's onomastic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Galaad","severity":"caution","text":"Galaad is glossed as 'dwelling, testimony of Jason', which is obscure. The reference to Jason may be a corruption or a marginal note from a source now lost.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Bethania offers three conflicting interpretations, reflecting different etymological traditions.","The gloss for Galaad includes 'testimony of Jason', which is unclear and may be a scribal addition or error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Gamaliel, retributio Dei, vel loquax Dei. Geth, mons, vel hiatus, aut vallis. vel torcular, Gelbone, revelatio cordis. Gelgel. volutabra, supervolutationes, vel rota in rota, quatuor habens facies. Gerasinon, suburbium. Gephar, vicini. Gera, habitatio videns, vel ruminatio. Gersam, advena ibi. Gejon, pectus, vel hiatus, vel dissectio gratiae: aut quia de terra plasmavit Deus hominem. Gessos, instrumentum bellicum. Godolias, magnitudo populorum. Gothoniel, responsio Dei, vel tempus mihi Dei. Golgotha, calvaria. Gomor, corus, sexti 30, vel cotulae 10. God, tecta. Goliad, revelatum. Gabeth, excelsa et exaltata. Gabriel, Deus idem atque homo. Gabri scilicet homo, seu vir, et Ei Deus interpretatur. Gadde, tentatio, vel experimentum meum. Galatia, magnificala, vel translata. Galilaea, volutabilis, vel commoratio, vel revelatio. Gebal, vorago antiqua. Gedeon, perversa disceptatio. Gethsemane, vallis pinguium, vel obedientia quaedam requiei, aut ipse Dominus judicavit. Gennesaret, hortus principem. Gerara, septum. Gergesaei, habitationem ejicientes, aut advenarum accessus. Georas, advena. Glossocomon, limen eorum. Goththolia, tempus mihi istius. Gomorrha, populi terror, vel caecitas, aut sterilitas. D Daber, arca, vel oraculum, aut verbum, aut virtus. Dagon, species piscis, aut moeror; dicitur vero et est donum, sancta, vol Jupiter ruralis. Dathan, judicium datum, sufficiens datio.","english":"Gamaliel, retribution of God, or talkative of God. Geth, mountain, or gap, or valley, or winepress. Gelbone, revelation of the heart. Gelgel, rolling-places, super-rollings, or wheel in a wheel, having four faces. Gerasinon, suburb. Gephar, neighbors. Gera, dwelling seeing, or rumination. Gersam, stranger there. Gejon, breast, or gap, or dissection of grace: or because God formed man from earth. Gessos, instrument of war. Godolias, greatness of peoples. Gothoniel, response of God, or time of mine of God. Golgotha, skull. Gomor, corus, of 30, or of 10 cotylae. God, roofs. Goliad, revealed. Gabeth, high and exalted. Gabriel, God the same as man. For Gabri means man or male, and Ei is interpreted as God. Gadde, temptation, or my experiment. Galatia, greatly praised, or transferred. Galilaea, rolling, or sojourn, or revelation. Gebal, ancient abyss. Gedeon, perverse dispute. Gethsemane, valley of the fat, or a certain obedience of rest, or the Lord himself judged. Gennesaret, garden of the prince. Gerara, enclosure. Gergesaei, casting out habitation, or approach of strangers. Georas, stranger. Glossocomon, their threshold. Goththolia, time of mine of that one. Gomorrha, terror of the people, or blindness, or barrenness. D Daber, ark, or oracle, or word, or virtue. Dagon, species of fish, or grief; but it is also said to be gift, holy, or rural Jupiter. Dathan, judgment given, sufficient giving.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Gamaliel","severity":"info","text":"The name Gamaliel is interpreted as 'retributio Dei' (retribution of God) or 'loquax Dei' (talkative of God). The second etymology may derive from a folk etymology linking the Hebrew root gml (to wean, to reward) with a notion of speech.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Golgotha","severity":"info","text":"Golgotha, meaning 'calvaria' (skull), is the site of the crucifixion in the Gospels (e.g., Matthew 27:33, Mark 15:22, John 19:17). The Latin term calvaria translates the Aramaic gulgulta.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Gabriel","severity":"info","text":"The entry explains Gabriel as 'Deus idem atque homo' (God the same as man), parsing Gabri as 'homo' (man) and Ei as 'Deus' (God). This reflects a common patristic etymology; the angel Gabriel appears in Daniel 8:16 and Luke 1:19, 26.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"D Daber","severity":"info","text":"The double 'D' at 'D Daber' likely indicates a scribal error or a rubric for a new alphabetical section (the letter Daleth). The entry offers multiple interpretations: 'arca' (ark), 'oraculum' (oracle), 'verbum' (word), or 'virtus' (virtue).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Dagon","severity":"info","text":"Dagon is glossed as 'species piscis' (a kind of fish) or 'moeror' (grief), but also as 'donum' (gift), 'sancta' (holy), or 'Iupiter ruralis' (rural Jupiter). This reflects Jerome's identification of Dagon with the Philistine fish-god (cf. 1 Samuel 5:2-5) and later Christian euhemerism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Gethsemane","severity":"caution","text":"The entry gives three interpretations: 'vallis pinguium' (valley of the fat), 'obedientia quaedam requiei' (a certain obedience of rest), and 'ipse Dominus judicavit' (the Lord himself judged). The first is the standard etymology (Gath Shemen = oil press), while the others are speculative and not supported by the Hebrew.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Gelgel' may be a variant of 'Gilgal'; the interpretation 'volutabra, supervolutationes, vel rota in rota' suggests a place of rolling or wheel imagery. 'Gelbone' is uncertain; possibly a corruption of 'Gelboe' (Gilboa). 'Goththolia' appears to be a variant of 'Gothoniel' or 'Athaliah'; the meaning 'tempus mihi istius' is obscure."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Dalida, haustio, vel situla, vel judicium milii. Dedan, selecti, sive in judicium vocati. Damans, silens caput. Dan, judicium potens. Daniel, judicium Dei. Deblatha, vel Daphnes Antiochiae. Devorra. sapiens, vel disciplina, vel apis. Demas, silens. Denarius, nummus aureus. Diabolus, graviter defluxus, et ingenter. Dionysius, dijudicans, haesitans. Drosos Aermon, ros glorificatus. Damascus, sanguinis osculum, vel sanguinis potio. David, fortis manu, vel solus exoptatus, vel dilectus, misericordiam consecutus, vel quod nihili ducitur. Decdera, haec vigilavit, vel plano, et spatioso, et pingui. Demetrios, foriis ulciscens. Dina, judicium ipsius. Diapsalma, semper, vel mutatio rhythmi, vel pausae, vel temporis. Dospolis, abnue!. Doce, motus. Dothae, sufficiens defectio. E Eber, trajectus, vel trajiciens. Ebraeus, sententia. Eglon, orbita. Edem, deliciae, vel cuspis, vel terra amata, vel sanguinolentia. Ezecias, fortitudo. Eleela, Dei scientia. Elessa. Dei factura. Eliacim, Dei resurrectio. Elem, locus Dei. Eexe, Dei gratia Ebraeus, transitor, vel qui pertransivit. Egeryphias, absconditus in carbonum strue. Edom, terrenus, vel coccineus, vel deficiens. Elaeon, divinitas, vel allaborantes. Eleei, Dei scientia. Eleazar, Dei vocatio. Elaenos, divinitas. Etiam, Deus meus, pater meus. Eliezer, Dei mei adjutorium. Elimelech, Dei regia. Elisabet, Domini requies, vel satietas.","english":"Dalida, drawing out, or bucket, or judgment of mine. Dedan, chosen ones, or called to judgment. Damans, silent head. Dan, mighty judgment. Daniel, judgment of God. Deblatha, or Daphne of Antioch. Devorra, wise, or discipline, or bee. Demas, silent. Denarius, gold coin. Diabolus, heavily flowed down, and greatly. Dionysius, judging, hesitating. Drosos Aermon, dew glorified. Damascus, kiss of blood, or drink of blood. David, strong of hand, or alone desired, or beloved, having obtained mercy, or what is considered nothing. Decdera, this watched, or level, and spacious, and rich. Demetrios, avenging strongly. Dina, judgment of him. Diapsalma, always, or change of rhythm, or pauses, or of time. Dospolis, refuse! Doce, motion. Dothae, sufficient falling away. E Eber, crossing, or crossing over. Ebraeus, sentence. Eglon, orbit. Edem, delights, or point, or beloved land, or bloodiness. Ezecias, strength. Eleela, knowledge of God. Elessa, making of God. Eliacim, resurrection of God. Elem, place of God. Eexe, grace of God. Ebraeus, crosser, or one who crossed over. Egeryphias, hidden in a heap of coals. Edom, earthly, or scarlet, or failing. Elaeon, divinity, or those laboring. Eleei, knowledge of God. Eleazar, calling of God. Elaenos, divinity. Etiam, my God, my father. Eliezer, help of my God. Elimelech, kingdom of God. Elisabet, rest of the Lord, or satiety.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Diabolus","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Diabolus, graviter defluxus, et ingenter' offers a non-standard etymology, interpreting 'devil' as 'heavily flowed down' and 'greatly', likely from Latin 'defluo' and 'ingens'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Daniel","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'judicium Dei' for Daniel reflects the Hebrew etymology (דָּנִיֵּאל, 'God is my judge'), a standard interpretation in patristic onomastica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Damascus","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'sanguinis osculum, vel sanguinis potio' for Damascus is a fanciful derivation from Hebrew 'dam' (blood) and 'shaqaq' (to kiss) or 'shaqah' (to drink), common in Jerome's tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Diapsalma","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'semper, vel mutatio rhythmi, vel pausae, vel temporis' for Diapsalma (a musical term in the Psalms) aligns with Jerome's interpretation as a pause or change in rhythm.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"David","severity":"info","text":"The multiple etymologies for David—'fortis manu', 'solus exoptatus', 'dilectus', etc.—reflect the rich interpretive tradition, including Jerome's 'manu fortis' and 'dilectus'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Dospolis","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Dospolis, abnue!' is obscure; 'abnue' (Latin 'refuse!') may be a corruption or a misreading of a place name, possibly related to 'Dospolis' as a city.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Dospolis' is unclear; it may be a corrupt form of a place name, and the gloss 'abnue' is anomalous.","The entry 'Etiam, Deus meus, pater meus' likely misinterprets 'Etiam' as a name; it may be a corruption of 'Eliam' or similar."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Elisur, Dei salus, vel Dei mei robur. Elisaee, Dei salus, vel obumbratio. Elcana, Dei possessio, vel gloria. Elmune, Dei pars. Eloim, Dei perfectio. Elsamus, Dei sol. Eloe, Deus. Eloin, Deus venit. Emar et Arphath, et Sapaphareim, idola Chaldaica. Emmor, sermo, vel asinus loquens. Enna, animalium venter, uterus. Enoch, dedicatio. Ermone, anathematizatus, vel lumen sublime. Esrom, precatio novissima, vel jaculum, vel arcus sempiternus Evelat, ostende hic, vel orbis. Euphrates, dissipatio, aut fertilitas, vel salus. Ephud, manifestatio et veritas; in eo (erat) Rationale, vel redemptio, vel thuribulum, sive altare suffitus. Ephraim, latitudo, vel consolatio, vel dissipatio. Elisa, Dei mei ovis. Elisama, Dei auditus. Elesaph, Dei tranquillitas. Elisaphan, Dei specula. Eliphaz, Dei dispersio. Ellen, deprecans, vel Deus eorum. Elmodad, Dei dimensio, vel agitatus. Elymas, discedens. Emath, animus, vel irritatio ad iram. Enageb, in austro. Enach, frater Dei, vel humilitas aeterna. Enos, obliviscens. Erastus, frater meus. Essebon, cogitatio tristitiae, vel augmentum fertilitatis. Eva, vita. Eutychus, obstupefactus. Euphratha, consolatio, vel fertilitas. Z Zabulon, aevum, aut idam, vel donum, vel fluxus eorum. Zacharias, honor Dei, aut victor tantum accipiens. Zacchseus, victor, aut roboratus, vel qui vocatus est. Zoob, aurum. Zebee, immoiatio. Zelpha, ambulans os.","english":"Elisur, salvation of God, or strength of my God. Elisaee, salvation of God, or overshadowing. Elcana, possession of God, or glory. Elmune, portion of God. Eloim, perfection of God. Elsamus, sun of God. Eloe, God. Eloin, God comes. Emar and Arphath, and Sapaphareim, Chaldean idols. Emmor, speech, or a speaking donkey. Enna, belly of animals, womb. Enoch, dedication. Ermone, anathematized, or sublime light. Esrom, last prayer, or javelin, or everlasting bow. Evelat, show here, or world. Euphrates, dispersion, or fertility, or salvation. Ephud, manifestation and truth; in it (was) the Rationale, or redemption, or censer, or altar of incense. Ephraim, breadth, or consolation, or dispersion. Elisa, sheep of my God. Elisama, hearing of God. Elesaph, tranquility of God. Elisaphan, watchtower of God. Eliphaz, dispersion of God. Ellen, entreating, or their God. Elmodad, dimension of God, or agitated. Elymas, departing. Emath, mind, or provocation to anger. Enageb, in the south. Enach, brother of God, or eternal humility. Enos, forgetting. Erastus, my brother. Essebon, thought of sadness, or increase of fertility. Eva, life. Eutychus, stupefied. Euphratha, consolation, or fertility. Z Zabulon, age, or idam, or gift, or their flow. Zacharias, honor of God, or victor receiving only. Zacchseus, victor, or strengthened, or one who is called. Zoob, gold. Zebee, sacrifice. Zelpha, walking mouth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Eloe","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Eloe, Deus' reflects a transliteration of the Hebrew divine name Eloah, used in the Hebrew Bible as a singular form of Elohim. The Latin gloss 'Deus' is standard in Jerome's Onomasticon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Eloin","severity":"info","text":"'Eloin, Deus venit' appears to be a conflation of Elohim with a verb, possibly misinterpreting the Hebrew plural ending -im as a verb. This is a common error in the onomastic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ephraim","severity":"info","text":"Ephraim is a prominent tribe and territory in the Hebrew Bible, often associated with Joseph's son (Genesis 41:52). The glosses 'latitudo, consolatio, dissipatio' reflect diverse etymological traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Emar et Arphath, et Sapaphareim","severity":"info","text":"These three names are identified as 'idola Chaldaica' (Chaldean idols), indicating a non-biblical source, possibly from Jewish or Christian polemical lists of foreign deities. The names are not standard in the Hebrew Bible.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Z Zabulon","severity":"info","text":"The double 'Z' before Zabulon marks a new alphabetical section in the onomasticon, following the order of Hebrew letters. This is a structural cue typical of such lexica, though the sequence here is incomplete.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ephud","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss 'in eo (erat) Rationale' refers to the priestly breastplate (Rationale), but the connection to Ephud (likely Ehud or a place name) is unclear. The text may be corrupt or conflated with another entry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry 'Eloin' may be a scribal error for Elohim, or a deliberate attempt to parse the name as a verb form.","The identification of 'Emar et Arphath, et Sapaphareim' as Chaldean idols is not attested in biblical sources; their origin is uncertain.","The gloss 'in eo (erat) Rationale' for Ephud is ambiguous; it may refer to a different entry or be a marginal note incorporated into the text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Zorombabel, ipse requies de confusione. vel alienus transpositionis, vel ipse magister Babylonis. H Helias, fortis Deus, Dominus meus. Herodes, pellis gloria. Hesau, factura, sive, elatio Domini, vel roboreus. Helim, Deus noster. Hesaias, obumbratio Dei, vel salus Domini. TH Thabor, electus lacus. Thematha, consummatio eorum ipsa. Thamar, ad peccandum sollicitata, palma, vel Dei sermones, vel huc sermones. Thecel, mensuram, vel stateram. Thecoee, pulsatio, vel sonus huccinae. Thelistae et gnoristae, ventriloqui. Themanites, perfectio pacis. Thersam, commiseratio. Theristron, dilucidum velum. Theudas, captivans, vel signum sanguinis. Thubal, a Deo retrocedens. Thomas, abyssus, vel geminus, vel incomprehensibilis profunditas. Thaeman, defectio ipsi, vel numerabilis parcimonia, vel auster. Tharra, fragrantia gravis, vel excellens, aut luminis ignis. Tharsis, speculatio gaudii, vel fulgur perfectionis et laetitiae, vel chrysolithus, vel parva colonia, AEthiopes. Theophilus, referens, vel convertens. Theraphim, imagines figurae idotorum. Thesbetes, conversio. Theimar, tentatio. Thobel, congregatio, vel propositum, vel Athenienses, vel Thessali, vel Iberi, aut Alani. J Japheth. latitudo pulchritudinis. aut congregatus. Jo(??). pater Do(??)mi. lao, Dominus, vel Deus, nui invisibilis. Joacim, consisiemia Domini. Jasa, factum praeceptum.","english":"Zorombabel, he himself rest from confusion, or a stranger of transposition, or he himself master of Babylon. H Helias, strong God, my Lord. Herodes, skin of glory. Hesau, making, or, elation of the Lord, or robust. Helim, our God. Hesaias, overshadowing of God, or salvation of the Lord. TH Thabor, chosen lake. Thematha, their own consummation. Thamar, solicited to sin, palm, or words of God, or words here. Thecel, measure, or balance. Thecoee, beating, or sound of a trumpet. Thelistae and gnoristae, ventriloquists. Themanites, perfection of peace. Thersam, commiseration. Theristron, transparent veil. Theudas, capturing, or sign of blood. Thubal, receding from God. Thomas, abyss, or twin, or incomprehensible depth. Thaeman, defect to him, or countable frugality, or south wind. Tharra, heavy fragrance, or excellent, or light of fire. Tharsis, contemplation of joy, or flash of perfection and gladness, or chrysolite, or small colony, Ethiopians. Theophilus, referring, or converting. Theraphim, images of the form of idols. Thesbetes, conversion. Theimar, temptation. Thobel, gathering, or purpose, or Athenians, or Thessalians, or Iberians, or Alans. J Japheth, breadth of beauty, or gathered. Jo(??), father of the Lord. lao, Lord, or God, or invisible. Joacim, standing of the Lord. Jasa, made command.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Zorombabel","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Zorombabel (Zerubbabel) offers three alternative etymologies: 'rest from confusion', 'stranger of transposition', and 'master of Babylon'. The first plays on the Hebrew root *nwḥ* (rest) and *bll* (confusion); the last reflects the historical role of Zerubbabel as governor of Babylon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Helias","severity":"info","text":"Helias (Elias, Elijah) is glossed as 'strong God, my Lord', a Christianized etymology that interprets the name as *El* (God) + *ias* (strength), with the added 'my Lord' reflecting a devotional reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Thelistae et gnoristae","severity":"info","text":"Thelistae et gnoristae are identified as 'ventriloquists'. This obscure pairing likely refers to heretical groups or practitioners of divination; the term 'ventriloqui' (belly-speakers) was used in patristic literature for those who claimed prophetic speech.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Tharsis","severity":"info","text":"Tharsis (Tarshish) receives multiple glosses: 'contemplation of joy', 'flash of perfection and gladness', 'chrysolite', 'small colony', and 'Ethiopians'. The variety reflects the biblical ambiguity of Tarshish as both a place (possibly Tartessus in Spain) and a gemstone.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Theraphim","severity":"info","text":"Theraphim (teraphim, household gods) are glossed as 'images of the form of idols'. This aligns with the Vulgate's rendering of teraphim as *idola* or *simulacra*; the gloss emphasizes their material and idolatrous nature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Thobel","severity":"info","text":"Thobel (Tubal) is glossed with a list of peoples: 'Athenians, or Thessalians, or Iberians, or Alans'. This reflects the medieval tradition identifying Tubal (son of Japheth) as the ancestor of various European nations, especially the Iberians (Spaniards) and Alans.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 'Jo(??)' is corrupt; the parenthetical marks indicate a lacuna or illegible text. The gloss 'father of the Lord' suggests a theophoric name, possibly Joatham or Joachaz.","The entry for 'lao' (Iao) is a Greek transliteration of the Tetragrammaton; the gloss 'invisible' reflects the Hellenistic Jewish tradition of interpreting YHWH as 'the unseen'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Jabis, siccitas, aut confusio, vel latitudo extrema. Jathel, cervorum societas. Jaeirus, illuminatus, vel Domini evigilatio. Jacobus, supplantator laboris. Jannes, marinus. Jasson, desiderans, vel factor praecepti. Idumaea, deficiens, vel coccineus, aut vetus peccatum, vel terrenus. Jenael, aedificatio Dei. Jezavel, fluxus sanguinis. Jezechiel, robur Dei. Jesiel, vita Dei. Jemoniel, dextera fortis, vel pars, circumcisio. Jeremeel, commiseratio Dei. Jericho, descensus agri, vel humilitas. Jeroboal, judicium perfectum. Jerusalem, visio, evigilatio, vel spiritus gratiae ipsorum. Jechonias, purus, vel praeparatio facta. Jeremias, elatio exaltata. Ithamar, consummatio amarulentiae, vel commiseratio, aut palma. Jareth, descensio, vel respectus Domini, vel praevalentia. Jacoe, rursus, vel remissio, vel insidiator novus. Jacob supplantans, vel extremitatem tenens, pater. Jambris, mare pelliceum. Jaret, latitudo. le Barachiae, benedictio Domini. Jebusaeus, seductus, vel pudefactus. Jezrael, semen Dei. Jectan, natu minor. Jemeni, dextera Domini, aut dextera mea. Jenael, responsio Dei. Jereus, ipse illa, vel juxta hoc ipsum. Jeroboam, judicium populi. Jessai, refrigeratio, vel fortis, vel oblatio. Jephones, convertens, vel apparitio mea. Jesus, salus Domini. Hasterium, operculum areae, vel lamina. Illurius, advena. Jodor, superfluus.","english":"Jabis, dryness, or confusion, or extreme breadth. Jathel, society of deer. Jaeirus, enlightened, or awakening of the Lord. Jacobus, supplanter of labor. Jannes, marine. Jasson, desiring, or maker of a precept. Idumaea, failing, or scarlet, or old sin, or earthly. Jenael, building of God. Jezavel, flow of blood. Jezechiel, strength of God. Jesiel, life of God. Jemoniel, strong right hand, or part, circumcision. Jeremeel, compassion of God. Jericho, descent of the field, or humility. Jeroboal, perfect judgment. Jerusalem, vision, awakening, or spirit of their grace. Jechonias, pure, or preparation made. Jeremias, exalted elation. Ithamar, consummation of bitterness, or compassion, or palm. Jareth, descent, or regard of the Lord, or prevalence. Jacoe, again, or remission, or new insidiator. Jacob, supplanting, or holding the extremity, father. Jambris, sea of skin. Jaret, breadth. le Barachiae, blessing of the Lord. Jebusaeus, seduced, or put to shame. Jezrael, seed of God. Jectan, younger by birth. Jemeni, right hand of the Lord, or my right hand. Jenael, response of God. Jereus, he himself those things, or near to this itself. Jeroboam, judgment of the people. Jessai, refreshment, or strong, or offering. Jephones, converting, or my appearance. Jesus, salvation of the Lord. Hasterium, covering of the ark, or plate. Illurius, stranger. Jodor, superfluous.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Jabis","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Jabis' likely represents the biblical name 'Jabesh' (1 Samuel 11). The three glosses—'dryness', 'confusion', 'extreme breadth'—are typical of Hieronymian onomastica, where multiple etymologies are offered without resolution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Jathel","severity":"info","text":"'Jathel' is probably a variant of 'Jathiel' or 'Jetheth'. The gloss 'society of deer' (cervorum societas) is unusual; it may reflect a folk etymology connecting the name to Hebrew 'ya'el' (ibex) or Aramaic 'yathla' (mountain goat).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Jerusalem","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'vision, awakening, or spirit of their grace' for Jerusalem echoes standard patristic etymologies (e.g., Jerome, Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum). 'Visio pacis' is the common form; here 'spirit of their grace' is a rare variant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Jezavel","severity":"info","text":"'Jezavel' (Jezebel) is glossed 'flow of blood' (fluxus sanguinis). This etymology is not found in Jerome's standard list; it may derive from a later moralizing tradition associating Jezebel with menstrual impurity or violence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Hasterium","severity":"caution","text":"'Hasterium' is not a biblical name; it may be a corruption of 'Asteroth' (Astarte) or a misreading of 'Hasteroth'. The gloss 'covering of the ark, or plate' suggests a confusion with the Hebrew 'aster' (hidden) or Greek 'asterion' (star).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"le Barachiae","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'le Barachiae' (with the preposition 'le') is anomalous; it likely represents a genitive phrase 'of Barachiah' (Zechariah's father). The gloss 'blessing of the Lord' matches the Hebrew 'baruch' (blessed) and 'Yah' (God).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic Vorlage is not extant; the Latin text may reflect multiple layers of transmission. Several names (e.g., 'Hasterium', 'Illurius') are non-biblical and may be scribal errors or interpolations. The glosses often offer multiple, sometimes contradictory, etymologies without indication of preference."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Jordane, descensio eorum, vel praevalentia non exsistens. Judas, confessio, vel sufficientia Domini. Justus, parcens ipsis. Isaac, risus et laetitia, auditus. Ismael, exauditio Domini, aut inspectio. Itabyrium, mons aequali ordine sibi respondeus, in terra Galilaea. Italia, mente excedens. Joatham, immaculatus Domini, vel perfectus. Joannes, baptizator, vel gratia. Joachas, fortitudo Domini. Jobeth, subordinatus. Joel, dilectus Domini. Jonathan, columba veniens, datio. Joseph, augmentum Domini, vel dedecoris ablatio. in, mensura est quasi mensurarum 6, vel octava pars sexti. Joppe, pulchritudo, specula. Jou, est, vel erat. Judaea, confitens. Judeth, laudans, vel Judaea. Julia, incipiens. Ir, vigilantium virtutum. Iscaroth, memoria, tabernaculum mortis. Israel, mens videns Deum. Issachar, merces est, vel robur purum. Iturea, montana. Joab, pater Domini, vel dilectus. Joacim, resurrectio, vel praeparatio Domini. Joan, cunctatio Domini, vel scientia. Joachar, habitus Domini. Job, dilectus Domini, vel pater temporum. Jobel, mutatus, vel qui remisit. Josaphath, judicium Domini. Josedec, justitia. Josias, salus Domini, vel salvatus. Jochabed, gloria Domini. Kadis, sanctum, vel petram productam. Kaatth, morbus dentium, vel concionator. Kadis, auricula, aut vas ejus, diversum, sive commutatum. Kadmaeus, coram Domino. Kain, zelotypia. Kainan, possessio ipsorum. Kana, possessio.","english":"Jordane, their descent, or prevailing not existing. Judas, confession, or sufficiency of the Lord. Justus, sparing them. Isaac, laughter and joy, hearing. Ismael, hearing of the Lord, or inspection. Itabyrium, a mountain of equal order corresponding to itself, in the land of Galilee. Italia, exceeding in mind. Joatham, immaculate of the Lord, or perfect. Joannes, baptizer, or grace. Joachas, strength of the Lord. Jobeth, subordinate. Joel, beloved of the Lord. Jonathan, dove coming, giving. Joseph, increase of the Lord, or removal of disgrace. In, a measure, as it were of 6 measures, or the eighth part of a sixth. Joppe, beauty, watchtower. Jou, is, or was. Judaea, confessing. Judeth, praising, or Judaea. Julia, beginning. Ir, of the watchful virtues. Iscaroth, memory, tabernacle of death. Israel, mind seeing God. Issachar, reward is, or pure strength. Iturea, mountainous. Joab, father of the Lord, or beloved. Joacim, resurrection, or preparation of the Lord. Joan, delay of the Lord, or knowledge. Joachar, habit of the Lord. Job, beloved of the Lord, or father of times. Jobel, changed, or who sent back. Josaphath, judgment of the Lord. Josedec, justice. Josias, salvation of the Lord, or saved. Jochabed, glory of the Lord. Kadis, holy, or produced rock. Kaatth, disease of teeth, or preacher. Kadis, ear, or its vessel, different, or changed. Kadmaeus, before the Lord. Kain, jealousy. Kainan, possession of them. Kana, possession.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Jordane","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 'Jordane' (Jordan) gives 'descensio eorum' (their descent) and 'praevalentia non exsistens' (prevailing not existing). The first etymology reflects the Hebrew yrd (to descend); the second is obscure and may be a corruption or a secondary folk etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Isaac","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 'Isaac' gives 'risus et laetitia, auditus' (laughter and joy, hearing). The first part echoes the Hebrew meaning 'he laughs' (Gen 17:19), while 'auditus' (hearing) may derive from a confusion with the Hebrew root sh-m-‘ (to hear) or from a secondary tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Itabyrium","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 'Itabyrium' identifies it as a mountain in Galilee 'of equal order corresponding to itself'. This is Mount Tabor, a site of the Transfiguration in Christian tradition. The description likely reflects a geographical or symbolic tradition known to the compiler.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Iscaroth","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 'Iscaroth' (Iscariot) gives 'memoria, tabernaculum mortis' (memory, tabernacle of death). The second part may reflect a folk etymology linking the name to the Hebrew 'ish qar' (man of the town) or to 'sakhar' (to hire), but 'tabernaculum mortis' is unique and likely a Christian moralizing gloss.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"in","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 'in' (a Hebrew letter or word) gives 'a measure, as it were of 6 measures, or the eighth part of a sixth'. This is a numerical or metrological gloss, possibly referring to the Hebrew letter yod or a unit of measure. It interrupts the sequence of proper names and may be a marginal note.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Kadis","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 'Kadis' appears twice: first as 'holy, or produced rock', then as 'ear, or its vessel, different, or changed'. This duplication suggests either a scribal error or two distinct lemmas (e.g., Qadesh vs. a different word). The text may be corrupt or conflated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 'in' is ambiguous: it may be a Hebrew letter, a word, or a measure; the reading taken is as a metrological gloss.","The duplication of 'Kadis' may indicate a textual corruption or two separate entries; the reading taken treats them as distinct but notes the uncertainty."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Kandace, diversa, sive commutata. Karmel, scientia circumcisionis. Karpo, scienti apparitionem. Karphanaoum, Karphandum, villa consolationis. Kampsael, congregatio Dei. Kydar, obtenebratio, tenebrae. Kephas, Petrus. Kinaeus, possessus. Kinura, cithara, vel scientia luminis. Klaudius, spes serenitatis Dei. Kleopas, multum laboriosus. Kodrantes, nummulus unus, qui dicitur nummus. Kolasais, vocis factae. Kolonia, revelata. Kore, calvus. Kornelius, scientia circumcisionis. Kuartus, buccinans abundanter. Krisce, tenebrae. Khatama, demissa, aut pepla. Kaesar, principale judicium. Kamuel, resurrectio Dei. Kariatheiarem, civitas quercus. Ka position, impollutum. Kasta, conventiculum congenituan. Kenei, possessi. Kinsos, descriptio. Kidaris, conterens contextum. Kis. durus, galeam ferens sive gestans. Kitieis, plaga, vel insulae, vel de translatione Citupoleos Cypri. Klemes, concionator. Kylas, mare. Kolybos, species numismatis, unde et colybistae. Korban, oblatio, donum. Korinthus, politia. Kosymboi, sursum retinentes, vel componentes, constringentes, vel inaurata, sicut monile. Krisus, scientia potens. Kyprus, tetrica vultus species. Kyrinaeus, haeres vir. Kola, vox eorum. Krete, vocationis, vel creationis, perfectionis. Kypsalin, vas plicatum. L Laban, dealbatio. Lazarus, adjutus. Lebbaeus, cor. Leviatham, ipse aqua. Lia, laboriosa, vel recusata. Laodicia, tribus amica facta.","english":"Kandace, diverse, or changed. Karmel, knowledge of circumcision. Karpo, knowledge of appearance. Karphanaoum, Karphandum, village of consolation. Kampsael, congregation of God. Kydar, darkening, shadows. Kephas, Peter. Kinaeus, possessed. Kinura, cithara, or knowledge of light. Klaudius, hope of the serenity of God. Kleopas, very laborious. Kodrantes, a small coin, which is called a coin. Kolasais, of a voice made. Kolonia, revealed. Kore, bald. Kornelius, knowledge of circumcision. Kuartus, trumpeting abundantly. Krisce, shadows. Khatama, lowered, or veils. Kaesar, principal judgment. Kamuel, resurrection of God. Kariatheiarem, city of the oak. Ka position, unpolluted. Kasta, gathering of the kindred. Kenei, possessed. Kinsos, description. Kidaris, crushing the woven. Kis, hard, bearing or wearing a helmet. Kitieis, plague, or islands, or from the translation of Citupolis of Cyprus. Klemes, preacher. Kylas, sea. Kolybos, a type of coin, whence also money-changers. Korban, offering, gift. Korinthus, polity. Kosymboi, holding up, or composing, constraining, or gilded, like a necklace. Krisus, powerful knowledge. Kyprus, a gloomy appearance of the face. Kyrinaeus, heir man. Kola, their voice. Krete, of calling, or of creation, of perfection. Kypsalin, a folded vessel. L Laban, whitening. Lazarus, helped. Lebbaeus, heart. Leviatham, he himself water. Lia, laborious, or refused. Laodicia, tribe made friendly.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Kandace","severity":"info","text":"Kandace is a Latin rendering of the Greek Kandakē, a title for the queen of Meroë in Nubia, not a personal name. The gloss 'diverse, or changed' is a folk etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Kephas","severity":"info","text":"Kephas is the Aramaic word for 'rock', equated with Peter (Greek Petros) in the New Testament (John 1:42). The gloss 'Peter' is a direct translation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Korban","severity":"info","text":"Korban (Hebrew qorbān) means 'offering' or 'gift', used in the New Testament (Mark 6:11) and the Old Testament for sacrificial offerings. The gloss 'oblatio, donum' is accurate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Kolybos","severity":"info","text":"Kolybos (Greek kollybos) was a small coin; the term 'colybistae' refers to money-changers who dealt in such coins. This reflects economic terminology in the Roman East.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Karmel","severity":"caution","text":"Karmel is glossed 'scientia circumcisionis' (knowledge of circumcision), but the Hebrew karmel means 'garden' or 'orchard'. The etymology here is fanciful and not supported by Hebrew.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"L Laban","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'L Laban' marks a transition to the letter L in this alphabetical onomasticon, following the K entries. This structure is typical of such lexica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several Coptic or Greek lemmas (e.g., Karphanaoum, Kampsael) have uncertain etymologies; the glosses are often folk-etymological or based on sound similarity rather than historical linguistics."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Leopetra, planus, conculcatus. Louzacarion, pennis carens. Lydda, utilitas. Lycaonia, quae resurrexit. Lysias, generatus. Lot, concionatoris ipsius, sive redemptus extremo. Levis, minister, vel appositus. Libyes, os occludentium. Linus, dealbatus. Lomna, candor. Lucius, ipse suscitans. Lydia, utilitatem consecuta. Lysanias, gehennae te tatio. Lystra, generatio decora. M Malaad, Deus solus. Magdaline, custodita. Magog, liquefactio, vel omnis na tio, vel omnes tribus. Mazuroah, pleias, vel conjunctio astrorum, sive duodecim signa. Malachias, angelos. Mambri, filii, am de visione. Mamonas, divitiae, aut macula, dona, vel res coctae. Mane, mensura. Magda, a turre pyrra. Magedon, de promissione ejus. Magi, impostores. Madiam, coactio [quasi Greece legeretur ], vel responsio. Matheia, patientis. Mathusala, mortis emissio, vel missus. Manasses, abjectus, aut factus. Mandyas, vestis divinatrix (Vates sago indutus)· Manoe, requies. Mamzer, longinquus. alaranatha, Dominus venit. Maria, Domina nostra, aut de invisibilibus. Mariam, illuminatrix. Marcus, excelsus mandato. Martyrion, regiam coronam. Machir, exitus patris, vel evigilatio patris. Medath, Deus solus. Maleleel, laudans Deum. Malchiu, regis Domini. Melchal, de omnibus. Membranus, conspicuus. Memphibaal, de ore ignominia. Merra, amaritudo. Mestraem, AEgyptus, Meniscus, torques. Mitra, diadema, vel zona.","english":"Leopetra, flat, trampled. Louzacarion, lacking feathers. Lydda, utility. Lycaonia, which has risen again. Lysias, begotten. Lot, of the preacher himself, or redeemed at the last. Levis, minister, or placed near. Libyes, of those closing the mouth. Linus, whitened. Lomna, brightness. Lucius, himself rousing. Lydia, having obtained utility. Lysanias, the branding of Gehenna. Lystra, beautiful generation. M Malaad, God alone. Magdaline, guarded. Magog, melting, or every nation, or all tribes. Mazuroah, Pleiades, or conjunction of stars, or the twelve signs. Malachias, angels. Mambri, sons, or from vision. Mamonas, riches, or stain, gifts, or cooked things. Mane, measure. Magda, from the pyrrhic tower. Magedon, from his promise. Magi, impostors. Madiam, compulsion [as if read in Greek], or response. Matheia, of the suffering one. Mathusala, sending forth of death, or sent. Manasses, cast off, or made. Mandyas, divinatory garment (a prophet clothed in a cloak). Manoe, rest. Mamzer, distant. Maranatha, the Lord comes. Maria, our Lady, or from invisible things. Mariam, illuminatrix. Marcus, exalted by command. Martyrion, royal crown. Machir, exit of the father, or awakening of the father. Medath, God alone. Maleleel, praising God. Malchiu, of the king of the Lord. Melchal, concerning all. Membranus, conspicuous. Memphibaal, from the mouth of ignominy. Merra, bitterness. Mestraem, Egypt. Meniscus, torque. Mitra, diadem, or girdle.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Maranatha","severity":"info","text":"The Aramaic phrase maranatha (\"the Lord comes\") is here treated as a single lemma and glossed as a proper name, reflecting a common patristic misunderstanding.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Maria","severity":"info","text":"The gloss \"our Lady\" for Maria echoes the Vulgate's use of domina for Mary, while \"from invisible things\" derives from a popular etymology linking Maria to Hebrew mar (drop) and yam (sea), or to Aramaic mara (lord).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Magi","severity":"info","text":"The gloss \"impostors\" for Magi reflects a negative Christian tradition (cf. Matt 2:1–12), contrasting with the neutral or positive sense in classical sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"M Malaad","severity":"info","text":"The repeated initial M in the entry \"M Malaad\" likely indicates a scribal or source division marker, not part of the lemma itself.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Mamonas","severity":"info","text":"The multiple glosses for Mamonas (\"riches, or stain, gifts, or cooked things\") show the lexicographer's attempt to reconcile Hebrew mamon (wealth) with Greek or Latin homophones.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Madiam","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase \"as if read in Greek\" (quasi Greece legeretur) is a marginal note that may indicate a variant reading or a scribal correction; the text is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma \"M Malaad\" may be a scribal error or a composite entry; the reading taken treats the first M as a structural marker.","The gloss for Madiam includes a parenthetical remark that may be a later insertion; the reading taken treats it as part of the original entry."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Michael, quis sicut Deus fortis? aut virilis Deus. Moab, ex patre, aut locusta. Morath, haeres. Martha, irritans, vel dominica. Mariam, Dominus ex generatione mea, vel Domina, aut smyrna maris. Masiphpha, speculatio. Machina, humilitas. Magedeel, de promissione Dei. Metaniu, donum Domini. Melchel, regnum Dei. Melchisedech, rex justitiae, vel apostolus justus. Memphes, os confessionis. Mesopotamia, exaltata. Mesias, Christus, unctus. Mida, dimetientes. Misael, contactus Dei, aut visitatio Dei. Micha, humilis. Michaeas, quis sicut Dominus? Moses, de aqua assumptio. Moyses, scrutatio Domini, vel a salute. Naas, serpens. Nabau, sessio, vel pabulum eorum. Nableae, psalteria, sicut genus citharae. Nabouthe, veniens, aut filiae. Nabochodonosor, sedens, vel scientia anxietatis. Nageb, meridies, sive auster. Nazareth, flos intactus, vel munditia. Naasson, anguifer. Nabel, stultitia, aul mensurae. Nabeod, intelligentes, vel prophetae. Nabuzardan, perversitas alieni judicii. Nazoraeus, sanctus sive purus. Naziraeus, sanctus, sive purissimus, vel ex ventre matris separatus Dei. Nathan, datio. Nathaniu, datio Domini. Narcisus, ascensio laetitae. Nabe, pulchritudo ipsi, vel labor meus. Naphtha, fomitis species quaedam Persica, quae ante ignem, sicut dicunt, in seipsam trahit ignem: vel faeces, et ossa olivarum. Nachor, requies luminis, vel caudex. Nessa, herodius, dictus, ciconia.","english":"Michael, who is like God? Or manly God. Moab, from the father, or locust. Morath, heir. Martha, irritating, or lordly. Mariam, Lord from my generation, or Lady, or myrrh of the sea. Masiphpha, watchtower. Machina, humility. Magedeel, from the promise of God. Metaniu, gift of the Lord. Melchel, kingdom of God. Melchisedech, king of justice, or just apostle. Memphes, mouth of confession. Mesopotamia, exalted. Mesias, Christ, anointed. Mida, measuring. Misael, contact of God, or visitation of God. Micha, humble. Michaeas, who is like the Lord? Moses, taking from water. Moyses, scrutiny of the Lord, or from salvation. Naas, serpent. Nabau, sitting, or their fodder. Nableae, psalteries, like a type of cithara. Nabouthe, coming, or daughters. Nabochodonosor, sitting, or knowledge of anxiety. Nageb, midday, or south wind. Nazareth, untouched flower, or purity. Naasson, serpent-bearer. Nabel, foolishness, or measures. Nabeod, understanding, or prophets. Nabuzardan, perversity of another’s judgment. Nazoraeus, holy or pure. Naziraeus, holy, or most pure, or separated from the mother’s womb for God. Nathan, giving. Nathaniu, gift of the Lord. Narcisus, ascent of joy. Nabe, beauty itself, or my labor. Naphtha, a kind of Persian tinder which, as they say, draws fire into itself before the fire; or dregs and olive pits. Nachor, rest of light, or stump. Nessa, a heron, so called, or stork.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Michael","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'quis sicut Deus fortis?' (who is like God the strong?) expands the standard 'Quis sicut Deus?' by adding 'fortis', perhaps conflating Michael's martial role with the Hebrew 'mi-ka-el'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Mariam","severity":"info","text":"The three offered etymologies—'Lord from my generation', 'Lady', and 'myrrh of the sea'—reflect the common patristic play on Mary's name, with 'smyrna maris' a Latin calque of the Greek 'stilla maris' (drop of the sea), later misread as 'stella maris'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Naphtha","severity":"info","text":"The description of naphtha as a Persian tinder that 'draws fire into itself before the fire' echoes Pliny the Elder's account of naphtha's combustibility (Natural History 2.105), showing the compiler's access to natural-historical lore.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Pliny the Elder"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Melchisedech","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'rex justitiae' (king of justice) and 'apostolus justus' (just apostle) alludes to Genesis 14:18 and Hebrews 7:1-2, where Melchizedek is both king and priest, though 'apostolus' is an unusual term for him.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Naziraeus","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'separatus ex ventre matris Dei' (separated from the mother's womb for God) reflects the Nazirite vow (Numbers 6:1-21) but applies it to Christ, a common typology in patristic exegesis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Nessa","severity":"caution","text":"The identification of 'nessa' as 'herodius' (heron) or 'ciconia' (stork) is uncertain; the Coptic original may have been misread, as 'nessa' does not clearly correspond to either bird in standard onomastica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic Vorlage for several entries (e.g., 'Nessa', 'Nabe') is uncertain, and the Latin compiler may have misconstrued or conflated Hebrew roots."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Nechotha, aromatum. Neger, ascendens. Nicolaus, stultitia aegrotorum. Nineve, speciosa. Nathanael, donum Dei, vel ego Deus veniens. Naum, consolatio, vel ego omnibus misericors. Nebrod, transfugium, vel insurrectio. Nachao, plaga ipsorum, vel praeparatio ipse. Nereus, lucerna Dei. Nicopolis, generatio legumenti. Noe, requies. O Obid, subditus· Ozia, robur. Oziel, robur Dei. Onesimus, respondens decore eximia. Orin, lumen Domini. Ormiscus, torquem, vel nexus qui circumfertur. Orna, lumen requietionis. Ourias, potens, vel illuminatio Dei. Opharathonites,·dissipatio nostra. Odolam, testificatio ejus in aqua. Ozias, frater illustris, vel fortitudo Dei. Onesiphorus. respondens, narrans. Ornias, dirae Domini, vel exsistens principium. Ouriel, ignis Dei. Ochozias, frater illius, vel lumen. P Pazo, Lucifer. Parthi, divisio perfecta. Paristrosa, resuscitate. Pastophoria, habitans, vel tentationis minister. Patrobas, dissolvens plane. Paulus, os agitationis, vel mirabilis, vel electus. Peltae, parva arma habentia cymbala affixa, quae quidem Romani dicunt armatoria. Pericnemides, feminalia. Peripteron, excelsum aestivum. Persis, dissolvens latera. Paraxiphis, parvus ensis, vel vagina. Parmenan, tollentem saturitatem. Pascha, sacrificium pro transitu, aut super, vel pretium redemptionis. Petrus, cognoscens, vel dissolvens, vel obediens.","english":"Nechotha, of aromatics. Neger, ascending. Nicolaus, folly of the sick. Nineve, beautiful. Nathanael, gift of God, or I am God coming. Naum, consolation, or I am merciful to all. Nebrod, flight, or insurrection. Nachao, their plague, or preparation itself. Nereus, lamp of God. Nicopolis, generation of a covering. Noe, rest. O Obid, subject. Ozia, strength. Oziel, strength of God. Onesimus, responding with excellent beauty. Orin, light of the Lord. Ormiscus, torque, or a bond which is worn around. Orna, light of rest. Ourias, powerful, or illumination of God. Opharathonites, our dissipation. Odolam, his testimony in water. Ozias, illustrious brother, or strength of God. Onesiphorus, responding, telling. Ornias, dire things of the Lord, or existing as a beginning. Ouriel, fire of God. Ochozias, his brother, or light. P Pazo, Lucifer. Parthi, perfect division. Paristrosa, revive. Pastophoria, dwelling, or minister of temptation. Patrobas, dissolving plainly. Paulus, mouth of agitation, or wonderful, or chosen. Peltae, small shields having attached cymbals, which the Romans call armatoria. Pericnemides, thigh coverings. Peripteron, high summer house. Persis, dissolving sides. Paraxiphis, small sword, or scabbard. Parmenan, removing satiety. Pascha, sacrifice for the crossing, or above, or price of redemption. Petrus, knowing, or dissolving, or obeying.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nicolaus","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'stultitia aegrotorum' (folly of the sick) is unusual; standard patristic etymologies for Nicolaus often derive from Greek 'nike' (victory) and 'laos' (people). This may reflect a polemical or folk etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Nathanael","severity":"info","text":"The interpretation 'donum Dei' (gift of God) is standard and reflects the Hebrew etymology (nathan + el). The alternative 'ego Deus veniens' (I am God coming) is less common and may derive from a creative reading of the name's components.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Pascha","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Pascha offers three interpretations: 'sacrificium pro transitu' (sacrifice for the crossing), 'super' (above), and 'pretium redemptionis' (price of redemption). The first reflects the Hebrew pesach (passover), while the latter two show Christian theological reinterpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Petrus","severity":"info","text":"The three interpretations for Petrus—'cognoscens' (knowing), 'dissolvens' (dissolving), 'obediens' (obeying)—diverge from the standard Greek etymology (petros, rock). This suggests a creative or allegorical approach typical of the Onomastica tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"O","severity":"info","text":"The letter 'O' appears as a heading before 'Obid', and 'P' before 'Pazo', indicating the alphabetical organization of the lexicon. This structure is consistent with other entries in the work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Opharathonites","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Opharathonites' is followed by a period and then 'dissipatio nostra' (our dissipation), but the syntax is ambiguous: it may be a single entry or two separate items. The punctuation in the Latin is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 'Opharathonites' may be a single name or two separate items; the punctuation is ambiguous.","The interpretation of 'Nicolaus' as 'stultitia aegrotorum' is unusual and may reflect a textual corruption or a non-standard tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Poderes, indumentum quod usque ad pedes defluit, sacerdotale pretiosius. Poudes, indutus, voluntas. Ptochor, fructum congregans. Pythun, os abyssi. Perates, advena, vel orientalis. Periusion, multiplicatum. Penope, summitas montis. Persae, tentati, vel dissipati. Pithon, os sempiternum. Pilatus, os malleatoris. Pontius, inclinans consilium. Porcius, tollens duritiem eorum. Ptoca, cognoscens. Ptolemais, ducta in mensurationem. Pyrsos, dissolutus. R Raab, dilatatio. Rabbi, magister. Rabbin, multi, vel multiplicatio magistri. Raan, mala sustinens. Ramesi, pastio de tinea. Raphael, sanatio fortis, vel spiritus Dei Rachel, ovis Dei, vel flatus fortis. Rebecca, multa patientia, vel accipiens primum virum. Roboam, latitudo, vel in multitudine populi. Roodi, videns. Ruphus, sanatio, vel requies. Rome, excelsus tonitrus. Raasson, lumen Dei, vel beneplacitum. Rabus, multiplicatus, vel magister. Ragabin, visio altitudinis. Raguel, pastio, vel amicus fortis. Raphaen, sanans, vel floritio matris. Papsacis, latitudo populi, vel multus osculo. Richab, conscensio. Rubil, spiritus Dei. Romelias, sublimitas, vel circumcisio. Ruth, quae fecit exuberare. Roboth, tonitruo fractos. S Sabae, AEthiopes. Sabachar, primogenitus. Sabbata, requies, aut conversio sanctificationis. Sabec, remissio, vel propitiatio. Sadoc, justus. Salathiel, petitio Dei, aut venientis. Salmona, umbra populi.","english":"Poderes, a garment that flows down to the feet, more precious priestly vestment. Poudes, clothed, will. Ptochor, gathering fruit. Pythun, mouth of the abyss. Perates, stranger, or eastern. Periusion, multiplied. Penope, summit of a mountain. Persae, tempted, or scattered. Pithon, eternal mouth. Pilatus, mouth of a hammerer. Pontius, inclining counsel. Porcius, removing their hardness. Ptoca, knowing. Ptolemais, led into measurement. Pyrsos, dissolved. R Raab, expansion. Rabbi, master. Rabbin, many, or multiplication of a master. Raan, enduring evils. Ramesi, feeding from a moth. Raphael, healing of the strong, or spirit of God. Rachel, sheep of God, or strong breath. Rebecca, much patience, or receiving the first husband. Roboam, breadth, or in multitude of people. Roodi, seeing. Ruphus, healing, or rest. Rome, high thunder. Raasson, light of God, or good pleasure. Rabus, multiplied, or master. Ragabin, vision of height. Raguel, pasture, or strong friend. Raphaen, healing, or flowering of the mother. Papsacis, breadth of the people, or much kissing. Richab, ascent. Rubil, spirit of God. Romelias, sublimity, or circumcision. Ruth, which made overflow. Roboth, broken by thunder. S Sabae, Ethiopians. Sabachar, firstborn. Sabbata, rest, or turning of sanctification. Sabec, remission, or propitiation. Sadoc, just. Salathiel, petition of God, or of one coming. Salmona, shadow of the people.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Poderes","severity":"info","text":"Poderes is a Greek loanword (ποδήρης) meaning 'reaching to the feet,' used in the Vulgate for the high priest's tunic (Exod 28:31). The gloss 'more precious priestly vestment' reflects Jerome's etymological interest.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Pilatus","severity":"info","text":"Pilatus is glossed 'mouth of a hammerer,' a folk etymology of the name Pontius Pilatus. The Latin 'malleator' (hammerer) may allude to the military standard (pilum) or to a pun on 'pilus' (hair), but the etymology is not biblical.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sabae","severity":"info","text":"Sabae glossed as 'Ethiopians' reflects the classical identification of the Sabaeans (from Sheba) with Ethiopians, common in patristic geography (e.g., Jerome, Comm. in Isaiam). The entry conflates two distinct peoples.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"R","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'R Raab' begins a new alphabetical section for the letter R, following the pattern of the previous passage (N, O). The repetition of 'R' as a heading is a scribal marker for the start of the letter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Raphael","severity":"info","text":"Raphael glossed 'healing of the strong, or spirit of God' parallels Jerome's Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum (Raphael: 'medicina Dei' or 'sanatio Dei'). The double etymology is typical of Jerome's method.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Papsacis","severity":"caution","text":"Papsacis appears out of alphabetical order (after Raphaen, before Richab). It may be a scribal insertion or a corruption of a name like 'Papsacus.' The gloss 'breadth of the people, or much kissing' is otherwise unattested.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic Vorlage for several entries (e.g., Papsacis, Roodi) is uncertain; the Latin may reflect a misread or corrupted Greek original.","The alphabetical ordering is inconsistent: Papsacis appears under R, and some entries (e.g., Ptochor) may be misassigned to the wrong letter."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Salon, pacificans. Samaria, custodia ipsorum pro vili habita. Sampson, sol eorum. Sarabara, species indumentorum Persicorum. Sarephtha, afflictio panis. Satan, tentatio elationis, vel etiam trimodium. Saul, expetitus, aut usu habitus. Sebeae, celer, aut plenus. Sedecias, justitia Domini. Secla, spes. Secundus, elevans. Selmon, retributio pacis. Sephpharim, libri. Sepphora, inspectio speciosa. Seruch, perfectio. Seth, resurrectio speciosa. Seruch, perfectio. Seon, tentatio calida. Sicarii, inebriati. Sicima, requies, aut similitudo. Saba, sceptrum. Sabaoth, virtutum. Sather, Sanctum sanctorum. Sael. salus Dei. Salem, pax, gratiosa. Salmon, accipe vas. Salomon, pax, vel gratia. Samael, minister obediens Deo. Samuel, lex Dei ipsorum, vel illic ipse Deus. Saroa, principatus meus. Seraphim, incensio, vel principatus oris, igneum. Satanas, terens, aut contrarius. Sauchites, garrulus. Sebaste, circumdans. Seboim, statio. Sedra, anxietas malorum. Sirenae, cacodaemones. Sella, umbra, vel legumentum ipsum. Semei, auditio mea, exauditio mea. Sennachirim, tentatio, vel siccitas. Seraphim, spiritus resurrectionis. Sigor, resurgens. Siloni, dissolutio haec. Siba, militia, vel gaudium. Sicera, inebriatio. Silas, mediator. Siclus, appendiculum, numismata tria, qnod sacerdotale fuit, numisma unum, vel didrachmum, vel oboli 20. Siloam, emissio. Sina, elevatio sempiterna, vel sitis, praeceptum.","english":"Salon, peacemaking. Samaria, their guard held as cheap. Sampson, their sun. Sarabara, a type of Persian garments. Sarephtha, affliction of bread. Satan, temptation of pride, or also a three-modius measure. Saul, sought after, or habitually used. Sebeae, swift, or full. Sedecias, justice of the Lord. Secla, hope. Secundus, raising up. Selmon, reward of peace. Sephpharim, books. Sepphora, beautiful inspection. Seruch, perfection. Seth, beautiful resurrection. Seruch, perfection. Seon, hot temptation. Sicarii, intoxicated. Sicima, rest, or likeness. Saba, scepter. Sabaoth, of hosts. Sather, Holy of Holies. Sael, salvation of God. Salem, peace, gracious. Salmon, take a vessel. Salomon, peace, or grace. Samael, minister obedient to God. Samuel, their law of God, or there God himself. Saroa, my principality. Seraphim, burning, or principality of the mouth, fiery. Satanas, wearing down, or adversary. Sauchites, talkative. Sebaste, surrounding. Seboim, station. Sedra, anxiety of evils. Sirenae, evil spirits. Sella, shadow, or covering itself. Semei, my hearing, my hearkening. Sennachirim, temptation, or dryness. Seraphim, spirit of resurrection. Sigor, rising again. Siloni, this dissolution. Siba, warfare, or joy. Sicera, intoxication. Silas, mediator. Siclus, a small weight, three coins, which was priestly, one coin, or a didrachm, or 20 obols. Siloam, sending out. Sina, eternal elevation, or thirst, precept.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sicera","severity":"info","text":"Sicera is a Latin borrowing from Greek σίκερα, itself from Hebrew שֵׁכָר, denoting a strong alcoholic drink, often beer or date-wine. The gloss 'inebriatio' (intoxication) reflects its intoxicating effect.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Sabaoth","severity":"info","text":"Sabaoth (צְבָאוֹת) appears frequently in the Vulgate as part of the divine title Dominus exercituum (Lord of Hosts). The gloss 'virtutum' (of hosts) aligns with the Vulgate rendering in Isaiah and the Psalms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Sicarii","severity":"info","text":"Sicarii were first-century Jewish assassins, named from the Latin sica (dagger). The gloss 'inebriati' (intoxicated) is unusual and may reflect a moralizing etymology or confusion with sicera (strong drink).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Seraphim","severity":"info","text":"Seraphim appears twice in this passage with different glosses: first as 'incensio, vel principatus oris, igneum' (burning, or principality of the mouth, fiery), then as 'spiritus resurrectionis' (spirit of resurrection). This duplication suggests the compiler drew from multiple sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Sirenae","severity":"info","text":"Sirenae (Sirens) are glossed as 'cacodaemones' (evil spirits), reflecting a Christian reinterpretation of classical mythological figures as demonic beings, common in patristic and medieval allegory.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Siclus","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss for Siclus is unusually detailed: 'appendiculum, numismata tria, quod sacerdotale fuit, numisma unum, vel didrachmum, vel oboli 20'. The phrase 'numismata tria' (three coins) may be corrupt; a shekel was a single coin of varying weight.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The duplication of Seruch and Seraphim may indicate scribal error or conflation of sources.","The gloss for Siclus ('three coins') is historically problematic and may reflect a misunderstanding or textual corruption."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"Sipha, illuminatio. Sion, specula, vel sitiens, vel mandatum speculae Sodoma, in cinerem redactio, vel incendium, sive speciminis. Sor. rupes, aut Tyriorum urbs. Sophonias, specula Domini. Sulamites, pacificans, vel in spotia. Susanna, resurrectio gloriae, aut gratia. Stephanus, regula, vel scopus. Syene, tentatio, vel circulus. Syria, sublimis, in jus vocatio. Sychem, dorsum, sive humeri. Sopatros, servans dispersos. Sosthenes, servanti tempus. Silvanus, missus. Simicinthia, fasciolae. Sin, batus, vel tenlatio. Sisara, sicut visio equi, vel elevationes rebellionis. Scevos, vulpes, vel loquens. Scytale, sceptrum, aut multitudo. Smyrne, melodia ipsorum. Suba, praeceptum hoc. Sumanites, aqua, aut testificans. Seira, supernum, profectio. Sarithmod, suburbia. Symeon, auditionis labor, vel imago. Sichar, obumbratio ramorum. Schizae, jacula. Sorec, electa, sive pulcherrima. Tophar, scopus, vel spes. Tabitha, caprea silvestris. Talitha cumi, puella, exsurge. Cum, ad virum (dicitur), Cumi, ad mulierem. Tabeel, bona Dei ipsa. Talenta, librae vel 126. Tamias, custos. Tanies, mandatum bumile, vel irrorata. Taphnos, stupens os serpentis. Tiarae, pilei ex lanis compacti. Tigris, fertilitas, vel augmentum. aut velocitas. Tertius, appropinquans. Tertillus, acquiescens, vel stercus ipsorum. Tiberias, bonus, vel indulgentia. Timotheus, beneficus. Titus, inquirens bona.","english":"Sipha, illumination. Sion, watchtower, or thirsting, or command of the watchtower. Sodoma, reduction to ashes, or conflagration, or of a specimen. Sor, rock, or the city of the Tyrians. Sophonias, watchtower of the Lord. Sulamites, peacemaking, or in spoils. Susanna, resurrection of glory, or grace. Stephanus, rule, or mark. Syene, temptation, or circle. Syria, lofty, a summoning to judgment. Sychem, back, or shoulders. Sopatros, preserving the scattered. Sosthenes, preserving time. Silvanus, sent. Simicinthia, small bands. Sin, a batus, or temptation. Sisara, as the vision of a horse, or elevations of rebellion. Scevos, fox, or speaking. Scytale, scepter, or multitude. Smyrne, their melody. Suba, this command. Sumanites, water, or testifying. Seira, upper, departure. Sarithmod, suburbs. Symeon, labor of hearing, or image. Sichar, shading of branches. Schizae, javelins. Sorec, chosen, or most beautiful. Tophar, mark, or hope. Tabitha, wild roe. Talitha cumi, girl, arise. Cum, to a man (it is said), Cumi, to a woman. Tabeel, good of God herself. Talenta, pounds or 126. Tamias, guardian. Tanies, low command, or bedewed. Taphnos, gaping mouth of a serpent. Tiarae, caps made of wool. Tigris, fertility, or increase, or swiftness. Tertius, approaching. Tertillus, acquiescing, or their dung. Tiberias, good, or indulgence. Timotheus, beneficent. Titus, seeking good things.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sion","severity":"info","text":"The threefold interpretation of Sion as 'watchtower', 'thirsting', and 'command of the watchtower' reflects the common etymological practice of offering multiple Hebrew or Greek derivations for a single name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Talitha cumi","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Talitha cumi' (girl, arise) is a direct transliteration of the Aramaic words spoken by Jesus in Mark 5:41, where he raises a young girl. The gloss distinguishing 'Cum' (to a man) and 'Cumi' (to a woman) reflects grammatical gender in Aramaic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sodoma","severity":"info","text":"The interpretation of Sodoma as 'reduction to ashes' or 'conflagration' alludes to the biblical destruction of Sodom by fire and brimstone (Genesis 19:24-25). The alternative 'of a specimen' (speciminis) is obscure and may be a corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Talenta","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Talenta, pounds or 126' likely refers to the talent as a unit of weight or currency; the number 126 may be a gloss on a specific biblical passage (e.g., the 126 talents of gold in 1 Kings 10:14 or similar).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Scevos","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Scevos, fox, or speaking' is problematic: the Greek σκεῦος means 'vessel' or 'implement', not 'fox'. The reading may be a corruption of a different name or a misattribution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the alphabetical sequence of Hebrew and biblical names with etymological glosses, typical of onomastic works like Jerome's Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum. The entries from Sipha to Titus cover the end of the alphabet.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Scevos' as 'fox' is uncertain; the Greek σκεῦος is not a standard name. 'Sodoma' as 'speciminis' is unclear. 'Talenta, 126' lacks a clear biblical referent."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"Trachonites, mercatura tristitiae, sive amabilitas. Trochos in trocho, quatuor facies. Tryphena, avertens. Troas, remissio. Tympanon, conclusio. Tyrannus, comprehendens, vel praevalens. Timon, numerans. Tobias, bona Domini. Trissus, arcus. Trichapta, vestes deauratae, et sericae. Trophimus, dissolvens ubera. Tryphosa, conspicua. Trogli, dispertiti. Tyrus, comprehensio, afflictio. Tychicus, silens. Y iemenei, filii dextrae. Ymeneus, dormiens. F Faam, tempus. Fanuel, facies. Faran, os visionis. Faria, Pharaonis filia. Fasec, transitus, aut remissio. Felmoni, angelus, vel species virtutis. Fennana, aversio. Festus, ore multus. Filemon, mirabilis donatus. Filex, casus, aut vulneratio. Filologos, os extollens. Flegon, secans. Fogor, os.. Foebe, ore aedificans. Fua, rubea, aut casus. Fud, Libyes, aut Afri. Fylistiim, alienigenae, mirabiles. Fone en rama, clamor in terra sublimi. Fathuel, latitudo Dei, vel occursus Dei. Fares, sepes, vel sectio. Farisaeus, separatus. Feleththi, funda tactus. Felones, facies Dei. Ferezaei, dissipantes, vel fructus. Filetus, declinans. Filippus, os lampadarum. Finees, oris capistrum, vel renuens. Forthommen, contrarius, aut de omnibus. Fygellus, parthi, vel virgines, vel juvenes. Foca, oris assumptio. CH Chabor, conjugatio. Chalane, omnes nos. Chaleb, sicut cor, vel omne cor. Chamos, sicut attrectatio, aut Saturnus, idolum Moabitarum.","english":"Trachonites, merchandise of sadness, or lovableness. Trochos in trocho, four faces. Tryphena, turning away. Troas, remission. Tympanon, conclusion. Tyrannus, comprehending, or prevailing. Timon, numbering. Tobias, good of the Lord. Trissus, bow. Trichapta, gilded and silken garments. Trophimus, dissolving the breasts. Tryphosa, conspicuous. Trogli, divided. Tyrus, comprehension, affliction. Tychicus, silent. Y iemenei, sons of the right hand. Ymeneus, sleeping. F Faam, time. Fanuel, face. Faran, mouth of vision. Faria, daughter of Pharaoh. Fasec, passage, or remission. Felmoni, angel, or species of virtue. Fennana, aversion. Festus, much of mouth. Filemon, wonderfully gifted. Filex, fall, or wounding. Filologos, mouth extolling. Flegon, cutting. Fogor, mouth. Foebe, building with the mouth. Fua, red, or fall. Fud, Libyans, or Africans. Fylistiim, aliens, wonderful. Fone en rama, cry in a high place. Fathuel, breadth of God, or meeting of God. Fares, hedge, or division. Farisaeus, separated. Feleththi, touch of a sling. Felones, faces of God. Ferezaei, scattering, or fruits. Filetus, declining. Filippus, mouth of lamps. Finees, muzzle of the mouth, or refusing. Forthommen, contrary, or concerning all. Fygellus, Parthians, or virgins, or youths. Foca, taking of the mouth. CH Chabor, conjugation. Chalane, all of us. Chaleb, as the heart, or every heart. Chamos, as handling, or Saturn, idol of the Moabites.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Trachonites","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'Trachonites' is a Latinized Greek toponym, here glossed as 'mercatura tristitiae' (merchandise of sadness) and 'amabilitas' (lovableness). The first gloss likely derives from a folk etymology connecting τραχών (rough place) with τράχηλος (neck) or τρύχω (to wear out).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Fares","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Fares, sepes, vel sectio' (hedge, or division) likely refers to the biblical figure Perez (Gen 38:29), son of Judah. The Vulgate renders his name as Phares, and Jerome's Onomastica often glosses it as 'divisio' (division).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Chamos","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Chamos, sicut attrectatio, aut Saturnus, idolum Moabitarum' identifies Chemosh as the national god of Moab, equated with Saturn. This reflects a common patristic and medieval practice of syncretizing pagan deities with classical gods, as seen in Jerome's commentaries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Y iemenei","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Y iemenei, filii dextrae' (sons of the right hand) is a transliteration of the Greek υἱοὶ δεξιᾶς, possibly a garbled reference to the Benjaminites (sons of the right hand) or a misreading of a Hebrew phrase. The initial 'Y' may be a scribal error for 'B'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Fygellus","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma 'Fygellus' is obscure; the gloss 'parthi, vel virgines, vel juvenes' (Parthians, or virgins, or youths) suggests a corruption. It may derive from Greek φύγελλος (fugitive) or a misreading of 'Pygmalion' or 'Phygellus', but no clear source is identifiable.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Fylistiim","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Fylistiim, alienigenae, mirabiles' (aliens, wonderful) glosses the Philistines. The Vulgate consistently renders Philistines as 'Allophyli' (aliens), and the second gloss 'mirabiles' may reflect a folk etymology from Hebrew פלא (pala, wonderful) or a confusion with the Greek φῦλον (tribe).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry 'Y iemenei' is ambiguous: it may be a corruption of 'Beniamin' (Benjamin) or a separate Greek phrase. The reading 'filii dextrae' is taken as a literal translation of a Greek phrase, but the original Hebrew or Coptic source is uncertain.","The lemma 'Fygellus' has no clear biblical or classical parallel; the glosses are contradictory and likely reflect scribal error or conflation of multiple sources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"Chanaan, sicut responsio. Chananaea, mutans. Chaela, castrorum. Chaldaei, divinatores, magi, aut quasi daemonia. Chain, calor. Chananaeus, mutationis, vel pauperculus, vel interpretans, aut respondens.\n\nCodex Vaticanus.\n\nAE(??)IKON. A. a -...,. -...,. -.,.... -., a -. - -..,2 -..... ·.......,...., -.. 1, -...... -........ - a,. -..... -....,... -.. - a.. -... -..... -. -... e......... -. a.... -. -........ b. -... c.. -.. -.. -...... -. B 1,.. -... 2, -.... 4,.. -. -. 5,.... -.. e.. -.. -.... -... -....... -..... 1,. - a..... - 3. - c,.... a, -... -.. -... -...... b, -.. -. -...... -.... -. -. -... -.... -. -.... -. -.. 3, - -.,... - e.... E. 1,......... -. -. -... 2,.. c,.... -...... d,. -.., e.. -. -. -. -...... -... 1,. 2... -... -. Z 3, -., -.. d,... e, - -... -. 4,. -. 1,... 2,.. -... 5,. 6,.. - -. -. 7, - -. -.... -. I........ a. b. -. - -...... -.. -.. -. -.. -. -............. 1, -... -... a -.. 2,.. -. 3,....... c,..... -.. -.. -.. -... -... -.. K a -........ b,.. 2,..... -.. 3,...... 4,.. -....... a,.. -...... 3, - -..... -. d,.... e, L.. Vitiose legerat Martian. pro, quod Vatic, restituit. [Leg. -..., a.. 2, -. c, -......,. [Forte etiam -... -., -.. e -. -........ -. 5,.,.. -.... -. 2,.. a... 3, -.................., b.. -.... -. -.. a. b,...,.. -.,. -..... -. -. -..., e.... -....... -.. 1,.... a.. -.... 2,.,.... -. - - -. -.... -. [forte ]., a..,... -... -... -. -..","english":"Chanaan, as response. Chananaea, changing. Chaela, of the camps. Chaldaei, diviners, magicians, or as if demons. Chain, heat. Chananaeus, of change, or a poor little one, or interpreting, or responding.\n\nCodex Vaticanus.\n\nAE(??)IKON. A. a -...,. -...,. -.,.... -., a -. - -..,2 -..... ·.......,...., -.. 1, -...... -........ - a,. -..... -....,... -.. a.. -... -..... -. -... e......... -. a.... -. -........ b. -... c.. -.. -.. -...... -. B 1,.. -... 2, -.... 4,.. -. -. 5,.... -.. e.. -.. -.... -... -....... -..... 1,. - a..... - 3. - c,.... a, -... -.. -... -...... b, -.. -. -...... -.... -. -. -... -.... -. -.... -. -.. 3, - -.,... - e.... E. 1,......... -. -. -... 2,.. c,.... -...... d,. -.., e.. -. -. -. -...... -... 1,. 2... -... -. Z 3, -., -.. d,... e, - -... -. 4,. -. 1,... 2,.. -... 5,. 6,.. - -. -. 7, - -. -.... -. I........ a. b. -. - -...... -.. -.. -. -.. -. -............. 1, -... -... a -.. 2,.. -. 3,....... c,..... -.. -.. -.. -... -... -.. K a -........ b,.. 2,..... -.. 3,...... 4,.. -....... a,.. -...... 3, - -..... -. d,.... e, L.. Martian had read defectively, which the Vatican restored. [Read: -..., a.. 2, -. c, -......,. [Perhaps also -... -., -.. e -. -........ -. 5,.,.. -.... -. 2,.. a... 3, -.................., b.. -.... -. -.. a. b,...,.. -.,. -..... -. -. -..., e.... -....... -.. 1,.... a.. -.... 2,.,.... -. - - -. -.... -. [perhaps ]., a..,... -... -... -. -..","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"Chanaan","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'sicut responsio' (as response) likely interprets the name Chanaan as meaning 'response' or 'answer', possibly derived from a Hebrew root.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Chaldaei","severity":"info","text":"The entry glosses Chaldaei as 'divinatores, magi, aut quasi daemonia' (diviners, magicians, or as if demons), reflecting a common patristic association of the Chaldeans with astrology and magic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Codex Vaticanus","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Codex Vaticanus' marks a manuscript source, likely the Vatican manuscript used to correct the text, as indicated by the note on Martian's defective reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"AE(??)IKON","severity":"caution","text":"The heading 'AE(??)IKON' is corrupt; it may represent a Greek word (e.g., Αἰτικόν or similar) but the reading is uncertain due to manuscript damage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Martian","severity":"info","text":"The note 'Vitiose legerat Martian. pro, quod Vatic, restituit' indicates that an earlier editor (Martian) read the text defectively, and the Vatican manuscript restored the correct reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chanaan","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows a pattern of Hebrew name glosses, with each entry providing one or more Latin interpretations, typical of onomastic lists in the Origenian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The heading 'AE(??)IKON' is corrupt and its intended form is unclear; the manuscript damage obscures the original Greek or Latin word.","The sequence of symbols and numbers after 'Codex Vaticanus' appears to be a garbled or encoded apparatus, possibly a collation or marginalia, but its meaning is not recoverable from the text alone."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"ratio-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English/source length ratio is outside the usual band for Coptic — a sign that something was dropped or added, not proof that it was."}]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"P d,.. -..... -...... -.., a -.... - c.. 2,...... -... -.. 5,.. 6,,..... e,....,.. a,...... 2,. b,.,.... d,.. -........ -....... -.. -....... -..., a... 1,.. -.... - c............. -. -. -... -. (F... a. -. -........ -............ -.. a........,. -.. -..... -. e,.. -..,...... g,..,.., i..\n\nHieronymus.\n\nLIBER NOMINUM. A Adam, homo, sive terrenus, aut indigena, vel terra rubra. Ada, testimonium. Adama, humus, vel terra, sive terrena. Abel, luctus, sive vanitas, vel vapor, vel miserabilis. Abram, pater excelsus. Aaron, mons fortitudinis, sive mons fortis, vel mons eorum. Abdias, servus Domini. Abenezer, lapis adjutorii, Abessalom, pater pacis. Abinadab, pater meus spontaneus, vel urbanus. Abigal, pater exsultationis, sive pater roris, vel pater meus ros. Appho, etiam nunc Abraam, pater videns populum. Abiram, pater meus excelsus. Aggaeus, solemnitas, vel festivus. Agrippa, congregans subito. Aermon, anathema moeroris. Azael, visus Deo. Azeca, fortitudo, sive decipula. Athenae in tempore dissipatae. AEgyptus, tenebrae, sive tribulationes. AEthiopia, caligo, vel tenebrae. AElamitse, objecti, appositi, sive despecti, etc. Abba, pater. Syrum est. Abdemelech, servus regis. Achor, turbatio, vel tumultus. Achicam, frater meus surgens. Achimelech, frater meus ret. Achor, tumultus, sive perversio. Aod. gloriosus. Abenner, pater meus lucerna, vel pater lucernae.","english":"P d,.. -..... -...... -.., a -.... - c.. 2,...... -... -.. 5,.. 6,,..... e,....,.. a,...... 2,. b,.,.... d,.. -........ -....... -.. -....... -..., a... 1,.. -.... - c............. -. -. -... -. (F... a. -. -........ -............ -.. a........,. -.. -..... -. e,.. -..,...... g,..,.., i..\n\nJerome.\n\nBook of Names. A Adam, man, or earthly, or native, or red earth. Ada, testimony. Adama, soil, or earth, or earthly. Abel, mourning, or vanity, or vapor, or wretched. Abram, exalted father. Aaron, mountain of strength, or strong mountain, or their mountain. Abdias, servant of the Lord. Abenezer, stone of help. Abessalom, father of peace. Abinadab, my father spontaneous, or urbane. Abigal, father of exultation, or father of dew, or my father dew. Appho, also now Abraham, father seeing the people. Abiram, my exalted father. Aggaeus, solemnity, or festive. Agrippa, gathering suddenly. Aermon, anathema of grief. Azael, seen by God. Azeca, strength, or snare. Athens, in time scattered. Egypt, darkness, or tribulations. Ethiopia, gloom, or darkness. Elamites, objects, placed before, or despised, etc. Abba, father. It is Syriac. Abdemelech, servant of the king. Achor, disturbance, or tumult. Achicam, my brother rising. Achimelech, my brother king. Achor, tumult, or perversion. Aod, glorious. Abenner, my father lamp, or father of the lamp.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a garbled Coptic line (P d,.. -..... etc.) followed by 'Hieronymus' and then the Latin text of Jerome's Liber Nominum, which lists Hebrew names with etymologies from A to Aod.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Hieronymus","severity":"info","text":"Jerome's Liber Nominum (Book of Names) is a Latin translation and adaptation of Philo of Alexandria's lost Onomasticon, providing etymologies of Hebrew names from the Bible.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Abessalom","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Abessalom, pater pacis' interprets the name as 'father of peace', a common Christian etymology from Hebrew 'ab' (father) and 'shalom' (peace).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Abenezer","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Abenezer' (stone of help) recalls 1 Samuel 4:1, where the Philistines capture the Ark at Eben-ezer, though the etymology here is generic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The initial Coptic line is heavily corrupted with non-alphabetic characters and ellipses, making its content and relation to the following Latin text uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"AEgyptus","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'AEgyptus, tenebrae, sive tribulationes' (Egypt, darkness or tribulations) reflects a common patristic allegorization of Egypt as a symbol of sin and oppression.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The garbled Coptic line (P d,.. -..... etc.) cannot be reliably interpreted; it may be a fragment of a Coptic gloss or a corrupted heading.","The transition from the Coptic to the Latin text is unclear; the Coptic may have been a marginal note or a separate entry."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"Abia, pater dominus, vel pater fuit. Abialhar, pater superfluus. Abiezer, patris mei auxilium. Abimelech, pater meus rex. Abiu, pater meus iste, vel pater meus est. Agabus, nuntius, vel nuntius tribulationis. Sed hoc violentum. Agag,, id est tectum. Agar, advena, sive convertens. Angelus. Addar, magnificus, sive pallium. Adrias, continens mala, sive locus malorum. Violentum. Adonai, Dominus. Aza, fortitudo. Azaria, adjutor Dominus, vel auxilium Domini. Azotus, ignis patruelis, etc. Eden, voluptas, sive ornatus, etc. Aelam, ante fores, sive vestibulum. Aceldama, ager sanguinis. Accaron, gregis pascua, etc. Acrabim, scorpiones. Alexander, auferens angustiam tenebrarum. Sed et hoc violentum. Allophyli, cadentes, sive ruina poculi, etc. Alphaeus, fugitivus, sed melius, millesimus, vel doctus. Amalec, populus bruchus, sive populus lingens, etc. Abacuo, amplexans. Aminadab, populus meus voluatarius. Amon, fidells, vel nutritius, etc. Ampliatus, populus malleator· Amphipolis, populus oze corruens. Anameel, cui donavit Deus. Ananeel, gratia Dei. Andronicus, decorus ad stadium, etc. Anna, gratia ejus. Annas, donans. Anlipatridis, donantis laudationem. Violentum. Apollo, miraculum, sive congregans eos. Appii forum, libera, vel fortis ubertas. Violentum. Aradii, deponentes, etc. Ararat, Armenia, vel mons convulsus, sive vellicatus. Arios pagos, primitiva solemnitas, etc.","english":"Abia, father lord, or father was. Abialhar, superfluous father. Abiezer, my father's help. Abimelech, my father king. Abiu, my father this, or my father is. Agabus, messenger, or messenger of tribulation. But this is forced. Agag, that is roof. Agar, foreigner, or turning. Angelus. Addar, magnificent, or cloak. Adrias, containing evils, or place of evils. Forced. Adonai, Lord. Aza, strength. Azaria, helper Lord, or help of the Lord. Azotus, fire of a cousin, etc. Eden, delight, or adornment, etc. Aelam, before doors, or vestibule. Aceldama, field of blood. Accaron, pastures of a flock, etc. Acrabim, scorpions. Alexander, removing the distress of darkness. But this too is forced. Allophyli, falling, or ruin of a cup, etc. Alphaeus, fugitive, but better, thousandth, or learned. Amalec, people locust, or people licking, etc. Abacuo, embracing. Aminadab, my willing people. Amon, faithful, or nourisher, etc. Ampliatus, people hammerer. Amphipolis, people falling into ruin. Anameel, to whom God gave. Ananeel, grace of God. Andronicus, becoming for the stadium, etc. Anna, her grace. Annas, giving. Antipatris, giving praise. Forced. Apollo, wonder, or gathering them. Appii forum, free, or strong abundance. Forced. Aradii, depositing, etc. Ararat, Armenia, or mountain shattered, or plucked. Arios pagos, primitive solemnity, etc.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the alphabetical list of Hebrew names with Latin etymologies, following the pattern of Jerome's Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Abia","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Abia, pater dominus, vel pater fuit' offers two alternative etymologies: 'father lord' or 'father was,' reflecting the common practice of multiple interpretations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Aceldama","severity":"info","text":"'Aceldama, ager sanguinis' (field of blood) is a direct reference to the Aramaic phrase in John 19:13 (Vulgate: Haceldama), the potter's field near Jerusalem.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Agabus","severity":"caution","text":"The note 'Sed hoc violentum' (But this is forced) indicates the compiler's awareness that the etymology 'nuntius tribulationis' (messenger of tribulation) is strained.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Alexander","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'auferens angustiam tenebrarum' (removing the distress of darkness) is a Greek-based interpretation, and the comment 'Sed et hoc violentum' (But this too is forced) shows critical judgment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Adonai","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Adonai, Dominus' reflects the standard Latin rendering of the Hebrew divine title, used in the Vulgate and patristic literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text is generally clear, but some entries (e.g., 'Angelus') lack an etymology, possibly due to scribal omission or abbreviation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"Sed et hoc violentum. Accaron, eruditio tristitiae, vel sterilitas. Aquila, dolens, sive parturiens. Alleluia, laudate Dominum. Amathi, veritas mea, vel fidelis, meas. Ammon, populus moeroris. Ammon, filius populi mei, etc. Ammoni, comprimenss vel coangustans me. Amasa. populum tollens, sive levans Amen, vere, fideliter. Amorrhaeum, amarum, vel loquentem, etc. Anathoth, responsio, sive respondens signum, vel obedientia. Ananias, gratia Domini. Andreas, decus in statione, vel respondens pabulo. Sed hoc violentum. Antiochia, paupertatis silentium. Apelles, congregans eos. Viol. Apollonia, disciplina, vel synagoga eorum. Arabia, humilis, sive occidentalis. Araba, occidens, sive vespera. Aram, excelsus. Arioch, ebrius, vel ebrietas. Armathaim, altitudo corum. Artemas, anathematizans, etc. Arodi, maledictio sufficiens. Asa, tollens, sive sustollens. Asaph, congregans. Asedec, civitas solis. Aser, beatus, sive beatitudo. Asida, milvus. Assyrii, dirigentes. Asyncritus, dirigens thuribulum. Aunan, moeror eorum, vel labores. Appho, nunc etiam? Achaz, apprehendens, etc. Arabs, insidiae. Aramathi, dejiciens eum. Aristarchus, suscitans coronam. Arioch, ad solitudinem redigens. Armageddon, consurrectio in priora, sed melius, mons a latrunculis, etc. Aroer, suffossa, sed melius myrice. Artemis, Diana, suscitans aegrotationes. Arphaxad, sanans depopulationem. Asael, factura Dei, id est,.","english":"But this is forced. Accaron, instruction of sadness, or sterility. Aquila, grieving, or giving birth. Alleluia, praise the Lord. Amathi, my truth, or faithful, mine. Ammon, people of sorrow. Ammon, son of my people, etc. Ammoni, pressing or constricting me. Amasa, lifting or raising the people. Amen, truly, faithfully. Amorrhaeum, bitter, or speaking, etc. Anathoth, response, or responding sign, or obedience. Ananias, grace of the Lord. Andrew, ornament in station, or responding to fodder. But this is forced. Antioch, silence of poverty. Apelles, gathering them. Forced. Apollonia, discipline, or their synagogue. Arabia, low, or western. Araba, west, or evening. Aram, high. Arioch, drunk, or drunkenness. Armathaim, their height. Artemas, anathematizing, etc. Arodi, sufficient curse. Asa, lifting, or raising up. Asaph, gathering. Asedec, city of the sun. Aser, blessed, or blessedness. Asida, kite. Assyrians, directing. Asyncritus, directing a censer. Aunan, their sorrow, or labors. Appho, now also? Achaz, seizing, etc. Arabs, ambush. Aramathi, casting him down. Aristarchus, raising a crown. Arioch, reducing to solitude. Armageddon, rising up against former things, but better, mountain of brigands, etc. Aroer, undermined, but better, tamarisk. Artemis, Diana, stirring up sicknesses. Arphaxad, healing depopulation. Asael, work of God, that is,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Accaron","severity":"info","text":"Accaron is the Latin form of Ekron, a Philistine city. The gloss 'eruditio tristitiae' (instruction of sadness) is a forced etymology typical of this work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Alleluia","severity":"info","text":"Alleluia, from Hebrew הללויה, is a liturgical exclamation meaning 'praise the Lord,' as in Psalms 104–106 (Vulgate numbering).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Armageddon","severity":"info","text":"Armageddon, from Hebrew Har Megiddo, is the site of the final battle in Revelation 16:16. The gloss 'mons a latrunculis' (mountain of brigands) reflects a folk etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Sed et hoc violentum","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'Sed et hoc violentum' (But this is forced) and 'Viol.' mark the compiler's skepticism toward certain etymologies, a structural feature of the work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Artemis","severity":"info","text":"Artemis is glossed as 'Diana, suscitans aegrotationes' (Diana, stirring up sicknesses), reflecting a Christian polemical view of pagan deities as harmful.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Appho","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Appho, nunc etiam?' (Appho, now also?) is obscure; the lemma may be corrupt or a misreading of a Coptic or Greek name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Appho' is unclear; possibly a corruption of a biblical name or a scribal error.","The phrase 'nunc etiam?' may be a marginal query or a fragment of a longer gloss."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"Asemona, os ejus, ab osse, non ab ore. Aseneth, ruina. Ascroth, atrium angustiae, sive beatitudines. Assur, dirigens, vei beatus, etc· Assarion, as. Astarten, facturam superflua. Astarolh, factura exploratorum. Augusti, solenmiter stantis aut solemnitatem additam. Ausitis, cousiliatrix Achab, frater patris. Achaia, frater meus quispiam, etc. Achiezer fratris mei, adjutorium· Achimam, frater meus quis? Ahtiob, frater meus bonus. Ahitopbel, frater meus cadens. sive irruens, vel frater incus cogitans, sive tractans. B Baal, habens, sive devorans. Babylon, confusio, sive translatio. Bathuel, virgo Dei. Bethel, domus Dei. Bethsemus. domus solis. Ammon, filius populi mei, vel populus moeroris. Moab, de patre. Baal, habens, sive vir. Balthasar, capillus capitis. Barac, fulgurans. Banholomaeus filius suspendentis aquas, etc. Barnee, electa commotio. Basan, bruchus, sive pinguedo; nam quod solet interpretari ignominia, vel confusio,· Busa dieitur. Beelzebub, habens muscas, aut devorans muscas, aut vir muscarum. In fine ergo nominis B littera legends est, non L, etc. Berzellai, ferrum meum. Beliar, caeca angustia, sive caecum lumen, vel filius praevaricationis, sed rectius Belial dicitur. Benjamin, filius dextrae. Baalim, habentes, sive ascendentes, sive superiores. Badan, solas, vel in judicio. Bernice, electe commota, etc. Beseleel, in umbra Dei. Beor, in pelle.","english":"Asemona, his mouth, from bone, not from mouth. Aseneth, ruin. Ascroth, courtyard of distress, or beatitudes. Assur, directing, or blessed, etc. Assarion, as. Astarten, making superfluous. Astarolh, making of explorers. Augusti, solemnly standing or added solemnity. Ausitis, counsellor of Achab, brother of father. Achaia, my brother someone, etc. Achiezer, of my brother, help. Achimam, my brother who? Ahtiob, my brother good. Ahitophel, my brother falling, or rushing, or brother of incus thinking, or treating. B Baal, having, or devouring. Babylon, confusion, or translation. Bathuel, virgin of God. Bethel, house of God. Bethshemesh, house of the sun. Ammon, son of my people, or people of sorrow. Moab, from father. Baal, having, or man. Balthasar, hair of the head. Barac, flashing. Bartholomew, son of the one suspending waters, etc. Barnee, chosen commotion. Bashan, locust, or fatness; for what is usually interpreted as ignominy, or confusion, is called Busa. Beelzebub, having flies, or devouring flies, or man of flies. Therefore at the end of the name the letter B is to be read, not L, etc. Berzellai, my iron. Beliar, blind distress, or blind light, or son of transgression, but more correctly it is called Belial. Benjamin, son of the right hand. Baalim, having, or ascending, or superior. Badan, alone, or in judgment. Bernice, chosen commotion, etc. Bezalel, in the shadow of God. Beor, in skin.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Asemona","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'os ejus, ab osse, non ab ore' distinguishes the Hebrew root for 'bone' (עֶצֶם) from the Latin 'os, oris' (mouth), showing the compiler's awareness of false cognates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Beelzebub","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Beelzebub (2 Kings 1:2) notes the final letter should be B, not L, reflecting the Hebrew form Ba‘al zəbûb, 'lord of flies', distinguishing it from the variant Beelzebul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Beliar","severity":"info","text":"The entry corrects 'Beliar' to 'Belial', a common New Testament and patristic term for Satan (2 Cor 6:15), reflecting the Hebrew bəlî ya‘al, 'worthlessness'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"B","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new alphabetical section with the letter B, following the pattern of the previous A section, as indicated by the isolated 'B' before 'Baal'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Basan","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Bashan notes that the usual interpretation 'ignominia, vel confusio' actually refers to 'Busa', not Bashan, indicating a possible confusion in the source tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Bartholomew","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'filius suspendentis aquas' for Bartholomew is unusual and likely derives from a folk etymology of the Aramaic bar-Tôlmay, 'son of Tolmai', not from Hebrew.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Astarolh' may be a variant of 'Astaroth' (Astarte), but the gloss 'factura exploratorum' is obscure.","The entry 'Augusti' appears to be a Latin month name, but its inclusion in a Hebrew lexicon is anomalous; possibly a corruption or interpolation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"Bethania, domus afflictionis ejus, vel domus obedientiae. Bethsaida, domus frugum, vel domus venatorum. Bethphage, domus oris vallium, vel domus buccae, etc. Quidam putant domum maxillaruiu vocari. Banercem, filii tonitrui; quod corrupte Boanerges, usus obtinuit. Booz, in fortitudine. Bosor, in angustia, vel caro, etc. Bethleem, domus panis, ut supra. Bethoron, domus irae. Balaam, vanus populus, sive praecipitans eos, vel sine populo. Banaa, venit respondens, etc. Barabban, filium magistri nostri. Syrum est. Barjona, filius columbae. Syrum pariter et Hebraeum. Barnabas, filius prophetae aut filius venientis, vel, ut plerique putant, filius consolationis. Baruch, benedictus. Barsabas, filium revertentem, aut filium quietis, etc. Bath, filia, vel mensura. Bersabee, puteus saturitatis, etc. Bel, vetustas. Bosori, annuntiatio, vel caro. Buzites, contemptibilis. G Gabathon, sublimitas eorum, vel collis moeroris. Gabbatha, collis, sive, sublimis. Gaber, vir, aut juvenis, vel tortis, sive viriliter. Gabriel, confortavit me Deus, sive fortitudo Dei, aut vir meus. Gadera, sepes ejus. Gaderoth, maceria, vel sepes. Gaza, fortitudo ejus: ab ain littera incipiens, non a consonanti GIMEL. Gazirim, divisio, sive advena, etc. Galaad, acervus testimonii, sive transmigratio testimonii. etc. Galgala, volulatio, sive revelatio. Gamaliel, retributio Dei Geth, torcular.","english":"Bethania, house of her affliction, or house of obedience. Bethsaida, house of fruits, or house of hunters. Bethphage, house of the mouth of the valleys, or house of the cheek, etc. Some think it is called house of the jaws. Banercem, sons of thunder; which, corrupted as Boanerges, usage has established. Booz, in strength. Bosor, in distress, or flesh, etc. Bethleem, house of bread, as above. Bethoron, house of wrath. Balaam, vain people, or precipitating them, or without people. Banaa, he came answering, etc. Barabban, son of our master. It is Syriac. Barjona, son of a dove. Syriac and Hebrew alike. Barnabas, son of a prophet or son of one coming, or, as most think, son of consolation. Baruch, blessed. Barsabas, son returning, or son of quiet, etc. Bath, daughter, or measure. Bersabee, well of satiety, etc. Bel, old age. Bosori, announcement, or flesh. Buzites, contemptible. G Gabathon, their height, or hill of grief. Gabbatha, hill, or high. Gaber, man, or young man, or twisted, or manfully. Gabriel, God strengthened me, or strength of God, or my man. Gadera, its hedge. Gaderoth, wall, or hedge. Gaza, its strength: beginning with the letter ain, not with the consonant GIMEL. Gazirim, division, or stranger, etc. Galaad, heap of testimony, or migration of testimony, etc. Galgala, rolling, or revelation. Gamaliel, retribution of God. Geth, winepress.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Banercem","severity":"info","text":"The form 'Banercem' is a Latin transliteration of a Hebrew or Aramaic phrase meaning 'sons of thunder,' which the text notes was corrupted to 'Boanerges' in common usage. This corruption reflects the Greek transmission of the term as found in Mark 3:17.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Boanerges","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Boanerges' is directly from Mark 3:17, where Jesus gives this name to James and John, meaning 'sons of thunder.' The text's comment on the corruption of 'Banercem' to 'Boanerges' highlights the Greek adaptation of the Aramaic original.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Barabban","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Barabban' is identified as Syriac, meaning 'son of our master.' This reflects the multilingual environment of late antique biblical scholarship, where Syriac, Hebrew, and Greek etymologies were often compared.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Barnabas","severity":"info","text":"The text offers multiple interpretations for 'Barnabas,' including 'son of a prophet' and 'son of consolation,' noting that the latter is most common. This reflects the patristic tradition, as seen in Jerome's 'De viris illustribus' and the Acts of the Apostles, where Barnabas is a key figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Gaza","severity":"caution","text":"The text notes that 'Gaza' begins with the letter 'ain,' not the consonant 'Gimel,' indicating a transliteration issue. This is a caution for readers: the Hebrew spelling (עזה) starts with a guttural, not the hard 'g' implied by the Latin form.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"G","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'G' marks a structural division in the alphabetical list, transitioning from names beginning with 'B' to those with 'G.' This is typical of onomastic works like Jerome's 'Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum,' which organizes entries by the first letter of the Hebrew or Greek name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The text does not specify the source language for many entries, leaving open whether the etymology is Hebrew, Aramaic, or Syriac. The reading taken is that the work follows the tradition of Jerome's onomasticon, drawing primarily from Hebrew with occasional Syriac notes."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"Gethoe, volutatio, sive decursus, vel acervus pluens. Galgal, rota, vel revelatio, Gerasenorum, suburbana, aut coloni ibidem. Gethepher, torcular ejus humi, etc. Gera, ruminatio, etc. Gersam, advena ibi, etc. Geon, pectus, sive praeruptum. Ghidon. scutum, vel clypeus Godolias, magnificus Domini. Athaniel, tempus meum Dei. Golgotha, calvaria, etc. Gomor, mensura Atticorum trium choenicum. Gog,, id est tectum. Goliad, revelatus, sive transmigrans. Gahaoth, colles. Gabriel, confortavit me Deus, etc. Gaddi, haedus, sive tentatio mea. Galatia, magnifica, vel translata, etc. Galilaea, volutabilis, aut transmigratio perpetrata, vel rota. Gebal, vorago vetus, etc. Gedeon, experimentum iniquitatis. Gethsemani, vallis pinguedinum. Genesareth, hortus principum. Gerara, maceria, etc. Gergesasus, colonum ejiciens, sive advenam propinquantem. Georas, ruminatio, vel incolatus. Glossocomium, loculi. Athalia, tempus ejus, declinatio domini. Gomorrha, populi timor, sive seditio, etc. D Dabir, oraculum, loqueris, sive loquela, etc. Dagon, piscis tristitiae. Dathan, donum eorum, sive sufficiens donum. Dalila, paupercula, vel situla. Dedan, judicans. Damaris, silens caput. Dan, judicium, aut judicans. Daniel, judicium Dei, etc. Deblatha, palahae, lateres, sive massas, etc. Debborra, apis, sive eloquentia. Demas, silens. Denarius. Diabolus, defluens; Graece, criminator.","english":"Gethoe, rolling, or a running down, or a heap of rain. Galgal, wheel, or revelation. Of the Gerasenes, suburbs, or a colony there. Gethepher, his winepress of the ground, etc. Gera, rumination, etc. Gersam, a stranger there, etc. Geon, breast, or a steep place. Ghidon, shield, or buckler. Godolias, magnificent of the Lord. Athaniel, my time of God. Golgotha, skull, etc. Gomor, a measure of three Attic choenices. Gog, that is, roof. Goliad, revealed, or migrating. Gahaoth, hills. Gabriel, he strengthened me, God, etc. Gaddi, goat, or my temptation. Galatia, magnificent, or translated, etc. Galilee, rolling, or a completed migration, or wheel. Gebal, an old pit, etc. Gideon, experiment of iniquity. Gethsemane, valley of fatnesses. Gennesaret, garden of princes. Gerar, a wall, etc. Gergesene, casting out a colonist, or a stranger approaching. Georas, rumination, or sojourning. Glossocomium, little chests. Athaliah, her time, decline of the Lord. Gomorrah, fear of the people, or sedition, etc. D. Dabir, oracle, you speak, or speech, etc. Dagon, fish of sadness. Dathan, their gift, or a sufficient gift. Delilah, poor little woman, or bucket. Dedan, judging. Damaris, silent head. Dan, judgment, or judging. Daniel, judgment of God, etc. Deblatha, palm-cakes, bricks, or masses, etc. Deborah, bee, or eloquence. Demas, silent. Denarius. Devil, flowing down; in Greek, accuser.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Golgotha","severity":"info","text":"Golgotha is glossed as 'calvaria' (skull), the standard Latin rendering of the Aramaic place-name for the site of the crucifixion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Gabriel","severity":"info","text":"Gabriel is interpreted as 'confortavit me Deus' (he strengthened me, God), a common etymological reading of the angel's name from Hebrew components.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Diabolus","severity":"info","text":"Diabolus is glossed as 'defluens' (flowing down) and then as Greek 'criminator' (accuser), reflecting the Greek etymology of 'diabolos' as slanderer.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Gomor","severity":"info","text":"Gomor is equated with a measure of three Attic choenices, linking a Hebrew dry measure to a Greek standard, typical of Hellenistic-era comparative metrology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from G-initial entries to D-initial entries, marked by a rubric 'D' before Dabir, indicating a clear alphabetic ordering principle in the source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Goliad","severity":"caution","text":"Goliad is glossed as 'revelatus, sive transmigrans' (revealed, or migrating), but the name Goliath is not directly attested in this form; the reading may be a scribal variant or corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry 'Goliad' may be a variant of Goliath, but the text does not clarify the relationship.","The gloss 'Gog, id est tectum' (roof) is obscure; Gog is a proper name in Ezekiel, not typically meaning roof."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"Dionysius, dijudicans, sive vehementer fugiens. Aermon, anathema ejus, vel anathema moeroris. Damascus, sanguinis polus, sive sanguinis osculum, ctc. David, fortis manu, vel desiderabilis. Decia, subtile, sive palmata. Demetrius, vehementer innectens, sive nimium persequens. Dina, judicium istud, vei ejus. Diapsalma, semper, etc. Diospolis, abnuens; sed melius Graece, civitas Jovis. Doec, motus, sive sollicitus. Dothaim, sufficientem defectionem. E Eber, transitorem. Ebraeus, transiens. Eglon, vitulus, moeroris, etc. Eden, voluptas, sive deliciae, vel ornatus. Ezecias, fortis Domini, etc. Eldea, ad scientiam, etc. Elissa, Dei mei salvatio, etc. Eliacim, Dei resurrectio. Elim, aries, sive pro foribus, etc. Elithece, protulit. Ebraeus, ut supra, transiens, vel transitorem. Encryphias. Graecum est. Edom, rufus, sive terrenus. Elaeonis, id est, montis Oliveti, quod interpretatur divinitas, vel allahorantes. Elidae, Deus meus scit. Eleazar, Dei adjutorium, etc. Eleaonis, divinitas, ut supra. Eliam, Deus meus pater, etc. Eliezer. Deus mens adjutor. Elimelech, Deus menus rex. Elisabeth, Dei mei saturitas, etc. Elisur, Deus meus fortis, vel coaugustans. Elisue, Dei inci salus. Elcana, Dei possessio. Eicia, pars Domini, etc. Eloim, Dens. Elsamus, Deus sol. Eloi, Deus. Eloin, Deus. Emaith, et Arphath, indignatio, et sanans, give sanaturus. Emor, asinus. Ennam, ecce ista, vel ecce sunt.","english":"Dionysius, judging, or vehemently fleeing. Aermon, his anathema, or anathema of grief. Damascus, pole of blood, or kiss of blood, etc. David, strong of hand, or desirable. Decia, subtle, or palm-bearing. Demetrius, vehemently entwining, or excessively pursuing. Dina, that judgment, or his. Diapsalma, always, etc. Diospolis, refusing; but better in Greek, city of Jupiter. Doec, motion, or anxious. Dothaim, sufficient defection. E Eber, crosser. Ebraeus, crossing. Eglon, calf, of grief, etc. Eden, pleasure, or delight, or ornament. Ezecias, strong of the Lord, etc. Eldea, to knowledge, etc. Elissa, salvation of my God, etc. Eliacim, resurrection of God. Elim, ram, or before the doors, etc. Elithece, he brought forth. Ebraeus, as above, crossing, or crosser. Encryphias, it is Greek. Edom, red, or earthly. Elaeonis, that is, of the Mount of Olives, which is interpreted as divinity, or worshippers. Elidae, my God knows. Eleazar, help of God, etc. Eleaonis, divinity, as above. Eliam, my God is father, etc. Eliezer, my God is helper. Elimelech, my God is king. Elisabeth, satiety of my God, etc. Elisur, my God is strong, or constricting. Elisue, salvation of my God. Elcana, possession of God. Eicia, portion of the Lord, etc. Eloim, God. Elsamus, sun of God. Eloi, God. Eloin, God. Emaith, and Arphath, indignation, and healing, or about to heal. Emor, donkey. Ennam, behold that, or behold they are.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Dionysius","severity":"info","text":"The name Dionysius is given a Latin etymology, 'dijudicans' (judging) and 'vehementer fugiens' (vehemently fleeing), reflecting the compiler's method of deriving meaning from sound or association.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Aermon","severity":"info","text":"Aermon is interpreted as 'anathema ejus' (his anathema) or 'anathema moeroris' (anathema of grief), likely a reference to Mount Hermon, here given a moralizing etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Damascus","severity":"info","text":"Damascus is glossed as 'sanguinis polus' (pole of blood) or 'sanguinis osculum' (kiss of blood), etymologies that may reflect the city's violent biblical associations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"David","severity":"info","text":"David is interpreted as 'fortis manu' (strong of hand) or 'desiderabilis' (desirable), common Christian etymologies derived from Hebrew roots.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Diospolis","severity":"info","text":"Diospolis is first glossed as 'abnuens' (refusing), but the compiler notes the better Greek meaning 'civitas Jovis' (city of Jupiter), showing awareness of Greek etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Edom","severity":"info","text":"Edom is interpreted as 'rufus' (red) or 'terrenus' (earthly), the first reflecting the Hebrew meaning 'red' (from Esau's complexion), the second a moralizing extension.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Latin text is a list of names with multiple etymological interpretations, often without clear indication of which is preferred. The compiler sometimes marks alternatives with 'sive' (or) or 'vel' (or). The reading taken follows the English draft's choices."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"Enoch, dedicatio. Ermoni, anathema ejus, etc. Esrom, sagittam videns, vel jacula gregum, etc. Evila, dolens, sive parturiens. Euphrates, frugifer, sive crescens. Ephud, superindumentum, quod Graeci dicunt, etc· Ephraim, fragiferum, sive crescentem. El(??)sa, Deus meus salus, etc. Elisama, Deus meus audivit. Elisaph, Dei mei protectio, etc. Elisaphan. Dei mei specula, etc. Eliphaz. Dei mei aurum. Elenon, id est Graecorun, ad ascendentes, sive scientia Dei. Elmodad, ad mensuram, etc. Elymas, transgredi faciens, etc. Emath, indignatio, vel furor. Eunageh. Enach, humilis consurgens. Enos, homo, sive desperatus, etc. Erastus, frater mens, videns, etc. Esebon, cogitatio, vel cingulum moeroris. Eva. vita, etc. Eutychius, amens. Graece fortunatus. Ephratha, frugifera, sive equidem videns. Z Zabulon, habitaculum eorum, vel fluxus noctis. Zacharias, memoria Domini, etc. Zachaecus, justificatus, aut justus, etc. Zoob. aurum. Zebee, victima, sive hostia. Zelpba, ambulans os, etc. Zorobabel, princeps, sive magister Babylonis, sive aliena translatio, vel ortus in Babylone. Elia, Deus Dominus. Erodes, pelliceus gloriosus. Esan, factura, sive roboreus, vel acervus lapidum, etc. Elim, aries. Esaias, salus Domini. TH Thabor, veniens, lumen. Themath, perfecta pars, sive consummatio data. Thamar, palma, sive amaritudo, vel commutans. Thecel, appendit, etc. Thecue, clangor, tuba, etc.","english":"Enoch, dedication. Ermoni, his anathema, etc. Esrom, seeing an arrow, or darts of flocks, etc. Evila, grieving, or giving birth. Euphrates, fruitful, or growing. Ephud, an outer garment, which the Greeks call, etc. Ephraim, fruitful, or growing. El(??)sa, my God is salvation, etc. Elisama, my God has heard. Elisaph, protection of my God, etc. Elisaphan, watchtower of my God, etc. Eliphaz, gold of my God. Elenon, that is, of the Greeks, for those ascending, or knowledge of God. Elmodad, to measure, etc. Elymas, causing to transgress, etc. Emath, indignation, or fury. Eunageh. Enach, lowly rising up. Enos, man, or despairing, etc. Erastus, my brother, seeing, etc. Esebon, thought, or girdle of grief. Eva, life, etc. Eutychius, senseless. In Greek, fortunate. Ephratha, fruitful, or indeed seeing. Z Zabulon, their dwelling, or flow of night. Zacharias, memory of the Lord, etc. Zachaeus, justified, or just, etc. Zoob, gold. Zebee, victim, or sacrifice. Zilpah, walking mouth, etc. Zorobabel, prince, or master of Babylon, or foreign translation, or born in Babylon. Elijah, God is Lord. Herod, of skin, glorious. Esau, making, or oaken, or heap of stones, etc. Elim, ram. Isaiah, salvation of the Lord. TH Thabor, coming, light. Themath, perfect part, or completion given. Thamar, palm, or bitterness, or exchanging. Thecel, he weighs, etc. Thecue, clangor, trumpet, etc.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Enoch","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'dedicatio' (dedication) for Enoch is unusual; the standard Jerome-derived interpretation is 'dedicatio' (dedication) but often linked to the idea of initiation or consecration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ephraim","severity":"info","text":"Ephraim is glossed as 'fragiferum, sive crescentem' (fruitful, or growing), echoing the Hebrew etymology from 'parah' (to be fruitful), a common patristic interpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Elenon","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Elenon, id est Graecorum, ad ascendentes, sive scientia Dei' suggests a Greek origin, possibly a corruption of 'Helenon' or a reference to the Greek word for 'of the Greeks'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Eutychius","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'amens. Graece fortunatus' (senseless; in Greek, fortunate) contrasts the Latin and Greek meanings, reflecting the compiler's awareness of linguistic differences.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Z Zabulon","severity":"info","text":"The repetition of 'Z' at the start of the Zabulon entry marks a new alphabetical section, consistent with the lexicographical format of the work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"El(??)sa","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'El(??)sa' contains a lacuna or illegible character; the intended name is likely 'Elisa' (Elisha), as the gloss 'Deus meus salus' (my God is salvation) matches the standard interpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading of 'El(??)sa' is uncertain due to a lacuna; the gloss suggests 'Elisa' (Elisha).","The entry 'Eunageh' appears without gloss, possibly a scribal error or omission."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"Thelctai et Ghostai, pythones et arioli. Theinanites, auster, etc. Thersa, complacitio, etc. Theristrum, pallium, etc. Thendas, laudatio, sive capiens, aut signum. Thubal, ductus ad luctum, etc. Thomas, abyssus, vel geminus, etc. Theman, Auster, vel Africus. Tharra, exploratores odoris, vel exploratio ascensionis, vel pastio. Tharsis, exploratores laetitiae, sive gaudium. Thoephilus, sursum ferens, sivo convertens. Theraphun, figurae, incendia, etc. Thesbites, captivans. Thamar, palma, etc. Thobel, universa, vel vanitas. I Japheth, latitudo, etc. Jobah, Dominus pater. Jao, Dominus. Joacim, Domini resurrectio, etc. Jassa, dimidia, vel factum mandatum. Jabis, exsiccata, vel siccitas. Jael, conjugium cervale, etc. Jairus, illuminans, vel illuminatus. Jacobus, supplantator, sive supplantans. Jamnes, marinus, etc. Jason, desiderans, sive qui mandatum fecerit. Idumaea, rufa, sive terrena. Jebnael, aedificatio Del. Jezabel, fluxus vanus, etc. Jezechiel, fortitudo Dei. Jesiel, dimidium Dei. Jemla, plenitudo, vel circumcisio. Jerameeli, misericordia Dei mei. Jerico, odor ejus, vel luna. Jerobaal, judicet Baal, etc. Jerusalem, visio pacis, vel timebit perfecte. Jechonias, praeparans, sive praeparatio Domini. Jeremias, excelsus Domini. Ithamar, ubi amatus, vel ubi palma. Jared, descendens, sive roborans. Janoe, requies. Jacob, supplantator, etc. Jambres, mare pelliceum, etc.","english":"Thelctai and Ghostai, pythons and soothsayers. Theinanites, south wind, etc. Thersa, complacency, etc. Theristrum, cloak, etc. Thendas, praise, or taking, or sign. Thubal, led to mourning, etc. Thomas, abyss, or twin, etc. Theman, South wind, or Africus. Tharra, explorers of scent, or exploration of ascent, or pasture. Tharsis, explorers of joy, or joy. Thoephilus, bearing upward, or turning. Theraphun, figures, fires, etc. Thesbites, captivating. Thamar, palm, etc. Thobel, all, or vanity. Japheth, breadth, etc. Jobah, the Lord is father. Jao, the Lord. Joacim, resurrection of the Lord, etc. Jassa, half, or a command made. Jabis, dried up, or dryness. Jael, marriage of a stag, etc. Jairus, enlightening, or enlightened. Jacobus, supplanter, or supplanting. Jamnes, marine, etc. Jason, desiring, or one who has made a command. Idumaea, red, or earthly. Jebnael, building of God. Jezabel, vain flux, etc. Jezechiel, strength of God. Jesiel, half of God. Jemla, fullness, or circumcision. Jerameeli, mercy of my God. Jerico, his odor, or moon. Jerobaal, let Baal judge, etc. Jerusalem, vision of peace, or he will fear perfectly. Jechonias, preparing, or preparation of the Lord. Jeremias, high of the Lord. Ithamar, where beloved, or where palm. Jared, descending, or strengthening. Janoe, rest. Jacob, supplanter, etc. Jambres, sea of skin, etc.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Thelctai et Ghostai","severity":"info","text":"The pairing 'Thelctai et Ghostai' is glossed as 'pythones et arioli', i.e., ventriloquists and soothsayers, reflecting a classification of diviners in late antique demonology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Theraphun","severity":"info","text":"'Theraphun' is glossed as 'figurae, incendia', likely a variant of 'teraphim', household idols mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Gen 31:19). The gloss 'incendia' (fires) is unusual and may reflect a scribal confusion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Jerusalem","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'visio pacis' for Jerusalem is a standard Christian etymology (cf. Jerome, Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum), while 'timebit perfecte' is a rare alternative, possibly derived from a Hebrew root meaning 'to fear'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Jambres","severity":"info","text":"'Jambres' is glossed as 'mare pelliceum' (sea of skin), a reference to the Egyptian magus Jambres, who with Jannes opposed Moses (cf. 2 Tim 3:8). The gloss likely derives from a tradition linking his name to the sea or to skin diseases.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"I Japheth","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'I Japheth' shows a prefixed 'I' (Latin for 'and') before Japheth, a scribal feature that marks the transition from the Th- series to the J- series in the alphabetical list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Thoephilus","severity":"caution","text":"'Thoephilus' is likely a corruption of 'Theophilus' (lover of God), but the gloss 'sursum ferens, sivo convertens' (bearing upward, or turning) does not match the usual etymology and may reflect a misreading or a different source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'sivo' for 'sive' in the Thoephilus entry is a scribal error; the intended conjunction is 'sive' (or).","The gloss 'timebit perfecte' for Jerusalem is unattested in standard Jerome and may be a corruption or a local tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"Jafet, latitudo. Barachias, benedictio Domini, etc. Jebusaeus, calcatus, sive praesepe eorum. Jezrael, semen Dei. Jectan, parvulus. Jemini, dextera mea. Jamuel, dies ejus Deus. lereus, ipse, vel est. Jeroboam, dijudicans popu(??)um, etc. Jesse, insulae libatio, sive sacrificium. Jephone, nutus. Jesus, salvator, sive salvaturus. Hi(??)asterion. Graecum est. Illyrius, advena, aut elementum, etc. Jethro, superfluus ejus. Jordanes, descensio eorum. Juda, laudatio, sive confessio. Justus, parcens, sive ipse elatus. Isaac, risus, sive gaudium. Ismael, auditio Dei, Itabyrion. Graecum est. Italia, menus excessus. Joatham, consummatus, sive perfectus. Joannes, in quo est gratia, etc. Joachas, Domini retentio, etc. Jobed, serviens, etc. Joalet, vita Dei, etc. Jonathan, columba veniens, etc. Joseph, apposuit, sive apponens. In, mensura liquentis materiae. Joppe, pulchritudo. Jeu, ipse, vel est. Judaea, confessio, etc. Judith, laudans, aut confitens, etc. Julia, incipiens. Ir, vigil. Iscarioth, memoria mortis, etc. Israel, vir videns Deum, etc. Issachar, est mr(??)es. Iturea, montana. Syrum est. Joab, mimicus, vei est pater. Joacim, Domini resurrectio, sive Dominus suscitans. Joas, sperans, sive temporalis, vel Domni robur. Joachas, ubi est, retinere? etc. Job, magus· Jobel, dimittens, aut mutatus, sive defluet. Josaphat, ipse judicans, etc. Josedec. Domini justitia.","english":"Jafet, breadth. Barachias, blessing of the Lord, etc. Jebusaeus, trodden upon, or their manger. Jezrael, seed of God. Jectan, little one. Jemini, my right hand. Jamuel, his day is God. Jereus, himself, or he is. Jeroboam, judging the people, etc. Jesse, libation of the islands, or sacrifice. Jephone, nod. Jesus, savior, or about to save. Hi(??)asterion. It is Greek. Illyrius, stranger, or element, etc. Jethro, his excess. Jordanes, their descent. Juda, praise, or confession. Justus, sparing, or he himself exalted. Isaac, laughter, or joy. Ismael, hearing of God. Itabyrion. It is Greek. Italia, departure of the mind. Joatham, completed, or perfect. Joannes, in whom is grace, etc. Joachas, retention of the Lord, etc. Jobed, serving, etc. Joalet, life of God, etc. Jonathan, dove coming, etc. Joseph, he added, or adding. In, measure of liquid matter. Joppe, beauty. Jeu, himself, or he is. Judaea, confession, etc. Judith, praising, or confessing, etc. Julia, beginning. Ir, watchful. Iscarioth, remembrance of death, etc. Israel, man seeing God, etc. Issachar, is mr(??)es. Iturea, mountainous. It is Syriac. Joab, enemy, or he is father. Joacim, resurrection of the Lord, or the Lord raising up. Joas, hoping, or temporal, or strength of the Lord. Joachas, where is to retain? etc. Job, magus. Jobel, sending away, or changed, or will flow down. Josaphat, he himself judging, etc. Josedec, justice of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Jafet","severity":"info","text":"Jafet is interpreted as 'latitudo' (breadth), a common etymological gloss for the biblical name Japheth, son of Noah.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Barachias","severity":"info","text":"Barachias is glossed as 'benedictio Domini' (blessing of the Lord), reflecting the Hebrew name Berachiah, meaning 'blessed of Yahweh'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Jesus","severity":"info","text":"Jesus is interpreted as 'salvator, sive salvaturus' (savior, or about to save), a standard Christian etymological gloss derived from the Hebrew root y-sh-‘ (to save).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Hi(??)asterion","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Hi(??)asterion. Graecum est' indicates a Greek word, but the reading is uncertain due to the bracketed question marks; the intended term may be 'Hilasterion' (place of atonement).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Iturea","severity":"info","text":"Iturea is glossed as 'montana' (mountainous) and noted as Syriac, reflecting the region of Iturea in the Near East, known for its rugged terrain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Job","severity":"info","text":"Job is glossed as 'magus' (magician), an unusual interpretation; the standard etymology derives Job from Hebrew 'ayov' (persecuted) or Arabic 'awwab' (repentant).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Hi(??)asterion' is corrupt; the intended Greek term is uncertain. 'Issachar' is glossed as 'est mr(??)es', likely a corruption of a Hebrew or Greek phrase. 'Jebusaeus' is given two interpretations: 'calcatus' (trodden upon) and 'praesepe eorum' (their manger), the latter being unusual."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"Josia, Domini salus, Domini fortitudo, etc. Jochaed, ubi est gloria? sive Domini gloria, etc. Cades, sancta, sive mutata. Caath, molares dentes, vel patientia, etc. Cades, commutatus, sive sanctus. Cadmomei, antiqua tristitia, etc. Cain, possessio, vel lamentatio. Cainan, possessio eorum. Cana, possessio, sive possedit. Candaces, commutata. Carmel, cognitio circumcisionis, etc. Carpus, sciens perspicue. Capbarnaum, villa consolationis, etc. Cabsel, congregatio Dei. Cedar, tenebrae, vel moeror. Cephas, Petrus. Syrum est. Cineus, possidens. Chenueroth, cithararum signum, aut quasi lucernae. Claudius, spes tranquillitatis. Cleophas, non legitur. Codrantes, caligo, vel tenebrae, quem nos per Q litteram Quadrantem dicimus. Colossis, voci factae. Colonia, revelatio eorum, etc. Core, calvitium. Cornelius, intelligens circumdsionem. Cuartus, clangens superflue. Crescens, tenebrosus. Cathama. Graecum est. Caesar, possessio principalis. Camnel, resurrectio Dei, etc. Cariathiarum, villa, velcivitas silvarum. Carbasinum. Graecum est. Cassia. Graecum est. Cinaei, possidentes. Census. Cidaris. Cis, vomens vir, aut durus. Cittim, amentes, vel stupentes, confracti, etc. Clemens, ecclesiaste·, sive concionator. Cylas. Colybos, Graecum est. Corban, oblatio. Corinthus, conversatio: Graeco, etc. Cosymhi, Graecum est. Crispus, sciens, vel cognoscens Cyprius, tristis, aui moeror.","english":"Josia, salvation of the Lord, strength of the Lord, etc. Jochaed, where is glory? or glory of the Lord, etc. Cades, holy, or changed. Caath, molar teeth, or patience, etc. Cades, changed, or holy. Cadmomei, ancient sadness, etc. Cain, possession, or lamentation. Cainan, their possession. Cana, possession, or he possessed. Candaces, changed. Carmel, knowledge of circumcision, etc. Carpus, knowing clearly. Capbarnaum, village of consolation, etc. Cabsel, congregation of God. Cedar, darkness, or grief. Cephas, Peter. It is Syriac. Cineus, possessing. Chenueroth, sign of harps, or like a lamp. Claudius, hope of tranquility. Cleophas, it is not read. Codrantes, gloom, or darkness, which we call by the letter Q Quadrantem. Colossis, made to voice. Colonia, their revelation, etc. Core, baldness. Cornelius, understanding circumcision. Cuartus, sounding superfluously. Crescens, dark. Cathama. It is Greek. Caesar, principal possession. Camnel, resurrection of God, etc. Cariathiarum, villa, or city of forests. Carbasinum. It is Greek. Cassia. It is Greek. Cinaei, possessing. Census. Cidaris. Cis, vomiting man, or hard. Cittim, mindless, or stunned, broken, etc. Clemens, ecclesiast, or preacher. Cylas. Colybos, it is Greek. Corban, offering. Corinthus, conversation: in Greek, etc. Cosymhi, it is Greek. Crispus, knowing, or recognizing. Cyprius, sad, or grief.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cephas","severity":"info","text":"Cephas is glossed as Petrus, with the note 'Syrum est' (it is Syriac), reflecting the Aramaic origin of the name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Codrantes","severity":"info","text":"Codrantes is explained as caligo vel tenebrae, with the remark that Latin uses Q for Quadrans, showing orthographic variation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Corban","severity":"info","text":"Corban is glossed as oblatio (offering), a term from Hebrew qorban used in the New Testament for a sacrificial gift.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Clemens","severity":"info","text":"Clemens is interpreted as ecclesiaste sive concionator, linking the name to ecclesiastical roles, reflecting patristic etymologizing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Cleophas","severity":"caution","text":"Cleophas is noted as non legitur (it is not read), indicating a textual problem or missing interpretation in the source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Cades","severity":"info","text":"Cades appears twice with reversed glosses (sancta sive mutata, then commutatus sive sanctus), suggesting variant traditions or scribal duplication.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Cleophas states 'non legitur', leaving its meaning unresolved; the reading taken is that the text is corrupt or incomplete.","Cades is glossed twice with reversed order, possibly indicating a scribal error or two distinct sources."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"Cyrenius, haeres, etc. Colam, vox corum. Crete, vocationis, aut vocatae, etc. Cypsalin· Graecum est. Laban, candidus. Lazarus, adjutus. Lebbaeus, corculum, etc. Leviathan, additamentum eorum» Lia, laboriosa. Laodicia, tribus amata Domini: sed medius, nativitas exspectata. Leopetra. Graecum est. Luza,: licet quidam interpretentur, etc. Lydda, utilitas. Lycaonia, ad suscitandum. Lysias, generatus. Lot, ligatus, aut declinans, vel vacans. Levi, additus, sive appositus, Libyes, introitus, num. plurali. Linus, candidus, sive tibicen. Lobna, candor, vel lateres. Lucius, ipse suscitans. Lydia, prodificata, Graece -. Lysanias, nativitas tentationis, etc. Lystra, generans decorem. M Maala, chorus, vel infirmatas. Magdalene, a turre, turrensis, etc. Magog, de tecto, etc. Mazurotli, signa horoscopi,. Malachias, angelus meus. Mambre, de visione, etc. Mammona, divitiae. Mane, numeravit. Magdol, de turre, vel turris. Mayeddan, poma ejus, vel nuntia. Magi. Madian, in judicio, vel ex judicio. Mathias, donum, vel donatus· Mathusala, mortuus est, et misit. Manasses, obliviosus, etc. Mandyas, Manue, de requie, etc. Mamzer, de longe, vel alienatus. Maranatha, Dominus noster venit, etc. Maria, Domina, sermone Syro. Mariam, amarum mare, etc. Marcus, excelsus mandato. Martyrium, Graecum est. Machir, restituet, sive venundabit, vel de infirmitate. Madad, mensus est. Maleleel, laudans Deum.","english":"Cyrenius, heir, etc. Colam, their voice. Crete, of calling, or called, etc. Cypsalin: it is Greek. Laban, white. Lazarus, helped. Lebbaeus, little heart, etc. Leviathan, their addition. Lia, laborious. Laodicea, tribe beloved of the Lord: but the middle, expected birth. Leopetra: it is Greek. Luza: although some interpret, etc. Lydda, usefulness. Lycaonia, for rousing. Lysias, begotten. Lot, bound, or turning aside, or vacant. Levi, added, or attached. Libyes, entrance, in the plural number. Linus, white, or flute-player. Lobna, whiteness, or bricks. Lucius, himself rousing. Lydia, built up, Greek. Lysanias, birth of temptation, etc. Lystra, generating beauty. M Maalah, chorus, or weakness. Magdalene, from a tower, of the tower, etc. Magog, from the roof, etc. Mazuroth, signs of the horoscope. Malachi, my angel. Mamre, from vision, etc. Mammon, riches. Mane, he counted. Magdol, from a tower, or tower. Mayeddan, his fruits, or messenger. Magi. Midian, in judgment, or from judgment. Matthias, gift, or given. Methuselah, he died and sent. Manasseh, forgetful, etc. Mandyas. Manoah, from rest, etc. Mamzer, from afar, or estranged. Maranatha, our Lord comes, etc. Mary, Lady, in the Syriac tongue. Mariam, bitter sea, etc. Mark, high in command. Martyrdom, it is Greek. Machir, he will restore, or he will sell, or from weakness. Madad, he measured. Mahalalel, praising God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cyrenius","severity":"info","text":"Cyrenius is the Latin form of the Greek Κυρήνιος, referring to the Roman governor Quirinius; the gloss 'haeres' (heir) is a folk etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Maranatha","severity":"info","text":"Maranatha is a transliteration of the Aramaic phrase māranā’ tā’, meaning 'our Lord comes', used in 1 Cor 16:22 as a liturgical acclamation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Maria","severity":"info","text":"The entry glosses Maria as 'Domina' (Lady) in Syriac, a common patristic etymology; the alternative 'Mariam' as 'amarum mare' (bitter sea) is a popular but linguistically unsupported derivation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Mazuroth","severity":"info","text":"Mazuroth (מַזָּרוֹת) is a Hebrew term for the zodiac or constellations, appearing in Job 38:32; the gloss 'signa horoscopi' reflects late antique astrological interest.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"M Maala","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'M Maala' begins a new alphabetical section for the letter M, consistent with the lexicographic structure of the work; 'Maala' likely represents מַעֲלָה (ma‘ălāh) 'step' or 'choir'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Cypsalin","severity":"caution","text":"The note 'Graecum est' indicates the compiler recognized Cypsalin as a Greek word not requiring Hebrew etymology; the form is obscure and may be a corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'M Maala' may be a scribal conflation of two entries; 'Mazuroth' is a hapax in this tradition; 'Mandyas' is unattested elsewhere and may be corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"Melchia, rex meus Deus. Michol, de omnibus, cic. Membranas, apertas, sive mani festas. Memphiboste, de ore ignominia Merra, amara. Mesraim, AEgyptus. Meniscus. Graecum est. Mitra. Graecum est. Michael, quis ut Deus? Moab, ex patre. Marasthi, haeres meus. Martha, irritans, domina, etc. Mariam, plerique aestimant interpretari smyrna maris: sed mihi nequaquam videtur, etc. Masepha, speculatio, etc. Machmas, humilitas, etc. Magdiel, de repromissione Dei, etc. Matthania, donum Domini. Melchiel, rex meus Deus. Melchisedech, rex justus. Memphin, de ore eorum. Mesopotamia, elevata vocatione, etc. Messias, unctus, id est Christus. Maedan, metientem, sive respondentem. Misael, tactus Dei: sive quis interrogavit? Micha, quis hic? vel quis est iste? Michaia, quid hic? vel quis dominabitur? Moses, attrectans, vel palpan, aut sumptus ex aqua, sive assumptio. N Naas, serpens. Nabau, veniemus, vel in conclusione, vel sessio, etc. Nablac, nomen psalterii, etc. Nabo, sessio, vel superveniens. Nabuchodonosor, sessio in agnitione angustiae, etc. Nageb, auster, etc. Nazareth, munditiae, flos, etc. Naasson, serpentinus, augurans, sive serpens eorum. Nabal, insipiens. Nebel, mensura. Nabeoth, propheta, vel prophetans. Nabuzardan, prophetia alieni judicii, etc. Nazoraeum, mundum, sanctum, sive sejunctum. Nazaraenus, similiter. Nathan, donum, vel dedit, etc. Nathania, Donum domini.","english":"Melchia, my king is God. Michol, of all, etc. Membranas, open, or manifest. Memphiboste, from the mouth of disgrace. Merra, bitter. Mesraim, Egypt. Meniscus, it is Greek. Mitra, it is Greek. Michael, who is like God? Moab, from father. Marasthi, my heir. Martha, irritating, mistress, etc. Mariam, most think it is interpreted as myrrh of the sea: but to me it does not seem so at all, etc. Masepha, watchtower, etc. Machmas, humility, etc. Magdiel, from the promise of God, etc. Matthania, gift of the Lord. Melchiel, my king is God. Melchisedech, righteous king. Memphin, from their mouth. Mesopotamia, elevated calling, etc. Messias, anointed, that is Christ. Maedan, measuring, or answering. Misael, touch of God: or who asked? Micha, who here? or who is this? Michaia, what here? or who will rule? Moses, handling, or stroking, or taken from water, or assumption. N Naas, serpent. Nabau, we will come, or in conclusion, or sitting, etc. Nablac, name of a psaltery, etc. Nabo, sitting, or coming upon. Nabuchodonosor, sitting in knowledge of distress, etc. Nageb, south wind, etc. Nazareth, purities, flower, etc. Naasson, serpentine, divining, or their serpent. Nabal, foolish. Nebel, measure. Nabeoth, prophet, or prophesying. Nabuzardan, prophecy of another's judgment, etc. Nazoraeum, pure, holy, or separated. Nazaraenus, similarly. Nathan, gift, or he gave, etc. Nathania, gift of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Melchia","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Melchia, rex meus Deus' repeats the same etymology given earlier for 'Melchiel' (also 'rex meus Deus'), suggesting a conflation of Hebrew names derived from 'melek' (king) and 'Yah' (God).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Mariam","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'smyrna maris' (myrrh of the sea) for Mariam is a popular but folk etymology; the author rejects it, reflecting a critical stance common in patristic onomastica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Messias","severity":"info","text":"The equation 'Messias, unctus, id est Christus' directly echoes the New Testament Greek 'Christos' (anointed) and its Hebrew equivalent 'Mashiach', a key Christological term (cf. John 1:41).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Moses","severity":"info","text":"The multiple etymologies for Moses ('attrectans, vel palpan, aut sumptus ex aqua, sive assumptio') reflect the diverse ancient traditions: Hebrew 'mashah' (to draw out) and Egyptian 'mose' (child), as in Philo and Josephus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"N","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'N Naas' marks a new alphabetical section (letter N) in this onomasticon, following the pattern of Jerome's Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum, which organizes names by initial letter.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Nabuchodonosor","severity":"caution","text":"The etymology 'sessio in agnitione angustiae' for Nebuchadnezzar is a forced moralizing interpretation; the name is actually Akkadian 'Nabû-kudurri-uṣur' (Nabu, protect my boundary), unrelated to the Latin gloss.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry 'Membranas' is unclear: it may be a corruption of a Hebrew name or a Latin word (membrana, 'parchment') misclassified as a proper noun.","The gloss 'Maedan, metientem, sive respondentem' is ambiguous; the Hebrew root may be 'mdn' (to measure) or 'ʿnh' (to answer), but the exact referent is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"Narcissus, ascensus laetitiae, etc Nave, pulchritudo, vel germen Naphtha. Nachor, requies luminis, etc. Asida, ciconia, minvus, etc. Nechotha, styracem ejus, vel aromata. Niger, ascendens. Nicolaus, stultus Ecclesiae languentis. N(??)meve, nativitas pulchritudinis. Nathanael, donum Dei, vel Deus meus. Naum, consolatio, vel germen etc. Nembrod, tyrannus, vel profugosr aut transgressor. Nechao, percussi, vel praeparatus. Nereus, lucerna Domini. Nicopolis, germen protectionis meae. Noe, requies, vel requiescens. Obed, serviens. Ozia, fortitudo Domini. Oziel, fortitudo mea Deus. Onesimus, decorus, sive respondens. Uria, lumen Domini. Hormiscus. Graecum est. Ornan, lumen requietionis eorum. Urias, lux Domini. Pharatonites, dissipans. Odollamites, testimonium in aqua, etc. Ozias, fortitudo Domini. Onesiphorus, respondens narrationem. Oren, ira. Uriel nues Deus· Ochozias, apprehendens Deum, etc. P Topazium, bonum. Parthi, dividentes perfecte. Paristrosa. Graecum corruptum. Pastoioria. Graecum est. Patrobas, dissolvens eum, etc. Paulus mirabilis, sive electus, etc. Peltae. Graecum est. Pericnemides. Graecum est. Peripterum. Graecum est. Persis, tentans sive dissuens latera sua. Paraxiphis. Graecum est. Parmenam, dividenteur plenitudinem Pascha, transcensus, sive transgressus. Petrus, agnoscens, sive dissolvens. Podere. Graecum est. Poudes. Graecum est. Prochorus, fructum congregans.","english":"Narcissus, ascent of joy, etc. Nave, beauty, or shoot. Naphtha. Nachor, rest of light, etc. Asida, stork, minvus, etc. Nechotha, its storax, or spices. Niger, ascending. Nicolaus, fool of the languishing Church. N(??)meve, birth of beauty. Nathanael, gift of God, or my God. Naum, consolation, or shoot, etc. Nembrod, tyrant, or fugitive or transgressor. Nechao, I struck, or prepared. Nereus, lamp of the Lord. Nicopolis, shoot of my protection. Noe, rest, or resting. Obed, serving. Ozia, strength of the Lord. Oziel, my strength is God. Onesimus, becoming, or answering. Uria, light of the Lord. Hormiscus, it is Greek. Ornan, light of their rest. Urias, light of the Lord. Pharatonites, scattering. Odollamites, testimony in water, etc. Ozias, strength of the Lord. Onesiphorus, answering a narrative. Oren, wrath. Uriel, God is my light. Ochozias, seizing God, etc. P Topazium, good. Parthi, dividing perfectly. Paristrosa, corrupt Greek. Pastoioria, it is Greek. Patrobas, dissolving him, etc. Paulus, wonderful, or chosen, etc. Peltae, it is Greek. Pericnemides, it is Greek. Peripterum, it is Greek. Persis, trying or unstitching its sides. Paraxiphis, it is Greek. Parmenam, dividing fullness. Pascha, crossing over, or transgression. Petrus, recognizing, or dissolving. Podere, it is Greek. Poudes, it is Greek. Prochorus, gathering fruit.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Narcissus","severity":"info","text":"The lemma Narcissus is a Greek personal name, here etymologized as 'ascent of joy' (ascensus laetitiae), a non-standard interpretation likely based on folk etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nave","severity":"info","text":"Nave is interpreted as 'beauty' or 'shoot' (pulchritudo vel germen), reflecting a common etymological pattern in this lexicon where Hebrew names are glossed with multiple Latin equivalents.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Nathanael","severity":"info","text":"Nathanael, 'gift of God' or 'my God' (donum Dei vel Deus meus), is a biblical name appearing in John 1:45-49, though the glosses here are generic and not tied to a specific verse.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Nicolaus","severity":"info","text":"Nicolaus is glossed as 'fool of the languishing Church' (stultus Ecclesiae languentis), likely a polemical reference to the Nicolaitans, a sect mentioned in Revelation 2:6 and condemned by early Christian writers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Pascha","severity":"info","text":"Pascha is interpreted as 'crossing over' or 'transgression' (transcensus sive transgressus), reflecting the common Christian etymological link to the Greek verb πάσχω (to suffer) and the Hebrew pesach (passover).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"N(??)meve","severity":"caution","text":"The lemma N(??)meve is corrupt in the manuscript; the bracketed question marks indicate an uncertain reading. The gloss 'birth of beauty' (nativitas pulchritudinis) suggests a Hebrew or Greek origin, but the exact form is unrecoverable.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma N(??)meve is corrupt; the intended name is uncertain.","Several entries (e.g., Hormiscus, Paristrosa) are marked as Greek but not further explained, leaving their etymological basis unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"Pithom, os abyssi. Perates. Graecum est. Periusion. Graecum est. Periope. Graecum est. Persae, tentantes. Pithom, os abyssi. Pilatus, os malleatoris. Pontius, declinans consilium· Portius, dividens duritiem eorum. Priscilla, agnoscens. Ptolemais, deducens ad mensuram. Pyrrhus, dissolvens. R Raab. lata, sive dilatata, Rabbi, magister meus. Rabbin, magistri, vel plures. Rau, pascens sive pastus est. Ramesse, pabulum, vel, tinea, etc. Raphael. Rachel, ovis, vel videns Deum. Rebecca, multa patientia. Roboam, impetus populi. Rode, videns vel fortis. Rufus, sanans eos, etc. Roma, sublimis, vel tonitrus. Raasson, placentia. Graeci - vocaut. Rabus, magister vel mullus. Ramataim, altitudo eorum. Raguel, pastor Dei,vel amicus ejus Deus. Raphaim, gigantes, vel medici. Rabsaces, princeps deosculans, etc. Rechab, ascensio, sive conscendens. Ruben, videns filius, etc. Romelia, excelsus Domini. Ruth, festinans, vel videns, etc. Rooboth, plateae, Raama, tonitruum. S Sabaei, captivi, vel convertentes. Sabachai, condensum, sive frutetum, etc. Sabbata, requies. Sabec, virgultum. Sadoc, justum. Salathiel, petitio mea Deus. Selmona, sensibilis, sive sensus. Saloma, pacifica, etc. Samaria, custodia eorum, etc. Samson, sol corum. Sarabara, braccae, etc. Sarephtha, angustia panis, etc. Satan, adversarius, etc. Saul, expetitus, sive abutens. Sabee, saturitas, vel septem. Sedecia, justitia Domini.","english":"Pithom, mouth of the abyss. Perates. It is Greek. Periusion. It is Greek. Periope. It is Greek. Persae, tempting. Pithom, mouth of the abyss. Pilatus, mouth of the hammerer. Pontius, declining counsel. Portius, dividing their hardness. Priscilla, recognizing. Ptolemais, leading down to measure. Pyrrhus, dissolving. R Raab, broad, or widened. Rabbi, my master. Rabbin, masters, or more. Rau, feeding or has fed. Ramesse, fodder, or moth, etc. Raphael. Rachel, sheep, or seeing God. Rebecca, much patience. Roboam, impetus of the people. Rode, seeing or strong. Rufus, healing them, etc. Roma, sublime, or thunder. Raasson, pleasing. The Greeks call it. Rabus, master or mullet. Ramataim, their height. Raguel, shepherd of God, or his friend God. Raphaim, giants, or physicians. Rabsaces, prince kissing, etc. Rechab, ascent, or ascending. Ruben, seeing son, etc. Romelia, exalted of the Lord. Ruth, hastening, or seeing, etc. Rooboth, streets. Raama, thunder. S Sabaei, captives, or converting. Sabachai, dense, or thicket, etc. Sabbata, rest. Sabec, thicket. Sadoc, just. Salathiel, my petition is God. Selmona, sensible, or sense. Saloma, peaceful, etc. Samaria, their custody, etc. Samson, their sun. Sarabara, breeches, etc. Sarephtha, narrowness of bread, etc. Satan, adversary, etc. Saul, sought after, or abusing. Sabee, satiety, or seven. Sedecia, justice of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pithom","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Pithom, os abyssi' appears twice in this passage, likely a scribal duplication. The name is biblical (Exod 1:11), a store-city in Egypt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Perates, Periusion, Periope","severity":"info","text":"These three entries are marked 'Graecum est', indicating the compiler recognized them as Greek loanwords or names, not Hebrew. This reflects the work's method of flagging non-Hebrew origins.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Raphaim","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'gigantes, vel medici' for Raphaim echoes the biblical Rephaim (e.g., Gen 14:5; Deut 2:11), understood as ancient giants or, by some interpreters, as healers (cf. Jerome's Onomasticon).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Ruben","severity":"info","text":"The interpretation 'videns filius' for Ruben matches the standard etymology in Jerome's Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum (Ruben = 'videns filium'), showing dependence on that source.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Jerome"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Satan","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'adversarius' for Satan is the standard Christian interpretation (cf. 1 Chr 21:1; Job 1:6), reflecting the work's theological context and its use in patristic exegesis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Raasson","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Raasson, placentia. Graeci - vocaut' is corrupt: the Greek verb is truncated. The intended form may be 'Graeci vocant' (the Greeks call), but the text breaks off, suggesting a lacuna or scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The duplication of 'Pithom' may be a scribal error or intentional repetition; the text does not clarify.","The entry 'Raasson' is incomplete after 'Graeci - vocaut', leaving the Greek term unknown."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"Salcha, tulit sibimet, vel tentatio itineris. Secundus, elevans. Selmon, pacificans, vel reddens. Sephpharim, libri, vel historici. Sephphora, avis ejus, etc. Serug, corrigia, sive perfectus. Seth, positio, seu resurrectio, etc. Saruch, locum, vel dependens, etc. Seon, tentatio calens, etc. Sicarii, ebriosi. Sicima, humeri. Saba, captus, sive captivitas, etc. Sabaoth, virtutum, sive militiarum. Debir, oraculum. Jasael, dimidium Dei. Salem, pax, vel reddens. Salmon, umbra virtutis. Salomon, pacificus. Samuel, nomen ejus Deus. Samuel, nomen ejus Deus. Sarai, princeps mea. Seraphim, incendentes, vel ardentes. Satanas, adversarius, sive transgressor. Sauchites, cantilena. Sebaste, gyro, sive gyranti, etc· Seboim, statio maris, etc. Sedrach, decorus meus. Sirenae, diemonia, monstra quaedam, etc. Sela, umbraculum ejus. Semei, auditio, audiens. Sennacherib, tollens, vel levans deserta. Seraphim, ardentes, vel ut supra. Segor, parva, eic. Selom, avulsio, vel dimissio, etc, Siba, egressus, venit. Sicera, ebrietas. Silas, missus. Siclus, viginti obolos habet,. Si loam, missus· Sinai, secundus, vel mandatum,, aut mensura ejus, etc. Sephar, speculator ejus, vel buccina. Sion, specula, vel mandatum, sive invium. Sodoma, pastio silens, aut fulva, etc. Sor, angustia, etc. Sophonias, specula Domini. Sulhamitis, quicunque morietur, sive mortificata.","english":"Salcha, he took for himself, or temptation of the journey. Secundus, raising up. Selmon, pacifying, or rendering. Sephpharim, books, or historians. Sephphora, his bird, etc. Serug, strap, or perfect. Seth, placing, or resurrection, etc. Saruch, place, or hanging, etc. Seon, hot temptation, etc. Sicarii, drunkards. Sicima, shoulders. Saba, captured, or captivity, etc. Sabaoth, of virtues, or of armies. Debir, oracle. Jasael, half of God. Salem, peace, or rendering. Salmon, shadow of virtue. Salomon, peaceful. Samuel, his name is God. Samuel, his name is God. Sarai, my princess. Seraphim, burning, or blazing. Satanas, adversary, or transgressor. Sauchites, song. Sebaste, turning, or turning around, etc. Seboim, station of the sea, etc. Sedrach, my decorous one. Sirenae, demons, certain monsters, etc. Sela, his shelter. Semei, hearing, hearing. Sennacherib, removing, or raising deserts. Seraphim, burning, or as above. Segor, small, etc. Selom, tearing away, or dismissal, etc. Siba, departure, he came. Sicera, drunkenness. Silas, sent. Siclus, it has twenty obols. Siloam, sent. Sinai, second, or commandment, or his measure, etc. Sephar, his watcher, or trumpet. Sion, watchtower, or commandment, or pathless. Sodoma, silent pasture, or tawny, etc. Sor, narrowness, etc. Sophonias, watchtower of the Lord. Sulhamitis, whoever will die, or killed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sabaoth","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'virtutum, sive militiarum' reflects the Vulgate's rendering of the Hebrew tzva'ot as 'exercituum' (armies) in the title Dominus exercituum, but also the alternative 'virtutum' (of virtues) found in some patristic sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Satanas","severity":"info","text":"The interpretation 'adversarius, sive transgressor' aligns with the Septuagint and Vulgate usage of Satanas as a transliteration of Hebrew satan, meaning adversary, and with the Christian exegetical tradition that also reads it as 'transgressor'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sicarii","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'ebriosi' (drunkards) is a striking departure from the usual historical meaning of Sicarii as Jewish rebels or assassins (from sica, dagger). This may reflect a folk etymology or a confusion with sicera (strong drink), listed later in the passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Samuel","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Samuel is repeated verbatim: 'nomen ejus Deus'. This duplication may indicate a scribal error or the conflation of two separate source traditions for the same name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Seraphim","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'incendentes, vel ardentes' (burning) is the standard etymological explanation of seraphim from the Hebrew verb saraph (to burn), widely used in Jerome and later medieval angelology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Sirenae","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Sirenae, diemonia, monstra quaedam' is anomalous: Sirenae is a Latin loan from Greek, not a Hebrew name. Its inclusion here likely results from a marginal gloss or a confusion with a biblical place name such as Saron.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The lemma 'Sicarii' is glossed as 'drunkards' (ebriosi), which contradicts the standard historical meaning; the intended reading may be a scribal error or a folk etymology.","The entry 'Sirenae' is not a Hebrew name; its presence in a list of Hebrew names suggests a textual corruption or interpolation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"Susanna, lilium, vel gratia ejus, Stephanuss, norma vestra, vel - Syene, gyrus ejus, vel experta. Syrta, sublimis, etc. Sychem, humeri. Sosipatros, salvans dispersos. Sosthenes, salvanti eos, etc. Silvanus, missus. Semicinthia. Sin, amphora, vel tentatio, sive rubus. Sisara, gaudii exclusio, vel equi visio, etc. Scaeva, vulpecula clamans, vel loquens. Suthalam, radicatus. Smyrna, canticum eorum. Soba, secta, a secando, etc. Sunamitis, dentes, vel varietas, etc. Seirath, capra. Sademoth, arva vel regiones. Simeon, audi tristitiam, vol pone moerorem. Sychar, conclusio, sive ramus, etc· Schizai. Graecum est. Sorech, optima, vel electa. T Sophar, speculator ejus etc. Tabita, dama, vel caprea. Ta(??)ba cumi, putella, surge. Syrum est. Tabeel, Deus bonus. Talenta. Graecum est. Samatia, custodita. Tanis, mandatum humile. Taphnes, stupens os serpentis· Tiarae, pileoli. Tigris. Vide supra Tertius, adjungens, id est applicans se. Tertullus, placens stercore, vel aggere eorum. Tiberius, bonitas ejus, etc. Timotheus, beneficus. Titus, quaerentem, sive (??); sed melius, luctatum. Trachonitis, negotiatio tristitiae. Trochos. Graecum est. Tryphena, innuens, sive revertens. Troas, requies, sive latitudo. Tympanum, Graecum est. Tyrannus, continens eos, sive confortans. Timon, numerans, etc. Tobias, bonus dominus. Frissus, non legitur apud Hieronymum. Trichapta. Graecum est, Ezech. xvi, 10.","english":"Susanna, lily, or her grace. Stephanus, your standard, or - Syene, its circle, or experienced. Syrta, lofty, etc. Sychem, shoulders. Sosipatros, saving the scattered. Sosthenes, saving them, etc. Silvanus, sent. Semicinthia. Sin, amphora, or temptation, or bramble. Sisara, exclusion of joy, or vision of a horse, etc. Scaeva, little fox barking, or speaking. Suthalam, rooted. Smyrna, their song. Soba, sect, from cutting, etc. Sunamitis, teeth, or variety, etc. Seirath, goat. Sademoth, plowed fields or regions. Simeon, hear sadness, or put on grief. Sychar, conclusion, or branch, etc. Schizai. It is Greek. Sorech, best, or chosen. T Sophar, his lookout, etc. Tabita, doe, or roe deer. Talitha cumi, girl, arise. It is Syriac. Tabeel, God is good. Talenta. It is Greek. Samatia, guarded. Tanis, low command. Taphnes, gaping mouth of the serpent. Tiarae, little caps. Tigris. See above. Tertius, joining, that is, applying himself. Tertullus, pleasing dung, or their mound. Tiberius, his goodness, etc. Timotheus, beneficent. Titus, seeking, or ; but better, struggled. Trachonitis, business of sadness. Trochos. It is Greek. Tryphena, nodding, or returning. Troas, rest, or breadth. Tympanum, It is Greek. Tyrannus, containing them, or strengthening. Timon, counting, etc. Tobias, good lord. Frissus, not found in Jerome. Trichapta. It is Greek, Ezekiel 16:10.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Susanna","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'lilium' (lily) is a common etymological interpretation of the Hebrew shoshannah; 'gratia ejus' (her grace) may derive from a confusion with the Hebrew root shin-ayin-nun (to change) or from a Christian allegorical reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Stephanus","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'norma vestra' (your standard) interprets the Greek name Stephanos (crown) as a moral or ecclesiastical norm; the dash likely indicates an alternative reading that is omitted or illegible.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Trichapta","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Trichapta' is marked as Greek and explicitly cites Ezekiel 16:10, where the Vulgate uses 'trichapta' (a hapax legomenon) for a type of fine garment; the gloss is absent from Jerome's Onomasticon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Frissus","severity":"info","text":"The note 'non legitur apud Hieronymum' (not found in Jerome) indicates the compiler's awareness of Jerome's Onomasticon as a source and signals that this entry is an addition from another tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Talitha cumi","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Talitha cumi' (girl, arise) is Aramaic, here called Syriac, and appears in Mark 5:41; its inclusion shows the glossary's reach beyond Hebrew to New Testament Semitic phrases.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Semicinthia","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Semicinthia' lacks a gloss; the word may be a corruption of 'semicinctium' (half-girdle) or a proper name; the absence of interpretation suggests a lacuna or a non-etymological placeholder.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The dash after 'Stephanus' may indicate a missing or illegible alternative gloss.","'Semicinthia' is unglossed; its form and meaning are uncertain.","'Schizai' is marked as Greek but no interpretation is given; the lemma may be corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"Trophimus, dissolvens thalamos. Tryphosa, perspicua. Troglytae, iracundi, sive de foramine. Tyrus, angustia, etc. Tychicus, tacens. Y Iemini, dextera mea. Ymeneus, dormitans. F Faam, non legitur. Fanuel, facies Dei. Faran, auctus, sive succrescens, etc. Farai, hi ante me. Fasec, transcensas, sive transgressus. Felmoni, Fenanna, conversio. Festus, os multorum, etc. Filemon, mire donatus, vel certe os panis eorum. Felix, ruina fracturae, etc. Filologus, ore praecipuum, etc. Flegon, dissecans, sive dividens. Fogor, os pellis. Foeben, ore aedificantem, etc. Foa, hic, sed melius, rubrum. Fut, Libyae, vel oris declinatio. Filisthim, cadentes poculo, etc. Rama, excelsa, etc. Fathuel, latitudo Dei, vel aperiens Deus. Fares, divisio, sive divisit, vel dissipans. Farisaeus, divisus, sive dividens. Feletthi, admirabiliter, vel salvans me. Felones, facies Dei. Ferezaei, separantes, sive disseminati, vel fructificantes. Filetus, declinans, sive os meum, vel silens. Filippus, os lampadarum. Finees, os requievit, sive os mutum, vel silens. Forthommim, divisio perfecta populi gloriosi, etc. Fygellus, occurrens, sive contrarius. Fethora, oris exploratio, etc. CH Chabor, conjunctio, etc. Chalanne, omnes nos, etc. Chaleb, quasi cor, aut omne cor, vel canis. Chamos, congregatus, vel quasi attrectatio. Chanaan,, hoc est motus eorum, etc. Chananaea, possidens, sive possessio. Chalech, quasi viride.","english":"Trophimus, dissolving chambers. Tryphosa, transparent. Troglytae, wrathful, or from a hole. Tyrus, narrowness, etc. Tychicus, silent. Y Iemini, my right hand. Ymeneus, drowsing. F Faam, not read. Fanuel, face of God. Faran, increased, or growing up, etc. Farai, these before me. Fasec, crossings, or transgressed. Felmoni, Fenanna, conversion. Festus, mouth of many, etc. Filemon, wonderfully gifted, or certainly the mouth of their bread. Felix, ruin of a fracture, etc. Filologus, excellent in speech, etc. Flegon, cutting, or dividing. Fogor, mouth of skin. Foeben, building with the mouth, etc. Foa, here, but better, red. Fut, of Libya, or the declination of a shore. Filisthim, falling with a cup, etc. Rama, high, etc. Fathuel, breadth of God, or opening God. Fares, division, or he divided, or scattering. Farisaeus, divided, or dividing. Feletthi, wonderfully, or saving me. Felones, faces of God. Ferezaei, separating, or scattered, or fruit-bearing. Filetus, declining, or my mouth, or silent. Filippus, mouth of lamps. Finees, the mouth rested, or a mute mouth, or silent. Forthommim, perfect division of a glorious people, etc. Fygellus, meeting, or contrary. Fethora, exploration of the mouth, etc. CH Chabor, conjunction, etc. Chalanne, all of us, etc. Chaleb, as if heart, or all heart, or dog. Chamos, gathered, or as if a handling. Chanaan, that is their movement, etc. Chananaea, possessing, or possession. Chalech, as if green.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Trophimus","severity":"info","text":"The Greek name Τρόφιμος is here parsed as 'dissolvens thalamos' (dissolving chambers), a fanciful etymology typical of this glossary, likely based on τροφή (nourishment) or τρέπω (turn) rather than historical linguistics.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Tyrus","severity":"info","text":"Tyrus (Tyre) is glossed 'angustia' (narrowness), a common etymological trope linking the Phoenician city to Hebrew צור (tsur, rock) or Aramaic צר (tsar, narrow).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Fares","severity":"info","text":"Fares (Pharez, son of Judah) is glossed 'divisio, sive divisit, vel dissipans' (division, or he divided, or scattering), reflecting the Hebrew פרץ (peretz, breach) and the biblical narrative of his birth (Gen 38:29).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Filippus","severity":"info","text":"Filippus (Philip) is glossed 'os lampadarum' (mouth of lamps), a creative etymology from Greek φίλος (friend) and ἵππος (horse) being reinterpreted as φῶς (light) and λαμπάς (lamp).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Chaleb","severity":"info","text":"Chaleb (Caleb) is glossed 'quasi cor, aut omne cor, vel canis' (as if heart, or all heart, or dog), reflecting the Hebrew כלב (kelev, dog) and a folk etymology linking to לב (lev, heart).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"F Faam","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'F Faam, non legitur' indicates a textual note that the name Faam is not read or not found in the source, a common scribal marker in such lexica for uncertain or missing lemmata.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry 'Fenanna' under Felmoni may be a separate lemma or a variant; the Latin 'Fenanna, conversio' is unclear in its relation to Felmoni.","The gloss 'Foa, hic, sed melius, rubrum' suggests a textual variant or correction, but the exact referent of Foa is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"Chaldaei, quasi daemonia, aut feroces, etc. Cham, calidus. Chanameus, negotiator, vel mutabilis, aut ipse pauperculus.","english":"Chaldaei, as if demons, or fierce, etc. Cham, hot. Chanameus, merchant, or changeable, or the poor little one himself.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Chaldaei","severity":"info","text":"The entry glosses Chaldaei as 'quasi daemonia, aut feroces' (as if demons, or fierce), reflecting a common patristic etymology linking the Chaldeans with demonic or savage traits, possibly influenced by the Hebrew root כשד (to be fierce) or by association with the Chaldean astrologers condemned in early Christian literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cham","severity":"info","text":"Cham is glossed as 'calidus' (hot), a standard etymology in Jerome and earlier Christian writers, deriving from the Hebrew חם (to be hot), and often connected to the name Ham, son of Noah, associated with the hot regions of Africa.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Chanameus","severity":"info","text":"Chanameus is glossed as 'negotiator, vel mutabilis, aut ipse pauperculus' (merchant, or changeable, or the poor little one himself). This likely derives from the Hebrew כנעני (Canaanite), often etymologized as 'merchant' in patristic sources, with 'mutabilis' reflecting the perceived instability of the Canaanites and 'pauperculus' a possible moralizing gloss.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the alphabetical sequence of the Origenianum Lexicum, following the pattern of the previous entries for letters T, Y, and F, and now covering Ch, with three entries: Chaldaei, Cham, and Chanameus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Chaldaei","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'quasi daemonia' may reflect a conflation of Chaldaei with the Greek χαλδαῖοι (Chaldeans) and the Hebrew כשדים, but also with the term 'daemonia' due to the perceived demonic nature of Chaldean astrology in early Christian polemic, as seen in works like Jerome's Commentarii in Danielem.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Chaldaei offers two alternative glosses ('daemonia' or 'feroces') without indicating a preferred reading; the Coptic original may have had a single interpretation that the Latin translator expanded.","The gloss 'ipse pauperculus' for Chanameus is unusual and may reflect a textual corruption or a moralizing addition not present in the original Hebrew etymology."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}