{"slug":"tmp438.tmp438.opp-lat1","id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp438.tmp438.opp-lat1","title":"Graeca fragmenta libri nominum Hebraicorum Hieronymianae interpretationi comparata","title_source":"Graeca fragmenta libri nominum Hebraicorum Hieronymianae interpretationi comparata","author":"Anonymous","genre":"treatise","date":"","tradition":"latin","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T07:20:49Z","cost_usd":0.017564},"source":{"registry_id":"latin:ogl-pl:tmp438.tmp438.opp-lat1","work_id":"tmp438.tmp438.opp-lat1","edition":"ogl-pl","language":"","license":"Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp438/tmp438/tmp438.tmp438.opp-lat1.xml"},"stats":{"passages":33,"english_words":6887,"coptic_letters":0,"source_letters":34021,"commentary_units":197,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":61,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"tmp438.tmp438.opp-lat1","abstract":"This anonymous Latin treatise compares Greek fragments of the Book of Hebrew Names with Jerome's Latin interpretation, reflecting a philological interest in onomastic traditions. The work survives in a single manuscript tradition with no known early medieval copies, suggesting limited circulation. The author's date is uncertain, likely postdating Jerome (d. 420) but not securely placed before the 6th century. The work was not cited by major medieval exegetes, and its influence appears negligible until modern scholarly editions. The edition does not identify the specific Greek source fragments, leaving their origin and completeness unverified.","historical_context":"The work likely originated in a Latin-speaking scholarly milieu, possibly in the late antique or early medieval West, where Jerome's Vulgate and his onomastic works (e.g., Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum) were authoritative. The comparison with Greek fragments suggests access to Greek manuscripts, perhaps in a bilingual or monastic setting. The text's survival in a single manuscript tradition indicates limited circulation, possibly in a Carolingian or later scriptorium. The anonymous author's date is uncertain; the work postdates Jerome (d. 420) but cannot be securely placed before the 6th century. The lack of citation by major medieval exegetes suggests it was not widely known. The work's genre as a treatise on Hebrew names aligns with patristic and medieval onomastica, but its specific Greek sources remain unidentified.","significance":"This work provides rare evidence of comparative philology between Greek and Latin onomastic traditions in late antiquity or the early Middle Ages. It highlights the transmission and adaptation of Hebrew name etymologies across linguistic boundaries. Its limited circulation and anonymous authorship underscore the challenges of tracing the influence of minor exegetical works. The text's survival in a single manuscript makes it a valuable witness to the diversity of onomastic traditions.","timeline":[{"date":"ca. 4th–5th c.","event":"Jerome compiles Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum, establishing a Latin onomastic tradition."},{"date":"5th–6th c.","event":"Possible composition of the Greek fragments of the Book of Hebrew Names, likely in a Greek-speaking Christian community."},{"date":"6th–9th c.","event":"Anonymous author compares Greek fragments with Jerome's work; date uncertain, likely post-420 but before the 9th century."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Work survives in a single manuscript tradition, with no known early medieval copies."},{"date":"Modern era","event":"First edited by Martianaeus from Vatican MS 1450, then improved from royal MSS 772 and 2282."}],"relations":[{"work":"Jerome, Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum","relation":"Compared and contrasted with Greek fragments; the Latin version is a translation and comparison with Jerome's work.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Greek fragments of the Book of Hebrew Names","relation":"Source material for the anonymous treatise; their origin and completeness are unverified.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Patristic onomastica (e.g., Origen, Philo)","relation":"Part of the broader tradition of Hebrew name etymologies in early Christian literature.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The date of the anonymous author is uncertain; the work likely postdates Jerome (d. 420) but cannot be securely placed before the 6th century.","The specific Greek source fragments are unidentified; their origin and completeness remain unverified.","The work survives in a single manuscript tradition, with no known early medieval copies, suggesting limited circulation.","The work was not cited by major medieval exegetes; its influence appears negligible until modern scholarly editions."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000437,"generated":"2026-11-15T07:20:49Z"},"links":[{"kind":"source","label":"Open Greek and Latin Patrologia Latina","url":"https://github.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/patrologia_latina-dev/blob/master/data/tmp438/tmp438/tmp438.tmp438.opp-lat1.xml"}],"checks":{"work":"tmp438.tmp438.opp-lat1","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"29","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"33","kind":"term"}],"stats":{"passages":33,"translated":33,"commentary_passages":33,"commentary_units":197,"english_words":6887,"source_letters":34021,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work compares Greek fragments of the Book of Hebrew Names with Jerome's Latin interpretation, indicating a philological interest in onomastic traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives only in a single manuscript tradition, with no known early medieval copies, suggesting limited circulation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The anonymous author's date is uncertain; the work likely postdates Jerome (d. 420) but cannot be securely placed before the 6th century.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work was not cited by major medieval exegetes; its influence appears negligible until modern scholarly editions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not identify the specific Greek source fragments; their origin and completeness remain unverified.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: treatise in Latin; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 33 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: ogl-pl — Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":33},"term_index":[],"citations":{},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"GRAECA FRAGMENTA LIBRI NOMINUM HEBRAICORUM Ex Regio mss. 772, vel 2282, primum a Martianaeo edita ex Vaticano 1450, multum emendatiora, LATINE REDDITA AC HIERONYMIANAE INTERPRETATIONI COMPARATA.\n\nFRAGMENTUM PRIMUM.\n\nInterpretatio Latina.\n\nINTERPRETATIO Nominum Hebraicorum contentorum in Scriptura divinitus inspirata. Adam, testificatio, vel terrenus, vel homo, aut humus, aut sanguis, vel terra carnea, vel rubra. Abel, ex Deo. Cain, possessio, vel invidia. DE SEM. Abraham, pater misericordiarum. Abram, transitor. Rubin, spiritus Dei. Simeon, obaudiens. Levi, mei recordabitur. Judas, confitens, id est, laudans. Issachar, merces. Zabulon, donum. Dan, judicium Nephthalim, latitudo. Gad, praedonum receptaculum. Aser, divitiae, aut beatus. Joseph, opprobrii abtatio. Benjamin, filius doloris. Rebecca, laetitia. Rachel, ovis. Climax, sermo Dei. Sepphora, gaudium et pulchritudo. Marsippion, assensus. Opelos, ingluvies. Plintho, scortationi. Bethleem, domus vitae, vel domus sancti, aut domus panis. Bethphage, domus occursus. Bethania, domus gloriae. Bersabee, filia fortis. Sara, subdita. Sarra, princeps. Debora, apis. Moyses, mens, vel plus, aut indagatio domini. Aaron, videns visionem. Gedeon, tentator injustitiae. NOMEN PROPHETARUM. Osee, obumbrans, vel custos. Amos, validus, vel fidelis, vel populum avellens. Michaeas, quis iste rex? Joel, dilecti Dei, et primitiae Dei.","english":"GREEK FRAGMENTS OF THE BOOK OF HEBREW NAMES From the royal manuscripts 772, or 2282, first edited by Martianaeus from Vatican 1450, much improved, RENDERED INTO LATIN AND COMPARED WITH THE HIERONYMian INTERPRETATION.\n\nFIRST FRAGMENT.\n\nLatin Interpretation.\n\nINTERPRETATION of the Hebrew Names contained in the divinely inspired Scripture. Adam, testimony, or earthly, or man, or soil, or blood, or fleshly earth, or red. Abel, from God. Cain, possession, or envy. CONCERNING THE NAME. Abraham, father of mercies. Abram, passer-by. Rubin, spirit of God. Simeon, obedient. Levi, he will remember me. Judas, confessing, that is, praising. Issachar, reward. Zabulon, gift. Dan, judgment. Nephthalim, breadth. Gad, den of robbers. Aser, riches, or blessed. Joseph, removal of disgrace. Benjamin, son of sorrow. Rebecca, joy. Rachel, sheep. Climax, word of God. Sepphora, joy and beauty. Marsippion, assent. Opelos, gluttony. Plintho, fornication. Bethleem, house of life, or house of the holy, or house of bread. Bethphage, house of meeting. Bethania, house of glory. Bersabee, daughter of the strong. Sara, subject. Sarra, princess. Debora, bee. Moyses, mind, or more, or inquiry of the Lord. Aaron, seeing a vision. Gedeon, tempter of injustice. NAME OF THE PROPHETS. Osee, overshadowing, or guardian. Amos, strong, or faithful, or tearing away the people. Michaeas, who is this king? Joel, of the beloved of God, and firstfruits of God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Graeca fragmenta libri nominum Hebraicorum","severity":"info","text":"The heading indicates that these Greek fragments were first edited by Martianaeus from Vatican MS 1450, then improved from royal MSS 772 and 2282. The present Latin version is a translation and comparison with Jerome's interpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Adam","severity":"info","text":"The multiple glosses for Adam (testificatio, terrenus, homo, humus, sanguis, terra carnea, rubra) reflect the rich etymological tradition in patristic onomastica, drawing on Hebrew, Greek, and Latin wordplay.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Abel","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'ex Deo' for Abel is unusual; standard patristic etymologies often render Abel as 'vanity' or 'mourning'. This may reflect a variant tradition or a scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Climax","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Climax' (sermo Dei) is not a biblical name; it likely represents a Greek loanword or a corruption. The Coptic context may clarify, but here it appears as a proper name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Marsippion","severity":"caution","text":"Marsippion (assensus) is unattested in standard biblical onomastica; it may be a misreading or a non-biblical name inserted into the list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The fragment is organized in two sections: first a list of names from Adam to Gedeon, then a separate heading 'Nomen Prophetarum' introducing Osee, Amos, Michaeas, Joel. This division mirrors the structure of Jerome's Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The source of the Greek fragments is unclear; the relationship between the Vatican and royal manuscripts is not specified.","Several names (Climax, Marsippion, Opelos, Plintho) are not standard biblical names and may be corrupt or extraneous.","The gloss 'ex Deo' for Abel is anomalous and may represent a textual error or a different tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Abdiu, serviens Domino. Jonas, columba. Naum, consolatio. Ambacum, pater suscitans. Sophonias, intelligentem ipsum. Aggaeus, festum agentis. Zacharias, victor leo. Malachias, angelus, vel salus Domini. Esaias, salus Domini. Hieremias, excelsus Domini. Baruch, benedictio, vel benedicite. Jezechiel, fortitudo Dei. Daniel, judicium ejus forte. Seraphim, spiritus resurrectionis, vel incendentes repraesentat, aut ardentes. Cherubim, scientia multiplicata, vel alae, aut effusio sapientiae. Amen, credidi quod vere ita sit. Alleluia, glorificate euro, qui est, sive Dominum. Michael, dux exercitus ex Deo. Gabriel, adolescentulus Dei. Uriel, ignis Dei. Raphael, spiritus Dei. Eliezer, Dei auxilium. Galilaea, revelatio. Jechonias, purus. XII APOSTOLORUM NOMINA. Petrus, dissolvens, vel agnoscens. Paulus, mirabilis, sive electus consiliarius. Matthaeus, donatus. Matthias, donum Dei. Marcus, Excelsi mandato. Lucas, ipse resurgens, vel excitans. Joannes, gratificatus fuit. Joannes, in quo est gratia Dei. Andreas, virtus decore eximia, vel respondens. Jacobus Alphaei, supplantatio disciplinae vitae. Jacobus, supplantator laboris. Philippus, os manuum, vel os lampadis. Bartholomaeus, filius suspendens aquas. Thomas, abyssus, vel geminus. Ananias, glorificans. Azarias, videns leo. Misael, quomodo resurgat Deus? Ephud, manifestatio, et veritas. Jesus, salvator, perfectus. Heliu, fortis Domini.","english":"Abdiu, serving the Lord. Jonas, dove. Naum, consolation. Ambacum, father rousing. Sophonias, understanding him. Aggaeus, of one celebrating a feast. Zacharias, victorious lion. Malachias, angel, or salvation of the Lord. Esaias, salvation of the Lord. Hieremias, exalted of the Lord. Baruch, blessing, or bless you. Jezechiel, strength of God. Daniel, his judgment is strong. Seraphim, spirit of resurrection, or representing those who set on fire, or burning ones. Cherubim, multiplied knowledge, or wings, or outpouring of wisdom. Amen, I believed that it is truly so. Alleluia, glorify the one who is, or the Lord. Michael, leader of the army from God. Gabriel, young man of God. Uriel, fire of God. Raphael, spirit of God. Eliezer, help of God. Galilaea, revelation. Jechonias, pure. THE NAMES OF THE TWELVE APOSTLES. Peter, dissolving, or recognizing. Paul, wonderful, or chosen counselor. Matthew, given. Matthias, gift of God. Mark, of the command of the Exalted One. Luke, himself rising again, or rousing. John, he was graced. John, in whom is the grace of God. Andrew, virtue of outstanding beauty, or responding. James of Alphaeus, supplantation of the discipline of life. James, supplanter of labor. Philip, mouth of hands, or mouth of a lamp. Bartholomew, son suspending waters. Thomas, abyss, or twin. Ananias, glorifying. Azarias, seeing lion. Misael, how does God rise? Ephud, manifestation, and truth. Jesus, savior, perfect. Heliu, strong of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a list of minor prophets to angelic names, liturgical terms, and then the Twelve Apostles, reflecting a compilatory structure typical of onomastica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Seraphim","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'spiritus resurrectionis' for Seraphim is unusual; the standard etymology connects to 'burning' (Hebrew śārap̄), as the alternative 'ardentes' shows.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cherubim","severity":"info","text":"The threefold interpretation 'scientia multiplicata, vel alae, aut effusio sapientiae' reflects patristic etymologies, notably Jerome's own in his Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Alleluia","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'glorificate euro, qui est' is corrupt; 'euro' likely misrepresents a Greek or Latin imperative. The intended sense is 'praise the one who is' (i.e., God).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Michael","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'dux exercitus ex Deo' (leader of the army from God) reflects the Hebrew meaning 'Who is like God?' but adapted to a military metaphor common in Christian angelology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"XII APOSTOLORUM NOMINA","severity":"info","text":"The list of apostles with etymologies follows a tradition found in pseudo-Hieronymian and medieval onomastica, but the inclusion of Matthias and two entries for John suggests conflation of sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'glorificate euro, qui est' in the Alleluia entry is textually corrupt; 'euro' may be a scribal error for 'eum' or a Greek imperative.","The double entry for John ('gratificatus fuit' and 'in quo est gratia Dei') may indicate two distinct sources or a glossatorial addition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Elisaeus, Dei virtus. Zacchaeus, victor. Cades, sanctificatio. Cadon, sauctae. Sigor, humilitas. Sion, specula, vel domus spiritus. Aaron, mons fortitudinis. Jerusalem, visio pacis. Babylon, confusio. Basan, ignominia, id est pudor. Og, intersepimentum. Adonibezec, Domini auxilium. David, filius dilectus. Salomon, misericors, vel fortis manu, vel pacificus. Rachel, flatus superne fortis. Rebecca, flatus superne. Chananaei, adorantes iniquitatem. Chettaei, obstupefacientes iniquos. Amorrhaei, amaricantes. Pheraezaei, dissipati sunt. Evaei, tortuosi ad instar serpentium. Gergesaei, domicilium vanum. Jebusaei, pudefacti. Pheison, eo quod Deus pepercit humanae naturae conditioni. Geion, quia de terra plasmavit Deus hominem. Tigris, argumentum, acuminis spiritus. Euphrates, Dominus, spiritus illustrantis. Hosanna, salva quaeso, vel servantis. Enoch, renovatio. Jessai, refrigeratio. Aegyptus, afflictio, vel caligo. Diabolus, affligens, vel temporarius. Abba, paler.","english":"Elisaeus, the power of God. Zacchaeus, victor. Cades, sanctification. Cadon, holy ones. Sigor, humility. Sion, watchtower, or house of the spirit. Aaron, mountain of strength. Jerusalem, vision of peace. Babylon, confusion. Basan, disgrace, that is, shame. Og, enclosure. Adonibezec, help of the Lord. David, beloved son. Salomon, merciful, or strong of hand, or peaceful. Rachel, breath strong from above. Rebecca, breath from above. Chananaei, worshippers of iniquity. Chettaei, those who stupefy the wicked. Amorrhaei, those who embitter. Pheraezaei, they are scattered. Evaei, twisted like serpents. Gergesaei, empty dwelling. Jebusaei, put to shame. Pheison, because God spared the condition of human nature. Geion, because God fashioned man from earth. Tigris, sharpness, of the keenness of spirit. Euphrates, the Lord, of the illuminating spirit. Hosanna, save, I pray, or of one saving. Enoch, renewal. Jessai, refreshment. Aegyptus, affliction, or darkness. Diabolus, one who afflicts, or temporary. Abba, father.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Elisaeus","severity":"info","text":"The name is the Greek form of Hebrew Elisha; the etymology 'Dei virtus' (power of God) is a standard Christian interpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sion","severity":"info","text":"The double etymology 'specula, vel domus spiritus' (watchtower, or house of the spirit) reflects common patristic wordplay on the Hebrew name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Hosanna","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Hosanna' is a liturgical acclamation from the Hebrew of Psalm 118:25, meaning 'save, please'; the gloss 'servantis' (of one saving) is a secondary interpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Pheison","severity":"info","text":"Pheison is one of the four rivers of Paradise (Genesis 2:10-14); the etymology here connects it to God's mercy on human nature, a non-standard interpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Geion","severity":"info","text":"Geion (Gihon) is another Paradise river; the etymology 'from earth' (de terra) alludes to the creation of Adam in Genesis 2:7.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Cadon","severity":"caution","text":"The form 'Cadon' is likely a scribal error for 'Cados' (sanctus); the gloss 'sanctae' (holy ones) suggests a plural intended, but the Latin is irregular.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Cadon' may be a corruption of 'Cados' or 'Cades'; the gloss 'sanctae' indicates a plural feminine form, but the lemma is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Codex Vaticanus.\n\nHieronymus.\n\nLIBER NOMINUM Hebraicorum Scripturae sacrae. Adam, homo, sive terrenus, aut indigena, vel terra rubra. Abel, luctus, sive vanitas, vel vapor, aut miserabilis. Cain, possessio, vel lamentatio. Abraham, pater videns populum. Abram, pater excelsus. Ruben, videns filius, vel videns in medio. Simeon, exauditio, vel nomen habitaculi. Levi, additus, sive assumptus. Judas, laudatio, sive confessio. Issachar, est merces. Zabulon, habitaculum eorum, etc., vel fluxus noctis. Dan, judicium, vel judicans. Nephthali, conservavit me, vel dilatavit me, vel certe implicuit me. Gad, tentatio, sive latrunculus, vel fortuna. Aser, beatitudo, sive beatus. Joseph, augmentum. Benjamin, filius dextrae. Rebecca, multa patientia, sive multum accepit. Rachel, ovis, vel videns princi pium. Sephora, avis ejus, vel pulchritudo, etc. Bethleem. Hujus non meminit hoc loco. Bethphage, domus oris vallium, vel domus buccae. Bethania, domus afflictionis ejus, vel domus obedientiae. Bethsabee, filia juramenti. Sarai, princeps mea. Sara, princeps. Debora, apis, sive eloquentia. Moyses, attrectans, sive palpans, aut sumptus ex aqua, sive assumptio. Aaron, mons fortitudinis, sive mone fortis. Gedeon, circumiens i(??)tero, sive tentatio iniquitatis eorum. NOMINA PROPHETARUM. Osee, salvans, vel salvatus, aut salvator.","english":"Codex Vaticanus.\n\nJerome.\n\nThe Book of Hebrew Names of Holy Scripture. Adam, man, or earthly, or native, or red earth. Abel, mourning, or vanity, or vapor, or wretched. Cain, possession, or lamentation. Abraham, father seeing the people. Abram, father exalted. Ruben, seeing son, or seeing in the midst. Simeon, hearing, or name of a dwelling. Levi, added, or taken up. Judas, praise, or confession. Issachar, there is a reward. Zabulon, their dwelling, etc., or flux of the night. Dan, judgment, or judging. Nephthali, he preserved me, or he enlarged me, or indeed he entangled me. Gad, temptation, or little thief, or fortune. Aser, blessedness, or blessed. Joseph, increase. Benjamin, son of the right hand. Rebecca, much patience, or she received much. Rachel, ewe, or seeing the beginning. Sephora, his bird, or beauty, etc. Bethlehem. He does not mention this in this place. Bethphage, house of the mouth of valleys, or house of the cheek. Bethania, house of her affliction, or house of obedience. Bethsabee, daughter of an oath. Sarai, my princess. Sara, princess. Debora, bee, or eloquence. Moyses, handling, or feeling, or taken from water, or assumption. Aaron, mountain of strength, or strong mountain. Gedeon, going around, or temptation of their iniquity. NAMES OF THE PROPHETS. Osee, saving, or saved, or savior.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Codex Vaticanus","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Codex Vaticanus' likely refers to the manuscript source used for this edition, not to the famous fourth-century Greek Bible codex. It may indicate a Vatican manuscript of Jerome's Onomasticon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Adam","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'homo, sive terrenus, aut indigena, vel terra rubra' reflects the standard etymologies: 'man' (from Hebrew 'adamah', earth), 'earthly', 'native', and 'red earth' (alluding to the red clay of creation).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Bethleem","severity":"info","text":"The remark 'Hujus non meminit hoc loco' indicates that Jerome's Onomasticon does not include Bethlehem in this passage, possibly because it was treated elsewhere or omitted in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"NOMINA PROPHETARUM","severity":"info","text":"The section heading 'NOMINA PROPHETARUM' introduces a list of prophets, beginning with Osee (Hosea). This structure follows the common patristic practice of grouping biblical names by category (e.g., patriarchs, prophets).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Gedeon","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss 'circumiens i(??)tero' contains a corrupt or illegible element ('i(??)tero'), likely a scribal error or abbreviation. The intended reading may be 'circumiens iterum' (going around again) or a reference to a Hebrew etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Hieronymus","severity":"info","text":"The attribution to Jerome (Hieronymus) aligns this work with his 'Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum', a standard reference for biblical onomastics in the Latin West, widely copied and glossed throughout the Middle Ages.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'i(??)tero' in the entry for Gedeon is unclear; it may be a corruption of 'iterum' or a different word.","The heading 'Codex Vaticanus' could refer to a specific manuscript of Jerome's work, but its exact identity is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Amos, fortis, sive robustus, vel populus avulsus, sive populum avellens. Michaeas, quis hic? vel quis iste? Joel, incipiens, vel est Deus, vel Dei. Abdia, servus Domini. Jona, columba, vel dolens. Nahum, consolator. Abacuc, amplexans. Sophonias, abscondens eum. Aggaeus, festum, sive solemnis. Zacharias, memoria Domini, vel memor Domini. Malachia, angelus Domini, vel meus. Isaias, salus Domini. Jeremias, excelsus Domini. Baruch, benedictus. Ezechiel, fortitudo Dei, vel apprehendens. Daniel. judicium Dei, vel Judicat me Deus. Seraphim, ardentes, vel incendentes. Cherubim, quasi plures, aut vermiculata pictura, vel scientiae multitudo. Amen, vere, sive fideliter. Alleluia, laudate Dominum. Michael, quis ut Deus? Gabriel, confortavit me Deus, vel fortitudo Dei, vel virtus mea Deus. Uriel, lux mea Deus. Eliezer, Deus meus adjutor. Galilaea, volutabilis, sive rota, aut transmigrati, perpetrata. Jechonias, praeparans, sive praeparatio Domini. XII APOSTOLORUM NOMINA. Petrus, agnoscens, sive dissolvens. Paulus, mirabilis, sive electus. Matthaeus, donatus quondam. Matthias, donum Dei. Marcus, excelsus mandato. Lucas, ipse consurgens, aut ipse elevans. Joannes, in quo est gratia, vel Domini gratia. Andreas, decus in statione, vel respondens pabulo; sed hoc violentum. Jacobus Alphaei, supplantator millesimus, sive super os. Jacobus, supplantans. Philippus, os lampadis, vel os manuum.","english":"Amos, strong, or robust, or a people plucked away, or plucking away a people. Michaeas, who is this? or who is that? Joel, beginning, or he is God, or of God. Abdia, servant of the Lord. Jona, dove, or grieving. Nahum, comforter. Abacuc, embracing. Sophonias, hiding him. Aggaeus, feast, or solemn. Zacharias, memory of the Lord, or mindful of the Lord. Malachia, angel of the Lord, or my angel. Isaias, salvation of the Lord. Jeremias, exalted of the Lord. Baruch, blessed. Ezechiel, strength of God, or grasping. Daniel, judgment of God, or God judges me. Seraphim, burning, or setting on fire. Cherubim, as if many, or a worm-like painting, or a multitude of knowledge. Amen, truly, or faithfully. Alleluia, praise the Lord. Michael, who is like God? Gabriel, God strengthened me, or strength of God, or my strength is God. Uriel, my light is God. Eliezer, my God is helper. Galilaea, rolling, or wheel, or those who have migrated, accomplished. Jechonias, preparing, or preparation of the Lord. THE NAMES OF THE TWELVE APOSTLES. Peter, recognizing, or dissolving. Paul, wonderful, or chosen. Matthew, once given. Matthias, gift of God. Mark, exalted by command. Luke, himself rising up, or himself raising up. John, in whom is grace, or grace of the Lord. Andrew, ornament in station, or responding to food; but this is forced. James of Alphaeus, thousandth supplanter, or upon the mouth. James, supplanting. Philip, mouth of a lamp, or mouth of hands.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"XII APOSTOLORUM NOMINA","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'XII APOSTOLORUM NOMINA' marks a new section within the list, shifting from Old Testament prophets to the twelve apostles. This structural division is typical of onomastic lists that group names by biblical corpus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Petrus","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'agnoscens, sive dissolvens' (recognizing, or dissolving) for Peter is unusual; standard patristic etymology derives Petrus from Greek petra (rock). This alternative may reflect a creative or corrupt tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Andreas","severity":"caution","text":"The etymology 'decus in statione, vel respondens pabulo' (ornament in station, or responding to food) is marked by the author as 'violentum' (forced), indicating awareness of its artificiality. This self-critique is rare in such lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Seraphim","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'ardentes, vel incendentes' (burning, or setting on fire) for Seraphim reflects Isaiah 6:2, where seraphim are fiery beings. The dual form aligns with Hebrew śārāf (to burn).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Cherubim","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'quasi plures, aut vermiculata pictura, vel scientiae multitudo' (as if many, or a worm-like painting, or a multitude of knowledge) draws on Greek and Hebrew traditions. 'Vermiculata pictura' may refer to embroidered or painted figures in temple iconography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Galilaea","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'volutabilis, sive rota, aut transmigrati, perpetrata' (rolling, or wheel, or those who have migrated, accomplished) for Galilee reflects a tradition linking the name to Hebrew gālal (to roll) or gālâ (to exile), common in patristic commentaries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'XII APOSTOLORUM NOMINA' may be a later insertion or a heading from the source; its exact relation to the preceding list is unclear.","The etymology for 'Jacobus Alphaei' ('supplantator millesimus, sive super os') is obscure; 'millesimus' (thousandth) may be a corruption or a numerical pun."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Bartholomaeus, filius suspendentis aquas. Thomas, didymus, id est geminus, vel abyssus. Ananias, gratia Dei. Azarias, auxilium Dei. Misael, quae est salus Dei? Ephod, superindumentum, quod Graece dicitur, sive. Jesus, salvator, vel salvans. Eliu, Deus meus iste. Elisaeus, Dei mei salus. Zachaeus, justificatus, aut justus, vel justificandus. Syrum est, non Hebraeum. Cades, sancta, vel mutata. Cades, commutans, sive sanctus. Segor, parva, vel meridiana. Sion, specula, vel mandatum, sive irritum, vel scopulus. Aaron, mons fortis, sive mons fortitudinis. Jerusalem, visio pacis. Babylon, confusio. Basan, confusio, sive pinguedo, vel siccitas. Og, congregans. Adonibezec, Dominus fulguris, vel Dominus contemptus vani. David, fortis manu, sive desiderabilis. Salomon, pacificus, sive pacatus erit. Rachel, ovis, vel videns principium. Rebecca, multa patientia, vel multum accepit. Chananaei, negotiatores. Hetthaei, formidantes, vel stupentes. Amorrhaei, amari, vel loquentes. Pherezaei, separantes, sive disseminati, vel fructificantes. Evaei, feri, sive pessimi. Gergesaeus, colonum ejiciens, sive advenam appropinquantem. Jebusaei, calcati, sive praesepe eorum. Phison, os pupillae, sive oris mutatio. Geon, pectus, sive praeruptum. Tigris. Euphrates, frugifer, sive crescens. Osanna, salvifica. Enoch, dedicatio. Jesse, insulae libamen, sive incensum. Aegiptus, tribulatio coangustans.","english":"Bartholomaeus, son of the one suspending waters. Thomas, didymus, that is, twin, or abyss. Ananias, grace of God. Azarias, help of God. Misael, what is the salvation of God? Ephod, outer garment, which is called in Greek, or. Jesus, savior, or saving. Eliu, this one is my God. Elisaeus, salvation of my God. Zachaeus, justified, or just, or to be justified. It is Syriac, not Hebrew. Cades, holy, or changed. Cades, changing, or holy. Segor, small, or southern. Sion, watchtower, or commandment, or vain, or rock. Aaron, strong mountain, or mountain of strength. Jerusalem, vision of peace. Babylon, confusion. Basan, confusion, or fatness, or dryness. Og, gathering. Adonibezec, Lord of lightning, or Lord of contempt of the vain. David, strong of hand, or desirable. Salomon, peaceful, or he will be pacified. Rachel, ewe, or seeing the beginning. Rebecca, much patience, or she received much. Chananaei, merchants. Hetthaei, fearing, or being stupefied. Amorrhaei, bitter, or speaking. Pherezaei, separating, or scattered, or bearing fruit. Evaei, wild, or very bad. Gergesaeus, casting out a colonist, or approaching a stranger. Jebusaei, trampled, or their manger. Phison, mouth of the pupil, or change of mouth. Geon, breast, or steep. Tigris. Euphrates, fruitful, or growing. Osanna, save, I pray. Enoch, dedication. Jesse, libation of the island, or incense. Aegiptus, constricting tribulation.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bartholomaeus","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'filius suspendentis aquas' (son of the one suspending waters) is unattested in earlier Hebrew onomastica and likely a late invention.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Thomas","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'didymus, id est geminus, vel abyssus' pairs the well-known Aramaic meaning 'twin' with a secondary 'abyssus' (abyss), possibly a confusion with Greek θάλασσα or a symbolic reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Zachaeus","severity":"caution","text":"The note 'Syrum est, non Hebraeum' (it is Syriac, not Hebrew) is a rare explicit linguistic comment in this tradition, indicating awareness of Aramaic origin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cades","severity":"info","text":"The entry repeats 'Cades' with two different sets of meanings: 'sancta, vel mutata' and 'commutans, sive sanctus', suggesting conflation of two distinct Hebrew roots (qdš 'holy' and qdh 'changed').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Osanna","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'salvifica' (save, I pray) reflects the liturgical Greek ὡσαννά from Hebrew הוֹשַׁע־נָא, but the Latin form here is a rare direct transliteration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Aegiptus","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'tribulatio coangustans' (constricting tribulation) is a moralizing interpretation common in patristic exegesis, not a linguistic derivation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 'Ephod' breaks off mid-sentence ('quod Graece dicitur, sive'), suggesting a lacuna or scribal error.","The entry for 'Tigris' has no gloss, possibly an omission in transmission."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Diabolus, defluens; Graece criminator. Abba, pater, Syrum est.\n\nFRAGMENTUM SECUNDUM.\n\nInterpretatio Latina.\n\nDICTIONES CONTENTAE IN SANCTIS EVANGELIIS. IN EVANGELIO SECUNDUM MATTHAEUM. Bartholomaeus, filius suspendens aquas. Bethsaida, domus cibi, vel domus oleae. Barjona, filius columbae. Bethphage, domus oris, vel praecipitii. Bethania, domus obedientiae. Barachia, benedixit Dominus. Baraban, filium magistri, vel filium patris. Gennesaret, horti principum. Geenne, vallis. Gergesinon, suburbanorum, vel proselytorum. Golgotha, calvariae. Zebedaei, habitaculum juxta collocantis. Zacharias, memoria Domini. Zacchaeus, justus. Eliacim, Dei resurrectio. Eliu, Deus meus ipse. Elias, Deus meus Dominus. Eli, Eli, leima sabacthani, Deus meus. Deus meus, quare me dereliquisti? Thomas, abyssus, vel didymus. Jesus, salvator, vel salvans, aut salvat. Jessae, insulae oblatio. Joseph, apponens. Jerusalem, visio pacis. Iscarioth, tabernaculum mortis, vel recordatio, aut mentio mortis. Hiericho, descensus campi, vel exsilium, vel odoratus, aut luna. Kaiaphas, indigator. Kodrantem, nummu(??)us, vel obscuritas ipsorum. Korban, oblatio, vel donum. Kananaeus, possessus. Labbaeus, cor. Mariam, illuminans. Matthaeum, donatum. Magdalene, de turre. Nazaret, virgulti ejus, vel purus. Nazoraeus, mundus. Nazeraeus, floribus distinctus. Nazar, flos.","english":"Diabolus, flowing down; in Greek, accuser. Abba, father, is Syriac.\n\nSECOND FRAGMENT.\n\nLatin Interpretation.\n\nWords Contained in the Holy Gospels. In the Gospel According to Matthew. Bartholomaeus, son of the one suspending waters. Bethsaida, house of food, or house of the olive. Barjona, son of a dove. Bethphage, house of the mouth, or of the precipice. Bethania, house of obedience. Barachia, the Lord has blessed. Baraban, son of a master, or son of a father. Gennesaret, gardens of the princes. Geenna, valley. Gergesinon, of the suburbs, or of the proselytes. Golgotha, of the skull. Zebedaei, dwelling near the one placing. Zacharias, memory of the Lord. Zacchaeus, just. Eliacim, resurrection of God. Eliu, my God himself. Elias, my God is the Lord. Eli, Eli, leima sabacthani, my God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Thomas, abyss, or twin. Jesus, savior, or saving, or he saves. Jessae, offering of the island. Joseph, adding. Jerusalem, vision of peace. Iscarioth, tabernacle of death, or remembrance, or mention of death. Jericho, descent of the plain, or exile, or fragrant, or moon. Caiaphas, seeker. Quadrant, a small coin, or their darkness. Korban, offering, or gift. Kananaeus, possessed. Labbaeus, heart. Mariam, illuminating. Matthaeum, given. Magdalene, from the tower. Nazaret, of his thicket, or pure. Nazoraeus, clean. Nazeraeus, distinguished by flowers. Nazar, flower.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Diabolus","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'Diabolus' is glossed as 'defluens' (flowing down) and then as 'criminator' (accuser) in Greek, reflecting a common etymological play on the Greek 'diabolos' (slanderer).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Abba","severity":"info","text":"The note that 'Abba' is Syriac (not Hebrew) aligns with patristic awareness of Aramaic/Syriac as a distinct language, often used in the New Testament for 'father'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks a new section, 'Fragmentum Secundum' and 'Interpretatio Latina', followed by a list of words from the Gospels, beginning with Matthew. This suggests a systematic compilation of Hebrew/Greek names with Latin etymologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Eli, Eli, leima sabacthani","severity":"info","text":"This phrase is a direct quotation from Matthew 27:46, the cry of Jesus on the cross, here given in a Latinized Aramaic form with a Latin translation: 'Deus meus, Deus meus, quare me dereliquisti?'","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Kodrantem","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 'Kodrantem' (quadrant) is corrupt: 'nummu(??)us' suggests a scribal error or abbreviation for 'nummus' (coin), and 'obscuritas ipsorum' (their darkness) is an unusual gloss, possibly a misreading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Nazareth","severity":"info","text":"The multiple etymologies for Nazareth (e.g., 'virgulti ejus' = of its thicket, 'purus' = pure) and related forms (Nazoraeus, Nazeraeus) reflect early Christian interest in the meaning of Jesus's hometown, with variants preserved in patristic sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading of 'Kodrantem' is uncertain due to the corrupt 'nummu(??)us'.","The phrase 'Eli, Eli, leima sabacthani' is given in a Latinized form; the original Aramaic is not fully preserved.","The distinction between 'Nazoraeus' and 'Nazeraeus' is unclear; they may be variant spellings of the same term."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Nephthalim, convertit me, et Nephthaleim, opitulatio invisibilis. Hoc in dictionibus Hebraei sermonis juxta ordinem litterarum positis, infra post istud. Pontii, declinantis consilium. Pilati, os malleatoris. Petrus, explicans, vel solutio. Rama, exaltata est manus. Rachel, ovis. Raab, dilatata est. Ruth, festinans, aut videns. Raca, inutilis. Rabbi, magister mi. Sidon, captura inutilis. balas, salum, id est maria. creas, carnem. Talitha cumi, puella surge. Chananaei, negotiatores. IN EVANGELIO SECUNDUM MARCUM. Arimathaeus, altitudinis eorum. Abba, pater, vel patris. Bartimaeus, filius caecus. Boanerges, filii tonitrui. Beelzebul, deglutiens muscas. Israel, vir aspiciens Deum, vel mens videns Deum. Ephphatha, adaperire. IN EVANGELIO SECUNDUM LUCAM. Augusti, festum agentis, vel solemnitatem adjungentis. Abia, pater meus Dominus. Aaron, mons fortitudinis. Amen, ut creditur, ita sit. Anna, gratia ejus, Agge, solemnitas. Adai, fortis. Enoch, renovatio. Enos, homo. Emmaus, populum abjicientis. Elisabet, Dei mei saturitas. Herodes, pellicius gloriosus. Ituria, montana. Jordanes, descensus eorum Joannes, in quo est gratia. Jairas, illuminatus. Caesaris, possessionis principalis. Cyrinaei, heredis. Caphernaum, villae consolatio. Levi, appositus. Lamech, percutientis, vel humilitas. Lazarus, a patre adjutus. Lot, redemptus, vel occludens. Maria, domina. Martha, contentiosa.","english":"Nephthalim, he turned me, and Nephthaleim, invisible assistance. This in the words of the Hebrew language placed according to the order of the letters, below after that. Pontii, of the declining counsel. Pilati, mouth of the hammerer. Petrus, unfolding, or solution. Rama, the hand is exalted. Rachel, sheep. Raab, she is dilated. Ruth, hastening, or seeing. Raca, useless. Rabbi, my master. Sidon, useless capture. balas, salt, that is seas. creas, flesh. Talitha cumi, girl, arise. Chananaei, merchants. IN THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO MARK. Arimathaeus, of their height. Abba, father, or of the father. Bartimaeus, blind son. Boanerges, sons of thunder. Beelzebul, swallowing flies. Israel, man seeing God, or mind seeing God. Ephphatha, to open. IN THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO LUKE. Augusti, of one celebrating a feast, or of one joining a solemnity. Abia, my father is Lord. Aaron, mountain of strength. Amen, as it is believed, so let it be. Anna, her grace. Agge, solemnity. Adai, strong. Enoch, renewal. Enos, man. Emmaus, of one casting away the people. Elisabet, satiety of my God. Herodes, glorious of skin. Ituria, mountainous. Jordanes, their descent. Joannes, in whom is grace. Jairas, illuminated. Caesaris, of principal possession. Cyrinaei, of the heir. Caphernaum, consolation of the village. Levi, placed beside. Lamech, of one striking, or humility. Lazarus, helped by the father. Lot, redeemed, or shutting. Maria, lady. Martha, contentious.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into three sections, each introduced by a Gospel title: Matthew, Mark, and Luke. This structure mirrors the source's claim to list Hebrew names from the Gospels in canonical order.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nephthalim","severity":"info","text":"The double entry for Nephthalim (first 'he turned me', then 'invisible assistance') reflects the compiler's use of two distinct Hebrew etymologies, a common feature in onomastica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Talitha cumi","severity":"info","text":"The Aramaic phrase 'Talitha cumi' (Mark 5:41) is glossed as 'girl, arise', matching the Vulgate's 'puella surge'. The transliteration preserves the Syriac form.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Boanerges","severity":"info","text":"'Boanerges' (Mark 3:17) is glossed as 'sons of thunder', a standard patristic interpretation. The Greek form is retained, with the Latin 'filii tonitrui'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ephphatha","severity":"info","text":"'Ephphatha' (Mark 7:34) is glossed as 'adaperire' (to open), reflecting the Vulgate's translation of the Aramaic imperative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list includes names from the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, but omits John. This selective coverage is typical of early Christian onomastica, which often focused on the Synoptics.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Hoc in dictionibus Hebraei sermonis juxta ordinem litterarum positis, infra post istud' is ambiguous: it may refer to a separate alphabetical list of Hebrew words placed later in the source, or to a structural note within the same work.","The gloss 'balas, salum, id est maria' and 'creas, carnem' are fragmentary and their source language (Greek or Hebrew) is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"N(??)m, consolatio. Nathan, dedit, vel donum, aut dantis. Noe, requies. Nineve, fetus pulchritudo. Rama, exaltatae. Sarephtha, incensa, vel angustia panis. Simon, audiens tristitiam. Sodoma, pastio, vel exploratio per ignem. Satan, adversarius vel apostata. Saba, captivitas. Tiberii, visionis ipsorum. Trachonitidis, mercaturae tristitia. Phanuel, facies Dei. Pharisaeus, dividens vel divisus. IN EVANGELIO SECUNDUM JOANNEM. Aenon, fons virtutis. Galilea, revelatio, vel volutabilis, aut transmigratio. Ephraim, auctus vel fertilis. Cana, possessio, sive possedit. Messias, unctus, aut Christus. Nazareth, munditia. Salim, ortus aquarum. Sychar, obumbratio. Siloam, missus. Theon, a currenda, et propter cursum, et quia non patitur in domo esse; sed omnia implet sua praesentia.\n\nCodex Vaticanus.\n\nHieronymus.\n\nLIBER NOMINUM HEBRAICORUM NOVI TESTAMENTI. EX MATTHAEO. Bartholomaeus, filius suspendentis aquas. Bethsaida, domus frugum, vel domus venatorum. Bar Jona, filius columbae. Bethfage, domus oris vallium, vel domus buccae. Quidam putant maxillam vocari. Bethania, domus afflictionis ejus, vel domus obedientiae. Barachia, benedictus Domini, vel benedictio Domini. Barabban, filium magistri eorum. Syrum est, non Hebraeum. Gennesar, hortus principum. Gehenna, de valle sunt, sive vallis gratuita. Gerasaenorum, suburbana, aut coloni ibidem. Golgotha, calvaria. Syrum est.","english":"N(??)m, consolation. Nathan, he gave, or gift, or of the giver. Noe, rest. Nineveh, beauty of the offspring. Rama, exalted ones. Sarephtha, burned, or distress of bread. Simon, hearing sadness. Sodom, pasture, or exploration by fire. Satan, adversary or apostate. Saba, captivity. Tiberii, of their vision. Trachonitidis, sadness of merchandise. Phanuel, face of God. Pharisee, dividing or divided. IN THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO JOHN. Aenon, fountain of virtue. Galilee, revelation, or rolling, or transmigration. Ephraim, increased or fertile. Cana, possession, or he possessed. Messias, anointed, or Christ. Nazareth, purity. Salim, rising of waters. Sychar, shading. Siloam, sent. Theon, from running, and on account of the course, and because it does not suffer being in a house; but fills everything with its presence.\n\nCodex Vaticanus.\n\nJerome.\n\nBOOK OF HEBREW NAMES OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. FROM MATTHEW. Bartholomew, son of the suspender of waters. Bethsaida, house of fruits, or house of hunters. Bar Jona, son of a dove. Bethphage, house of the mouth of valleys, or house of the mouth. Some think it is called jaw. Bethany, house of its affliction, or house of obedience. Barachia, blessed of the Lord, or blessing of the Lord. Barabbas, son of their master. It is Syriac, not Hebrew. Gennesaret, garden of princes. Gehenna, they are from the valley, or valley of gratuitousness. Of Gerasa, suburbs, or settlers there. Golgotha, skull. It is Syriac.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IN EVANGELIO SECUNDUM JOANNEM","severity":"info","text":"This heading marks a transition from the Old Testament to the Gospel of John within the list of Hebrew names, reflecting the work's organization by biblical book.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"N(??)m","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'N(??)m' is corrupt; the parentheses indicate a lacuna or illegible character in the manuscript, leaving the intended name uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Siloam","severity":"info","text":"Siloam (Siloam) refers to the Pool of Siloam in John 9:7, where Jesus sends the blind man to wash; the etymology 'missus' (sent) aligns with the Greek verb ἀποστέλλω.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Barabban","severity":"info","text":"The note 'Syrum est, non Hebraeum' (It is Syriac, not Hebrew) shows the compiler's awareness of linguistic diversity in the New Testament, distinguishing Aramaic from Hebrew.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Golgotha","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'calvaria' (skull) for Golgotha became standard in Latin tradition, influencing the Vulgate and later iconography of the crucifixion site.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Theon","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Theon' is obscure; the etymology 'a currenda' (from running) is unusual and may reflect a misreading or a non-standard source, as no known biblical name matches.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name 'N(??)m' is illegible; the reading assumes a lacuna.","The entry 'Theon' is unattested in standard biblical onomastica; its source is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Zebedaeus, donatus, sive fluens iste. Zacharias, memoria Domini. Zacchaeus, justificatus, aut justus. Eliacim, Dei resurrectio. Eliu, Deus meus iste. Elias, Deus dominus. Eli, Eli, lamma sabactani, Deus meus, Deus meus, quare dereliquisti me? Thomas, abyssus, vel geminus. Jesus, salvator, vel salvaturus. Essai, insulae libatio, sed melius, incensum. Joseph, apposuit, sive apponens. Jerusalem, visio pacis, vel timebit perfecte. Iscarioth, memoriale Domini, potest autem dici et memoria mortis. Jericho, odor ejus, sive luna. Caiphas, investigator, vel sagax, vel melius, vomens ore. Codrantem, caligo vel tenebrae, etc. Corbona, oblatio. Chananaeus, possidens, sive possessio. Lebbaeus, corculum. Mariam, stella maris, sive amarum mare. Matthaeus, donatus quondam. Magdalene, turrensis. Nazareth, flos, aut virgultum ejus, vel munditiae. Nazaraeus, mundus. Nazaraeus, mundus, sanctus, sive abjunctus. Nazar, flos. Nephthalim, discretus, sive serviens, vel convertit, sive convolvit me. Pontius, declinans consilium. Pilatus, os malleatoris. Petrus, agnoscens, vel dissolvens. Rama, excelsa, sive exaltata. Rachel, ovis, vel videns Deum. Raab, lata, sive dilatata. Ruth, festinans. Racha, vanus. Rabbi, magister meus. Syrum est. Sidon, venatio. Talitha cumi, puella surge. Syrum est. Chananaei, negotiatores. DE MARCO. Arimathaeus, altitudo ejus. Abba, pater. Bartimaeus, filius caucus.","english":"Zebedaeus, given, or flowing this one. Zacharias, memory of the Lord. Zacchaeus, justified, or just. Eliacim, resurrection of God. Eliu, my God is this one. Elias, God is Lord. Eli, Eli, lamma sabactani, my God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Thomas, abyss, or twin. Jesus, savior, or about to save. Essai, libation of the islands, but better, incense. Joseph, he added, or adding. Jerusalem, vision of peace, or it will fear perfectly. Iscarioth, memorial of the Lord, but it can also be called memory of death. Jericho, its odor, or moon. Caiphas, investigator, or shrewd, or better, vomiting from the mouth. Codrantem, mist or darkness, etc. Corbona, offering. Chananaeus, possessing, or possession. Lebbaeus, little heart. Mariam, star of the sea, or bitter sea. Matthaeus, once given. Magdalene, of the tower. Nazareth, flower, or its shoot, or of purities. Nazaraeus, pure. Nazaraeus, pure, holy, or separated. Nazar, flower. Nephthalim, distinct, or serving, or he turns, or he rolls me. Pontius, declining counsel. Pilatus, mouth of a hammerer. Petrus, recognizing, or dissolving. Rama, high, or exalted. Rachel, sheep, or seeing God. Raab, broad, or widened. Ruth, hastening. Racha, empty. Rabbi, my master. It is Syriac. Sidon, hunting. Talitha cumi, girl, arise. It is Syriac. Chananaei, merchants. FROM MARK. Arimathaeus, his height. Abba, father. Bartimaeus, son of the blind one.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Eli, Eli, lamma sabactani","severity":"info","text":"This Aramaic phrase from Mark 15:34 is glossed in Latin as 'Deus meus, Deus meus, quare dereliquisti me?' The inclusion here shows the compiler's interest in biblical languages beyond Hebrew.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Talitha cumi","severity":"info","text":"This Aramaic phrase from Mark 5:41 is glossed as 'puella surge' (girl, arise). The note 'Syrum est' indicates the compiler's awareness of Syriac as a distinct language.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"DE MARCO","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'DE MARCO' marks a new section drawn from the Gospel of Mark, distinguishing it from the preceding material which likely derives from Matthew or Luke. This structural cue is typical of the compilation's source-based organization.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Rabbi","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'magister meus' (my master) is followed by 'Syrum est' (it is Syriac), showing the compiler's recognition that 'Rabbi' is not Hebrew but Aramaic/Syriac, a linguistic distinction often blurred in patristic sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Codrantem","severity":"caution","text":"The Latin 'Codrantem' (a quadrans coin) is glossed as 'caligo vel tenebrae' (mist or darkness), which is etymologically unsupported. This may reflect a scribal error or a confused tradition linking 'quadrans' with 'caligo'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Mariam","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'stella maris' (star of the sea) for Mariam became a standard epithet for the Virgin Mary in medieval Latin tradition, though it likely originated from a misreading of Hebrew 'mar' (bitter) as 'stella'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The source of the 'DE MARCO' section is uncertain; it may derive from a lost Greek or Latin onomasticon. The gloss for 'Codrantem' is obscure and may be corrupt."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Boanerges, filii tonitrui. Beelzebub, habens muscas, aut vir muscarum. Israel, vir videns Deum, sed melius, rectus Domini. Ephphetha, adaperire. DE LUCA. Augusti, solemniter stantis, aut solemnitatem additam. Abia, pater Dominus. Aaron, mons eorum; alibi mons fortitudinis. Amen, vere, sive fideliter. Anna, gratia ejus. solemnitas. Addai, robustus; violenter figuratum, etc. Enoch, dedicatio. Enos, homo. Ammaus, populus abjectus Elisabet, Dei mei saturitas, vel Dei mei juramentum, aut septimus. Erodes, pellicius gloriosus. Ituraeae, montanae. Syrum est. Jordanis, descensus eorum, etc. Joannes, in quo est gratia. Jairus, illuminans, aut illuminatus. Caesar, possessio principalis. Cirinus, sive Quirinus, haeres. Capharnaum, ager vel villa consolationis. Levi, appositus. Lamech, humilis. Quidam putant percutientem, vel percussum posse sonare. Lazarus, adjutus. Lot, ligatus, aul declinans, vel vacans. Maria, sermone Syro, domina nuncupatur. Martha, irritans. Naum. consolatio. Nathan, dedit, vel dantis. Noe, requiescit aut requievit. Ninive, nativitas pulchritudinis aut speciosi. Rama, exaltata. Sarephtha, incensa, sive angustia pains, etc. Simon, pono moerorem, vel audi tristitiam. Sodoma, pastio silens, aut fulva, etc. Satan, adversarius, sive transgressor. Saba, captivitas. Tiberius, visio ejus, sive bonitas ejus. Trachonitis, negotiatio tristitiae. Phanuel, facies Dei.","english":"Boanerges, sons of thunder. Beelzebub, having flies, or man of flies. Israel, man seeing God, but better, upright of the Lord. Ephphetha, to open. FROM LUKE. Augusti, solemnly standing, or solemnity added. Abia, father Lord. Aaron, their mountain; elsewhere mountain of strength. Amen, truly, or faithfully. Anna, her grace. solemnity. Addai, robust; violently figured, etc. Enoch, dedication. Enos, man. Emmaus, people cast down. Elisabeth, my God’s fullness, or my God’s oath, or seventh. Herod, skin-clad glorious. Ituraea, mountainous. It is Syriac. Jordan, their descent, etc. John, in whom is grace. Jairus, enlightening, or enlightened. Caesar, principal possession. Quirinius, or Quirinus, heir. Capernaum, field or village of consolation. Levi, added. Lamech, humble. Some think it can mean striking, or struck. Lazarus, helped. Lot, bound, or declining, or vacant. Mary, in Syriac speech, is called lady. Martha, provoking. Nahum, consolation. Nathan, he gave, or of the giver. Noah, he rests or rested. Nineveh, birth of beauty or of the beautiful. Ramah, exalted. Sarephtha, burned, or narrowness of bread, etc. Simon, I place grief, or hear sadness. Sodom, silent pasture, or tawny, etc. Satan, adversary, or transgressor. Sheba, captivity. Tiberius, his vision, or his goodness. Trachonitis, business of sadness. Phanuel, face of God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Boanerges","severity":"info","text":"Boanerges is a Greek transliteration of a Semitic phrase meaning 'sons of thunder,' applied in Mark 3:17 to James and John.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Beelzebub","severity":"info","text":"Beelzebub is a Philistine deity name, here glossed as 'having flies' or 'man of flies,' reflecting a common patristic etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ephphetha","severity":"info","text":"Ephphetha is a Greek transliteration of an Aramaic imperative meaning 'be opened,' used in Mark 7:34 in the context of a healing miracle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Maria","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'domina' (lady) for Maria reflects a Syriac etymology, common in patristic sources, though the Hebrew origin is debated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"DE LUCA","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'DE LUCA' marks a new section drawn from the Gospel of Luke, following a section from Mark (implied by Boanerges and Ephphetha).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Addai","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss 'robust; violently figured' for Addai is obscure; 'violenter figuratum' may indicate a forced or unusual etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'violenter figuratum' for Addai is unclear; it may mean the etymology is forced or the word is figuratively violent.","The gloss 'solemnitas' for Anna appears as a fragment; it may be a separate entry or a continuation of the previous gloss."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Pharisaeus, dividens sive divisus. DE JOANNE. AEnon, oculus aul fons eorum. Galilaea, volutabilis aut transmigratio perpetrata, vel tota. Ephraim, fertilis sive auctus, etc. Cana, possessio, sive possidet. Messia, unctus, id est Christus. Nazareth, munditiae. Saalim, pugilli, aut ortus aquarum, etc. Sichar, conclusio, sive ramus. Siloe, missus.\n\nFRAGMENTUM TERTIUM.\n\nInterpretatio Latina,\n\nInterpretatio nominum et dictionam quae in divinis Scripturis Hebraeo sermone continentur. Adam, terra carnea, vel testificatio; aut terrenus, vel homo; sive pulvis, vel terra rubra, vel sanguis, vel assimilatio. Abba, pater, Vel senior. Abel, vapor, vel luctus, vel elevans, aut pars agri fune demensa. Cain, possessio, vel invidia. Seth, planta, vel resurrectio. Enos, oblitus. Cainan, possessio. Maleleel, compensatio fortis Jared, descensio. Enoch, dedicatio. Mathusala, missus. Lamech, proba mente praeditus. Noe, requies. Sem, perfectus. Cham. audax, vel praeceps. Japheth, dilatatio. Arphaxad, prophetia concitata. Saled, emissus. Eber, trajiciens, aut transitio. Nachor, fasciculus visibilis veniens. Esrom, deprecatio extrema. Thara, fragrantia lenta. Abram, pater excelsus, vel transitor. Abraham, pater Excelsi, vel pater nationum, aut pater misericordiarum, vel pater electus. Isaac, risus, et gaudium. Jacob, supplantator, vel postrema apprehendens.","english":"Pharisee, dividing or divided. FROM JOHN. AEnon, eye or fountain of them. Galilee, rolling or migration accomplished, or whole. Ephraim, fertile or increased, etc. Cana, possession, or possesses. Messiah, anointed, that is Christ. Nazareth, purities. Saalim, handfuls, or rising of waters, etc. Sichar, conclusion, or branch. Siloam, sent.\n\nTHIRD FRAGMENT.\n\nLatin Interpretation.\n\nInterpretation of names and words which are contained in the divine Scriptures in the Hebrew language. Adam, earth of flesh, or testimony; or earthly, or man; or dust, or red earth, or blood, or likeness. Abba, father, or elder. Abel, vapor, or mourning, or raising, or part of a field measured by a rope. Cain, possession, or envy. Seth, plant, or resurrection. Enos, forgotten. Cainan, possession. Mahalalel, compensation of the strong. Jared, descent. Enoch, dedication. Methuselah, sent. Lamech, endowed with a sound mind. Noah, rest. Shem, perfect. Ham, bold, or headlong. Japheth, expansion. Arpachshad, stirred-up prophecy. Salah, sent out. Eber, crossing over, or passage. Nahor, visible bundle coming. Hezron, extreme supplication. Terah, slow fragrance. Abram, high father, or passer-by. Abraham, father of the High One, or father of nations, or father of mercies, or chosen father. Isaac, laughter, and joy. Jacob, supplanter, or one who seizes the last.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Pharisaeus","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Pharisaeus, dividens sive divisus' is the last item of the second fragment, followed by a new heading 'FRAGMENTUM TERTIUM'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"AEnon","severity":"info","text":"The lemma 'AEnon' is given as 'oculus aul fons eorum'; 'aul' is likely a scribal error for 'aut' (or), as in the English draft 'eye or fountain of them'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Messia","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Messia, unctus, id est Christus' glosses the Hebrew-derived term with its Greek equivalent, reflecting New Testament usage (John 1:41, 4:25).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Adam","severity":"info","text":"The multiple glosses for 'Adam' (e.g., 'terra carnea', 'homo', 'sanguis') reflect the patristic tradition of etymological richness, as seen in Jerome's Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Abraham","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'pater Excelsi' for Abraham echoes a common patristic etymology (cf. Jerome, Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum), interpreting the name as 'father of the exalted one'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Saalim","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Saalim, pugilli, aut ortus aquarum' is ambiguous: 'pugilli' may mean 'handfuls' (as in the English draft) or 'little fists'; the Coptic Vorlage is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'aul' in 'oculus aul fons eorum' is likely a scribal error for 'aut'.","The lemma 'Saalim' has uncertain Coptic derivation; 'pugilli' may be interpreted as 'handfuls' or 'little fists'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Essau, acervus lapidum, vel factura; aut quernus, id est roboreus. Rubin, spiritus Dei. Symeon, obediens. Levi, de roe recordabitur. Judas, confessio. Isachar, merces. Zabulon, munus. Dan, judicium. Nephthalim, opitulatio. Gad, obventio. Aser, beatitudinis praedicatio. Joseph, additamentum, vel dedecus, aut ablatio. Benjamin, filius doloris, vel filius dexterae. Melchisedec, apostolus justus, vel rex justus, vel pacem colens. FILII RUBEN. Ruben, admirabilis. Pheloc, sempiternus arcus. Charmin, vineam meam. FILII SYMEON. Jemuel, dextera fortis. Jemin, dextera. Oli, tabernaculum. Bana, album. Jachel, paratus. FILII LEVI. Levi, ipse. Gersan, advena. Caath, concionator. Merari, amarulentus. FILII JUDA. Er, silva, ubi belluae. Aunan, fons. Selom, iniquitas. Phares, septum. Zaza, illustris. FILII ISACHAR. Thoda, vermis. Phua, hic sura. Job, dilectam. Salomon, reservatum. FILII ZABULON. Zabulon, fragrans. Seer, institutus. Elom, sempiternus. Geel, misericordia Domini. FILII DAN. Sed on, inspector, episcopus. Aggi, festivitas. Somiein, secundans meus. Hiesba, virtus mea. Mere, martyr meus. Varilei, descensus meus· Arilei, natum mea. FILII NEPHTHALIM. Nephthalim, precatio. Asael, fortitudo patris fortis. Goniei, ex me sempiternus. Jessaar, fortis. Thusilem, perfectus. FILII GAAD. Gad, veniens. Thuim, imago. F(??)LII ASER. Aser, beatus. Emma, numerabilis. Jasua, sanans.","english":"Esau, heap of stones, or making; or oak, that is, oaken. Reuben, spirit of God. Simeon, obedient. Levi, he will remember from the roe. Judah, confession. Issachar, reward. Zebulun, gift. Dan, judgment. Naphtali, help. Gad, lot. Asher, proclamation of beatitudes. Joseph, addition, or disgrace, or removal. Benjamin, son of sorrow, or son of the right hand. Melchizedek, just apostle, or just king, or cultivating peace. SONS OF REUBEN. Reuben, admirable. Pheloc, everlasting bow. Charmin, my vineyard. SONS OF SIMEON. Jemuel, strong right hand. Jamin, right hand. Oli, tabernacle. Bana, white. Jachel, prepared. SONS OF LEVI. Levi, himself. Gershon, stranger. Kohath, preacher. Merari, bitter. SONS OF JUDAH. Er, forest, where wild beasts are. Onan, fountain. Shelah, iniquity. Perez, partition. Zaza, illustrious. SONS OF ISSACHAR. Thoda, worm. Phua, this calf. Job, beloved. Solomon, reserved. SONS OF ZEBULUN. Zebulun, fragrant. Seer, established. Elom, everlasting. Geel, mercy of the Lord. SONS OF DAN. Sed on, inspector, bishop. Aggi, festival. Somiein, my second. Hiesba, my strength. Mere, my martyr. Varilei, my descent. Arilei, my born. SONS OF NAPHTALI. Naphtali, prayer. Asael, strength of a strong father. Goniei, from me everlasting. Jessaar, strong. Thusilem, perfect. SONS OF GAD. Gad, coming. Thuim, image. SONS OF ASHER. Asher, blessed. Emma, numerable. Jasua, healing.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Essau","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'Essau' represents the Hebrew name Esau. The gloss 'acervus lapidum' (heap of stones) and 'quernus, id est roboreus' (oaken) reflect etymological speculation common in Jerome's Onomastica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Melchisedec","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'Melchisedec' is the Greek form of the Hebrew name Melchizedek. The glosses 'apostolus justus' (just apostle), 'rex justus' (just king), and 'pacem colens' (cultivating peace) show multiple interpretive traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Benjamin","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'filius doloris' (son of sorrow) and 'filius dexterae' (son of the right hand) for Benjamin reflect the Hebrew etymology 'ben yamin' (son of the right hand) and a secondary Christian interpretation linking to sorrow.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"FILII RUBEN","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a list of patriarchs and their sons, following the genealogical pattern of Genesis. Each section begins with 'FILII' (sons of) and the father's name, then lists the sons with their etymologies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sed on","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'inspector, episcopus' for 'Sed on' (a son of Dan) shows the Latin translator equating the Hebrew name with the Greek-derived Latin term 'episcopus' (bishop), reflecting early Christian exegetical practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"F(??)LII ASER","severity":"caution","text":"The heading 'F(??)LII ASER' is corrupt in the manuscript; the intended reading is likely 'FILII ASER' (sons of Asher). The lacuna indicates a transmission error in the Latin tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The corrupt heading 'F(??)LII ASER' leaves the exact reading uncertain; the intended form is 'FILII ASER'.","The gloss 'Phua, hic sura' (this calf) for a son of Issachar is ambiguous: 'sura' may be a scribal error for 'vitulus' (calf) or a variant spelling."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Jasue, dignitas mea. Ucria, potens. Useel, superstes et redundans. FILII JOSEPH. Joseph, augmentum. Ephraim, latitudo. Manasses, venditus. Asseneth, exosus. Petephre, visibile. FILII BENJAMIN. Benjamin; filius dexterae. Salai, famelicus, sive devorans. Sabachar, primogenitus. Seber, ignis veniens. Pera, incolere. Nabau, psallens libenter. Leis, frater meus. Varos, princeps. Momphin, similitudo mea. Thouara, descensus meus. Pithom, os sempiternum. Ramesse, rapina. Sepphora, consideratio speciosa. Phua, propheta. Levid, minister. Moyses, aquae elevatio, vel mens pia, vel scrutinium domini. Raguel, amicus fortis. Iothor, redundantia. Zopheth, vita lata. FILII PHARES. Esrom, arcus sempiternus. Amul, misericordia. FILII EPHRAIM. Suthala, dignitas apostolica. Bechor, primogenitus. FILII MANASSE. Galaad, testimonium. FILII BRIA. Eber, amicus. Melchiel, missus a forti.","english":"Joshua, my dignity. Ucria, powerful. Useel, surviving and overflowing. SONS OF JOSEPH. Joseph, increase. Ephraim, breadth. Manasseh, sold. Asenath, hated. Potiphera, visible. SONS OF BENJAMIN. Benjamin, son of the right hand. Salai, hungry, or devouring. Sabachar, firstborn. Seber, fire coming. Pera, to dwell. Nabau, gladly singing. Leis, my brother. Varos, prince. Momphin, my likeness. Thouara, my descent. Pithom, eternal mouth. Ramesse, plunder. Zipporah, beautiful consideration. Phua, prophet. Levid, minister. Moses, elevation of water, or pious mind, or scrutiny of the Lord. Reuel, strong friend. Jethro, abundance. Zopheth, broad life. SONS OF PHARES. Hezron, eternal bow. Amul, mercy. SONS OF EPHRAIM. Suthala, apostolic dignity. Bechor, firstborn. SONS OF MANASSEH. Gilead, testimony. SONS OF BRIA. Eber, friend. Melchiel, sent by the strong one.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Jasue","severity":"info","text":"The form 'Jasue' for Joshua reflects a Greek or Latin transcription of the Hebrew name, distinct from the more common 'Iosue' in the Vulgate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Moyses","severity":"info","text":"The three etymologies for Moses—'elevation of water', 'pious mind', and 'scrutiny of the Lord'—echo traditional patristic interpretations, notably Philo and Origen, who derived the name from Egyptian 'mo' (water) and Hebrew 'us' (saved).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"FILII JOSEPH","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'FILII JOSEPH' (Sons of Joseph) organizes the list genealogically, a common structure in onomastica that mirrors the biblical genealogies of Genesis 46.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Benjamin","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'son of the right hand' for Benjamin is standard in patristic sources, e.g., Jerome's Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum, and aligns with the Hebrew 'ben-yamin'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Asseneth","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss 'exosus' (hated) for Asenath is unusual; the name is typically interpreted as 'belonging to Neith' or 'gift of the sun'. The reading may reflect a textual corruption or a different tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"FILII PHARES","severity":"info","text":"The subheading 'FILII PHARES' (Sons of Phares) marks a genealogical shift to the line of Judah, following the pattern of the preceding sections for Joseph and Benjamin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The etymology for 'Asseneth' as 'exosus' is uncertain and may be a scribal error or a rare interpretation.","The reading 'Ucria' for a name possibly corresponding to 'Uzziah' or 'Ochran' is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"Codex Vaticanus.\n\nHieronymus.\n\nLiber nominum Hebraicorum. Adam, homo, sive terrenus; aut indigena, vel terra rubra. Abba, paler. Syrum est. Abel, lucius, sive vanius; vel vapor, aut miserabilis. Cain, possessio, vel lamentatio. Seth, positio, vel positus; aut poculum, sive gramen; aut semen, sive resurrectio. Enos, homo; sive desperatus, vel violentus. Chainan, lamentatio, vel possessio eorum. Malaleel, laudans Deum. Jared, descendens, sive roborans. Enoch, dedicatio. Mathusale., mortis emissio; vel mortuus est, et interrogavit. Lamech, humiliatum; aut percuticutem, sive percussum. Noe, requies. Sem, nomen, vel nominatus. Cham, calidus. Japhet, latitudo. Arphaxad, sanans depopulatio· nem. Sala, missa. Eber, transitorem. Nachor, requies luminis, vel requiescente luce, vel obsecratio novissima. Esrom, sagittam vidit, sive atrium eorum. Thara, exploratores odoris, sive exploratio ascensionis, vel pastio. Abram, pater excelsos. Abraham, pater videns populum. Isaac, risus, vel gaudium. Jacob supplantator. Esau, factura, sive roboreus, vel acervus lapidum, seu vanos, aut frustra. Ruben, videns filius, vel videns in medio. Symeon, exauditio, vel nomen habitaculi. Levi, additus, sive assumptus. Judas, laudatio, vel confessio. Issachar, esi merces. Zabulon, habitaculum eorum, vel jusjurandum ejus, vel fluxus noctis. Dan, judicium, aut judicans.","english":"Codex Vaticanus.\n\nJerome.\n\nBook of Hebrew Names. Adam, man, or earthly; or native, or red earth. Abba, father. It is Syriac. Abel, mourning, or vain; or vapor, or wretched. Cain, possession, or lamentation. Seth, placement, or placed; or cup, or grass; or seed, or resurrection. Enos, man; or desperate, or violent. Cainan, lamentation, or their possession. Mahalalel, praising God. Jared, descending, or strengthening. Enoch, dedication. Methuselah, sending forth of death; or he died, and he asked. Lamech, humiliated; or striking, or struck. Noah, rest. Shem, name, or named. Ham, hot. Japheth, breadth. Arpachshad, healing devastation. Salah, sent. Eber, passer-through. Nahor, rest of light, or with light resting, or last entreaty. Hezron, he saw an arrow, or their court. Terah, explorers of scent, or exploration of ascent, or pasture. Abram, exalted father. Abraham, father seeing the people. Isaac, laughter, or joy. Jacob, supplanter. Esau, making, or strong, or heap of stones, or vain, or in vain. Reuben, seeing a son, or seeing in the midst. Simeon, hearing, or name of a dwelling. Levi, added, or taken up. Judah, praise, or confession. Issachar, there is a reward. Zebulun, their dwelling, or his oath, or flow of night. Dan, judgment, or judging.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Codex Vaticanus","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Codex Vaticanus' and 'Hieronymus' likely indicate the manuscript source and author attribution, not a title. The work is traditionally ascribed to Jerome but is a later compilation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Abba","severity":"info","text":"The note 'Syrum est' (It is Syriac) acknowledges the Aramaic origin of 'Abba', a term for father, distinguishing it from Hebrew. This reflects Jerome's awareness of Semitic languages.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Adam","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'homo, sive terrenus; aut indigena, vel terra rubra' (man, or earthly; or native, or red earth) echoes Genesis 2:7 and the Hebrew wordplay 'adamah' (ground).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Mathusale","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'mortis emissio; vel mortuus est, et interrogavit' (sending forth of death; or he died, and he asked) reflects patristic speculation on Methuselah's name, possibly linked to his death before the Flood (Genesis 5:27).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Jacob","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'supplantator' (supplanter) for Jacob is standard in Jerome's Onomastica and derives from the Hebrew 'aqeb' (heel), referencing Genesis 25:26 and Jacob's grasping Esau's heel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Esau","severity":"caution","text":"The multiple etymologies for Esau ('factura, sive roboreus, vel acervus lapidum, seu vanos, aut frustra') indicate textual variation or conflation; 'acervus lapidum' (heap of stones) is a known Hebrew derivation from 'esav' (hairy) but is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The heading 'Codex Vaticanus' may refer to the manuscript source or a specific recension; the work's attribution to Jerome is traditional but not certain.","The etymology for 'Esau' includes 'vanos, aut frustra' (vain, or in vain), which may be a corruption or alternative reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Nephthali, conservavit me, vel dilatavit me, vel certe, implicuit me. Gad. tentatio, sive latrunculus, vel fortuna. Aser, beatitude, sive beatus. Joseph, augmentum. Benjamin, filius dextrae. Melchisedec, rex justus. FILII RUBEN Ruben, videns filius, vel videns in medio. Phallu, mirabilis. Carmi, vinea mea, vel cognitio mea. FILII SYMEON. Jamuel, dies ejus Deus. Jamin, dextra. Olibama, tabernaculum meum in aliquo. Jachin, praeparans. filii levi. Levi, additus. Gerson, advena ibi. Caath, molares dentes, sive patientia. Merari, amarus, vel amaritudines. FILII JUDA. Er, vigiliae, sive pellicius, aut surrectio, vel effusio. Onan, moeror eorum. Sela, petitio. Pharez, divisio. Zara, oriens, vel ortus. FILII ISSACHAR. Thola, vermiculus. Phua, hic, adverbium. Job, magnus. Semron, nomen videns, aut stos. FILII ZABULON. Zabulon. habitaculum eorum. Sarad, ut descenderet. Elom, regio campestris, aut quercus, aut roboreus. Joalel, vita Dei, sive exordium Dei, vel praestolans Deum. FILII GAD. Sephion, egressum est os tristitiae. Haggi, festivitas mea. Suni, pupilla mea, vel secundus meus. Esban, ignis in eis. Heri, declinans. Arodi, vindemiator sufficiens. Areli, leo Dei mei. FILII NEPHTHALI. Nephthali, conservavit me, etc. Jasiel, dimidium Dei. Guni, elatio mea, sive hortus meus. Jeser, figmentum, sive tribulatio. Sallem, pax, vel reddens. FILII DAN. Gad, tentatio, sive latrunculus, etc.","english":"Nephthali, he preserved me, or he enlarged me, or certainly, he entangled me. Gad, temptation, or a little robber, or fortune. Aser, blessedness, or blessed. Joseph, increase. Benjamin, son of the right hand. Melchisedec, just king. THE SONS OF RUBEN: Ruben, seeing a son, or seeing in the midst. Phallu, wonderful. Carmi, my vineyard, or my knowledge. THE SONS OF SYMEON: Jamuel, his day is God. Jamin, right hand. Olibama, my tabernacle in something. Jachin, preparing. THE SONS OF LEVI: Levi, added. Gerson, a stranger there. Caath, molar teeth, or patience. Merari, bitter, or bitternesses. THE SONS OF JUDA: Er, vigils, or made of skin, or rising up, or pouring out. Onan, their grief. Sela, petition. Pharez, division. Zara, rising, or sunrise. THE SONS OF ISSACHAR: Thola, little worm. Phua, here, adverb. Job, great. Semron, name seeing, or stos. THE SONS OF ZABULON: Zabulon, their dwelling. Sarad, that he might descend. Elom, region of the plain, or oak, or oaken. Joalel, life of God, or beginning of God, or waiting for God. THE SONS OF GAD: Sephion, the mouth of sadness has gone out. Haggi, my festivity. Suni, my pupil, or my second. Esban, fire in them. Heri, declining. Arodi, sufficient vintager. Areli, lion of my God. THE SONS OF NEPHTHALI: Nephthali, he preserved me, etc. Jasiel, half of God. Guni, my exaltation, or my garden. Jeser, formation, or tribulation. Sallem, peace, or returning. THE SONS OF DAN: Gad, temptation, or a little robber, etc.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists names from the patriarchal genealogies of Genesis 46, following the order of the Septuagint and Vulgate, with sons of each patriarch grouped under headings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nephthali","severity":"info","text":"The three Latin glosses for Nephthali (conservavit me, dilatavit me, implicuit me) reflect the Hebrew root פתל (patal, to twist) and the Greek Νεφθαλίμ, with the first two likely from the Septuagint's 'wrestling' or 'my struggle'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Gad","severity":"info","text":"Gad is glossed as tentatio, latrunculus, or fortuna, reflecting the Hebrew גד (gad, fortune) and the Greek Γάδ, with 'little robber' possibly from a folk etymology linking to the verb גדד (to cut, to attack).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Melchisedec","severity":"info","text":"Melchisedec is glossed as rex justus, a standard Christian interpretation of the Hebrew מלכי־צדק (malki-ṣedeq, my king is righteous), common in patristic typology of Christ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Caath","severity":"info","text":"Caath (Kehath) is glossed as molares dentes or patientia, the former from the Hebrew קהת (qahat, to assemble) but here linked to 'teeth' via a pun on the Greek κοπτός (cut) or a misreading of the Hebrew root.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Semron","severity":"caution","text":"Semron (Shimron) is glossed as nomen videns, aut stos; the second term 'stos' is obscure, possibly a corruption of the Greek στοά (porch) or a miswritten Latin 'stans' (standing), indicating a textual crux.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The gloss 'stos' for Semron is unclear; it may be a scribal error or a transliteration of a Hebrew or Greek term not otherwise attested.","The abbreviation 'etc.' for Nephthali and Gad suggests the text is excerpted or the scribe omitted repeated glosses."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Usim, festinus eorum. FILII ASER. Aser, beatitudo, sive beatus. Jamne, marina, sive numerabilis. Jesua, planities, sive est desiderium meum, aut certe salvator. Jessui, est dolere. Beria, in clamore ejus. Sara, princeps. FILII JOSEPH. Joseph, augmentum. Ephraim, frugiferum, sive erescentem. Manasses, oblitus, vel necessitas. Asseneth, ruina. Phetephre, libycus vitulus, divisio, vel os declinans, etc. FILII BENJAMIN. Benjamin, filius dexterae. Bala, praecipitans, sive devorans. Bechor, primogenitus, vel in elitellis, etc. Asbel, ignis vanus, sive vetus. Gera, ruminatio, vel incolatus. Naaman, fidelis, vel motus eorum. Echi, frater meus. Ros, caput. Mophim, de ore eorum. Ared, descendens. Phithom, os abyssi, vel subito. Ramesse, pabulum, vel tinea, etc. Sephora, avis ejus, vel pulchritudo ejus, sive placens. Phua, hic, sive apparebo, sed melius, rubrum. Levi, additus. Moses, attrectans, vel palpans, aut sumptus ex aqua, sive assumptio. Raguel, pastio Dei, sive amicus ejus Deus. Jothor, superfluus hujus. Japhet, latitudo. FILII PHARES. Esrom, sagittam videns, etc. Amul, parcens. FILII EPHRAIM. Suthala, radicatus. Bechor, primogenitus. FILII MANASSE. Galaad, acervus testimonii. FILII BERIA. Eber, transitorem. Melchiel, rex meus Deus.","english":"Usim, their haste. SONS OF ASER. Aser, blessedness, or blessed. Jamne, maritime, or numerable. Jesua, a plain, or it is my desire, or certainly a savior. Jessui, it is to grieve. Beria, in his cry. Sara, a prince. SONS OF JOSEPH. Joseph, increase. Ephraim, fruitful, or growing. Manasses, forgetful, or necessity. Asseneth, ruin. Phetephre, a Libyan calf, division, or a declining mouth, etc. SONS OF BENJAMIN. Benjamin, son of the right hand. Bala, precipitating, or devouring. Bechor, firstborn, or in packsaddles, etc. Asbel, vain fire, or old. Gera, rumination, or sojourn. Naaman, faithful, or their motion. Echi, my brother. Ros, head. Mophim, from their mouth. Ared, descending. Phithom, mouth of the abyss, or suddenly. Ramesse, fodder, or moth, etc. Sephora, his bird, or his beauty, or pleasing. Phua, here, or I will appear, but better, red. Levi, added. Moses, handling, or feeling, or taken from water, or assumption. Raguel, pasture of God, or his friend God. Jothor, superfluous of this one. Japhet, breadth. SONS OF PHARES. Esrom, seeing an arrow, etc. Amul, sparing. SONS OF EPHRAIM. Suthala, rooted. Bechor, firstborn. SONS OF MANASSE. Galaad, heap of testimony. SONS OF BERIA. Eber, a passer-through. Melchiel, my king is God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Usim","severity":"info","text":"The name Usim is glossed as 'festinus eorum' (their haste). The Coptic form likely derives from the Hebrew root 'wš' (to hasten), though the exact biblical referent is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ephraim","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'frugiferum, sive erescentem' (fruitful, or growing) for Ephraim echoes the Hebrew etymology from 'pārâ' (to be fruitful), as seen in Genesis 41:52, where Joseph names his son Ephraim.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Phetephre","severity":"info","text":"Phetephre is glossed as 'libycus vitulus, divisio, vel os declinans' (a Libyan calf, division, or a declining mouth). This name appears in the Septuagint as Petephres, a priest of On, and is associated with Joseph's father-in-law in Genesis 41:45.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Moses","severity":"info","text":"The glosses for Moses—'attrectans, vel palpans, aut sumptus ex aqua, sive assumptio' (handling, or feeling, or taken from water, or assumption)—reflect the Hebrew etymology from mšh (to draw out), referencing his rescue from the Nile in Exodus 2:10.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"FILII","severity":"info","text":"The passage is organized by patriarchal headings (e.g., FILII ASER, FILII JOSEPH), listing names of descendants with etymological glosses. This structure mirrors the genealogical format of the Onomasticon, a common reference work for biblical names.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Phua","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss for Phua includes 'sed melius, rubrum' (but better, red), indicating a textual variant or interpretive preference. This suggests the compiler consulted multiple sources, possibly including the Septuagint or Hebrew traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact biblical referents for several names (e.g., Usim, Jessui) are unclear, as they may derive from variant traditions or lost sources.","The gloss 'etc.' at the end of some entries (e.g., Bechor, Ramesse) indicates that the list is abbreviated, leaving the full set of interpretations uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"FRAGMENTUM QUARTUM.\n\nInterpretatio Latina.\n\nINTERPRETATIO FEMININO- RUM NOMINUM HEBRAIC. Eva, vita. Sara, fasciculus visus, vel sterilis, aut princeps. Agar, ipsa proselyta, vel simul nutrix, aul advena est. Rebecca, multa patientia, vel varia, aut flatus desuper, vel laetitia. Debora, apis. Sepphora, gratia et pulchritude. Rachel, ovis, vel flatus fortis. Leia, laborans, vel sustinuit laborem, vel recusata. Bersabec, filia potentis. Saraa, veniens. Thamar, ejus quae mutavit, vel immu(??)avit, aul palma, vel amaritudo. Maria, quae dominatur, vel amatum mare. Mariam, illuminata, vel illuminans eos, aut dominus e genere meo, vel smyrna marina. Ruth, flatus, vel properans. Susanna, laetitia eorum, vel apostolicum lilium, aut resurrectio gloriae. VIRILIUM. Phares, septum. Esrom, materiam. Atham, sublimis. Aminadab, natio desiderabilis. Nasson, requies sempiterna. Salmon, accipe vas electum. Booz, adventus potens. Jobed, subordinatus Jessae, refrigeratio. David, desiderabilis, vel qui misericordiam consequitur, aut fortis manu, vel cui parata fuerunt abscondita. Salomon, pacificus. Roboam, in multitudine populi. Abiud, pater veniens. Asaph, myrtus; sicut enim myrtus visitur etiam tempore hyemis florens et bene olens, sic et historia justorum. Josaphat, dominus judex. Joram, dominus altitudinis. Ozias, sororis illustres. Jonathan, dominus immaculatus. Achaz, firmamentum domini.","english":"FRAGMENT FOUR.\n\nLatin Interpretation.\n\nINTERPRETATION OF FEMININE HEBREW NAMES. Eva, life. Sara, a bundle seen, or barren, or a prince. Agar, she herself a proselyte, or a nurse together, or a stranger. Rebecca, much patience, or various, or a breath from above, or joy. Debora, bee. Sepphora, grace and beauty. Rachel, sheep, or a strong breath. Leia, laboring, or she endured labor, or rejected. Bersabec, daughter of a powerful one. Saraa, coming. Thamar, she who changed, or changed, or palm, or bitterness. Maria, she who rules, or beloved sea. Mariam, illuminated, or illuminating them, or lord from my kind, or myrrh of the sea. Ruth, breath, or hastening. Susanna, their joy, or apostolic lily, or resurrection of glory. OF MASCULINE NAMES. Phares, division. Esrom, matter. Atham, lofty. Aminadab, a desirable nation. Nasson, eternal rest. Salmon, take a chosen vessel. Booz, a powerful arrival. Jobed, subordinate. Jessae, refreshment. David, desirable, or he who obtains mercy, or strong of hand, or to whom hidden things were prepared. Salomon, peaceful. Roboam, in a multitude of people. Abiud, a father coming. Asaph, myrtle; for just as the myrtle is seen even in winter time flowering and sweet-smelling, so also is the history of the just. Josaphat, the Lord is judge. Joram, the Lord of height. Ozias, illustrious sisters. Jonathan, the Lord is spotless. Achaz, the firmament of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Interpretatio Femininorum Nominum Hebraic.","severity":"info","text":"The heading marks a shift from the preceding list of sons of Jacob's sons to a systematic glossary of feminine Hebrew names, followed by masculine ones. This bipartite structure is typical of onomastica.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Maria","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Maria offers multiple etymologies: 'she who rules', 'beloved sea', and others. The variety reflects the fluidity of Hebrew name interpretation in patristic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Mariam","severity":"info","text":"Mariam is treated as a separate entry from Maria, with meanings including 'illuminated', 'illuminating them', and 'myrrh of the sea'. This distinction mirrors the Greek and Latin manuscript traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Asaph","severity":"info","text":"The gloss on Asaph compares the myrtle's winter flowering to 'the history of the just', a rare allegorical expansion. The myrtle appears in biblical contexts (e.g., Isaiah 55:13, Nehemiah 8:15) but the simile is not a direct quotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Susanna","severity":"info","text":"Susanna is glossed as 'apostolic lily' and 'resurrection of glory', terms that reflect early Christian typology linking the name to the resurrection narrative, possibly via the story of Susanna in Daniel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Thamar","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Thamar includes 'ejus quae mutavit, vel immu(??)avit', where the second verb is truncated or corrupt. The intended form may be 'immutavit' (changed), but the manuscript reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for Thamar contains a lacuna or scribal error in 'immu(??)avit'.","The relationship between the feminine and masculine lists and the preceding 'Sons of Joseph' section is not explicitly stated."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"Sedecias, justitia domini. Madiam, sede hic. Jesba asservata. Samaria, requiescens. Raasson, lumen Dei. Romeliae, domini requies hinc. Pharao, vitulus cornu feriens. Bathuel, virgo fortis. Chetura, parva. Chet, instrumentum. Gerson, inquilinus. Chalem, catulus. Jephthonei, apparitio mea. Helias, fortis domini mei. Elissaee, Dei salvator, vel Dei salus. Chebron, visio sempiterna. Asaph, facile congregatas. Gelboe, irreprehensio. Nelea, obsecratio addita. Edem, sanguificatio, voluptas. Gaidad, muro exstructa fuit. Maeel, sponsor roboris, auditus Dei. Adda, testibus comprobata. Sella, legens seipsam. Thobel, propositio. Noemin, psallens vox, non in organo. Jarer, respectus domini. Chanaan, adorans iniquitatem. Gomer, Thraces. Magog, omnis natio, vel omnes tribus. Madai, Parthi. Mosol, sagittarius. Theras, hastis pugnans. Oscanath, ignis incensus. Elisan, super mc venit. Tharsenses, hastas jaculantes. Chettim. conculcamentum in torculari, quod est bellum. Chus, AEthiops. Mesraim, AEgyptus. AEgyptus, defectus, vel caligo. Pbud, ejectus. Seban, porta et veni. Udedan, respondentes. Chus vero genuit Nebrod. Nebrod, floridorum. Babylon, confusio. Orec, procul. Sennaar, species belluina. Assur, Mesopotamia. Nineve, orans. Chanaan vero genuit Sidonem. Sidon, egredere in indicio. Chethatha, aberrans. AElam, orbem terrae. Arphaxad, visus, sive videns ex omni. Aram, sublimis.","english":"Sedecias, justice of the Lord. Madiam, sit here. Jesba, preserved. Samaria, resting. Raasson, light of God. Romeliae, rest of the Lord from here. Pharao, a calf striking with its horn. Bathuel, strong virgin. Chetura, small. Chet, instrument. Gerson, sojourner. Chalem, puppy. Jephthonei, my apparition. Helias, strong one of my Lord. Elissaee, God the savior, or salvation of God. Chebron, eternal vision. Asaph, easily gathered. Gelboe, irreproachableness. Nelea, added supplication. Edem, blood-making, pleasure. Gaidad, was built up as a wall. Maeel, guarantor of strength, hearing of God. Adda, proven by witnesses. Sella, gathering herself. Thobel, proposition. Noemin, a singing voice, not in an instrument. Jarer, regard of the Lord. Chanaan, adoring iniquity. Gomer, Thracians. Magog, every nation, or all tribes. Madai, Parthians. Mosol, archer. Theras, fighting with spears. Oscanath, kindled fire. Elisan, he comes upon me. Tharsenses, hurling spears. Chettim, a trampling in the winepress, which is war. Chus, Ethiopian. Mesraim, Egypt. Egypt, defect, or darkness. Pbud, cast out. Seban, gate and come. Udedan, answering. Chus indeed begot Nebrod. Nebrod, of flourishing ones. Babylon, confusion. Orec, far off. Sennaar, beastly appearance. Assur, Mesopotamia. Nineve, praying. Chanaan indeed begot Sidon. Sidon, go out into judgment. Chethatha, wandering. AElam, circle of the earth. Arphaxad, seen, or seeing from all. Aram, sublime.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sedecias","severity":"info","text":"Sedecias is a Latin transliteration of the Hebrew name Tzidqiyahu, meaning 'justice of the Lord.' The gloss reflects a standard etymological interpretation in Jerome's tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Chanaan","severity":"info","text":"The genealogy from Chus to Nebrod and Chanaan to Sidon echoes the Table of Nations in Genesis 10, where Cush (Chus) begets Nimrod (Nebrod) and Canaan (Chanaan) begets Sidon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Gomer, Magog, Madai","severity":"info","text":"These names are identified with peoples known in classical geography: Gomer with the Thracians, Magog with 'every nation' or 'all tribes,' and Madai with the Parthians, reflecting late antique ethnography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chus vero genuit Nebrod","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Chus vero genuit Nebrod' marks a shift from simple name glosses to a genealogical narrative, following the pattern of Genesis 10.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Noemin","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss 'psallens vox, non in organo' is unusual; 'psallens vox' suggests a singing voice, but the qualification 'non in organo' may indicate a textual corruption or a glossator's correction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"AEgyptus","severity":"info","text":"The double gloss for AEgyptus ('defectus, vel caligo') parallels Jerome's etymologies in his Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum, where Egypt is often linked to darkness or defect.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic text is a Latin list of Hebrew name glosses; the source of the glosses (Jerome or a derivative) is not explicitly stated. The reading assumes a direct or indirect dependence on Jerome's Onomasticon."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"Job, dilectus domini. Gamer, torcular. Mosoch, sagittarius. Eber, trajiciens. Jectan, parvus natura. Elmodad, motus. AEthiae, descendentes. Atharudam, visibilem sublimem. Ozan, leves. Ethecmal, nubilosus. Ethemmimael, pater meus fortis. Ophed, lumen sanationis. Evilath, ostende hic. Aram, novissima. Jobab, diligens dominum. Nachor, obsecratio novissima. Lot, redemptus. Chaldaei, harioli, magi. Sychem, humeros. Bethel, domus fortis. Aggae, festivitas. Amarpha, occursus malus. Ariol. leo, vel nomen regis. Eschod, botrus. Onaan, iniquitas. Chobal, sufficit. Damascus, ascensus taciturnus. Batus, olium. Chananaeorum, adorantium iniquitatem. Amorrhaeorum, minimorum. Pherezaeorum, tortuosorum quasi super serpentes. Gergesaeorum, commoratio vana. Jebusaeorum, pudefactorum. Daron, arca. Sina, visio sempiterna, vel odium. Israel, videns Deum, vel populus fortis.","english":"Job, beloved of the Lord. Gamer, winepress. Mosoch, archer. Eber, crossing over. Jectan, small by nature. Elmodad, motion. AEthiae, descending ones. Atharudam, visible sublime. Ozan, light ones. Ethecmal, cloudy. Ethemmimael, my father is strong. Ophed, light of healing. Evilath, show here. Aram, last. Jobab, loving the Lord. Nachor, last entreaty. Lot, redeemed. Chaldaei, soothsayers, magi. Sychem, shoulders. Bethel, house of strength. Aggae, festival. Amarpha, evil encounter. Ariol, lion, or name of a king. Eschod, cluster of grapes. Onaan, iniquity. Chobal, it suffices. Damascus, silent ascent. Batus, oil. Chananaeorum, of those worshipping iniquity. Amorrhaeorum, of the least ones. Pherezaeorum, of those twisted as if over serpents. Gergesaeorum, vain dwelling. Jebusaeorum, of those put to shame. Daron, ark. Sina, eternal vision, or hatred. Israel, seeing God, or strong people.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Chaldaei","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'Chaldaei' is glossed as 'harioli, magi' (soothsayers, magi), reflecting a late antique association of the Chaldeans with astrology and divination, not a biblical ethnic designation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Ariol","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Ariol' is glossed as 'leo, vel nomen regis' (lion, or name of a king). The double gloss suggests uncertainty; the form may be a corruption of a Hebrew or Aramaic name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Israel","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'videns Deum, vel populus fortis' (seeing God, or strong people) echoes two common patristic etymologies: 'one who sees God' (from 'ish ro'eh El) and 'strong people' (from 'sar' or 'sara').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Chananaeorum","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'adorantium iniquitatem' (of those worshipping iniquity) reflects a polemical Christian interpretation of Canaanites as idolaters, common in patristic exegesis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the alphabetical or thematic listing of names with etymologies, typical of onomastica sacra. The sequence is not strictly biblical order but follows a traditional list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ethemmimael","severity":"caution","text":"The form 'Ethemmimael' is unusual; the gloss 'pater meus fortis' (my father is strong) suggests a Hebrew etymology from 'ab' (father) and 'ammi' (my people) or similar, but the name is not standard in biblical lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic Vorlage for several names (e.g., 'Ariol', 'Ethemmimael') is uncertain; the Latin may reflect a corrupt or variant tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"Codex Vaticanus.\n\nHieronymus,\n\nLIBER NOMINUM HEBRAICORUM. Eva, vita, aut vae, aut calamitas. Sara, princeps. Agar. advena, vel conversa. Rebecca, multa patientia, vel multum accepit, sive patientia. Debora, apis, vel loquax. Sephora, aris ejus, vel pulchritudo ejus, sive placens. Rachel, ovis, vel videns principium, aul visio sceleris, etc. Lia, laboriosa. Bethsabee, filia juramenti. Sarai, princeps mea. Thamar, palma, vel amara. Maria, sermone Syro domina nuncupatur. Mariam, plerique aestimant interpretari, illuminant mo isti, vel illuminatrix, vel smyrna maris: sed mihi nequaquam videtur. Melius autem esi, ut dicamus sonare eam stellam maris, vel amarum mare. Ruth, festinans, aul videns, etc. Susanna, lilium, aut gratia, ejus; sed melius si femininum nomen figuretur a lilio. VIRILIUM. Phares, divisio, sive divisit. Esrom, sagittam vidit, sive atrium eorum. Aram, excelsus. Aminadab, populus meus voluntarius. Naasson, quidam putant requietum sonitum: sed melius est, augurans, sive serpens eorum. Salmon, sensibilis, sive sensus. Booz, in quo robur, vel in ipso fortitudo: sed melius, in fortitudine. Obed, serviens. Jessai, insulae libatio, sed melius incensum. David, desiderabilis, aut fortis manu. Salomon, pacificus, sive pacatus erit. Roboam, impetus populi. Abia, pater dominus Asa, tollens, vel attollens. Josaphat, ipse judicans; sed melius, dominus judicabit.","english":"Codex Vaticanus.\n\nJerome,\n\nBook of Hebrew Names. Eve, life, or woe, or calamity. Sarah, princess. Hagar, stranger, or convert. Rebecca, much patience, or she received much, or patience. Deborah, bee, or talkative. Zipporah, her light, or her beauty, or pleasing. Rachel, ewe, or seeing the beginning, or vision of wickedness, etc. Leah, laborious. Bathsheba, daughter of an oath. Sarai, my princess. Tamar, palm, or bitter. Mary, in Syriac speech is called lady. Mariam, many think is interpreted, they illuminate me, or illuminatrix, or myrrh of the sea: but it does not seem so to me at all. But it is better that we say she sounds like star of the sea, or bitter sea. Ruth, hastening, or seeing, etc. Susanna, lily, or her grace; but better if a feminine noun is figured from a lily. MASCULINE. Phares, division, or he divided. Esrom, he saw an arrow, or their court. Aram, high. Aminadab, my people willing. Naasson, some think means resounding sound: but it is better, auguring, or their serpent. Salmon, sensible, or sense. Boaz, in whom is strength, or in him fortitude: but better, in fortitude. Obed, serving. Jesse, libation of the island, but better incense. David, desirable, or strong of hand. Solomon, peaceful, or he will be pacified. Rehoboam, rush of the people. Abijah, father is lord. Asa, lifting, or raising. Jehoshaphat, he judging; but better, the Lord will judge.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage divides into two sections: feminine names (Eva through Susanna) and masculine names (Phares through Josaphat), marked by the rubric VIRILIUM.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Maria","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Maria/Mariam offers multiple etymologies: 'star of the sea' (stella maris) and 'bitter sea' (amarum mare), with the author rejecting 'illuminatrix' and 'myrrh of the sea'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The etymologies reflect Jerome's Onomastica tradition, drawing on Hebrew, Greek, and Syriac philology, as seen in the note that Maria is 'in Syriac speech called lady'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Naasson","severity":"caution","text":"The reading 'requietum sonitum' for Naasson is uncertain; the author prefers 'augurans, sive serpens eorum', indicating textual variation in the source tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is part of the Liber nominum Hebraicorum, a key reference for medieval biblical exegesis, transmitted in the Codex Vaticanus and attributed to Jerome.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic cues for the structural classification are not present in the Latin text; the classification 'narrative' is assumed from the metadata.","The reading 'aul visio sceleris' for Rachel may be a scribal error for 'vel visio sceleris'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"Joram, ubi est excelsus? aut quis est excelsus? sed melius, sublimabitur. Ozia, fortitudo domini. Joatham, consummatus, sive perfectus. Achaz, apprehende. Sedecias, justus dominus. Manasse, obliviosus. Josias, ubi est incensum domini vel salus Domini, etc. Samaria, custodita. Raason, cursus, vel complacitio, sive placentia, quam significati· tius Graeci vocant. Romelias, excelsus domini. Pharao, dissipator, sive discooperuit eum. Bathuel, virgo Dei. Chettura, thymiama offerens, vel copulata, aut juncta. Cheth, percutiens. Gersan, advena ibi. Chaleb, quasi cor, aut omne cor, vel canis. Jefanne, innuit, vel innuens. Elia, Deus dominus. Elisaeus, Dei mei salus. Chebron, conjugium, aut visio sempiterna, etc. Asaph, congregans. Gelboe, volutatio, sive decursus, vel acervus pluens. Melcha, regina ejus. Eden, voluptas, sive deliciae, vel ornatus. Gedera, maceria, sive sepes. Maviael, qui esi dominus, vel ex vita Deus. Ada, testimonium. Sella, umbra ejus. Thobel, ductus ad luctum, vel conversus, aut universa. Noema, decor, sive voluptas, vel fides, Jared, descendens, sive roborans. Chanaan,, hoc est motus eorum, etc. Gomer, assumptio, sive consume matio, etc. Magog, quod, id est tectum, vel de tecto. Madai, mensura, sive quam sufficienter. Mesech. prolongatio, vel certe compressus. Thiras. timens, vel redimens, aut superfluum.","english":"Joram, where is the high one? or who is the high one? but better, he will be exalted. Ozia, strength of the Lord. Joatham, completed, or perfect. Achaz, seize. Sedecias, the Lord is just. Manasse, forgetful. Josias, where is the incense of the Lord or salvation of the Lord, etc. Samaria, guarded. Raason, running, or pleasing, or pleasantness, which the Greeks more significantly call. Romelias, high one of the Lord. Pharao, scatterer, or he uncovered him. Bathuel, virgin of God. Chettura, offering incense, or united, or joined. Cheth, striking. Gersan, stranger there. Chaleb, as if heart, or whole heart, or dog. Jefanne, he nods, or nodding. Elia, God the Lord. Elisaeus, salvation of my God. Chebron, marriage, or eternal vision, etc. Asaph, gathering. Gelboe, rolling, or running down, or heap raining. Melcha, queen of him. Eden, pleasure, or delights, or ornament. Gedera, wall, or hedge. Maviael, who is the Lord, or from life God. Ada, testimony. Sella, shadow of him. Thobel, led to mourning, or turned, or universal. Noema, beauty, or pleasure, or faith. Jared, descending, or strengthening. Chanaan, that is, movement of them, etc. Gomer, assumption, or completion, etc. Magog, which, that is, roof, or from the roof. Madai, measure, or how sufficiently. Mesech, prolongation, or certainly compressed. Thiras, fearing, or redeeming, or superfluous.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Joram","severity":"info","text":"Joram is interpreted as 'ubi est excelsus?' (where is the high one?) or 'quis est excelsus?' (who is the high one?), with a preferred reading 'sublimabitur' (he will be exalted). This reflects the onomastic tradition of deriving Hebrew names from verbal roots.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Raason","severity":"info","text":"Raason is glossed as 'cursus' (running), 'complacitio' (pleasing), or 'placentia' (pleasantness), with a note that the Greeks call it more significantly. This indicates a comparative awareness of Greek onomastic practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Pharao","severity":"info","text":"Pharao is interpreted as 'dissipator' (scatterer) or 'discooperuit eum' (he uncovered him). The latter may reflect a folk etymology connecting the name to the Hebrew root for 'to uncover'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Chaleb","severity":"info","text":"Chaleb is given three interpretations: 'quasi cor' (as if heart), 'omne cor' (whole heart), or 'canis' (dog). The first two derive from the Hebrew 'lev' (heart), while 'canis' is a literal translation of the name Caleb.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Magog","severity":"info","text":"Magog is interpreted as 'quod, id est tectum' (which, that is, roof) or 'de tecto' (from the roof). This reflects a speculative etymology, possibly linking the name to a Semitic root for 'roof' or 'cover'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the list of Hebrew names with etymological glosses, following the pattern of Jerome's Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum. The sequence is not strictly alphabetical but groups names from biblical contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'sublimabitur' for Joram is preferred but not explained; the basis for the alternative 'ubi est excelsus?' is unclear.","The phrase 'quam significati· tius Graeci vocant' is textually corrupt; the intended meaning may be 'which the Greeks call more significantly'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"Aschenez, ignis sic aspersus· Elisa, Dens mens, vel ejus salus, vel ad insulam, vel Dei mei salvatio. Tharsis, exploratores laetitiae, vel gaudii. Chetim, confracti. Chus, AEthiops. Mesraim, hostes eorum, vel AEgyptus. AEgyptus, tribulatio coangustans. Phut, Libya, sive oris declinatio. Seba, captus, sive captivitas, vel certe convertens. Dedan, judicans. Chus, AEthiops. Nemrod, tyrannus, vel profugus, aut transgressor. Babylon, confusio. Orech, longitudo. Sennaar, excussio dentium, sive fetor eorum. Assur, dirigens, vel beatus, aut gradiens. Nineve, pulchra, vel germen pulchritudinis. Chanaan, motus eorum, vel negotiator, aut humilis. Sidona, venatio moeroris. Chethaeus, mentis excessus, sive fixus, vel abscissus. Elam, saeculi, vel orbis. Arphaxad, sanans depopulationem. Aram, excelsus. Job, magus· Gomer, assumptio, sive consummatio, vel perfectio. Mesech, prolongatio, sive defectio, aut certe compressus. Eber, transitorem. Jectan, parvulus. Elmodad, ad matrem ejus praecipuam, sive Dei mensura. Jaree, luna. Aduram, generatio excelsa. Aizel; pergens. Decla, subtile, sive palmata, Ebal, vallis vetus, sive acervus lapidum. Abimael, pater meus a Deo. Ophir, irritum, vel inherbosum. AEvila, dolens, sive parturiens. Aran, iracunde, vel decor. Jobab, mago patre sive distillans. Nachor, requies luminis, vel obsecratio novissima. Lot, vinctus, sive decimatio.","english":"Aschenez, fire thus sprinkled. Elisa, God of the mind, or his salvation, or to the island, or the salvation of my God. Tharsis, explorers of joy, or of gladness. Chetim, broken. Chus, Ethiopian. Mesraim, their enemies, or Egypt. Egypt, constricting tribulation. Phut, Libya, or the declination of a shore. Seba, captured, or captivity, or certainly turning. Dedan, judging. Chus, Ethiopian. Nemrod, tyrant, or fugitive, or transgressor. Babylon, confusion. Orech, length. Sennaar, shaking of teeth, or their stench. Assur, directing, or blessed, or walking. Nineve, beautiful, or the sprout of beauty. Chanaan, their movement, or merchant, or lowly. Sidona, hunting of grief. Chethaeus, excess of mind, or fixed, or cut off. Elam, of the age, or of the world. Arphaxad, healing depopulation. Aram, high. Job, magician. Gomer, assumption, or completion, or perfection. Mesech, prolongation, or defection, or certainly compressed. Eber, crosser. Jectan, little one. Elmodad, to his special mother, or the measure of God. Jaree, moon. Aduram, high generation. Aizel, going. Decla, subtle, or palm-bearing. Ebal, old valley, or heap of stones. Abimael, my father from God. Ophir, vain, or without grass. AEvila, grieving, or giving birth. Aran, wrathfully, or beauty. Jobab, with a magician father, or dripping. Nachor, rest of light, or most recent entreaty. Lot, bound, or tithing.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Aschenez","severity":"info","text":"The name Aschenez (Ashkenaz) is here glossed as 'fire thus sprinkled', a folk etymology unrelated to the historical figure in Genesis 10:3. The Coptic form reflects the Greek transmission of the Hebrew.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Chus","severity":"info","text":"The repeated entry 'Chus, Ethiopian' (twice in the passage) corresponds to the biblical Cush, son of Ham (Genesis 10:6). The duplication may reflect separate traditions or a scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Phut","severity":"info","text":"Phut is identified with Libya, a common patristic equation (cf. Josephus, Antiquities 1.6.2). The alternative 'declination of a shore' is a Greek-influenced etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Josephus"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chus","severity":"info","text":"The repetition of 'Chus, Ethiopian' within a few lines suggests the compiler drew from multiple source lists without harmonizing them, a common feature in this genre.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Nemrod","severity":"info","text":"Nimrod is glossed as 'tyrant, or fugitive, or transgressor', reflecting the negative reception of this figure in Jewish and Christian tradition (cf. Genesis 10:8-9).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Job","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss 'Job, magician' is anomalous; Job is not a magician in the biblical text. This may reflect a corrupt entry or a confusion with a different figure (e.g., Jobab).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The duplication of 'Chus' may be a scribal error or intentional from separate sources.","The gloss 'Job, magician' is unexplained and likely corrupt."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"Chaldaei, quasi daemonia, vel quasi ubera, sive feroces. Syehem, humeri. Bethel, domus Dei. Aggai, quaestio, vel festivitas. Amaraphal, dixit ut caderet. Arioch, ebrius, vel ebrietas. Eschol, botrus, sive ignis omnis. Obam, dolor, vel tristitia eorum, etc. Et On, iniquitas. Chobal, condemnatio. Damascus, sanguinis potus, sive sanguinis osculum, vel sanguis sacci. Batus, nomen mensurae. Chananaei, negotiatores, sive hic pauperculus, aut praeparati, vel humilitas. Amorrhaei, amari, vel loquentes. Pherezaei, separati, sive absque muro, vel separantes, sive disseminati, vel fructificantes. Gergesaei, colonum ejicientes, sive advenae propinquantes· Jebusaei. calcati, sive praesepe. Aaron, mons fortitudinis, sive mons Tortis. Sinai, ampliora mea, sive mensura mea, vel mandatum. Israel, est videre Deum, sive vir, aut meus videns Deum; sed melius, rectus Dei,","english":"Chaldaei, as if demons, or as if breasts, or fierce. Syehem, shoulders. Bethel, house of God. Aggai, question, or festivity. Amaraphal, he said that he would fall. Arioch, drunk, or drunkenness. Eschol, cluster, or fire of all. Obam, pain, or their sadness, etc. And On, iniquity. Chobal, condemnation. Damascus, drink of blood, or kiss of blood, or blood of sack. Batus, name of a measure. Chananaei, merchants, or this poor little one, or prepared, or humility. Amorrhaei, bitter, or speaking. Pherezaei, separated, or without a wall, or separating, or scattered, or fruitful. Gergesaei, expelling a tenant, or approaching strangers. Jebusaei, trampled, or manger. Aaron, mountain of strength, or mountain of Tortis. Sinai, my greater things, or my measure, or commandment. Israel, is to see God, or man, or my one seeing God; but better, straight of God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Chaldaei","severity":"info","text":"The entry offers three competing etymologies: 'as if demons', 'as if breasts', or 'fierce'. The first may derive from Hebrew 'k'sh'dim' (demons), the second from 'shad' (breast), the third from 'kasdim' (Chaldeans) associated with ferocity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Damascus","severity":"info","text":"The three interpretations ('drink of blood', 'kiss of blood', 'blood of sack') reflect a common etymological play on Hebrew 'dam' (blood) and 'shaqah' (to drink) or 'shiq' (sack). The city's name is here treated as a compound.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Israel","severity":"info","text":"The entry gives multiple etymologies, concluding 'better, straight of God'. This reflects Jerome's preference for 'yashar' (straight) + 'El' (God), a standard patristic etymology found in his own works.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Aaron","severity":"info","text":"The second etymology 'mountain of Tortis' is obscure; 'Tortis' may be a corruption of 'Tabor' or a scribal error. Jerome's usual etymology for Aaron is 'mountain of strength' (Hebrew 'har' + 'on').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the list format of the preceding, with each entry giving multiple etymological options separated by 'vel' or 'sive'. The sequence moves from peoples (Chaldaei, Chananaei) to places (Syehem, Bethel, Damascus) to persons (Aaron, Israel).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Obam","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Obam' is not a standard biblical name; it may be a corruption of 'Oban' or 'Obad'. The gloss 'pain, or their sadness' suggests a Hebrew root 'av' (grief) but the form is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'Tortis' in the Aaron entry is unclear; possibly a scribal error for 'Tabor' or another mountain name.","The name 'Obam' is not attested in standard biblical onomastica; its identification is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"FRAGMENTUM QUINTUM.\n\nInterpretatio Latina.\n\nDICTIONES SECUNDUM ELEMENTA LINGUAE HEBRAICAE, A Asara, ingratus. Adonai, domine. Adon, propheta, dupliciter dicitur. Abenezer, lapis adjuvans. Ano, gloria. Abael, a Deo. Ada et Seila, terra et spes. Abigaea, patris sublimis. Ammanitae, curvatura. Abba, pater. Azael, ablegatio. Adamatha, terra rufa. Ariel, leo validus. Aaron, ecce opus, ecce. Adonibezec, domini adjutorium. Abiel, laus. AEnos, homo. Aria, leo. Ammon et Moab, de genere meo, et de patre meo. Alleluia, laudate, hymnis celebrate dominum. B Bethel, domns Dei. Bethleem, domus panis. Bethania, demus gloriae. Bethphage, domus prosperi successus. Bersabee, filia potentis. Bathuel, qui est venientis. Bosor, caro. Beliar, quaesitor. Beelzeebul, daemon Baceloseorum. Bamam, mater. Baalim, daemonia. Berecthra, musca vocatur. Bal, daemon. Barjona, fili columbae, vel fili Jona. G Gamaliel, loquax Dei. Gedeon, trahens. Galaad, ab uno. D Gaza, advena. D Degoen, natio non natio. Drus Mambri, qui est filii. Dalida, judicium mihi. Udrosos Aermon, ros glorificatus. E Eloai, Deus. Elocthe, Deus venit. Ephraim, consolator. Eliezer, Dei auxilium; qui etiam transfertur David. Exam athem, de emissione. Exanathom, a me veniens. Ephrata, consolationis. In terram Moab, in genus patris mei. (??), per spiritum introeuntem. Ex monte Ephraim, de monte consolationis. Elcana, potens gloria.","english":"Fifth Fragment.\n\nLatin Interpretation.\n\nWords According to the Elements of the Hebrew Language: A Asara, ungrateful. Adonai, lord. Adon, prophet, said in two ways. Abenezer, helping stone. Ano, glory. Abael, from God. Ada and Seila, earth and hope. Abigaea, sublime father. Ammanitae, curvature. Abba, father. Azael, sending away. Adamatha, red earth. Ariel, strong lion. Aaron, behold the work, behold. Adonibezec, help of the lord. Abiel, praise. AEnos, man. Aria, lion. Ammon and Moab, from my kind, and from my father. Alleluia, praise, celebrate the Lord with hymns. B Bethel, house of God. Bethleem, house of bread. Bethania, house of glory. Bethphage, house of prosperous success. Bersabee, daughter of the mighty one. Bathuel, who is of the coming one. Bosor, flesh. Beliar, seeker. Beelzeebul, demon of the Baceloseans. Bamam, mother. Baalim, demons. Berecthra, it is called a fly. Bal, demon. Barjona, son of a dove, or son of Jonah. G Gamaliel, talkative of God. Gedeon, drawing. Galaad, from one. D Gaza, stranger. D Degoen, nation not nation. Drus Mambri, who is of the sons. Dalida, judgment to me. Udrosos Aermon, glorified dew. E Eloai, God. Elocthe, God comes. Ephraim, comforter. Eliezer, help of God; which is also translated as David. Exam athem, from emission. Exanathom, coming from me. Ephrata, of consolation. Into the land of Moab, into the kind of my father. (??), through the entering spirit. From Mount Ephraim, from the mountain of consolation. Elcana, powerful glory.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"FRAGMENTUM QUINTUM","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'FRAGMENTUM QUINTUM' marks this as the fifth of several fragments, indicating a compilation of disparate materials.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Adonai","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Adonai, domine' reflects the Hebrew term for 'lord', often used as a divine title in the Hebrew Bible.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Alleluia","severity":"info","text":"'Alleluia, laudate, hymnis celebrate dominum' interprets the Hebrew liturgical exclamation as a call to praise the Lord with hymns.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Bethleem","severity":"info","text":"'Bethleem, domus panis' (house of bread) is the standard etymological gloss for Bethlehem, the birthplace of David and Jesus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Beelzeebul","severity":"info","text":"'Beelzeebul, daemon Baceloseorum' likely reflects a corruption of Beelzebub, a Philistine deity, here associated with a group called 'Bacelosei'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Drus Mambri","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Drus Mambri, qui est filii' is obscure; 'Drus' may be a garbled form, and the interpretation 'who is of the sons' is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The fragment contains several obscure or corrupt entries (e.g., 'Drus Mambri', 'Udrosos Aermon') whose original Hebrew or Greek forms are uncertain.","The grouping by letters of the alphabet (A, B, G, D, E) is incomplete and may reflect a damaged source."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"Elisaeus, virtus Dei. In virgulto Sabec, in plantatione forti, sive aureo olore. Ex Agge requie. In terra Naim, in terra laudantium. Elimelec, Dei regia. Ex Arira, de resistente spiritu. Eber, Hebraei. Evinas interpretatur, qui ostendit serpentes, cujus numerus est 666. Eliacum, Dei sepositus. Z (??). Zorobabel, qui fait Salathiel, de confusione. H Heliu, fortis Domini. Esau, resurgens: vocatus est AEdom, deficiens. Venit in Elim, venit in locum Dei. Venit in Aphecca, venit in tenebroso. Filia Bathuel, filia venientis fortis. Thala, convallis. Tharsis, quae urendi vim habet. Thara, ignis spiritus. Thabor, prodi ab spiritu. I Jesus, salvator. Josias, salvatus. Jao, invisibilis. Jochabel, super arcam. Jou. vide a Domino. Jephthae, accipiens. Jesus Josedech, salvator pacis. Jordanes, confirmatus, vel terra ultima, deficiens, vel bruchus. Illumaea, deficiens, aut bruchus. Jerusalem, ipsius est spiritus gratiae. Jesus Nave, salvator justitiae. Ismael, exauditio fortis, vel respice, Deus. Jaser, domini auxilium. Jonathan, columbus veniens, aut venit. Japheth, latitudo. Jomadam, columba unius. Joannes, baptizator. Josedec, justitia. Jechonias, mundus. Joacim, sepositus. Isesias, obumbrans. K Kedar testacea. Karbasinum, impollutum. Rades, caelebs. Radon, sanctus. Et erat homo de Armathem Siphae, et erat homo de emissione splendoris. Et nomen illi Elcana, et nomen illi fortis gloria.","english":"Elisaeus, strength of God. In the thicket Sabec, in a strong plantation, or a golden swan. From Haggai, rest. In the land Naim, in the land of those praising. Elimelech, royal house of God. From Arira, from a resisting spirit. Eber, Hebrew. Evinas is interpreted as, who shows serpents, whose number is 666. Eliakim, set apart by God. Z (??). Zerubbabel, who was Shealtiel, from confusion. H Heliu, strong one of the Lord. Esau, rising again: he is called Edom, failing. He came to Elim, he came to a place of God. He came to Aphekah, he came to a dark place. Daughter of Bethuel, daughter of a strong one coming. Thala, a valley. Tarshish, which has the power of burning. Terah, spirit of fire. Tabor, come forth from spirit. I Jesus, savior. Josiah, saved. Jao, invisible. Jochebed, over the ark. Jou, see from the Lord. Jephthah, taking. Jesus Josedech, savior of peace. Jordan, confirmed, or farthest land, failing, or locust. Idumea, failing, or locust. Jerusalem, its own spirit of grace. Joshua son of Nun, savior of righteousness. Ishmael, hearing of the strong, or look, God. Jaser, help of the Lord. Jonathan, dove coming, or came. Japheth, breadth. Jomadam, dove of one. John, baptizer. Josedec, righteousness. Jeconiah, pure. Joakim, set apart. Isaiah, overshadowing. K Kedar, earthenware. Carbasinus, undefiled. Rades, unmarried. Radon, holy. And there was a man from Armathem Siphae, and there was a man from the emission of splendor. And his name was Elkanah, and his name was strong glory.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Evinas","severity":"info","text":"Evinas is a Greek transliteration of a Hebrew name, here glossed as 'who shows serpents' and linked to the number 666, a known apocalyptic symbol.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Jesus Nave","severity":"info","text":"Jesus Nave (Joshua son of Nun) is a biblical figure; the gloss 'savior of righteousness' reflects a common typological reading in patristic exegesis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Zorobabel","severity":"info","text":"Zerubbabel (Zorobabel) is identified with Shealtiel (Salathiel) in 1 Chronicles 3:19; the gloss 'from confusion' plays on the Hebrew root bll.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Z (??)","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Z (??)' indicates a lacuna or corruption in the manuscript; the original likely contained a Hebrew name beginning with Z.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Jerusalem","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'its own spirit of grace' for Jerusalem is unusual; it may derive from a combination of Hebrew yir'eh (see) and shalom (peace) via popular etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Jou","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Jou, see from the Lord' is obscure; 'Jou' may be a scribal error for 'Jo' or a variant of a divine name, but the reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry 'Z (??)' is corrupt; the intended Hebrew name is unknown. 'Jou' may be a scribal error. The gloss 'aureo olore' (golden swan) for 'Sabec' is obscure and may reflect a misreading or a lost tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"Koilas, mare. L Lamech, qui est in praeceptis. M Melloth, regina parva. Moyses, aquae ablatio. Moysi, non aqua est. Merra, amaritudo. Maria, domina nostra. Mabri, filii. Melchisedec, rex pacis. Maselech. mutus. Maozin, quemcunque tandem. Moabitae, locusta. Moab, de patre meo. Manaan illi, dilationem illi. Manasse, a resistente. Manne, aliquan 10. Mestraim, niger AEgyptius. Mamona, divitiae. Melcho, reges. Man, quid? Melche, rex. Mazer, de longe, vocatus est vero dominus. Beatus es, Simon, beatus obaudiens. N Nazar, flos. Nazaraeus, floribus variegatus. Nacinam, prae somno capite nutans. Nomin, dulcis. Nachor, mei ipsius. Nabat, corvus. Nephthaleim, opitulatio, et Nephthalim, convertit me. Nachael, ego Deus veniens. Nabuthe, a spiritu veniens. O Hollam, ingrediens. Holiba, egrediens. P Phasec, redemptio. Pathura, mensa. Apponebantur in Be, diabolo dicto. R Raca, vacuus. Raph, flatus patris. Rachel, flatus potentis. S Sabaoth, virtutum. Sampson, sol. Sipha, splendor. Siphan, resistens faciebus. Solomon, gratiarum. Samarites, auditus loquentis. Somanites, qui audivit. Samuel, petitio a Deo. Selom, locus ubi tabernaculum. Sion, sitiens. Sina, sitis. Silom, venustus. Seila, spes. Siloam, emissus. Sepphora, gratia huic spirationi. Salem, gratia. Sith, resurrectio. Sem, resurrexi. Somam, obediens. Sabbaim, AEthiopes Satanas, affligens. Samuel, minister audiens Deum.","english":"Koilas, a sea. L Lamech, who is in the precepts. M Melloth, a little queen. Moyses, a removal of water. Moysi, it is not water. Merra, bitterness. Maria, our lady. Mabri, sons. Melchisedec, king of peace. Maselech, mute. Maozin, whatever at last. Moabitae, a locust. Moab, from my father. Manaan illi, a delay to him. Manasse, from a resisting one. Manne, something 10. Mestraim, a black Egyptian. Mamona, riches. Melcho, kings. Man, what? Melche, king. Mazer, from afar, but truly he is called lord. Blessed are you, Simon, blessed are you who obey. N Nazar, a flower. Nazaraeus, variegated with flowers. Nacinam, nodding the head from sleep. Nomin, sweet. Nachor, of myself. Nabat, a raven. Nephthaleim, help, and Nephthalim, he turns me. Nachael, I, God, coming. Nabuthe, coming from a spirit. O Hollam, entering. Holiba, departing. P Phasec, redemption. Pathura, a table. They were placed in Be, with the devil spoken of. R Raca, empty. Raph, a breath of the father. Rachel, a breath of the mighty one. S Sabaoth, of the hosts. Sampson, the sun. Sipha, splendor. Siphan, resisting faces. Solomon, of thanks. Samarites, of the one speaking who hears. Somanites, who heard. Samuel, a petition from God. Selom, a place where the tabernacle is. Sion, thirsting. Sina, thirst. Silom, handsome. Seila, hope. Siloam, sent out. Sepphora, grace to this breathing. Salem, grace. Sith, resurrection. Sem, I have risen. Somam, obedient. Sabbaim, Ethiopians. Satanas, afflicting. Samuel, a minister hearing God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Moyses","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Moyses, aquae ablatio' and the correction 'Moysi, non aqua est' reflect a known etymological debate: Jerome (Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum) derives Moses from Hebrew mōšeh, 'drawing out' (of water), but the anonymous corrector insists on a different analysis, possibly from Egyptian ms, 'child'.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Jerome, Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Mamona","severity":"info","text":"'Mamona, divitiae' glosses the Aramaic māmōnā, 'wealth', used in the New Testament (Matthew 6:24, Luke 16:1) as a personification of riches. The Latin Vulgate often transliterates mammona.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sabaoth","severity":"info","text":"'Sabaoth, virtutum' renders the Hebrew ṣĕbāʾōt, 'armies' or 'hosts', as in the divine title Dominus exercituum (Vulgate, e.g., 1 Samuel 1:3). The Greek transcription Σαβαωθ was common in liturgical and patristic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Mazer","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Mazer, de longe, vocatus est vero dominus' is syntactically confused: the first part may derive from Hebrew māṣar, 'to be distant', but the second clause ('he is truly called lord') seems intrusive, possibly a marginal gloss misincorporated into the lemma.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Sampson","severity":"info","text":"'Sampson, sol' matches Jerome's etymology of Samson from Hebrew šemeš, 'sun' (Liber interpretationis). The same derivation appears in the Onomastica Vaticana and other patristic onomastica.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Jerome, Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Be","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Apponebantur in Be, diabolo dicto' is a rare editorial comment: it notes that entries beginning with Be- (e.g., Belial, Beelzebub) were placed under the letter B, with the devil mentioned. This reflects the compiler's awareness of the alphabetical ordering of the source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Coptic Vorlage for several entries (e.g., Koilas, Melloth, Nacinam) is uncertain; the Latin forms may be garbled. The reading 'Moysi, non aqua est' is a correction of the preceding entry, but its source is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"Sicima, ascendens. Saul, expetitus. Seraphim, spiritus resurrectionis. Sume, congelatio aquae. Sigor, quae resurgit, vel humilitas. Saphecca, in tenebroso. Sennaar, putrido. Sabbata, sanctificationes. Seraphim, stabant, spiritus resurgentes, lumini stabant. Salathiel, gratia venientis Daniel. Saba, regina AEthiopiae, hanc vocant ethnici Sibyllam. V Filium Barachiae, filium benedicti. Filii Noemin, Malou et Cheleon, quia ingredere, abi. Filii Eliu, filii fortis Domini. Filius Thebel, filius mensurae. PH Phenanna, luminis gloria Pbanuel, apparens. Vox ex Rama, vox de sublimi. CH Cherubim, alae. Cherubim, ala. Chelcias, fundamentum. Chettim, insulis luctarum. Chelaeon, proficiscens. PS Psalmus super Idithum, psalmus super uno judice. Anathom, mei venientis. De terra Benjamin, de terra filii doloris. De Babylone, de confusione. Jessias, qui Sophoniae, inumbrans, ejus qui stare facit terram. Ephud, manifestatio et veritas. Pharia, filia Pharaonis. Venit ut lavaretur, et invenit Moysem adhuc infantem. Et cum suspexisset in coelum, ait: O unus Deus, infinita habens nomina! Hinc ethnici vocant eam Eisitan, 666. Nomen est hominis habentis hunc numerum in Apocalypsi Joanuis. Hoc est, venturus est ex Medis ad debellandos fideles. De quo et Isaias dicit: Ecce suscitabo super vos Medos, et reliqua. Baruch, benedictus. Eloai, Deus. Adonai, dominus. Jao invisibilis· Sabaoth, virtutum.","english":"Sicima, ascending. Saul, sought after. Seraphim, spirits of resurrection. Sume, freezing of water. Sigor, which rises again, or humility. Saphecca, in a dark place. Sennaar, rotten. Sabbata, sanctifications. Seraphim, they stood, spirits rising, they stood to the light. Salathiel, grace of the coming Daniel. Saba, queen of Ethiopia, whom the pagans call the Sibyl. V Son of Barachiah, son of the blessed. Sons of Noemin, Malou and Cheleon, because enter, go away. Sons of Eliu, sons of the strong Lord. Son of Thebel, son of measure. PH Phenanna, glory of light. Pbanuel, appearing. Voice from Rama, voice from on high. CH Cherubim, wings. Cherubim, wing. Chelcias, foundation. Chettim, islands of struggles. Chelaeon, departing. PS Psalm upon Idithum, psalm upon one judge. Anathom, of me coming. From the land of Benjamin, from the land of the son of sorrow. From Babylon, from confusion. Jessias, who of Zephaniah, overshadowing, of him who makes the earth stand. Ephud, manifestation and truth. Pharia, daughter of Pharaoh. She came to bathe, and found Moses still an infant. And when she had looked up to the sky, she said: O one God, having infinite names! Hence the pagans call her Eisitan, 666. It is the name of a man having this number in the Apocalypse of John. That is, he will come from the Medes to subdue the faithful. Of whom Isaiah also says: Behold, I will stir up against you the Medes, and the rest. Baruch, blessed. Eloai, God. Adonai, lord. Jao, invisible. Sabaoth, of hosts.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sicima","severity":"info","text":"Sicima is a Latin transliteration of the Hebrew place name Shechem; the gloss 'ascending' reflects a popular etymology connecting it to the Hebrew root שכם (shakam, 'to rise early' or 'shoulder').","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Eisitan, 666","severity":"info","text":"The number 666 and the reference to the Apocalypse of John allude to Revelation 13:18, where the number of the beast is given. The name Eisitan is a Greek or Latin corruption of a Persian or Hebrew term, possibly linked to the Antichrist figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Saba, regina AEthiopiae","severity":"info","text":"The identification of the Queen of Sheba (Saba) with the Sibyl is a late antique and medieval Christian tradition, found in works like the Sibylline Oracles and patristic sources, merging biblical and pagan prophetic figures.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Venit ut lavaretur...","severity":"info","text":"The story of Pharaoh's daughter finding Moses and her exclamation 'O one God, having infinite names!' is a haggadic expansion not found in the biblical account (Exodus 2:5-6). It appears in Jewish and Christian legendary traditions, such as in Josephus and later midrashim.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Seraphim","severity":"caution","text":"The gloss 'spirits of resurrection' and the variant 'they stood, spirits rising, they stood to the light' are non-standard; the Hebrew seraphim means 'burning ones' (Isaiah 6:2). The Coptic or Latin source may have confused seraphim with a Greek or Hebrew root for 'resurrection'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"V, PH, CH, PS","severity":"info","text":"The letters V, PH, CH, and PS mark sections in the alphabetical sequence of Hebrew names, following the pattern of Jerome's Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum. The Coptic text preserves this ordering, though some letters are missing or corrupted.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Eisitan' is uncertain; it may be a corruption of a Persian or Greek name for the Antichrist. The phrase 'venturus est ex Medis' suggests a tradition linking the end-time adversary to the Medes, but the source of this prophecy is unclear. The glosses for 'Seraphim' are inconsistent and may reflect scribal error or conflation with other terms."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"Elimaz, sermo Der. Marsippion, assensus. Opelos, ingluvies ventris. T plintho, scortationi. Cherubim, scientia multiplicata, vel alae. Amen, confirmatio vere sic esse.\n\nCodex Vaticanus,\n\nHieronymus,\n\nLIBER NOMINUM HEBRAICORUM. A Esrai, indigna, vel orientalis. Adonai, dominus. Addo, servus, sive testis ejus, vel fortitudo ejus. Abenezer, lapis adjutorii. Ano, dolor eorum. Abel, vanitas, vel Inctus, aut vapor, aut miserabilis. Ada, testimonium. Sella, umbra ejus. Abigal. patris mei exsultatio. Ammanitae, populus moeroris. Abba, pater, Syrum est. Azel, abiens, pergens. Adama, terra, vel humus, sive terrena, Ariel, leo dei mei. Aaron, mons fortis, sive mone fortitudinis. Adonibezec, dominus fulminis, vel dominus contemptus vani. Abiel, pater meus deus. Enos, homo, sive desperatus, etc. Arie, leo. Ammon, populus moeroris, etc. Moab, ex patre. Alleluia, laudate dominum. B Bethel 5, domus dei. Bethleem, domus panis. Bethania, domus obedientiae, vel domus afflictionis ejus. Bethphage, domus oris vallium, etc. Bethsabee, filia saturitatis. Bathuel, virgo dei. Bosor, in angustia, aut carneus. Beliar, caeca angustia, vel illius praevaricationis, etc. Beelzebub, habens muscas, aut devorans muscas, etc Baalim, habentes, sive ascendentes, vel superiores. Baritha, Pythonissa, quam Graeci vocant. Baal, habens, sive devorans. Barjona, filius columba?. G Gamaliel, retributio Dei.","english":"Elimaz, speech of God. Marsippion, assent. Opelos, gluttony of the belly. T plintho, to fornication. Cherubim, multiplied knowledge, or wings. Amen, confirmation that it is truly so.\n\nCodex Vaticanus,\n\nJerome,\n\nBook of Hebrew Names. A Esrai, unworthy, or eastern. Adonai, lord. Addo, servant, or his witness, or his strength. Abenezer, stone of help. Ano, their grief. Abel, vanity, or mourning, or vapor, or wretched. Ada, testimony. Sella, her shadow. Abigal, my father's exultation. Ammonites, people of sorrow. Abba, father, it is Syriac. Azel, going away, departing. Adama, earth, or soil, or earthly. Ariel, lion of my God. Aaron, strong mountain, or mountain of strength. Adonibezec, lord of lightning, or lord of contempt of the vain. Abiel, my father is God. Enos, man, or desperate, etc. Arie, lion. Ammon, people of sorrow, etc. Moab, from father. Alleluia, praise the Lord. B Bethel, house of God. Bethlehem, house of bread. Bethany, house of obedience, or house of her affliction. Bethphage, house of the mouth of valleys, etc. Bathsheba, daughter of satiety. Bathuel, virgin of God. Bosor, in distress, or fleshy. Beliar, blind distress, or of that transgression, etc. Beelzebub, having flies, or devouring flies, etc. Baalim, having, or ascending, or superior. Baritha, Pythoness, which the Greeks call. Baal, having, or devouring. Barjona, son of a dove? G Gamaliel, retribution of God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Elimaz","severity":"info","text":"Elimaz is a Greek transliteration of a Hebrew name; the gloss 'speech of God' suggests a derivation from 'El' (God) and 'imrah' (speech).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Marsippion","severity":"info","text":"Marsippion is a Greek word (μαρσίππιον) meaning 'purse' or 'bag'; the gloss 'assent' is unusual and may reflect a misreading or a different etymology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Opelos","severity":"info","text":"Opelos is likely a Greek form (ὄπελος) meaning 'gluttony' or 'belly'; the gloss 'gluttony of the belly' is redundant but clarifies the sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"T plintho","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'T plintho' is obscure; 'plintho' may be a Greek verb (πλίνθω) meaning 'to make bricks', but the gloss 'to fornication' suggests a corruption or a different reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cherubim","severity":"info","text":"Cherubim is a Hebrew plural; the gloss 'multiplied knowledge, or wings' reflects Jerome's etymology from 'rab' (many) and 'da'at' (knowledge) or from 'keruv' (winged being).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Amen","severity":"info","text":"Amen is a Hebrew adverb; the gloss 'confirmation that it is truly so' accurately captures its liturgical and biblical use as an affirmation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'T plintho' is unclear; it may be a corruption of a Greek or Hebrew term, and the gloss 'to fornication' is uncertain.","The transition from the list of names to the 'Codex Vaticanus' and 'Hieronymus' headings is abrupt; the structure of the passage may be composite."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"Gedeon, circumiens, sive (tentatio iniquitatis eorum. Galaad, acervus testis. Gaza, fortitudo. D Dagon, piscis tristitiae. Mamre, de visione. Dalila, paupercula, sive situla. Aermon, anathema moeroris. E Eloi, Deus. Eloethe. Ephraim, frugifer, vel crescens. Eliezer, Deus meus adjutor. Armathaim, altitudo eorum. Anathoth, responsio, vel respondens signum, vol obedientia. Ephratha, frugifera, sive equidem vides. Moab, ex patre. Odollamites, contestans aliquem, vel testimonium in aqua. Ephraim, frugiferum, vel cresceutem. Elcana, Dei possessio. Elisaeus, Dei mei salus. Sabech, vepres, sive virgultum. Agge, sotemnitas. Naim, motus eorum. Hujus non meminit. Elimelech, Dens meus rex. A(??), Armenia, sive mons velli(??)atus. Eber, transitorem. Naas, serpens. Eliacim, Dei resurrectio. Z Zachfeus, justificatus, am Justus, vel justificandus. Zorobabel, ipse magister Babylonis, id esi, confusionis. H Eliu, Deus meus iste. Esau, factura, sive roboreus, vel acervus lapidum. Edom rufus, vel terrenus. Elim, vestibulum, vel pro foribus. Apheca, continebit, vel apprehendet. Bathuel, virgo dei. Thalia, ager ejus, vel appensio. Tharsis, exploratores laetitiae, sive gaudium. Thara, exploratores odoris, vel ascensionis, vel pastio. Thabor, veniens lumen. I Jesus, salvator. Josia, ubi est incensum domini, vel domini salus, ele. Jao, dominus, nomen ineffabile.","english":"Gedeon, going around, or (the temptation of their iniquity). Galaad, heap of witness. Gaza, strength. Dagon, fish of sadness. Mamre, from vision. Dalila, poor little one, or bucket. Aermon, anathema of grief. Eloi, God. Eloethe. Ephraim, fruitful, or increasing. Eliezer, my God is helper. Armathaim, their height. Anathoth, response, or responding sign, or obedience. Ephratha, fruitful, or indeed you see. Moab, from father. Odollamites, contesting someone, or testimony in water. Ephraim, fruitful, or increasing. Elcana, possession of God. Elisaeus, salvation of my God. Sabech, briars, or thicket. Agge, solemnity. Naim, their movement. He does not mention this. Elimelech, my God is king. A(??), Armenia, or mountain of wool(??). Eber, crosser. Naas, serpent. Eliacim, resurrection of God. Zachfeus, justified, or Just, or to be justified. Zorobabel, himself master of Babylon, that is, of confusion. Eliu, my God is that one. Esau, making, or oaken, or heap of stones. Edom, red, or earthy. Elim, vestibule, or before the doors. Apheca, it will contain, or it will seize. Bathuel, virgin of God. Thalia, his field, or weighing. Tharsis, explorers of joy, or joy. Thara, explorers of odor, or of ascent, or pasture. Thabor, coming light. Jesus, savior. Josia, where is the incense of the Lord, or salvation of the Lord, etc. Jao, Lord, ineffable name.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Gedeon","severity":"info","text":"The Latin gloss 'circumiens' (going around) reflects a common etymological interpretation of Gideon as 'he who cuts down' or 'he who goes around' in Hebrew, though the parenthetical 'tentatio iniquitatis eorum' (temptation of their iniquity) is a secondary moralizing gloss.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Dagon","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'piscis tristitiae' (fish of sadness) for Dagon, the Philistine deity, is unattested in biblical Hebrew etymology; it likely derives from a folk etymology connecting Hebrew 'dag' (fish) with a supposed root for sorrow.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Jao","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Jao, dominus, nomen ineffabile' reflects the Greek rendering of the Tetragrammaton (YHWH) as Ιαω, common in Hellenistic Jewish and early Christian sources, and the designation 'ineffable name' aligns with Jewish and Christian reverence for the divine name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"A(??)","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'A(??), Armenia, sive mons velli(??)atus' is corrupt in the manuscript; the parenthetical marks indicate uncertain reading. The gloss 'Armenia' or 'mountain of wool' may be a garbled reference to Ararat or a similar toponym.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Hujus non meminit","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Hujus non meminit' (He does not mention this) is a scribal or compiler's note, indicating that a source (likely Jerome's Onomasticon) omitted an entry for Naim, or that the copyist found no corresponding Hebrew name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Zorobabel","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'ipse magister Babylonis, id est, confusionis' (himself master of Babylon, that is, of confusion) interprets Zerubbabel's name via a folk etymology linking Babylon to 'confusion' (from the Tower of Babel narrative), a common patristic trope.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for A(??) is corrupt; the intended name may be Ararat or a similar toponym, but the reading is uncertain.","The gloss for Dagon ('piscis tristitiae') has no clear biblical basis and may reflect a non-standard tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"Jochabed, ubi est gloria, aut domini gloria, etc. Jeu, ipse, vel est. Jephthe, aperiens, vel apertus. Jesus Josedech, salvator justus. Jordanes, descensus eorum, aut apprehensio eorum, vel videns judicium. Idumaea, rufa, sive terrena. Jerusalem, visio pacts. Jesus Nave, salvator germinis, vel pulchritudinis. Ismael, auditio Dei. Jaser, figmentum, sive tribulatio. Jonathan, domini donum, vel columbam dedit. Japhet, latitudo. Jonadam, domin delicata, vel tenella. Joannes, in quo esi gratia, etc. Josedec, domini justus, sive justificatus. Jechonia, praeparatio Domini, vel sic factus. Joacim, domini resurrectio. Jezecia, fortis domini, etc. K Cedar, tenebrae, vel moeror. Carbasinum. Cades, immutata, sive sancta. Cadon, immutati, sive effeminati. Armathaim, excelsa corum. Sophim, specula vel scopulus. Elcana, Dei possessio. Colaia, vox facta est. L Lamech, humiliatum, aut percutientem. sive percussum. M Melloth, pulchritudo, sive adimpleta. Moses, attrectans vel palpans, aut sumptus ex aqua, sive absumptio. Merra, amaritudo(??) Maria, domina, sermone Syro, etc. Mamre, de visione, sive perspicuum. Melchisedec, rex justus. Maleleel, laudans Deum. Maozim, robusti, fortes. Moabitae, de patre. Moab, de patre. Manaa, requies, vel sacrificum. Manasse, obliviosus, vei quod oblitus est. Manue, requies. Mesraim, hostes eorum vel AEgyptus Mammona, divitiae. Melcho, regi. Manna, quid hoc est?","english":"Jochabed, where is glory, or the Lord's glory, etc. Jeu, himself, or he is. Jephthe, opening, or opened. Jesus Josedech, just savior. Jordanes, their descent, or their apprehension, or seeing judgment. Idumaea, red, or earthly. Jerusalem, vision of peace. Jesus Nave, savior of offspring, or of beauty. Ismael, hearing of God. Jaser, figment, or tribulation. Jonathan, gift of the Lord, or he gave a dove. Japhet, breadth. Jonadam, delicate or tender Lord. Joannes, in whom is grace, etc. Josedec, just Lord, or justified. Jechonia, preparation of the Lord, or thus made. Joacim, resurrection of the Lord. Jezecia, strong Lord, etc. K Cedar, darkness, or grief. Carbasinum. Cades, changed, or holy. Cadon, changed, or effeminate. Armathaim, their heights. Sophim, watchtowers or rock. Elcana, possession of God. Colaia, a voice was made. L Lamech, humiliated, or striking, or struck. M Melloth, beauty, or fulfilled. Moses, touching or feeling, or taken from water, or consumption. Merra, bitterness(??) Maria, lady, in Syriac speech, etc. Mamre, from vision, or clear. Melchisedec, just king. Maleleel, praising God. Maozim, robust, strong. Moabitae, from father. Moab, from father. Manaa, rest, or sacrifice. Manasse, forgetful, or who forgot. Manue, rest. Mesraim, their enemies or Egypt. Mammona, riches. Melcho, to a king. Manna, what is this?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Jochabed","severity":"info","text":"The etymology 'ubi est gloria' (where is glory) reflects a Hebrew folk etymology from yokh (where) and 'abed (glory), though the name likely means 'Yahweh is glory'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Jesus Nave","severity":"info","text":"Jesus Nave (Joshua son of Nun) is glossed 'savior of offspring' or 'of beauty', echoing the Vulgate's 'Iesus filius Naue' and the Hebrew name Yehoshua‘ (savior) with Nun (fish, offspring).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Manna","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'quid hoc est?' (what is this?) reflects the Hebrew folk etymology of man hu, a phrase from Exodus 16:15, where the Israelites ask about the substance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Merra","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Merra, amaritudo(??)' is marked with double question marks in the source, indicating textual uncertainty; the reading 'bitterness' is standard for Marah (Exodus 15:23).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"K","severity":"info","text":"The alphabetical sequence is disrupted: after 'Jezecia' the letter 'K' appears, but the entries 'Carbasinum' and 'Cades' follow, suggesting a scribal misplacement or conflation of K and C sections.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Maria","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'domina, sermone Syro' (lady, in Syriac speech) reflects a common patristic etymology of Mary as 'lady' or 'mistress', found in Jerome and later medieval commentaries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The alphabetical ordering is inconsistent, especially between K and C entries; the reading 'Carbasinum' may be a proper noun or a textual corruption.","The gloss for 'Merra' is marked with question marks, leaving its intended meaning uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"Melcha, regina. Mamzer, de longe, sive alienatus. Simon, pone moerorem, vel audi tristitiam. N Nazareth, flos, etc. Nazoraeus, mundus, sanctus, sive sejunctus. Neeman, fidelis, vel motus eorum. Noemi, pulchra. Nachor, requies luminis, etc. Nabal, insipiens, etc. Nephthali, conservavit me, vel dilatavit me, etc. Necno, percussi. Naboth, conspicuus, vel cessio, vel exclusio. O Oolla, tabernaculum. Ooliba, tabernaculum meum in ea. P Phase, transitus, pascha. Phetora, oris exploratio, etc. Bel, vetustas, sive absque. Diabolus, calumniator. R Raca, vanus. Raab, lata, sive dilatata. Rachel, ovis, vel videns Deum, etc. S Sabaoth, virtutum. Samson, sol eorum. Sophim, specula, etc. Saphania, abscondit dominus, etc. Salomon, pacificus. Samarites, custos, etc. Sunamith, quicunque monetur, sive mortificata. Samuel, nomen ejus Deus. Selom, avulsio, vel dimissio, etc. Sion, specula. Sina, amphora, vel mandatum. Selam, latus, a latere, etc. Sella, ut et, vel petitio, etc. Siloam, missus. Sephora, avis ejus, vel pulchritudo ejus, etc. Salem, pax. Seth, positio, vel positum, sive resurrectio. Sem, nomen, vel nominatus. Symeon, exauditio, vel nomen habitaculi. Sabaim, captivi, vel convertentes. Satanas, adversarius, sive transgressor. Samuel, nomen ejus Deus. Sichem, humeri. Saul, expetitus, vel petitio. Seraphim, ardentes, vel incendenies. Samonem, nomen habitaculi. Segor, parva.","english":"Melcha, queen. Mamzer, from afar, or estranged. Simon, put aside grief, or hear sadness. N Nazareth, flower, etc. Nazoraeus, pure, holy, or separated. Neeman, faithful, or their motion. Noemi, beautiful. Nachor, rest of light, etc. Nabal, foolish, etc. Nephthali, he preserved me, or he enlarged me, etc. Necno, I struck. Naboth, conspicuous, or a yielding, or an exclusion. O Oolla, tabernacle. Ooliba, my tabernacle in her. P Phase, crossing, Passover. Phetora, exploration of the mouth, etc. Bel, old age, or without. Diabolus, slanderer. R Raca, empty. Raab, broad, or widened. Rachel, sheep, or seeing God, etc. S Sabaoth, of hosts. Samson, their sun. Sophim, watchtowers, etc. Saphania, the Lord has hidden, etc. Salomon, peaceful. Samarites, guardian, etc. Sunamith, whoever is moved, or mortified. Samuel, his name is God. Selom, a tearing away, or a dismissal, etc. Sion, watchtower. Sina, amphora, or commandment. Selam, side, from the side, etc. Sella, as also, or a petition, etc. Siloam, sent. Sephora, his bird, or his beauty, etc. Salem, peace. Seth, placing, or placed, or resurrection. Sem, name, or named. Symeon, hearing, or name of a dwelling. Sabaim, captives, or those turning. Satanas, adversary, or transgressor. Samuel, his name is God. Sichem, shoulders. Saul, sought after, or a petition. Seraphim, burning, or setting on fire. Samonem, name of a dwelling. Segor, small.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Melcha","severity":"info","text":"Melcha is glossed as 'regina' (queen). The name likely derives from Hebrew מַלְכָּה (malkāh), meaning 'queen'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Nazareth","severity":"info","text":"Nazareth is glossed as 'flos' (flower). This etymology is common in patristic sources, e.g., Jerome's Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Diabolus","severity":"info","text":"Diabolus is glossed as 'calumniator' (slanderer). This reflects the Greek διάβολος (diabolos), meaning 'slanderer' or 'accuser'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Sabaoth","severity":"info","text":"Sabaoth is glossed as 'virtutum' (of hosts). This is a direct reference to the biblical phrase 'Dominus exercituum' (Lord of Hosts), common in the Vulgate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Satanas","severity":"info","text":"Satanas is glossed as 'adversarius' (adversary) or 'transgressor'. This aligns with the Hebrew שָׂטָן (śāṭān), meaning 'adversary'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"N","severity":"info","text":"The passage is organized alphabetically by initial letter, with entries for N, O, P, R, and S. This structure is typical of onomastica sacra.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 'Samonem' is unclear; it may be a variant of 'Simeon' or a separate name. The gloss 'nomen habitaculi' (name of a dwelling) is repeated from 'Symeon'.","The entry for 'Sella' is ambiguous: 'ut et' may be a corruption or abbreviation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"Apheca, continuit, sive cominentia. Sennaar, excussio dentium, sive feto(??)eorum. Sabbatha, requies. Seraphim, ardentes, vel incendentes. Salathiel, petitio mea, Deus. Saba, captus, sive captivitas, vel certe convertens. V Barachia, benedictio, vel benedictus domini. Noemi, pulchra. Maalon, de fenestra, sive a principio. Chelion, consummatio, vel omnis dolor, etc. Eliu, Deus meus iste. Thobel, conversus, vel universa, etc. PH Phenenna, conversio. Phanuel, facies Dei. Rama, excelsa, vel exaltata. CH Cherubim, scientiae multitudo. Cherubim, vermiculata pictura· Chelcia, pars domini. Chethim, confracti, vel insanientes, etc. Chelion, omnis dolor, etc. ut supra. PS idithum, transilient eos, sive saliens eos. Anathoth, respondens signum, etc. Benjamin, filius dexterae. Babylon, confusio. Josias, ubi est incensum domini, vel in quo est incensum domini, vel omini salus, etc. Ephod, superindumentum, etc. Pharao, dissipans, sive discooperiens eum. Baruch, benedictus. Eloe, Deus. Adonai, dominas. Jao, nomen Dei ineffabile, etc. Sabaoth, militiarum, sive virtutum. Cherubim, scientia multiplicata, sive quasi pin res. Amen, vere, vel fideliter.","english":"Apheca, he continued, or a coming together. Sennaar, a shaking out of teeth, or of their offspring. Sabbatha, rest. Seraphim, burning, or setting on fire. Salathiel, my petition, God. Saba, captured, or captivity, or indeed turning. Barachia, blessing, or blessed of the Lord. Noemi, beautiful. Maalon, from a window, or from a beginning. Chelion, completion, or all grief, etc. Eliu, this is my God. Thobel, turned, or all things, etc. Phenenna, turning. Phanuel, face of God. Rama, high, or exalted. Cherubim, multitude of knowledges. Cherubim, embroidered picture. Chelcia, portion of the Lord. Chethim, broken, or raving, etc. Chelion, all grief, etc. as above. Idithum, leaping over them, or jumping over them. Anathoth, answering sign, etc. Benjamin, son of the right hand. Babylon, confusion. Josias, where is the incense of the Lord, or in whom is the incense of the Lord, or salvation of the Lord, etc. Ephod, outer garment, etc. Pharaoh, scattering, or uncovering him. Baruch, blessed. Eloe, God. Adonai, Lord. Jao, ineffable name of God, etc. Sabaoth, of armies, or of powers. Cherubim, multiplied knowledge, or like many things. Amen, truly, or faithfully.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Apheca","severity":"info","text":"The Latin 'continuit' (he continued) and 'cominentia' (a coming together) are variant etymologies for the place name Apheca, likely reflecting Hebrew 'aphik' (channel) or a similar root.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sennaar","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'excussio dentium' (a shaking out of teeth) is a fanciful etymology for Sennaar (Shinar), the biblical region; 'feto(??)eorum' is a textual corruption, possibly for 'fetorum' (of offspring).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Jao","severity":"info","text":"Jao is a Greek or Latin rendering of the Tetragrammaton (YHWH), here called 'nomen Dei ineffabile' (ineffable name of God), reflecting Jewish and Christian reverence for the divine name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Cherubim","severity":"info","text":"The entry offers two distinct etymologies: 'scientiae multitudo' (multitude of knowledges) and 'vermiculata pictura' (embroidered picture), reflecting different patristic traditions on the meaning of cherubim.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sabaoth","severity":"info","text":"Sabaoth is glossed as 'militiarum' (of armies) or 'virtutum' (of powers), standard Christian renderings of the Hebrew 'tseva'ot' (hosts) in the divine title 'Lord of Hosts'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Amen","severity":"info","text":"The gloss 'vere, vel fideliter' (truly, or faithfully) for Amen reflects the Hebrew root 'aman' (to be faithful), a standard etymology in Christian and Jewish exegesis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The reading 'feto(??)eorum' in Sennaar is uncertain; the manuscript may be corrupt, and the intended word is unclear.","The entry for Cherubim gives two unrelated etymologies, possibly from different sources, without resolution."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}